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Device

A device is a contrivance, machine, or apparatus engineered to accomplish a particular task or function, typically comprising mechanical, electronic, or digital components that interact to produce a desired outcome.^[1]^[2] In technological contexts, devices range from simple hand tools to sophisticated systems like smartphones and computing hardware, enabling efficient transformation of energy, information, or materials.^[3]^[4] The concept of devices traces its origins to prehistoric innovations, such as the abacus for numerical calculation dating to approximately 1000–500 BCE in Asia Minor, evolving through electromechanical precursors like Konrad Zuse's Z2 computer in 1939, which utilized relays for logical operations.^[5]^[6] Modern device engineering emphasizes integrating nanostructured materials and optimizing performance, as seen in advancements like Intel's RibbonFET transistors introduced with the Intel 18A process in 2025, bridging theoretical designs with practical silicon fabrication.^[7]^[8] Devices underpin human technological progress by facilitating automation, computation, and measurement, though their proliferation raises challenges in areas such as regulatory compliance for digital emissions and multidisciplinary development processes involving hardware-software synergy.^[9]^[4] Etymologically derived from Middle English "devis" via Anglo-French roots meaning to divide or plan, the term first appeared in the 14th century, reflecting early associations with inventive schemes alongside physical mechanisms.^[1]

Definition and Etymology

Core Conceptual Meaning

A device is a purpose-built contrivance or apparatus engineered to apply physical, chemical, or informational principles toward achieving a specific effect or function, such as measuring, processing, or transforming inputs into desired outputs.^[1]^[2] This distinguishes devices from natural objects, which lack intentional design, or rudimentary unengineered implements that rely solely on direct human force without structured mechanisms.^[10] At their core, devices operate through verifiable causal mechanisms—such as levers amplifying force via mechanical advantage or circuits directing electron flow for computation—that yield predictable results testable via empirical observation and experimentation.^[2] A minimal example is the pulley, a simple assembly exploiting tension and friction to redirect force, enabling efficient load lifting beyond raw human strength.^[1] Devices differ from broader categories like "tools," which typically denote simpler, non-automated extensions of human capability without integrated components, and "machines," which often connote powered assemblies of greater complexity for repetitive operations.^[11]^[12] Through rational engineering, devices extend human agency by harnessing natural laws for practical utility, facilitating advancements in productivity and control over environmental challenges.^[2]

Historical and Linguistic Origins

The term device entered Middle English around 1300 as devis or devyse, denoting a division, plan, or contrivance, borrowed from Old French devis ("division, separation, intention, or wish"), which stemmed from the Vulgar Latin frequentative divisare and ultimately Latin dividere ("to divide" or "separate").^[13]^[1] This etymological root underscored a deliberate partitioning of means toward an end, evolving from abstract notions of design or scheme to tangible inventions by the late medieval period.^[14] In the 15th to 17th centuries, device commonly signified mechanical contrivances, heraldic emblems, or strategic schemes in English texts, reflecting its dual application to inventive artifacts and rhetorical or symbolic constructs.^[13] The word's heraldic sense, denoting a personal emblem or motto on shields and banners, emerged in this era alongside literary uses for plotted narratives or artifices.^[1] By the 19th century, amid the Industrial Revolution's emphasis on mechanized production, device shifted toward empirical engineering contexts, as evidenced in Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language, which defined it as "that which is formed by design; a thing devised or contrived; an invention; an artifice." Post-Enlightenment developments reinforced this trajectory, with the term aligning to inventions grounded in systematic observation and experimentation, as promoted by Francis Bacon's inductive methodology in works like Novum Organum (1620), which prioritized mechanical arts derived from empirical inquiry over alchemical or speculative traditions.^[15] Concurrently, non-technical connotations—such as stratagems or rhetorical figures—endured from Renaissance sources, preserving the word's broader sense of contrived intent distinct from purely material applications.^[13]

