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Interstate 5

Interstate 5 (I-5) is a major north-south Interstate Highway in the United States that extends approximately 1,381 miles along the West Coast, connecting the Mexican border at San Ysidro, California, to the Canadian border at Blaine, Washington, while passing through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington.^[1]^[2] As part of the National Highway System, it serves as the primary corridor for interstate commerce, tourism, and daily commuting, largely paralleling the Pacific Ocean and replacing segments of the historic U.S. Route 99.^[3]^[1] The highway links key metropolitan areas, including San Diego, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle, facilitating the movement of over 500,000 vehicles daily in urban sections like Los Angeles and supporting vital trade routes between Mexico, the U.S., and Canada.^[4]^[2] Designated under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, construction progressed through the 1960s and 1970s, with California's portion fully completed in 1979 and Oregon's in 1966, though ongoing expansions address growing congestion and seismic resilience.^[1] In California alone, it spans 797 miles, traversing diverse terrain from coastal plains to Central Valley farmlands and the Cascade Range foothills.^[1] I-5's strategic importance is underscored by its designation as High Priority Corridor 30 (Camino Real) and Corridor 35 in the FAST Act, emphasizing enhancements for freight mobility and border efficiency.^[1] Notable features include high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes in major cities, innovative interchanges like the diverging diamond at Fern Valley in Oregon, and recent projects such as the 2025 I-5 Asset Management Project in San Diego and SENTRI lane expansions at San Ysidro to reduce wait times at international crossings.^[1]^[5]^[6] The route not only boosts economic connectivity but also faces challenges from urban sprawl, natural disasters, and the need for sustainable infrastructure upgrades across its three states.^[2]

Route description

California

Interstate 5 (I-5) in California spans 796.77 miles (1,283.09 km) from the Mexico–United States border at San Ysidro to the Oregon state line north of Yreka.^[7] The route begins in San Diego County, passing through urban areas of Chula Vista, National City, and San Diego, where it intersects I-805 and State Route 15 (SR 15). It then follows a coastal alignment through Solana Beach, Encinitas, Carlsbad, and Oceanside, serving Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base before entering Orange County at San Clemente. In Orange County, I-5 traverses Dana Point, San Juan Capistrano, Mission Viejo, Irvine, Santa Ana, Anaheim, and Buena Park, intersecting I-405 near Irvine.^[1] Entering Los Angeles County, the freeway passes through Downey, Commerce, East Los Angeles, and central Los Angeles along the Los Angeles River, interchanging with I-10, before crossing Newhall Pass into the Santa Clarita Valley. It then ascends the Tejon Pass in the Sierra Madre Mountains (reaching elevations over 4,000 feet or 1,200 m) in Los Angeles and Kern counties, descending to the Central Valley at Wheeler Ridge, where it intersects SR 99. As the West Side Freeway, I-5 runs parallel to SR 99 through rural Kern, Kings, Fresno, Merced, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin counties, passing Avenal, Coalinga, Los Banos, and Tracy. Near Stockton, it interchanges with SR 4 and SR 99 again, then proceeds to Sacramento, intersecting I-80 and US 50. North of Sacramento, the route continues through Yolo County (Woodland), and then Shasta and Siskiyou counties, passing Red Bluff, Redding, and Mount Shasta before reaching the Oregon border near Weed and Yreka. The freeway features up to 12 lanes in urban sections and traverses diverse terrain from coastal plains to mountainous passes and agricultural valleys.^[1]

Oregon

Interstate 5 in Oregon extends 308 miles (496 km) from the California state line south of Ashland to the Washington state line north of Portland.^[1] Entering in Jackson County through the Siskiyou Mountains and Siskiyou Summit (elevation 4,310 feet or 1,310 m), the route descends into the Rogue Valley, passing Ashland, Medford (interchanging with SR 62 and SR 99), and Grants Pass. It continues north through Josephine and Douglas counties, serving Roseburg and intersecting SR 38 near Winston.^[1] In the Willamette Valley, I-5 traverses Lane County through Eugene (intersecting OR 126), Linn County, and Marion County to Salem, where it interchanges with OR 22. The freeway then passes through Polk and Clackamas counties to Wilsonville, entering the Portland metropolitan area. In Portland, it crosses the Willamette River via the Marquam Bridge, interchanges with I-84 and US 26 in downtown, and continues north across the Columbia River via the Interstate Bridge to Washington. The route primarily follows the narrow Willamette Valley west of the Cascade Range, with urban multilane sections in Portland carrying high traffic volumes.^[1]

