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DB

D.B. Cooper is the pseudonym of an unidentified man who hijacked Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305, a Boeing 727 aircraft en route from Portland, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington, on November 24, 1971.^[1] Seated in the rear and claiming to possess a bomb in his briefcase, he handed a note to a flight attendant detailing his demands for $200,000 in ransom money (equivalent to approximately $1.4 million in 2023) and four parachutes, which authorities provided upon landing in Seattle, allowing him to release the 36 passengers while retaining several crew members.^[1] He then instructed the pilots to refuel and fly toward Mexico City via a specific low-altitude route, during which he deployed the aft airstairs and parachuted into the forested wilderness of southwestern Washington state with the ransom cash and little trace thereafter, rendering the incident the sole unsolved hijacking in the history of U.S. commercial aviation.^[1] The Federal Bureau of Investigation's subsequent probe, designated NORJAK, mobilized over 40 agents and examined physical evidence including a tie left aboard the plane (yielding DNA and rare metal particles), a small fraction of the serial-numbered bills recovered along the Columbia River in 1980, and Cooper Vane debris from the plane's stairs, but failed to pinpoint the hijacker's identity despite pursuing more than 800 suspects and enduring numerous false confessions and hoaxes.^[1] The case's enduring notoriety stems from the hijacker's apparent preparation—evidenced by his aviation knowledge and choice of a rear-exit aircraft model—and the harsh jump conditions (nighttime, stormy weather, heavy gear, and untested civilian parachute), which experts deem unlikely to have been survived, though no body or definitive proof of death has emerged.^[1] Officially suspended in 2016 after yielding no resolution, the investigation has seen renewed interest through declassified files revealing dismissed leads, such as wheelchair-bound suspects and unverified family claims, underscoring the event's status as a paradigmatic unsolved mystery rooted in empirical gaps rather than confirmed narratives.^[1]

Science and technology

Computing and mathematics

In computing, DB is the standard abbreviation for database, referring to an organized collection of structured or semi-structured data stored electronically and accessible via a computer system for efficient retrieval, manipulation, and analysis.^[2] Databases underpin modern data management by enabling persistence, concurrency control, and ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties to ensure reliability in transactional operations, with relational databases dominating due to their use of tables, schemas, and normalization to minimize redundancy and anomalies. The relational model, formalized by Edgar F. Codd in his 1970 paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," organizes data into relations (tables) connected by primary and foreign keys, supporting declarative queries in languages like SQL, which was standardized by ANSI in 1986 and revised multiple times thereafter. Empirical benchmarks, such as those from the Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC), quantify database efficiency; for instance, TPC-C tests on systems like Oracle Database (initially released commercially in 1979 as Oracle Version 2) demonstrate throughput exceeding 1 million transactions per minute on high-end hardware, highlighting polynomial-time query optimization via techniques like hash joins and B-tree indexing that scale with data volumes up to petabytes. NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB (launched in 2009), extend DB paradigms for unstructured data, achieving horizontal scalability through sharding, though they trade strict consistency for availability per the CAP theorem proposed by Eric Brewer in 2000, with empirical trade-offs showing 10-100x faster writes in distributed setups at the cost of eventual consistency. In theoretical computer science, DB concepts intersect with complexity theory through query evaluation and data complexity, where the computational cost of relational queries is analyzed relative to input database size. For fixed queries, first-order logic with transitive closure (FO+TC) captures polynomial-time computable properties over databases, as established in descriptive complexity theorems linking logic to PTIME, with empirical implementations confirming that conjunctive queries often run in AC^0 parallel time under uniform assumptions. Oracle Database, for example, employs cost-based optimizers that heuristically approximate these bounds, reducing execution times from O(n^2) to near-linear for join-heavy workloads on datasets exceeding 10 terabytes, as validated in industry case studies.