Technological Devices

Computing and Digital Devices

In computing, devices encompass hardware components specialized for digital information processing, such as processors, memory units, and peripherals that facilitate input, output, and computation through binary operations and electronic signaling. These differ from analog systems by relying on discrete states for reliable, scalable data manipulation. Device drivers, software modules within operating system kernels, provide abstracted interfaces for hardware interaction, translating high-level commands into device-specific operations; this architecture originated in early Unix implementations during the 1970s, enabling modular kernel extensions for peripherals like terminals and disks.^[16] Operating systems like Linux represent physical and virtual hardware through device files in the /dev directory, which serve as entry points for user-space applications to access devices via standard file I/O operations, distinguishing between character devices (e.g., serial ports for sequential byte streams) and block devices (e.g., hard drives for fixed-size blocks). Input devices, such as keyboards, capture user data through mechanical or capacitive switches to generate electrical signals convertible to digital codes, while output devices like graphics processing units (GPUs) render visual data and accelerate parallel computations by executing thousands of threads simultaneously on dedicated cores.^[17]^[18] Virtual devices extend this paradigm in cloud environments, where platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS) emulate hardware instances via hypervisors, allowing EC2 virtual machines to mimic physical devices for scalable, on-demand computation without direct hardware ownership since the 2010s. Moore's Law, observing that transistor density on integrated circuits approximately doubles every two years at constant cost, has driven exponential increases in device complexity, from Intel's 1971 2,300-transistor microprocessor to modern chips exceeding 50 billion transistors by 2021, enabling denser packing of computational elements for enhanced performance in processing tasks.^[19]^[20] Since the early 2020s, specialized hardware like neural processing units (NPUs) has integrated into computing devices for efficient matrix operations in machine learning workloads, particularly in edge computing scenarios where low-latency inference occurs locally to minimize data transmission delays; for instance, NPUs in systems-on-chip handle convolutions with power efficiencies up to 10-100 times greater than general-purpose CPUs for neural network tasks, as benchmarked in embedded AI applications.^[21]^[22]

Mechanical, Electrical, and Telecommunication Devices

Mechanical devices, such as gears, switches, and actuators, enable precise control of motion and force transmission through interlocking components and levers, converting mechanical energy via predictable kinematic principles like linear velocity v_t = r \omega, where r is the radius and \omega the angular velocity. In 18th-century clockworks, ratchet mechanisms consisting of a toothed wheel and pawl prevented backward rotation during winding, ensuring consistent power delivery to the gear train in 30-hour and 8-day movements.^[23] These actuators maintained unidirectional torque, testable through empirical observation of escapement regularity in historical timepieces. Electrical devices, including resistors and capacitors, regulate current and voltage in circuits by dissipating energy as heat or storing charge, respectively, adhering to Ohm's Law V = I R, which quantifies resistance's role in limiting flow to avoid overload.^[24] Resistors, employing materials like iron wire, were essential in 1830s telegraph circuits to control signal strength and protect electromagnets from excessive current.^[25] Capacitors, evolving from Leyden jars to compact forms by the late 19th century, filtered noise and stabilized pulses in telegraph lines, enabling reliable long-distance transmission over copper wires.^[26] Telecommunication devices integrate mechanical and electrical transduction for signal propagation, exemplified by Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, patented on March 7, 1876, which used an electromagnetic diaphragm to vary current intensity with sound waves, converting acoustic to electrical signals via a soft iron plate and coil.^[27] Modems, as signal conversion apparatuses, originated in 1950s military systems like SAGE for analog-digital interfacing but reached commercial viability with AT&T's Bell 103 in 1962, supporting full-duplex transmission at 300 bits per second over phone lines.^[28] Routers and modems in modern setups employ actuators for port switching and capacitors for impedance matching, propagating signals predictably under causal constraints like circuit resistance. Emerging in the 2020s, eSIM technology embeds reprogrammable SIM functionality directly into device hardware, standardized by GSMA around 2016, eliminating physical cards for seamless carrier switching and reducing mechanical failure points in mobile telecommunication handsets.^[29] Foldable displays incorporate mechanical hinges with flexible OLED panels, advancing transduction reliability through ultra-thin glass substrates tested for repeated bending, though early models faced hinge wear after limited cycles, prompting iterative designs for empirical durability over 200,000 folds.^[30] These innovations prioritize verifiable energy conversion, distinct from digital processing, with performance gauged by physical metrics like fold endurance and signal integrity rather than subjective usability.

