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Intuitive Surgical

Intuitive Surgical, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in , that develops, manufactures, and markets robotic-assisted systems for minimally invasive surgery. Founded in 1995, the company pioneered robotic-assisted surgery with the launch of its flagship in 2000, which enables surgeons to perform complex procedures with enhanced precision, control, and visualization through minimally invasive techniques. The company's mission focuses on advancing minimally invasive care to optimize patient outcomes, improve experiences for care teams, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance access to advanced treatments globally. As of December 2024, Intuitive's have facilitated nearly 17 million surgical procedures worldwide, with 9,902 systems installed across 72 countries, demonstrating their widespread adoption in fields such as , gynecology, , and thoracic procedures. By September 2025, the installed base had grown to 10,763 systems. In addition to the da Vinci platform, which has evolved through five generations including the da Vinci 5 introduced in 2024, Intuitive offers the endoluminal system introduced in 2019 for robotic-assisted , expanding its portfolio into diagnostic and therapeutic applications for lung care. Listed on the under the ISRG, Intuitive Surgical continues to innovate in surgical , emphasizing data generation services and integration to support evidence-based improvements in clinical practices. The company's technologies aim to make more effective and less invasive, benefiting surgeons, patients, and healthcare systems by reducing recovery times and complications associated with traditional open surgeries.

Overview

Founding and Corporate Structure

Intuitive Surgical was incorporated on November 9, 1995, in as Intuitive Surgical Devices, Inc., with its initial operations based in , by founders Frederic H. Moll, John Gordon Freund, and Robert G. Younge. The company changed its name to Intuitive Surgical, Inc., in January 1997. The founders were inspired by earlier robotic prototypes, particularly the Green Telepresence System developed at in the late , which demonstrated potential for remote surgical manipulation and stereoscopic visualization. This technology, licensed from SRI, formed the basis for Intuitive Surgical's early efforts to advance computer-enhanced instruments. From its , Intuitive Surgical focused on developing computer-enhanced surgical tools to enable minimally invasive procedures, aiming to improve , , and for surgeons. As a startup, the company secured venture funding to refine these technologies, transitioning toward commercialization of robotic-assisted systems like the da Vinci platform. Intuitive Surgical evolved into a through an on June 13, 2000, listing on the under the ISRG. Today, it operates as a corporation with its principal executive offices in , and maintains a network of subsidiaries to support international operations, including entities in , Asia, and other regions for regulatory compliance, sales, and distribution.

Leadership and Headquarters

Intuitive Surgical's current is David J. Rosa, who was appointed to the role effective July 1, 2025, succeeding Gary S. Guthart. Gary S. Guthart now serves as executive chair of the board, providing strategic oversight while remaining actively involved in key decision-making. The executive team includes key leaders such as Jamie E. Samath, executive and ; Myriam J. Curet, MD, FACS, executive and ; and Henry Charlton, executive and and officer, each contributing expertise in finance, medical affairs, and global commercialization to guide the company's innovation and growth. The consists of 11 members, nine of whom are independent, ensuring balanced and objective oversight of . Board composition emphasizes diversity, with 45% women and 50% members self-identifying as , Middle Eastern/Asian, and/or , fostering inclusive perspectives in strategic decisions. Compensation structures for executives and directors are managed by the Compensation Committee, which links pay to performance metrics through incentive plans and equity awards to align interests with long-term . Intuitive Surgical is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, where its main campus supports research and development, manufacturing, and administrative operations central to the company's robotic surgery advancements. As of the end of 2024, the company employed approximately 15,638 people globally, reflecting its scale in engineering, clinical, and support roles. The company's governance framework incorporates strong (ESG) commitments, positioning sustainability and ethical practices as core to operations and decision-making. Diversity initiatives in promote an inclusive culture, with policies aimed at fair practices and representation to enhance innovation and employee belonging across the organization.