Washington

Interstate 5 in Washington measures 277 miles (446 km) from the Oregon state line at Vancouver to the Canada–United States border at Blaine.^[1] Crossing the Columbia River via the Interstate Bridge into Clark County, the route serves Vancouver and interchanges with SR 14 and SR 500, then proceeds north through Cowlitz County along the Cowlitz River, passing Kelso and Castle Rock. In Lewis and Thurston counties, I-5 traverses Chehalis, Centralia, and Olympia (intersecting US 101 and SR 121), continuing to Lacey and Tumwater.^[1] Entering Pierce County, the freeway passes Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Lakewood, and Tacoma, where it interchanges with SR 16, SR 167, and I-705. In King County, I-5 serves Federal Way, Kent, SeaTac, Tukwila, and Seattle, featuring a 13-lane section through downtown Seattle with reversible express lanes, crossing Lake Washington via the Ship Canal Bridge, and interchanging with I-90 and SR 520. Northward through Snohomish County, it passes Everett (intersecting US 2 and SR 99) and Marysville along the Snohomish River. The route then enters Skagit County at Arlington and Mount Vernon, before reaching Whatcom County through Burlington and Bellingham (interchanging with SR 539 and SR 542), ending at the Peace Arch Border Crossing in Blaine. The freeway is predominantly urban and suburban, with up to 12 lanes in the Puget Sound region.^[1]

History

Planning and designation

The planning of Interstate 5 (I-5) originated from earlier regional highway networks along the West Coast, particularly the Pacific Highway, which was developed in the 1910s and 1920s by the states of California, Oregon, and Washington to connect major population centers from the Mexican border to Canada.^[8] This route was incorporated into U.S. Route 99 (US 99) in 1926, serving as a primary north-south corridor known as the "Main Street of California" and facilitating commerce through agricultural valleys and urban areas.^[8] By the 1930s, proposals emerged for upgrading this network into a continuous, high-capacity system, driven by increasing automobile traffic and economic needs, though wartime priorities delayed major advancements until the postwar era.^[9] Federal involvement in I-5's development began with the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which authorized the designation of a 40,000-mile National System of Interstate Highways, emphasizing connections between cities and defense needs.^[10] In 1947, the Bureau of Public Roads, under the Federal Works Agency, released its initial plan—often referred to in historical context as part of the foundational "Yellow Book" series—designating 37,681 miles of the system, including the core alignment for what would become I-5 from San Diego to the Canadian border.^[10] The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 formalized the Interstate Highway System, providing dedicated funding at a 90 percent federal share and officially designating I-5 as a key north-south artery.^[11] State-level planning aligned with federal efforts but reflected regional priorities. In California, the 1947 Collier-Burns Act raised fuel taxes to fund a statewide freeway network, pushing for a border-to-border route paralleling US 99 to serve inland agricultural and industrial growth, bypassing coastal congestion.^[12] Oregon's State Highway Department, empowered by 1947 legislation, began grade-separated expressway projects in the late 1940s, including bonds worth over $70 million by 1953, to upgrade US 99 segments amid postwar traffic surges.^[13] Washington followed suit in the 1950s with regional studies, such as the 1951 Eastside Expressway proposal repurposed for I-5, funded by a 1955 toll act and emphasizing urban connectivity through the Puget Sound area.^[14] I-5 received its numerical designation under the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) convention approved in 1957, assigning odd numbers to north-south routes with the lowest (5) to the westernmost primary corridor, reflecting its position along the Pacific Coast; the full route spans approximately 1,381 miles.^[3] Federal approval for initial segments, including Washington's Seattle Freeway portion, came on October 1, 1957, marking the start of coordinated construction under the 1956 Act.^[14] Oregon initially resisted the numeric shift, favoring retention of US 99 signage, but adopted I-5 to access federal funds.^[8] Planning faced challenges from alignment debates, particularly balancing urban access with rural efficiency and community impacts. In Los Angeles, early 1950s proposals weighed an inland path following US 99 against a coastal route via US 101, ultimately selecting the former to avoid Bay Area bottlenecks and prioritize direct north-south flow.^[15] Portland's debates centered on the Eastbank Freeway alignment proposed in 1943 by Robert Moses, which cut through the Albina neighborhood, displacing over 300 homes by 1962 despite opposition from affected communities favoring peripheral routing.^[16] These disputes highlighted tensions between federal standardization and local land-use concerns, resolved through segmented approvals that deferred full urban integrations.^[13]