Medical and Biological Devices

Medical devices are instruments, apparatuses, or machines intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans, as defined under the 1976 Medical Device Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.^[31] These amendments established a risk-based classification system into three classes: Class I for low-risk devices subject to general controls like registration; Class II for moderate-risk devices requiring special controls such as performance standards and post-market surveillance; and Class III for high-risk devices, including those that support or sustain human life, which necessitate premarket approval (PMA) demonstrating safety and effectiveness through clinical trials.^[32] Efficacy verification relies on empirical data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal studies, prioritizing causal evidence of reduced morbidity or mortality over anecdotal reports. Implantable cardiac pacemakers exemplify Class III devices, with the first successful human implantation occurring on October 8, 1958, by surgeon Åke Senning and engineer Rune Elmqvist in Sweden, using a rechargeable pulse generator sutured to the epicardium via thoracotomy.^[33] Subsequent clinical advancements, including transvenous leads in the 1960s, have been validated by trials showing survival benefits; for instance, RCTs demonstrate pacemakers reduce sudden death risk in bradycardic patients by maintaining heart rates above critical thresholds, with long-term data indicating 85-90% functionality at 10 years post-implant.^[34] Coronary stents, another Class III category, elute antiproliferative drugs to prevent restenosis; meta-analyses of RCTs confirm drug-eluting stents lower target vessel revascularization rates by 50-70% compared to bare-metal variants at 1-5 years, though with comparable overall mortality and low stent thrombosis incidence (1-2%).^[35] Biological devices emphasize biocompatibility, defined as the ability of materials to perform without eliciting adverse local or systemic effects in the host. Cochlear implants, interfacing directly with auditory nerves, trace to single-channel prototypes in the 1960s, but multichannel systems emerged in the 1970s; Graeme Clark's 1978 implant in Australia used molded silicone for biocompatibility, enabling speech perception in post-lingual deaf adults via electrical stimulation of the cochlea.^[36] Long-term studies report 70-80% of recipients achieving open-set sentence recognition after 5 years, contingent on neural preservation and device integrity, with FDA approvals post-1980s hinging on RCTs demonstrating auditory thresholds improved by 20-40 dB over unaided hearing.^[37] Prosthetic implants, such as orthopedic hips, require ISO 10993 standards for tissue compatibility, tested via cytotoxicity assays and animal models prior to human trials. Regulatory empiricism has surfaced controversies balancing safety against innovation delays. The 2010 voluntary recall of DePuy Orthopaedics' ASR metal-on-metal hip systems affected over 93,000 implants worldwide due to 13% five-year failure rates from metallosis and adverse tissue reactions, prompting revisions in 1 of 8 patients and highlighting pre-market trial limitations in detecting wear debris causation.^[38] Critics argue FDA's PMA process, while rooted in causal safety data, imposes protracted reviews—averaging 2-3 years for Class III—that stifle breakthroughs, as seen in 2020s AI-assisted diagnostics where devices lacking prospective validation faced higher recall risks (up to 2-fold), per analyses of 950 cleared AI tools through 2024.^[39] Proponents counter that such empirics avert harms, evidenced by post-market surveillance reducing repeat failures by 30-50% in iterative designs. Post-2020 developments include wearable biosensors for continuous physiological monitoring, leveraging electrochemical and optical sensors for real-time glucose, heart rate, and oxygen tracking. RCTs validate accuracy; for example, continuous glucose monitors achieve 85-95% agreement with lab references in diabetic cohorts, reducing hypoglycemic events by 20-40% via algorithmic alerts.^[40] These Class II devices, cleared via 510(k) pathways, integrate with mobile analytics but underscore needs for diverse population data to mitigate biases in algorithmic efficacy, as underrepresented groups show 10-15% lower predictive accuracy in validation studies.^[41]