History

Early Development and Launch

Intuitive Surgical was founded in 1995 by , John Freund, and Robert Younge, who envisioned advancing minimally invasive surgery through robotic assistance to improve surgeon control and patient outcomes. The company's initial efforts built upon prior work at , licensing key intellectual property for telepresence surgical systems. Early prototypes included "Lenny," refined from SRI's technology and tested in animal trials by 1994, followed by "" in 1997, which enabled sterile instrument changes and was used in the first human clinical trials. The prototype underwent initial human trials in , where surgeon Jacques Himpens performed the world's first robotic-assisted laparoscopic on March 3, 1997, demonstrating the system's feasibility for precise minimally invasive procedures. These trials highlighted the technology's ability to filter hand tremors through motion scaling and stabilization, enhancing precision via endoscopic instruments with seven , mimicking human wrist motion for better dexterity in confined spaces. Building on this, Intuitive developed the first , a three-arm configuration that integrated advanced and features. To support development, Intuitive secured early venture funding, raising approximately $127 million in private rounds from investors including Mayfield Fund, Sierra Ventures, and Venture Partners by 2000. Key partnerships included licensing agreements with Corporation for remote center kinematics, enabling pivot-point stability at incision sites to minimize tissue trauma during instrument motion, and with for foundational robotic architectures. The da Vinci system had its initial commercial sale in in late 1998 to the Leipzig Heart Center in , where the first robot-assisted coronary artery bypass was performed that year. In the United States, the FDA granted clearance in July 2000 for general laparoscopic , marking the system's approval for soft-tissue procedures and setting the foundation for broader adoption.

Expansion and Key Milestones

Following the initial U.S. launch of the in 2000, Intuitive Surgical expanded its regulatory approvals for additional procedures, beginning with FDA clearance in May 2001 for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, which became one of the most common applications for the system. In July 2004, the FDA granted clearance for cardiac procedures using the da Vinci system, enabling its use in coronary during minimally invasive . These approvals broadened the system's clinical indications beyond general , supporting adoption in urologic and cardiothoracic specialties. Internationally, Intuitive Surgical achieved CE mark approval for the da Vinci system in in January 1999, facilitating early market entry for general surgical procedures. By 2010, the company had expanded into key Asian markets, including regulatory approval from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare in November 2009 for the da Vinci S system, marking a significant step in regional growth driven by increasing procedure volumes in and gynecology. Intuitive Surgical advanced its technology through successive generations of the da Vinci system, with the da Vinci S launched in 2006 featuring high-definition 3D visualization and improved for enhanced surgeon control. This was followed by the da Vinci Si in 2009, which introduced dual-console capabilities for training and collaborative procedures, and the da Vinci Xi in 2014, offering multi-quadrant access with a mobile patient cart for greater operational flexibility. The da Vinci SP, cleared by the FDA in 2014 and commercially introduced in 2018 for urologic procedures, enabled single-port access for confined anatomies like the . Most recently, the da Vinci 5 received FDA clearance in March 2024 and began full U.S. rollout in 2025, incorporating over 150 enhancements including force feedback and AI-driven insights for procedural efficiency. In July 2025, the da Vinci 5 received CE mark approval in , facilitating its market entry there. To bolster its digital capabilities, Intuitive Surgical acquired Orpheus Medical in February 2020, integrating its informatics platform for surgical and hospital connectivity to enhance data analytics and workflow integration. The company also formed key partnerships for integration, such as with KelaHealth to develop predictive models for postoperative complications using on surgical data. Major milestones include surpassing 10 million worldwide da Vinci procedures in December 2021, reflecting broad clinical adoption across specialties. In 2025, marking the company's 30th anniversary since its founding in 1995, Intuitive Surgical projected da Vinci procedure growth of 17% to 17.5% for the year, driven by expanded system placements and international adoption.