Measurement units

The decibel (dB) quantifies the ratio of two power quantities on a logarithmic scale, defined mathematically as $10 \log_{10} (P_1 / P_0), where P_1 and P_0 represent the compared and reference powers. For amplitude-related measures like voltage or acoustic pressure, the scale employs $20 \log_{10} (A_1 / A_0) to account for power's quadratic dependence on amplitude. This formulation compresses vast linear ranges—spanning orders of magnitude in signal intensities—into manageable numerical values, aligning with empirical observations in signal propagation where multiplicative effects dominate.^[3]^[4] Developed by engineers at Bell Laboratories in the 1920s to assess power losses in long-distance telephone cables, the unit originated as the "transmission unit" in 1924, leveraging base-10 logarithms for additive convenience in cascaded systems. The term "bel" commemorated Alexander Graham Bell, with the decibel standardized as one-tenth of a bel by 1928 under transmission research director Ralph V. Hartley, replacing earlier mile-based attenuation metrics.^[5]^[6]^[7] In acoustics, decibels express relative sound intensities, such as differences in pressure levels that perceptually approximate human hearing's logarithmic response; in electronics and telecommunications, they denote amplifier gains, filter attenuations, or signal-to-noise ratios, where a 3 dB increase corresponds to a power doubling. This relative framework contrasts with absolute units like watts (for power) or pascals (for pressure), prioritizing ratio-based comparisons over fixed benchmarks to avoid arbitrary scaling biases in empirical testing.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Chemistry

Dubnium (Db) is a synthetic superheavy element with atomic number 105, classified as a transactinide in group 5 of the periodic table below niobium and tantalum.^[11] It is highly radioactive, with all known isotopes decaying rapidly via alpha emission or spontaneous fission, limiting the quantity produced to a few atoms per experiment and restricting chemical studies to on-line separation techniques under time constraints.^[12] Predicted properties, informed by relativistic quantum calculations, suggest deviations from lighter homologs due to strong spin-orbit coupling and mass-velocity effects, potentially altering oxidation states and volatility, though empirical verification remains sparse owing to production challenges.^[13] The element's synthesis occurred independently in 1970: at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory via the reaction ^{249}Cf(^{15}N,4n)^{260}Db, yielding dubnium-260 with a half-life of approximately 1.6 seconds, and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna via ^{243}Am(^{22}Ne,5n)^{260}Db or similar bombardments producing short-lived isotopes like ^{262}Db.^[12] These cold fusion methods, using actinide targets and lighter projectiles, generate compound nuclei with modest excitation energies to favor survival against fission. Naming disputes arose during the Cold War-era "transfermium" controversies, with the American team proposing hahnium (after Otto Hahn) and the Soviet team nielsbohrium (after Niels Bohr) or initially kurchatovium linkages; the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provisionally endorsed dubnium in 1977 to recognize Dubna's facilities but finalized the name in 1997 after joint credit verification, prioritizing empirical evidence of synthesis over national claims.^[14] Thirteen isotopes of dubnium, ranging from ^{256}Db to ^{270}Db, have been identified, with half-lives spanning milliseconds to hours; the most stable, ^{268}Db, has a half-life of 16 hours, decaying primarily by alpha emission to lawrencium-264.^[15] Production cross-sections are low, typically 1 picobarn or less, necessitating high-intensity beams and sensitive detectors; alternative routes include multi-nucleon transfer reactions, but fusion-evaporation remains dominant for characterization.^[12] Chemical investigations, such as gas-phase chromatography, indicate dubnium forms volatile oxychlorides like DbOCl_3, eluting similarly to niobium and tantalum but with potential relativistic stabilization of +5 state, confirmed in experiments producing single atoms separated in microseconds.^[13] These fleeting observations underscore empirical hurdles: low yields (often one atom per hour) and rapid decay preclude bulk synthesis or solution chemistry, relying instead on automated systems and decay chain correlations for identification, with ongoing efforts at facilities like GSI Helmholtz Centre probing homolog behavior amid theoretical predictions of enhanced inertness.^[16]