Weapons and Military Devices

Weapons and military devices are engineered apparatuses designed to deliver kinetic, explosive, or directed energy effects against adversaries, often incorporating mechanical leverage, propulsion mechanisms, or electronic guidance to enhance lethality and range in combat environments. These systems prioritize tactical utility, such as overcoming defensive fortifications or neutralizing threats at standoff distances, with efficacy determined by factors like projectile velocity, accuracy, and deployment scalability rather than extraneous ethical frameworks. Early examples include catapults, torsion-powered machines that propelled stones or bolts to breach walls during sieges, originating in ancient Greek engineering experiments for long-range bombardment. By World War II, inertial navigation emerged as a pivotal guidance technology, exemplified by the German V-2 ballistic missile's gyroscopic platform, which enabled autonomous trajectory control without radio signals, achieving supersonic speeds and ranges up to 320 kilometers in operational launches from 1944 onward.^[42] Postwar developments integrated satellite-based systems, with GPS-guided munitions debuting en masse in the 1991 Gulf War, where they struck Iraqi targets with circular error probable under 10 meters, contrasting sharply with unguided bombs' typical inaccuracies exceeding 200 meters and thereby altering air campaign outcomes through higher hit probabilities.^[43]^[44] In asymmetric conflicts, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) exemplify low-tech adaptive weaponry, utilizing commercial explosives and triggers to ambush conventional forces; in Iraq from 2003 to 2008, IEDs inflicted over 60% of U.S. casualties, underscoring their disproportionate impact via roadside emplacement and remote detonation despite rudimentary construction.^[45] Contemporary unmanned systems, such as armed drones with laser- or GPS-designated warheads, facilitate remote precision engagements; operational analyses indicate these reduce unintended civilian exposure in targeted killings compared to manned sorties, as evidenced by post-strike battle damage assessments showing contained blast radii, though they permit operators to conduct lethal actions absent direct exposure to retaliation.^[46] Performance metrics for these devices emphasize empirical outcomes, including enemy-to-friendly casualty ratios and sortie success rates; in joint exercises, integrated aircraft employing advanced sensors and munitions have recorded ratios as high as 41:1 against simulating adversaries, reflecting superior detection and engagement probabilities over legacy systems.^[47]^[48]

Rhetorical, Literary, and Symbolic Devices

Figures of Speech and Narrative Techniques

In rhetoric, a device denotes a deliberate linguistic technique, such as metaphor or simile, employed to amplify persuasive effect or stylistic impact, with Aristotle cataloging such figures in his Rhetoric circa 350 BCE as tools to observe available means of persuasion beyond strict logic.^[49] These include alliteration for rhythmic emphasis and rhetorical questions to provoke reflection, distinct from literal expression as they deviate from plain language to engage audiences heuristically.^[50] Literary narrative devices extend this to structural contrivances that manipulate plot progression or reader expectation, exemplified by deus ex machina, an abrupt resolution via unforeseen external intervention, originating in ancient Greek theater where a crane (mechane) lowered actors portraying gods to resolve intractable dilemmas, as in Euripides' plays around 400 BCE.^[51] Foreshadowing deploys subtle cues to hint at future events, building anticipation without revelation, while red herrings introduce false leads to divert attention, as in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902), where spectral hounds mislead from human culpability.^[52] In Shakespearean drama, soliloquies function as expository devices, granting characters like Hamlet (circa 1600) direct articulation of internal conflicts to the audience, bypassing dialogue to convey psychological depth absent from interpersonal exchange.^[53] Such techniques, while artfully constructing tension or revelation, often prioritize emotional heuristics—relying on affective responses like fear or surprise—over empirical causal chains, fostering narratives that evoke belief through pathos rather than verifiable evidence, as psychological studies link vivid imagery in rhetoric to biased decision-making detached from factual scrutiny.^[54] Overreliance risks contrived resolutions that evade logical consistency, undermining narrative realism; for instance, excessive red herrings can erode trust in storytelling when resolutions appear manipulated post hoc, contrasting first-principles evaluation where outcomes must trace predictably from antecedents rather than licensed artifice.^[55] Empirical analyses of persuasive texts reveal rhetorical flourishes correlate with heightened audience engagement but diminished critical discernment, privileging heuristic shortcuts that may propagate ungrounded assumptions.^[56]