Construction phases

The construction of Interstate 5 (I-5) began shortly after its designation as part of the Interstate Highway System in 1956, with the first segments opening in California in 1957. Initial work focused on upgrading existing alignments of U.S. Route 99 into freeway standards, progressing northward from the Mexican border through urban and rural areas. The entire 1,381-mile route from the Mexico–United States border near San Diego, California, to the Canada–United States border near Blaine, Washington, was completed in 1979 with the opening of the final segment near Stockton, California. Funding for I-5 construction was primarily provided through the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which allocated 90 percent of costs from federal sources, with states covering the remaining 10 percent, often for right-of-way acquisition and local improvements. This federal-state partnership enabled rapid development, though actual shares varied slightly by state; for example, Oregon received approximately 92 percent federal funding. Total costs for the Interstate System, including I-5, reached about $114 billion by completion, though specific figures for I-5 alone are not comprehensively documented in federal records.^[8] In California, construction phases emphasized southern urban corridors in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by the agriculturally vital Central Valley in the 1960s, and northern rural stretches in the 1970s. The southern portion, including the San Diego Freeway, saw early openings such as segments near San Diego in 1958, connecting to Los Angeles by 1964. Central Valley alignments advanced through the decade, with major sections from Los Angeles to Sacramento operational by 1964. Northern rural areas, including routes near Redding, were largely finished by the mid-1970s, culminating in the full interstate designation across the state in 1964 and final completion near Stockton on October 12, 1979.^[17]^[18] Oregon's phases integrated pre-existing expressways into the interstate framework, with southern alignments built in the 1950s and 1970s alongside Portland-area infrastructure in the 1960s. Early work included the 1955 opening of the Hayesville-to-Salem segment of the R.H. Baldock Freeway and the 1959 completion of the Myrtle Creek-to-Canyonville section. Portland developments featured the 1961 opening from Tigard to Harbor Drive and the 1966 dedication of the Marquam Bridge. The entire 308-mile Oregon portion was completed in October 1966 at a cost of $300 million.^[13]^[19] Washington's construction prioritized urban freeways in the 1960s, with northern rural extensions finalized later in the decade. The first segment opened in Tacoma in December 1960, followed by the Seattle freeway's completion and opening in 1967 after displacing neighborhoods like Cascade. Upgrades to the Interstate Bridge over the Columbia River occurred in the 1960s, and the final four-mile stretch from Marysville to Everett opened on May 14, 1969, marking statewide completion.^[20]^[21]

Junction guide

California

Interstate 5 in California is supported by several auxiliary and business routes that enhance connectivity in urban and rural areas, providing access to key facilities and alternative paths through developed regions. These routes, designated under the Interstate Highway system, include spurs, connectors, and loops that branch from or parallel the mainline I-5, facilitating local traffic while maintaining national standards for interstate highways.^[22] The primary auxiliary routes associated with I-5 in California encompass I-105, I-305, I-405, I-505, I-805, and I-205, each serving distinct purposes in southern, central, and northern parts of the state, respectively. I-105, known as the Century Freeway, spans 17.3 miles from near Los Angeles International Airport eastward to Norwalk, primarily providing airport access and east-west transit across densely populated South Los Angeles areas; it was constructed between 1982 and 1994 following legal delays from environmental lawsuits.^[23] I-305 functions as a short connector in Sacramento, measuring approximately 8 miles along the Elvas Freeway from I-80/US 50 to US 50 and SR 99 (unsigned), designed to link major radials and support urban circulation; it originated as part of a 1980 rerouting of I-80 and remains an administrative designation for federal funding without full signage as an Interstate.^[24] I-405, the San Diego Freeway, spans 73 miles as a bypass from I-5 in Irvine north through Los Angeles to I-5 in Sylmar, serving as a major parallel route through the Greater Los Angeles area.) I-505 branches 33 miles from I-80 near Vacaville to I-5 near Dunnigan (serving the Williams area), offering a northwest corridor for regional travel and freight between the Bay Area and the Central Valley; sections were built as a freeway from 1957 onward, with completion by 1977.^[25] I-805 provides a 28-mile bypass of I-5 through central San Diego from San Ysidro to Sorrento Valley, facilitating north-south travel avoiding downtown. Near Tracy, I-5 is connected to I-580 via the 13-mile auxiliary east-west spur I-205, enabling seamless integration for traffic heading toward the Bay Area; this linkage, constructed in phases during the 1970s, supports interregional movement without a literal shared alignment on I-580 itself.^[26] Business loops for I-5, such as the one in Santa Ana along local arterials paralleling the Santa Ana Freeway segment, provide urban bypasses for commercial districts, typically short surface routes of under 5 miles developed in the 1960s-1970s to accommodate city-center access while the mainline bypasses congestion.^[22] Similar business routes exist elsewhere, like in Red Bluff along Main Street, emphasizing local economic access over through traffic. All listed auxiliary and business routes are fully operational, with ongoing maintenance by Caltrans ensuring compliance with Interstate standards; however, proposed extensions to I-710 in the Los Angeles area could indirectly impact traffic flows and future alignments near I-105 connections.

Oregon

In Oregon, Interstate 5 (I-5) has three auxiliary routes: Interstate 105 (I-105), Interstate 205 (I-205), and Interstate 405 (I-405). These spurs provide urban relief in the Portland metropolitan area and elsewhere, with I-205 serving as an eastern bypass, I-405 forming a short city center loop, and I-105 a connector in the Eugene area. Oregon does not designate permanent business routes for I-5, though temporary business loop designations, such as Oregon Highway Business 126, were used in areas like Medford during freeway construction to maintain local access. I-105 is a 3.5-mile spur from OR 99 in Eugene to I-5 in Springfield, completed in 1958 to support local traffic in the southern Willamette Valley.) I-205, spanning approximately 26 miles in Oregon, branches north from I-5 in Tualatin and parallels the mainline eastward, crossing the Willamette River via the Abernethy Bridge before rejoining I-5 near Wood Village.^[27] Constructed primarily in the 1970s to alleviate congestion on the primary I-5 corridor through Portland, it functions as a vital alternative for north-south travel, freight, and commuters in the eastern suburbs.^[28]^[29] I-405, a 4.3-mile loop, diverges from I-5 south of downtown Portland near the Willamette River waterfront and curves northwest through the city center, passing landmarks like Portland State University and the Fremont Bridge before merging back into I-5 north of the Broadway Bridge.^[30] Built between 1964 and 1973 as part of the urban freeway system, it facilitates local circulation and access to central Portland destinations while tying into the broader I-5 routing through the city.^[31] Both routes are fully operational and integrated into Oregon's National Highway System, with ongoing minor maintenance but no major expansion proposals as of 2025.^[32]^[33]