Transportation

Railways and infrastructure

Deutsche Bahn AG (DB), Germany's primary railway operator, was established on January 1, 1994, as a stock corporation merging the state railways of the former West German Deutsche Bundesbahn and East German Deutsche Reichsbahn amid post-reunification efforts to unify and modernize the divided network.^[17] The 1994 Rail Reform separated infrastructure management from operations, introduced competition through open access for private providers, and aimed to relieve federal budget burdens while boosting efficiency, though DB has remained fully state-owned with ongoing subsidies exceeding €10 billion annually in recent years to cover infrastructure deficits.^[18] DB Netz, its infrastructure subsidiary, oversees approximately 33,500 kilometers of track, including electrified lines comprising over 60% of the network, positioning it as Europe's largest rail infrastructure manager by route length.^[19] DB's passenger operations center on high-speed Intercity-Express (ICE) trains, which achieve speeds up to 300 km/h on dedicated lines and connect major cities like Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg, with international extensions to neighboring countries under EU integration frameworks.^[20] Freight services, handled by DB Cargo, transport over 20% of Germany's goods by rail, leveraging the dense network for bulk commodities but facing modal share erosion to road transport due to slower speeds and reliability issues compared to pre-reform expectations.^[21] Post-World War II division had left the East German system technologically outdated and overstaffed, while the Western network emphasized electrification; reunification exposed stark inefficiencies, with the merger enabling cross-subsidization but highlighting nationalized models' vulnerabilities to underinvestment, as evidenced by persistent delays averaging 20-30% for long-distance trains in the 2020s.^[22] Privatization debates intensified in the 2000s, with initial plans for an IPO by 2008 to foster market discipline and reduce state liability, but the global financial crisis halted progress, preserving full government ownership amid arguments that vertical integration (DB controlling both tracks and trains) stifles competition and inflates costs for rivals.^[23] Proponents of partial privatization cite efficiency gains in deregulated European markets, where private operators have captured up to 50% of passenger services in some countries, versus DB's dominance yielding lower productivity metrics like trains per kilometer compared to pre-1994 projections.^[24] Critics of sustained nationalization point to chronic underperformance, with infrastructure wear causing frequent disruptions despite reforms, underscoring causal links between monopoly-like structures and deferred maintenance over profit-driven incentives.^[25] Recent infrastructure upgrades focus on digitalization to enhance capacity without extensive new construction, including a €45 billion federal program launched in 2023 for track renewals and signaling overhauls to target 75% punctuality by 2030.^[26] In February 2025, DB awarded €6.3 billion in framework contracts to suppliers like Alstom, Siemens Mobility, and Hitachi Rail for digital interlockings and European Train Control System (ETCS) deployment, aiming to automate signaling across 15,500 units by 2032 and increase line capacity by 20-50% through shorter headways.^[27]^[28] These efforts respond to rising private competition, with non-DB operators handling 25% of regional passenger traffic by 2024, pressuring DB to improve reliability amid EU mandates for unbundling to curb anti-competitive practices.^[29]

Sports

American football

In American football, a defensive back (DB) is a player on the defensive secondary, positioned deepest from the line of scrimmage to primarily cover pass receivers such as wide receivers and tight ends, while secondarily supporting run defense and pursuing interceptions to disrupt offensive drives.^[30]^[31] These players must possess elite speed, quick acceleration, and change-of-direction ability, as physical attributes like sub-4.5-second 40-yard dash times causally enable them to match receiver routes and limit separation, directly correlating with lower completion percentages allowed—elite DBs concede under 50% on targeted throws per NFL Next Gen Stats tracking.^[32] DBs operate in formations typically featuring two cornerbacks and two safeties, with tactical choices in man-to-man versus zone coverage dictating game outcomes; man coverage exploits individual athletic matchups but risks big plays if beaten, whereas zone prioritizes area control and interception opportunities based on quarterback reads. The position subdivides into cornerbacks (CBs), who shadow elite wide receivers in one-on-one matchups requiring precise footwork and ball skills to contest catches, often jamming at the line to disrupt timing.^[33] Safeties include the free safety, aligned deep (10-15 yards off the line) for over-the-top pass prevention and as the final barrier against deep threats, and the strong safety, who aligns closer to the box for run tackling and underneath coverage, blending linebacker physicality with DB range.^[34] Performance is quantified through empirical metrics: tackles (safeties average 60-80 combined per season for starters, with leaders surpassing 100), interceptions (top performers secure 4-6 annually, as seen in league leaders), pass breakups, and advanced coverage ratings like yards per coverage snap, where lower values indicate superior disruption of passing efficiency.^[35]^[36] These data underscore causal links, such as higher interception rates stemming from anticipatory positioning and ball-tracking rather than mere athleticism alone. Tactically, DB effectiveness hinges on scheme integration, with physical positioning and reaction speed determining whether passes succeed; poor hip transitions or delayed breaks allow receivers 2-3 yards of separation, inflating completion rates by 15-20% per analytics models.^[32] Evolutionarily, 1970s defenses relied on zone schemes to manage post-merger passing volumes after 1978 rules liberalizing contact, emphasizing collective coverage over isolation to counter ground-heavy offenses.^[37] Modern NFL play, driven by spread formations and rules protecting receivers, has shifted toward hybrid man-coverage prevalence since the 2000s, with press-man techniques rising to exploit DB athleticism against motion-heavy attacks—evidenced by teams like the 2020s Chiefs using man principles on 40%+ of snaps for higher turnover margins, though zone persists for disguise and run support.^[38]^[39] This progression reflects causal adaptation to offensive innovations, prioritizing versatile DBs who blend speed (causing forced incompletions) with football intelligence to sustain defensive yards-per-attempt under 6.5.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