Heraldic and Emblematic Devices

In heraldry, a device referred to a personal emblem or badge employed by knights and nobles, distinct from the familial coat of arms, to denote individual identity during tournaments and in armorial bearings from the 12th century onward.^[57] These contrivances, often featuring symbolic charges like animals or geometric forms, served practical purposes of recognition in battle or jousts, as evidenced by their depiction in historical rolls of arms such as the Great Roll of Arms from circa 1244, which cataloged over 1,000 such identifiers without attributing mystical properties beyond utility.^[58] Unlike coats of arms, which were hereditary and governed by strict rules of inheritance, devices allowed for personal variation and were borne on banners, seals, or surcoats independently of full heraldic achievements.^[59] Emblematic devices, prevalent in 16th- and 17th-century European literature, consisted of codified visual symbols paired with concise mottos to convey ethical or philosophical teachings, functioning as instructional tools rather than mere decoration. Andrea Alciati's Emblematum Liber, initially published without illustrations in Augsburg in 1531 containing 104 emblems, established the tripartite structure of motto (inscriptio), image (pictura), and explanatory verse (subscriptio), drawing from classical antiquity for moral edification.^[60] Subsequent editions, including illustrated versions from 1534, proliferated rapidly, with 14 printings by 1551, influencing printers across Germany, France, and Italy to produce analogous works that verified symbolic meanings through textual exegesis grounded in historical and literary sources.^[61] This emblematic tradition extended to "books of devices," such as Claude Paradin's Devises ou emblèmes heroïques (1551), which compiled heroic symbols with interpretive mottos for didactic purposes, emphasizing causal links between image, intent, and virtue over interpretive ambiguity.^[62] These printed artifacts provided verifiable records of usage, with engravings standardized for reproducibility, enabling empirical analysis of recurring motifs like anchors for hope or bees for industry, as cataloged in over a dozen contemporary compilations that prioritized rational symbolism derived from observable natural and historical precedents.

Stratagems and Contrivances

Deceptive or Strategic Schemes

In English usage, the term "device" has denoted a cunning scheme, stratagem, or contrivance devised to achieve a specific end, often by exploiting exigencies or predictable behaviors, with roots traceable to the 1650s as an expedient adopted to advance results.^[13] This sense, distinct from mechanical inventions, emphasizes pragmatic ingenuity over ethical evaluation, as evidenced in 19th-century definitions framing it as an "artificial contrivance" or "stratagem" for contrived outcomes.^[63] Historically, such devices manifest in military contexts, where success hinges on causal manipulation of adversaries' expectations; the Trojan Horse, dated to circa 1200 BCE in Greek tradition, exemplifies this as a wooden construct concealing warriors to breach Troy's defenses, leveraging the Trojans' overconfidence in apparent victory.^[64] In legal traditions, particularly English equity from the 18th century onward, "device" referred to contrived arrangements like trusts or settlements engineered to circumvent strictures such as entail laws or taxation, prioritizing asset preservation amid rigid statutes.^[65] These were not inherently fraudulent but adaptive responses to bureaucratic constraints, enabling intergenerational wealth transfer despite statutory inertia; courts often scrutinized them for substance over form, as in cases challenging artificial schemes to evade duties. Empirical outcomes varied: successful devices preserved estates, while exposed contrivances invited penalties, underscoring causal realism in exploiting legal predictability without altering underlying rules. Modern financial applications echo this, with special purpose entities (SPEs) serving as balance-sheet devices to isolate risks or defer recognition, as Enron employed over 3,000 such structures by 2001 to conceal $13 billion in debt through off-balance-sheet maneuvers.^[66] Enron's collapse on December 2, 2001, revealed overreliance on these for inflating reported earnings by $1 billion annually, yet the tactic's initial efficacy stemmed from accounting standards' tolerances, not moral failing alone.^[67] Business stratagems like shell companies further illustrate devices as tools for strategic opacity, legally incorporating entities with nominal operations to hold assets, facilitate mergers, or shield against litigation—uses adopted by 68% of Fortune 500 firms for privacy by 2010s analyses.^[68] While critics, often from regulatory perspectives, decry them as enablers of evasion, verifiable cases show efficiency gains: they reduce jurisdictional frictions in cross-border deals, cutting transaction costs by up to 20% in documented M&A scenarios, countering overregulation's drag without inherent deceit.^[69] Blanket condemnations overlook causal evidence that such devices thrive by predictable human incentives—regulatory arbitrage innovates around flawed rules, yielding net societal benefits in fluid markets, as opposed to stasis under prohibitive oversight; failures like Enron arise from scaling flaws, not the contrivance form itself.^[70] This pragmatic lens prioritizes outcomes: devices succeed when aligned with enforceable realities, falter when overextended, independent of normative judgments.