Washington

Interstate 5 in Washington is supported by several auxiliary routes that provide bypasses, spurs, and local connections, enhancing regional mobility around urban centers and key economic areas. These include Interstate 205, which serves as an eastern bypass for the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area with a short segment in southern Washington, and Interstate 405, a major north-south freeway paralleling I-5 through the Puget Sound region.^[34]^[35] Interstate 205 enters Washington from Oregon across the Glenn Jackson Bridge over the Columbia River and extends approximately 11 miles northward through Clark County to its northern terminus at an interchange with I-5 near Salmon Creek. This short segment functions primarily as a freight and commuter bypass, avoiding congestion in downtown Vancouver and Portland, with key interchanges including SR 14 near the river crossing and SR 500 in east Vancouver. All segments of I-205 in Washington are fully operational and maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT).^[34]^[36] Interstate 405, spanning about 30 miles from its southern junction with I-5 and SR 518 in Tukwila to its northern end at I-5 and SR 525 in Lynnwood, acts as an eastern bypass for Seattle and Tacoma, relieving pressure on the I-5 mainline through the densely populated Eastside suburbs. Constructed primarily in the 1960s to accommodate growing commuter and freight traffic around Lake Washington, it features high-traffic interchanges such as those with I-90 in Bellevue, SR 520 in Medina, and SR 167 in Renton, supporting daily travel for over 200,000 vehicles. The route includes express toll lanes in segments to manage congestion and is entirely operational, with ongoing improvements focused on capacity and safety.^[35]^[37]^[38] In the Tacoma area, Interstate 705 provides a brief 1.5-mile spur from I-5 southward into downtown Tacoma, connecting to Schuster Parkway and the Port of Tacoma waterfront. This short urban connector facilitates access to commercial districts and maritime facilities, with interchanges at I-5/SR 7 and Pacific Avenue, and remains fully operational as a vital link for local traffic.^[39]^[40] In northern Washington, business routes along I-5, particularly in Bellingham, utilize local alignments such as portions of SR 539 and Guide Meridian Road to serve downtown commercial areas, bypassing the freeway between exits 252 and 258 over roughly 6 miles. These operational paths accommodate urban access and tourism, with connections to SR 542 for eastern routes.^[41]^[42]

Auxiliary routes

California

Interstate 5 in California is supported by several auxiliary and business routes that enhance connectivity in urban and rural areas, providing access to key facilities and alternative paths through developed regions. These routes, designated under the Interstate Highway system, include spurs, connectors, and loops that branch from or parallel the mainline I-5, facilitating local traffic while maintaining national standards for interstate highways.^[22] The primary auxiliary routes associated with I-5 in California encompass I-105, I-305, I-405, I-505, and I-805, each serving distinct purposes in southern, central, and northern parts of the state, respectively. I-105, known as the Century Freeway, spans 17.6 miles from near Los Angeles International Airport eastward to Norwalk, primarily providing airport access and east-west transit across densely populated South Los Angeles areas; it was constructed between 1982 and 1994 following legal delays from environmental lawsuits.^[23] I-305 functions as a short connector in Sacramento, measuring 8 miles along the Elvas Freeway from I-80/US 50 to US 50 and SR 99, designed to link major radials and support urban circulation; it originated as part of a 1980 rerouting of I-80 and remains an administrative designation for federal funding without full signage as an Interstate.^[24] I-405, known as the San Diego Freeway, extends 73.0 miles from I-5 in Irvine northward through Los Angeles to I-5 in Sylmar, serving as a major north-south bypass for the Los Angeles Basin and coastal areas; construction occurred primarily in the 1960s.^[43] I-805, the Jacob Dekema Freeway, runs 11.0 miles in the San Diego area from I-5 near Sorrento Valley southward to I-5 in San Ysidro near the Mexican border, providing an inland bypass for southbound traffic to San Diego and the border; it was completed in 1975.^[44] Farther north, I-505 branches 33 miles from I-80 near Vacaville to I-5 near Dunnigan (serving the Williams area), offering a northwest corridor for regional travel and freight between the Bay Area and the Central Valley; sections were built as a freeway from 1957 onward, with completion by 1977.^[25] Near Tracy, I-205, a 13-mile auxiliary east-west spur, connects I-5 directly to I-580, enabling seamless integration for traffic heading toward the Bay Area; this linkage, constructed in phases during the 1970s, supports interregional movement.^[26] Business loops for I-5, such as the one in Santa Ana along local arterials paralleling the Santa Ana Freeway segment, provide urban bypasses for commercial districts, typically short surface routes of under 5 miles developed in the 1960s-1970s to accommodate city-center access while the mainline bypasses congestion.^[22] Similar business routes exist elsewhere, like in Red Bluff along Main Street, emphasizing local economic access over through traffic. All listed auxiliary and business routes are fully operational, with ongoing maintenance by Caltrans ensuring compliance with Interstate standards.