The dB's are an American power pop and alternative rock band formed in New York City in the summer of 1978 by musicians originally from Winston-Salem, North Carolina, including Chris Stamey and Peter Holsapple on vocals and guitar, Gene Holder on bass, and Will Rigby on drums.^[40] The group debuted with the single "I Thought (You Wanted to Know)" before releasing their first album, Stands for Decibels, on January 15, 1981, via Albion Records; the LP contained 12 tracks, including "Black and White" and "We Were Happy There," and established their jangle pop style blending hooks with melodic complexity.^[41]^[42] Repercussion followed later in 1981, featuring songs like "I Keep Mine Hidden" and marking their initial UK releases before lineup changes and a shift to U.S. labels.^[43] Subsequent albums include Like This (1984) and Falling Off the Sky (2012), with the band reuniting for tours as recently as 2024.^[44] Super db is a four-piece soul, funk, and disco band from southern England, formed in 2014 by members including James Sayer on keys and vocals, JM Sutcliffe on guitars and vocals, Jon Wills on drums, and Indigo Pearce on bass.^[45] Their sound mixes pop, rock, and jazz influences evoking 1980s West Coast styles; releases include the album Downtown and singles like "Wait for Me" from Ecoute Ca (July 2, 2021).^[46]^[47] The DB's are a Chicago-based ensemble drawing from blues, bluegrass, and American roots traditions, inspired by figures such as Bill Monroe and Robert Johnson while incorporating improvisational elements akin to the Grateful Dead.^[48]

Fictional media

Dragon Ball is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from November 20, 1984, to May 23, 1995, comprising 519 chapters collected into 42 tankōbon volumes.^[49]^[50] The series follows the adventures of Son Goku, a martial artist seeking mystical Dragon Balls, blending action, humor, and fantasy elements inspired by Chinese folklore and martial arts tropes. Its narrative structure emphasized escalating battles and power progression, contributing to its serialization success in Japan, where it ranked among the magazine's top performers during its run.^[51] The manga spawned numerous anime adaptations produced by Toei Animation, beginning with the original Dragon Ball series in 1986 and followed by Dragon Ball Z, which debuted on April 26, 1989, and ran for 291 episodes until 1996.^[52] Subsequent installments include Dragon Ball GT (1996–1997), Dragon Ball Kai (2009–2015, a remastered edit of Z), and Dragon Ball Super (2015–2018), extending the fictional universe with new story arcs focused on multiversal threats and character developments. These adaptations prioritized visual spectacle and episodic fights, adapting and expanding the manga's content to suit television formats, with Dragon Ball Z particularly emphasizing serialized sagas that boosted viewer retention through cliffhangers.^[53] Global distribution of the anime series amplified its reach, with dubs and syndication in over 80 countries by the early 2000s, introducing martial arts anime to Western audiences via networks like Cartoon Network in the U.S. starting in 1998.^[54] The franchise's fictional media output has sold over 260 million manga copies worldwide as of 2022, reflecting sustained demand driven by international licensing rather than domestic sales alone.^[55] Adaptation economics underscore merchandising's role, with video games and licensed products generating the bulk of revenue—exceeding ¥190.6 billion ($1.3 billion USD) in fiscal year 2024 for Bandai Namco, surpassing other anime IPs like Gundam and One Piece that year, primarily from titles like Dragon Ball: Sparking! Zero.^[56]^[57] This model highlights how fictional expansions, including films and OVAs, sustain profitability through tie-in sales over standalone narrative innovation, with games alone contributing over $10 billion historically.^[58]

Brands and enterprises

Companies and organizations

Deutsche Bank AG, abbreviated as DB, is a multinational investment bank and financial services corporation headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. Founded on March 10, 1870, in Berlin to support German industrial exports and international trade, it has grown into one of the largest banks in Europe by total assets, which stood at €1,387 billion as of 2024.^[59]^[60] In 2024, the bank achieved net revenues of €30.1 billion, reflecting a 4% year-over-year increase driven by growth in corporate banking and investment management segments.^[61] Its operations span advisory services, trading, asset management, and retail banking across over 50 countries, with a focus on institutional clients and high-net-worth individuals.^[62] DB Schenker, a leading global logistics and freight forwarding company, traces its origins to Schenker & Co., established in 1872 by Gottfried Schenker in Leipzig, Germany, initially as a railway freight agent. Acquired by Deutsche Bahn in 2002 and rebranded under the DB moniker, it specializes in air, ocean, road, and contract logistics, managing supply chains for industries including automotive, pharmaceuticals, and e-commerce.^[63] The firm operates in over 130 countries with approximately 72,000 employees, emphasizing integrated transport solutions and digital tracking technologies to enhance efficiency. In 2023, DB Schenker reported revenues exceeding €19 billion, underscoring its role in facilitating international trade amid rising demand for resilient supply networks.^[64] Recent strategic expansions include investments in sustainable logistics, such as electric vehicle fleets and carbon-neutral shipping corridors.