Products and Technologies

da Vinci Surgical Systems

The comprises three primary components: a 's console, where the operating sits to control the using intuitive hand and foot controls while viewing a high-definition image; a patient-side cart featuring four interactive arms that hold and precisely maneuver instruments; and Endowrist instruments, which offer seven to mimic the natural movements of the human wrist for enhanced dexterity during minimally invasive surgery. Complementing these is a stereoscopic high-definition system that provides magnified, depth-perceiving visualization of the surgical field, enabling greater precision and reduced compared to traditional laparoscopic methods. Over its evolution, the da Vinci platform has progressed through multiple generations, starting with the original system in 1999 and advancing to models like the da Vinci Xi for multi-quadrant access, before culminating in the da Vinci 5 released in 2024. The da Vinci 5 represents a significant leap, incorporating more than 150 design innovations and over 10,000 times the computing power of the da Vinci Xi to support advanced onboard processing and future integrations. In 2025, Intuitive Surgical continued the rollout of da Vinci 5 systems, placing 240 units in the third quarter alone. Key enhancements include Force Feedback technology, which transmits haptic sensations of back to the surgeon's controls for improved tactile awareness, and the real-time , a visual dashboard-like indicator displaying applied force at the instrument tip in a range of 0 to 6.5 Newtons to help optimize handling and minimize unintended damage. The are widely utilized in urologic procedures such as radical prostatectomies, gynecologic surgeries including hysterectomies and myomectomies, and applications like colorectal resections and repairs, where their precision supports minimally invasive techniques that reduce recovery times and complications. As of the end of 2024, these systems had facilitated nearly 17 million procedures globally, with continued growth of approximately 17% year-over-year in 2025, demonstrating their established role in enhancing surgical outcomes across these specialties. Integration of digital tools further augments the platform's capabilities, with the MyIntuitive app serving as a secure, cloud-based that delivers personalized case insights through dashboards, AI-driven video of surgical footage, and trend tracking to support and procedural optimization. This ecosystem enables real-time data synchronization from da Vinci procedures, fostering evidence-based improvements in technique and efficiency.

Ion Endoluminal System and Accessories

The Ion Endoluminal System, launched by Intuitive Surgical in 2019, is a robotic-assisted platform designed for minimally invasive navigation and of peripheral nodules. It enables physicians to access small, hard-to-reach lesions in the 's outer regions through the natural airways, supporting early of with reduced risk compared to traditional methods. Central to its functionality is shape-sensing technology, which uses fiber-optic sensors embedded in an ultrathin, flexible to provide , precise information on the device's location, , and —measuring the catheter's full hundreds of times per second for stable navigation even in complex bronchial pathways. The system includes a range of single-use accessories to facilitate procedures, such as the Ion Flexision biopsy needles made of laser-etched with a flexible retractable for targeted sampling, along with supporting tools like the guide, vision probe adapter, suction adapter, and swivel connector. These disposables ensure sterility and precision during navigation and , with sterile drapes provided to maintain a hygienic barrier for the robotic components. While primarily focused on diagnostic , the Ion platform integrates with advanced imaging modalities and, in hybrid setups, can complement the for broader procedural workflows. In 2025, Intuitive Surgical introduced software enhancements to the system, including AI-driven features for improved navigation accuracy and integration with advanced imaging technologies like cone-beam , broadening access to real-time visualization during procedures. These updates, cleared by the FDA in October 2025, enhance the platform's ability to detect and target peripheral nodules with greater efficiency, particularly for early-stage diagnostics. The system had supported over 100,000 cumulative procedures worldwide as of mid-2025, with 52% year-over-year growth in the third quarter reflecting its growing adoption in for precise, minimally invasive tissue sampling focused on evaluation.

Business Operations

Global Reach and Training Programs

Intuitive Surgical maintains a global presence with installed in 72 countries, supporting operations through its headquarters in , and manufacturing facilities primarily in the United States, including sites in Sunnyvale, , and . In July 2025, the company opened a manufacturing plant in Parvomay, , to increase production of endoscopes for its in . The company focuses on key markets in the United States, , and , where it conducts direct sales and distribution, supplemented by partnerships with local distributors in additional regions. To facilitate international expansion, Intuitive Surgical pursues localization efforts tailored to regional regulatory requirements, such as obtaining CE Mark approval for the da Vinci 5 surgical system on July 2, 2025, enabling its use across multiple procedures in . In , the company has secured (NMPA) approvals in for systems like the da Vinci Xi in June 2023 and the Ion endoluminal system in March 2024, operating through a joint venture with to adapt products for local needs. Similarly, Intuitive Surgical established direct operations in in 2018, with ongoing regulatory adaptations to support procedure growth in that market. The company's training initiatives emphasize surgeon education to promote safe adoption of its robotic systems worldwide, utilizing a network of da Vinci Training Centers and virtual simulation tools like SimNow for hands-on practice. These programs offer structured pathways, including case observations, proctoring, and online modules, designed to meet country-specific requirements and academic society guidelines. By mid-2025, nearly 90,000 surgeons had been trained on da Vinci systems globally, reflecting Intuitive Surgical's commitment to certification and skill development for operating room teams. Partnerships with hospitals enable on-site training and procedure simulations, allowing customized programs that integrate da Vinci technologies into clinical workflows, such as collaborations with institutions like for advanced robotic surgery observation sites.