Oregon

In Oregon, Interstate 5 (I-5) has two auxiliary routes: Interstate 205 (I-205) and Interstate 405 (I-405). These spurs provide urban relief in the Portland metropolitan area, with I-205 serving as an eastern bypass and I-405 forming a short city center loop. Oregon does not designate permanent business routes for I-5, though temporary business loop designations, such as Oregon Highway Business 126, were used in areas like Medford during freeway construction to maintain local access. I-205, spanning approximately 26 miles in Oregon, branches north from I-5 in Tualatin and parallels the mainline eastward, crossing the Willamette River via the Abernethy Bridge before rejoining I-5 near Wood Village.^[27] Constructed primarily in the 1970s to alleviate congestion on the primary I-5 corridor through Portland, it functions as a vital alternative for north-south travel, freight, and commuters in the eastern suburbs.^[28]^[29] I-405, a 4.3-mile loop, diverges from I-5 south of downtown Portland near the Willamette River waterfront and curves northwest through the city center, passing landmarks like Portland State University and the Fremont Bridge before merging back into I-5 north of the Broadway Bridge.^[30] Built between 1964 and 1973 as part of the urban freeway system, it facilitates local circulation and access to central Portland destinations while tying into the broader I-5 routing through the city.^[31] Both routes are fully operational and integrated into Oregon's National Highway System, with ongoing minor maintenance but no major expansion proposals as of 2025.^[32]^[33]

Washington

Significance and developments

Economic impact

Interstate 5 functions as a critical freight corridor along the West Coast, serving as the primary route for goods movement between major ports in California, such as Los Angeles and Long Beach, and northern destinations in Oregon and Washington, while linking trade flows to Canada and Mexico. Truck volumes on the corridor in California have grown significantly since the early 2000s, with federal analyses projecting a 20% increase by 2040 amid rising port cargo.^[45] In the Portland-Vancouver area, trade-related cargo volumes have continued to expand since the late 1990s, supporting regional supply chains despite the lack of recent corridor-specific tonnage data.^[46] The corridor generates substantial economic output across its three states, bolstering industries like logistics and manufacturing while facilitating interstate commerce. For instance, enhancements to connectivity along I-5 segments, such as those in Southern California's North Coast Corridor, are estimated to produce up to $281 million in annual economic output by 2040 through improved freight efficiency and related activities.^[47] Federal Highway Administration analyses indicate that investments in highways like I-5 yield economic multipliers, with each dollar spent generating approximately $1.80 in additional output over the long term, reflecting broader benefits from reduced travel times and enhanced productivity.^[48] I-5 supports millions of jobs indirectly through its role in trade-dependent sectors, including logistics hubs, Central Valley agriculture shipments, and Puget Sound technology supply chains, where efficient north-south access is essential for operations. Trade and transportation along the corridor contribute significantly to statewide employment in Oregon and Washington, though specific percentages tied to I-5 are not quantified in recent studies.^[49] Construction of the interstate system historically created tens of thousands of temporary jobs during its build-out phases, contributing to workforce development in engineering and labor sectors across the states. Beyond freight, I-5 drives tourism and urban development by connecting key attractions and economic centers, such as California's coastal ports and entertainment districts, Oregon's Willamette Valley wineries, and Washington's Seattle-Tacoma area tech and visitor sites. Improved access along the route enhances visitor spending, with tourism in Oregon generating $14.3 billion in economic impact in 2024, partly enabled by reliable interstate travel.^[50] Development effects include spurred growth in adjacent areas, such as potential for 13,000 construction-related jobs and $3 billion in annual activity from corridor-adjacent projects like urban lids over freeway segments.^[51] Federal studies highlight the corridor's high return on infrastructure, with analyses like Washington's transportation investment report estimating that $7 billion in upgrades to key routes including I-5 could yield $42 billion in total benefits through time savings and growth stimulation.^[52] However, challenges persist from congestion, particularly at choke points like the Columbia River Crossing, ranked as the 23rd worst national truck bottleneck, and the Portland I-5/I-84 interchange, the 27th worst, where delays impose significant costs—estimated at $1.2 million daily for the broader Portland metro freeways, exacerbating inefficiencies for freight and commuters.^[53]^[54]