Places

Geographical locations

Dâmbovița County (Județul Dâmbovița) in Romania is designated by the ISO 3166-2 code RO-DB for administrative purposes. This southern county covers an area of 4,054 km², representing about 1.7% of Romania's total land surface, and is situated in the south-central region between the Southern Carpathians and the sub-Carpathian hills.^[65] As of 2024 estimates, the county's population stands at 476,591, yielding a density of 117.6 inhabitants per km², with the administrative center at Târgoviște.^[66] The county's approximate geographic center lies at coordinates 44.93° N, 25.47° E, encompassing river valleys of the Dâmbovița and Ialomița rivers amid varied terrain including mountains and plains.^[67]

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations

In accounting and finance, DB occasionally abbreviates "debit," denoting an entry that records an increase in assets, expenses, or a decrease in liabilities on the left side of a ledger account, though "Dr" remains the more conventional shorthand derived from the Latin debere.^[68]^[69] In chemistry, DB refers to a double bond, a type of covalent linkage between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, often represented structurally as a double line (=) and contributing to molecular unsaturation.^[70]

References

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View NFL Defensive Interceptions leaders and Defense stats.<|separator|>
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[59]
About Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Bank was founded in 1870 to accompany German companies abroad. Today, it is the leading bank in Germany with a strong position in Europe, represented ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Annual Report 2024 - Investor Relations - Deutsche Bank
Mar 13, 2025 · Deutsche Bank's 2024 report shows a 4.7% post-tax return, 5.8% compound revenue growth, 30.1 bn € net revenue, 1,387 bn € total assets, and 2.7 ...
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Deutsche Bank reports 2024 profit before tax of € 5.3 billion and ...
Jan 30, 2025 · Continued net revenue and business growth in 2024. Revenues grow 4% year on year to € 30.1 billion, in line with guidance ...
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Deutsche Bank | Company Overview & News - Forbes
Industry: Banking and Financial Services ; Founded: 1870 ; Headquarters: Frankfurt am Main ; Country/Territory: Germany ; Chief Executive Officer: Christian Sewing.
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Our Company History | Our Story - DB Schenker
Founded in 1872 by Gottfried Schenker, Schenker & Co. changed transportation. In 1997, new business areas were formed. DB Schenker is celebrating 150 years.
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DB Schenker AG Asset Profile | Preqin
For the year 2023, DB Schenker reported a revenue of USD 48,914. 50 mn and an EBITDA of USD 5,608. 97 mn. Their revenue model is primarily based on ...
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D mbovita COUNTY - Geography and history - CIRCABC
The county's population, as of 1 July 2000, was 551 414 inhabitants with a density of 136 inhabitants per km2, in the 15th position in population number.
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Dâmbovița (County, Romania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map ...
Contents: Population ; 476,591 Population [2024] – Estimate ; 4,054 km² Area ; 117.6/km² Population Density [2024].
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Dâmbovița County Romania Map Lat Long Coordinates - Geloky
Coordinates of Dambovita County Clinic place. Latitude: 44.9219 Longitude: 25.4512. See where Dambovita County Clinic is located on the map.Missing: population | Show results with:population
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DB - Debit | AcronymFinder
How is Debit abbreviated? DB stands for Debit. DB is defined as Debit very frequently.
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[PDF] Where's the R in debit? - Accounting Historians Journal - eGrove
Abstract: The common abbreviation for the accounting term "debit" is a puzzling ... Why isn't it "De"? or "Db"? I'd even settle for. "Dt." Why "Dr"? This anomaly ...Missing: daybook | Show results with:daybook
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What does DB stand for? - Abbreviations.com
DB. Data Byte. Computing » General Computing. Rate it: ; DB. Dead Body. Governmental » Law & Legal -- and more... Rate it: ; DB. Date Before. Miscellaneous » Days ...