Revenue Model and Customer Support

Intuitive Surgical employs a razor-and-blade , where initial sales of da Vinci surgical systems serve as capital equipment purchases for hospitals, while the majority of ongoing income derives from high-margin recurring revenues generated by disposable instruments and accessories used in procedures, as well as service contracts. Instruments and accessories, which must be replaced after a limited number of uses to maintain sterility and , account for approximately 60% of , underscoring their role in driving sustained profitability. Service revenues, encompassing maintenance and support, contribute an additional portion, with recurring streams collectively comprising about 85% of the company's overall revenue. The company's customer base consists of healthcare providers worldwide, with 10,763 installed globally as of September 30, 2025, many bundled with multi-year service agreements that ensure predictable revenue streams post-installation. These agreements typically include comprehensive support to minimize downtime and optimize system performance, fostering long-term customer loyalty. To support its customers, Intuitive Surgical offers robust service programs such as the da Vinci Complete Care and Premium Care plans, which provide maintenance contracts covering preventive servicing, software updates, and extended warranties for system components like endoscopes and camera heads. These plans feature 24/7 technical assistance via phone, with over 96% of calls answered within 15 seconds, and on-site field service engineers for rapid response, including next-day replacements for accidental damage. Additionally, implements strategies to bolster recurring revenue growth, including policies that limit third-party repairs or of instruments to preserve quality standards and encourage the use of proprietary disposables.

Financial Performance

Procedure Volume and Revenue Growth

Intuitive Surgical has experienced substantial growth in procedure volume for its , reflecting increasing adoption of robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery. In 2024, approximately 2,683,000 procedures were performed worldwide using , representing a 17% year-over-year increase from 2023. This marks a significant expansion from earlier years, when annual procedure volumes were under 100,000 in 2007, driven by the initial commercialization of the . The company projects of 17% to 17.5% for 2025, building on this momentum and potentially reaching over 3 million procedures annually. This procedure growth has directly fueled revenue expansion, with total revenue reaching $8.35 billion in 2024, up 17% from 2023. Instruments and accessories revenue, which constitutes the primary recurring stream tied to procedure volume, increased 19% to $5.08 billion, accounting for approximately 61% of total revenue. In the third quarter of 2025, overall revenue hit $2.51 billion, a 23% year-over-year rise that exceeded analyst expectations, largely due to 19% growth in da Vinci procedures during the period. Key drivers of this sustained expansion include the aging global population boosting demand for less invasive surgical options, ongoing expansions into new procedure types such as general surgery and thoracic applications, and rapid adoption of the da Vinci 5 system, which enhances precision and efficiency for surgeons. Supporting this growth, Intuitive Surgical forecasts non-GAAP gross profit margins of 67% to 67.5% for 2025, compared to 69.1% in 2024, attributed to operational efficiencies, scale in instrument production, and favorable procedure mix shifts toward higher-margin uses. These margins underscore the company's ability to leverage procedure volume for profitability amid expanding system installations.

Stock Performance and Market Valuation

Intuitive Surgical's has been listed on the stock exchange under the ticker symbol ISRG since its on June 13, 2000. As of November 2025, the company's stands at approximately $197 billion, reflecting its position as a leading player in the robotic-assisted surgery sector. Over the past five years leading into , ISRG has delivered a total return of about 117%, significantly outperforming broader indices amid strong demand for its . However, the has experienced notable , including a roughly 6% decline in June following a downgrade by analysts from Hold to Sell, which cited emerging competition risks in the robotic and set a price target of $440. This event highlighted investor sensitivities to potential threats to the company's dominant position, though shares recovered in subsequent months driven by robust earnings reports. Intuitive Surgical maintains a policy of not paying dividends, instead prioritizing reinvestment in research, development, and global expansion to fuel long-term growth. In support of shareholder value, the company authorized a $4 billion stock repurchase program in May 2025, with approximately $3.8 billion remaining as of mid-year, allowing for ongoing buybacks as part of its capital allocation strategy. Analysts maintain a generally positive outlook on ISRG, with a consensus rating of Moderate Buy from 29 firms as of late 2025, attributed to the company's near-monopoly in robotic-assisted surgery and projected earnings growth of over 13% annually. Average price targets hover around $603, implying potential upside, though some caution persists regarding tariff-related risks from policies.