Improvements and future plans

In California, recent rehabilitation efforts on Interstate 5 include the I-5 Pavement Anchor Project in Stockton, which began in summer 2024 and entered stage 5 in July 2025 to address pavement deterioration through anchor installations and resurfacing; as of November 2025, the project has progressed to stage 6 with ongoing closures.^[55]^[56]^[57] Ongoing widening in the Burbank area incorporates high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes between State Route 134 and Magnolia Boulevard to enhance capacity for carpools and transit, with construction updates indicating progress through 2025.^[58] Further south, planning for the I-5/State Route 78 interchange received $8 million in federal funding in 2024 for environmental review and initial design, aiming to add direct connectors and ramps to support future HOV and transit lanes.^[59] In Oregon, the I-5 Rose Quarter Improvement Project broke ground on phase 1A in August 2025, focusing on auxiliary lane extensions and sign bridge replacements at milepost 302.63, with phase 1A work expected by late 2026; however, as of November 2025, the project's future beyond phase 1A remains uncertain amid discussions of potential defunding, reallocation of $167 million, and the resignation of ODOT's director, amid debates over cost, neighborhood impacts, and viability. The overall estimated cost was $1.96 billion to $2.08 billion, including a planned highway cover to reconnect the Historic Albina neighborhood, though these elements face controversy and possible cancellation.^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64] Washington's ongoing projects focus on bridge preservation and interchange enhancements, such as the Revive I-5 initiative for the Ship Canal Bridge, which allocates $203 million for deck resurfacing, joint replacements, and drainage improvements from 2025 through 2027, including multiple weekend lane closures starting October 2025.^[65] The 145th Street interchange project, phase 1 from 2024 to 2026, converts signalized intersections to roundabouts with $35 million in funding to boost safety and multimodal access near the Sound Transit light rail station.^[66] Bids for the new Poplar Way Bridge over I-5 in Lynnwood opened in November 2025, due by December 9, to construct a six-lane multimodal structure expected to handle 30,000 vehicles daily and reduce congestion by 37 percent.^[67] The Interstate Bridge replacement program advances with a $5 billion to $7.5 billion estimate for an earthquake-resilient, multimodal span, incorporating fixed-span design for seismic stability and funding from $2.1 billion in federal grants plus $1 billion from state commitments, with an additional nearly $2 billion approved in November 2025.^[68]^[69]^[70] Long-term plans in Washington include the I-5 Master Plan, which integrates high-speed Cascadia rail corridors up to 250 mph alongside highway resilience upgrades to address seismic risks and freight mobility.^[71] In Orange County, California, the I-5 Improvement Project from the San Diego County line to Avenida Pico targets increased vehicle and person throughput via lane additions and operational enhancements to improve reliability.^[72] Nationally, expansions along I-5 feature $102 million in U.S. Department of Energy funding awarded in 2024 to Oregon, California, and Washington for EV and hydrogen fueling stations every 50 miles, supporting medium- and heavy-duty trucks.^[73] These initiatives rely on federal grants from programs like the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Bridge Investment Program, supplemented by state bonds, though challenges persist, such as $273 million spent on consultants for the Interstate Bridge project alone through 2025.^[74]^[75]