Legal and Regulatory Affairs

FDA Approvals and International Certifications

Intuitive Surgical received initial FDA 510(k) clearance for the in July 2000 as a Class II device for endoscopic instrument control in minimally invasive surgery. Subsequent FDA clearances expanded its indications, authorizing various procedures in urologic, gynecologic, general laparoscopic, and thoracic surgeries across various da Vinci models. These approvals were obtained through iterative 510(k) submissions demonstrating substantial equivalence to predicate devices, enabling broader clinical adoption. Internationally, the da Vinci 5 Surgical System obtained CE Mark certification in July 2025 for use in adult and pediatric minimally invasive abdominopelvic and thoracoscopic procedures in . In Japan, the (PMDA) approved the da Vinci Xi system in 2018 for multi-quadrant surgeries, building on earlier da Vinci approvals. China's (NMPA) granted approval for the da Vinci SP system in 2020, permitting single-port procedures in and other specialties under a regulated quota system. Regarding post-market surveillance, the FDA issued a warning letter to Intuitive Surgical in July 2013 concerning inadequate of adverse events and malfunctions associated with the da Vinci system, including delays in submitting Medical Device Reports (MDRs). The company responded by enhancing its quality systems and processes, with the FDA closing the matter in 2014 after verification of corrective actions. By 2025, Intuitive Surgical had implemented advanced data analytics and real-time monitoring features in newer systems, such as the da Vinci 5's , to support proactive adverse event tracking and compliance with MDR requirements. The Ion Endoluminal System received FDA 510(k) clearance in February 2019 for robotic-assisted to peripheral nodules, integrating shape-sensing for precise . On October 8, 2025, the FDA cleared software enhancements for the system, including AI-powered to address CT-to-body divergence and integration with advanced imaging such as for improved accuracy in procedures; as of June 30, 2025, over 900 systems were installed across 10 countries.

Ongoing Litigation and Disputes

Intuitive Surgical has been involved in several disputes, including a notable case brought by Rex Medical, L.P. in 2019 alleging infringement of patents related to surgical stapling products. A in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware found Intuitive liable for direct infringement of U.S. Patent No. 9,492,220 and awarded $10 million in damages in October 2022, but the court reduced the award to $1 in nominal damages in September 2023 after excluding Rex's damages expert testimony as unreliable. On October 2, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the district court's rulings on infringement, validity, and damages, upholding the nominal award due to insufficient evidence linking the infringement to lost profits or a reasonable . In the antitrust domain, Surgical Instrument Service Company, Inc. (SIS) sued Intuitive in 2021, claiming the company unlawfully tied sales of its to proprietary EndoWrist instruments and services, restricting competition in the for repairs and replacements. Following a , the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of granted judgment as a matter of law in favor of Intuitive on January 28, 2025, ruling that SIS failed to prove an for EndoWrist instruments separate from the and dismissing claims under the Sherman Act. SIS appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in March 2025, with briefing ongoing as of November 2025 and amicus briefs filed by organizations including the American Antitrust Institute and the Washington Legal Foundation supporting Intuitive's position on monopolization standards. A related antitrust action, In re Da Vinci Surgical Robot Antitrust Litigation, involves claims by a class of hospital buyers that Intuitive maintained a in the EndoWrist instrument market through restrictive service level support agreements that prohibited third-party repairs and tied instrument purchases to . On March 31, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of certified a of over 1,000 hospitals that purchased and EndoWrists between 2013 and 2021, finding common issues predominated regarding Intuitive's alleged anticompetitive conduct and . No trial date has been set, and Intuitive denies the claims, asserting its practices promote and reliability. Intuitive faces ongoing product liability suits alleging injuries and deaths from da Vinci procedures, with several cases scheduled for trial in 2025; these often involve claims of inadequate warnings or device defects, though not always framed as false . Historically, Intuitive has settled thousands of such claims, including a $67 million reserve in prior years to resolve approximately 3,000 cases dating back to without admitting liability. The company also settled shareholder derivative actions in 2017 for $15 million in reforms and cash. As of its June 30, 2025, , Intuitive maintains accruals for probable legal contingencies where losses are estimable but states that potential outcomes in ongoing matters, including the above antitrust and cases, are not reasonably estimable and no material admissions of liability have been made.