References

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Interstate 5
Known in California as "the 5", Interstate 5 serves the major Pacific Coast metropolitan areas of San Diego, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, and Sacramento.
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Sep 10, 2007 · The application addresses infrastructure improvements to I-5 from the US border with Canada, through the states of Washington, Oregon, and California, to the ...
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Interstate System - Design - Federal Highway Administration
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Business Routes. The following are Route 5 Business Loops or surface street former routings. The webside AAroads has a page on I–5 Business Routes ...
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This is a site dedicated to showing the effect of the construction of I-105 in Los Angeles. There is a photo essay and other features. Interstate 105: The Fight ...⦅Post 1964 Signage History⦆ · ⦅Status⦆ · ⦅Naming⦆ · ⦅Named Structures⦆
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Route 205 runs from Route 580 west of Tracy to Route 5 east of Tracy. The portion from I-5 to I-580 is named the "Robert T. Monagan Freeway".
[10]
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Official Length: 36.64 miles (Oregon 26.07 miles, Washington 10.57 miles) (ODOT claims its share is 26.60 miles; WSDOT claims Oregon's share is 26.59 miles).
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[18]
[PDF] I-405: Bellevue City Center to I-5 Jct (Lynnwood) Corridor Sketch ...
I-405 is a 30-mile freeway between Lynnwood and Tukwila, used for freight and commuter traffic. It's a 17-mile north-south corridor between Bellevue and ...
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[PDF] I-405 Express Toll Lanes 45 month report - WSdot.com
This report reviews the first 45 months of I-405 Express Toll Lane operations (Oct 2015-June 2019), covering average speeds, transit times, revenue, and toll ...
[22]
[PDF] I-705.pdf - WSdot.com
I-705 - JCT I-5 TO SCHUSTER PARKWAY. 0.00. JCT I-5. PACIFIC AVENUE INTERCHANGE (See Page 39). JCT I-705 & I-5 & SR 509 & SR 7. SRMP 0.00 - 1.50.
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[PDF] Congested Interstate Corridor Report for WA State Highway System ...
Corridor Description: This segment of Interstate 5 begins in the vicinity of where I-5 interchanges with US 2. After it crosses the Snohomish River, I- ...
[24]
[PDF] I-82 Jct (Richland) to SR 124 Jct (Burbank) Corridor Sketch Summary
Apr 23, 2018 · The 19-mile corridor runs between I-82 and SR 124, through Richland and Pasco, and is a key link for freight and commuter traffic.
[25]
[PDF] US 12: Naches to I-82 Jct. (Yakima) Corridor Sketch Summary
The US 12 corridor is a 13-mile north-south route in Yakima County, following the Naches River, between Naches and I-82, with mostly rural agricultural land.
[26]
[PDF] SR 539: I-5 Jct (Bellingham) to Canadian Border Corridor Sketch ...
This 15-mile long north-south corridor runs between the. Interstate 5 interchange in Bellingham and the U.S.-. Canada Lynden-Aldergrove border crossing. State ...
[27]
I-5/Guide Meridian I/C and SR 539/I-5 to Kellogg Road - Paving & ADA
This project will resurface the northbound and southbound lanes of State Route 539 from Interstate 5 to Kellogg Road in Bellingham to extend the pavement
[28]
[PDF] THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN OREGON
Interstate route in Oregon runs between Interstate 5 in Portland and continues east of. Ontario, Oregon, through Boise, Idaho. Its western portion is also ...
[29]
Origins of the Interstate Part 5 of 7 - Highway History
Jun 27, 2017 · Early actions by the Congress in authorizing joint designation by the Federal Government and the several State Highway Departments of a national ...
[30]
The Greatest Decade 1956-1966: Part 1 Essential to the National ...
Jun 30, 2023 · Section 7 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 directed designation of a 40,000-mile National System of Interstate Highways by joint ...
[31]
[PDF] TITLE I—FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY ACT OF 1956 - GovInfo
To amend and supplement the Federal-Aid Road Act approved July 11, 1916, to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways; to amend the ...Missing: Yellow | Show results with:Yellow
[32]
How California Created a Road Map for America's Interstate System
May 9, 2017 · The Collier-Burns Act of 1947 created the California freeway system by substantially raising the gasoline and other motor vehicle taxes.<|separator|>
[33]
Interstate 5 in Oregon
Aug 4, 2022 · Interstate 5 is a 308-mile-long segment of highway that runs between the California state line and the Columbia River.
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First part of Seattle Freeway (Interstate 5) route receives federal ...
Apr 30, 2003 · On October 1, 1957, the first portion of the Seattle Freeway route, now (2005) the Seattle portion of Interstate 5, receives federal approval and funding.Missing: numbering length 1381 miles
[35]
Telling a Story through Highway and Planning Maps: Southern ...
Dec 25, 2024 · Planning began for an extensive freeway system for Southern California. The two maps below show some of the planning that resulted.
[36]
How a freeway destroyed a neighborhood, and may again
Mar 18, 2019 · Portland's Albina neighborhood was devastated by the I-5 freeway; Widening it repeats that mistake. Freeways and the traffic they generate are toxic to vibrant ...
[37]
[PDF] Appendices CK - Caltrans - CA.gov
1937 State Route 1, also known as Pacific Coast Highway, was completed serving as an important tourist and commercial corridor. This is was the first compete ...
[38]
How the 5 Freeway Made Orange County Suburban | Lost LA
Apr 21, 2016 · Built from 1950-60, Interstate 5 lured aerospace firms, millions of residents, and a Magic Kingdom to once-rural Orange County.
[39]
Article, I-5 Now Completed throughout Oregon
Interstate 5 was the centerpiece of Oregon's interstate highway network. Completed in the fall of 1966 at a cost of $300 million.<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
Interstate 5 is completed in Washington on May 14, 1969.
Apr 10, 2010 · The first segment of I-5 formally opened in Tacoma in December 1960, and despite some protests, construction proceeded apace through the decade.
[41]