Controversies and Criticisms

Safety and Clinical Concerns

The da Vinci Surgical System has been associated with significant safety concerns since its introduction, particularly in early adoption phases. Between 2000 and 2013, FDA reports documented 144 deaths and 1,391 patient injuries linked to the system, representing approximately 14.5% of over 10,000 total reports during that period. These incidents were often attributed to human factors, such as the steep for surgeons, as well as device-related issues including failures on instrument tips that led to unintended internal burns from electrical arcing. Criticisms of the system's clinical have centered on the extensive required for proficiency, with surgeons typically needing to complete 150 or more procedures to achieve consistent performance levels, particularly in complex operations like prostatectomies. This has contributed to higher error rates among less experienced users, including tissue damage and procedural complications. Additionally, multiple meta-analyses from the have indicated no clear superiority of da Vinci-assisted over conventional laparoscopic methods in key outcomes such as postoperative recovery time, complication rates, or long-term survival for certain procedures, including rectal resections. Advancements in the da Vinci 5 system, launched in 2024, have addressed some of these concerns through the introduction of force feedback technology, which provides surgeons with real-time tactile sensations to gauge tissue pressure and reduce excessive force application. Peer-reviewed studies in 2025 demonstrated that this feature led to gentler tissue handling, fewer suturing errors, and overall reduced procedural risks in simulated and clinical settings, such as thoracic surgeries. Ongoing clinical trials, including those evaluating long-term oncologic outcomes, continue to assess these improvements as of 2025. For the endoluminal system used in robotic-assisted , complications remain rare, with rates consistently reported under 5% across multiple studies, often ranging from 0% to 3.5% in peripheral biopsies. This low incidence underscores the system's safety profile for diagnostic procedures, though vigilant monitoring for procedural risks is recommended.

Monopoly Allegations and Competitive Practices

Intuitive Surgical has faced allegations of maintaining a in the robotic-assisted surgery market, where it holds a dominant position with over 10,700 installed globally as of September 2025. Critics and plaintiffs in antitrust lawsuits claim the company controls approximately 70% of the overall surgical market and up to 99% in the submarket for minimally invasive soft-tissue robotic , enabling exclusionary practices. These suits, including class actions by hospitals and third-party service providers like Surgical Instrument Service Company, Inc. (), accuse Intuitive of anticompetitive tactics such as tying the use of proprietary EndoWrist instruments to its systems and restricting aftermarket repairs through programmed usage limits and service monopolies; in January 2025, Intuitive won a key trial against , though the case remains under appeal as of November 2025. Pricing practices have drawn particular scrutiny for exacerbating and limiting access, especially in low-resource settings. The typically cost between $1.5 million and $2 million to acquire, while disposable instruments and add approximately $2,500 per procedure, contributing to higher overall surgical expenses compared to traditional methods. These costs, combined with mandatory service contracts, are alleged to lock hospitals into Intuitive's ecosystem, deterring adoption in underfunded healthcare systems worldwide. Emerging competitors have intensified pressure on Intuitive's market position in 2025. Medtronic is conducting U.S. IDE clinical studies for its Hugo robotic-assisted surgery system, with FDA submissions planned for 2025 and potential clearance by 2026, positioning it as a modular, potentially lower-cost alternative to da Vinci. Similarly, CMR Surgical's Versius system gained U.S. de novo authorization in late 2024, enabling broader market entry with its compact, multi-port design, while Moon Surgical introduced its Maestro platform as a collaborative robotic assistant targeting niche procedures. In response, Intuitive has accelerated innovation with the da Vinci 5 system, incorporating advanced force-sensing and AI features, and engaged in lobbying efforts on public policy issues affecting medical devices, though specifics on competitive barriers remain limited. Intuitive defends its practices by emphasizing substantial investments in , exceeding $1.2 billion annually as of 2025, which it argues sustains superior technology and standards that justify its market leadership. In court filings and statements, the company maintains that restrictions on instruments and services are necessary to ensure reliability and compliance, supporting lawful competition while prioritizing clinical outcomes over cost-cutting by unauthorized providers.

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