[PDF] Seattle I-5 History - Lid I-5
better known as I-5 — had been in the works since 1951. But it wasn't until 1956, when President Dwight D.
[42]
[PDF] Interstate 5 Corridor Economic Development Plan
Jun 3, 2010 · If the Corridor were able to attract $100 million in additional industry sales, there would be a projected increase of 801 jobs and more than ...
[43]
[PDF] Portland/Vancouver I-5 Trade Corridor Freight Feasibility and Needs ...
Jan 27, 2000 · The intent of the study is to examine transportation and economic consequences of investments in the 1-5 Trade Corridor from the I-84 ...
[44]
Appendix I – North Coast Corridor Economic Impact Analysis
This report examines the economic benefits that are expected to accrue to the San Diego regional economy as a result of the North Coast Corridor (NCC) project.
[45]
When Interstates Paved the Way - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
Assuming the long-run multiplier is 1.8, the interstate highway system has generated over $283 billion in additional economic output. Since the interstate ...
[46]
Oregon Sees Tourism Gains in 2024
May 16, 2025 · Oregon had a moderately good year for tourism in 2024 with a total economic impact of $14.3 billion, which built on gains in 2023 and 2022.Missing: 5 | Show results with:5
[47]
I – 5 CORRIDOR: Put a Lid On It – Site Selection Magazine
... I-5 Lid could support up to 13,000 direct, indirect and induced jobs during construction alone and contribute more than $3 billion of annual economic activity.
[48]
[PDF] INVESTMENTS IN WASHINGTON STATE TRANSPORTATION
A $7 billion investment to preserve and maintain state road and bridge networks and improve key economic corridors would generate $42 billion in benefits and ...Missing: contribution | Show results with:contribution
[49]
[PDF] Fact Sheet: May 2021 - Interstate Bridge Replacement Program
May 25, 2021 · ▷ The Interstate 5 Bridge is ranked as the worst truck bottleneck in Oregon and Washington and the 23rd worst truck bottleneck nationally due to ...<|separator|>
[50]
Top 100 Truck Bottlenecks – 2025
Portland, OR: I-5 at I-84, OR, 34.9, 27.6, 38.2, 3.0%. 28, 33, Chattanooga, TN: I-75 ... Cost of Congestion to the Trucking Industry · Critical Issues in the ...
[51]
Portland freeways congested but projects help, report finds
Jan 7, 2022 · Portland freeways remain congested, but recent projects help, new ODOT report says · $1.2 million daily cost of congestion on Portland area ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[52]
Stage 5 of the I-5 Rehabilitation Project commences - Stocktonia News
Jul 22, 2025 · The shift is part of the I-5 Pavement Anchor Project. Approved in March of 2024, the project is meant to rehabilitate I-5 in and near Stockton.Missing: improvements Burbank carpool 78 interchange
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#PlanAhead #Stockton Caltrans will perform 55-hour full closures of ...
Oct 2, 2025 · The I-5 Anchor project was always estimated to take approximately two years to complete. It began in the summer of 2024 and is on schedule ...Missing: improvements Burbank carpool 78 interchange
[54]
New I-5 Construction Updates, Alameda Ave. to Experience Closures
Caltrans is constructing a carpool lane on the Golden State Freeway (I-5) between the Ventura Freeway (SR-134) and Magnolia Boulevard in Burbank.
[55]
I-5/SR-78 Interchange Project - Caltrans - CA.gov
Building direct access ramps that connect to future carpool and transit vehicle lanes on I-5 and SR-78. Reconfiguration of the existing interchange to ...Missing: Stockton rehab Burbank
[56]
I-5 Rose Quarter Improvement Project - Oregon.gov
Sep 30, 2025 · The purpose of the I-5 Rose Quarter Improvement Project is to improve safety and congestion where three major interstates converge and to reconnect the Albina ...
[57]
Construction Underway to improve safety and travel on I-5 through ...
The I-5 Rose Quarter Improvement Project broke ground on the first phase of construction August 25, 2025. This phase focuses on maintaining existing facilities ...
[58]
[PDF] I-5 Rose Quarter Improvement Project (K19071) ORS 366.215 ...
• Advanced Plans Due Date: 98% Plans submitted 2/3/2025. • PS&E Date ... Replace existing sign bridge. Ph 1. 3) MP 302.63. NB & SB. Replace existing sign ...
[59]
Revive I-5 - Ship Canal Bridge preservation | WSDOT - | WA.gov
WSDOT will repair and resurface the upper bridge deck, replace concrete and aging bridge expansion joints, improve drainage and address other maintenance ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[60]
145th Street Corridor Project - Engage Shoreline updates and surveys
Phase 1 of the 145th Street Corridor Project and I-5 interchange Project will replace the signalized intersections on either side of I-5 with roundabouts.Missing: Ship Canal Poplar
[61]
https://i5rosequarter.org/news/constructionunderway/
[62]
Interstate Bridge Replacement Program
Interstate 5 provides a critical connection between Oregon and Washington that supports local jobs and families, and is a vital trade route for regional, ...River Crossing Visualizations · Understanding the IBR Program · Meetings & Events
[63]
[PDF] Fact Sheet: Cost Estimate & Financial Plan
The estimated cost for the IBR Program is $5 to $7.5 billion, funded by federal, state, and toll revenue. Tolls will be variable, time-of-day rates.
[64]
Cascadia High-Speed Rail and I-5 Program | WSDOT - | WA.gov
The I-5 Master Plan project is in the early stages of developing an actionable I-5 Master Plan that will identify, prioritize and guide investments to address ...
[65]
I-5 Freeway Improvement Project from the San Diego County Line to ...
The I-5 Improvement Project from the County Line to the Avenida Pico Interchange proposes to increase person and vehicle throughput in south Orange County.
[66]
U.S. DOE Awards Oregon, California, and Washington $102M to ...
Aug 30, 2024 · U.S. DOE Awards Oregon, California, and Washington $102M to Install EV Chargers and Hydrogen Fueling Stations for Trucks Along I-5. The U.S. ...Missing: job creation agriculture
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INVESTING IN AMERICA: Biden-Harris Administration Announces ...
Jul 17, 2024 · The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation will receive $500 million for the I-83 South Bridge Replacement Project in Harrisburg, ...Missing: output | Show results with:output
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https://www.interstatebridge.org/