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Music Productions

Device was an American industrial metal supergroup formed in 2010 by vocalist David Draiman of Disturbed and guitarist Geno Lenardo, formerly of Filter, with additional contributions from members including Will Hunt on drums and Virus on guitar.^[71]^[72] The project drew from hard rock, industrial, and electronica influences, releasing a self-titled debut album on April 9, 2013, via Warner Bros. Records.^[71] The album featured guest appearances, such as Lzzy Hale of Halestorm on a cover of "Close My Eyes Forever" and Serj Tankian of System of a Down on "Out of Line," and debuted at number 11 on the Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 35,000 copies.^[73] It also reached number 26 on the Australian Albums Chart and number 57 on the Austrian Albums Chart.^[73] Singles included "Vilify" and "You-Think You Know," both accompanied by official music videos.^[74]^[75] No further albums were produced, and the band became inactive by 2015 following Disturbed's reunion.^[72] An earlier American pop-rock group named Device, active in the mid-1980s, consisted of keyboardist Holly Knight, vocalist Paul Engemann, and guitarist Gene Black.^[76] The trio released the album 22B3 in 1986 through Portrait Records, blending AOR and synth elements with tracks like "Hanging by a Thread."^[76] The album achieved limited commercial success, peaking outside the top 100 on major charts, and the group disbanded after one release.^[76]

Other Creative Works

"The Device" is a 2014 American science fiction horror film written and directed by Jeremy Berg.^[77] The plot centers on sisters Abby (Angela DiMarco) and Rebecca (Kate Alden), who discover a small, innocuous object in the woods near their family's lakeside cabin; the device emits a beeping sound that intensifies in the presence of living organisms, initially appearing as a harmless curiosity but escalating into a source of terror as it reveals invasive extraterrestrial intentions.^[78] The film explores themes of greed and immortality through character-driven suspense, culminating in a shocking twist.^[79] Reception for the film was predominantly negative among critics, with a 3% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews, citing issues with pacing and execution despite atmospheric tension.^[80] Audience scores were similarly low, averaging 3.7 out of 10 on The Movie Database from 40 ratings and 2.6 out of 5 on Letterboxd from 375 users, reflecting a divide where some viewers appreciated its low-budget sci-fi horror elements while others found it derivative of invasion tropes.^[77] ^[81] No major box office data is available, indicating a limited theatrical release primarily through festivals and direct-to-video distribution.^[78] In literature, "The Device" refers to several self-published or independent novels featuring speculative fiction elements, such as Patrick Skelton's 2011 short story collection blending subtle science fiction with gripping narratives, which received mixed reader feedback averaging 3.3 out of 5 on Goodreads from 59 ratings for its understated genre integration.^[82] Other titles include Dale C. George's 2017 sci-fi tale involving a time-altering gadget in a plot of daring exploits, garnering 3.6 out of 5 from 34 Goodreads reviews, though these works lack widespread commercial success or critical analysis in major outlets.^[83] No prominent video games titled "The Device" have achieved notable release or reception metrics.

Individuals

People Known by the Surname Device

The surname Device is exceptionally rare globally, ranking as the 4,116,508th most common surname and occurring in approximately 1 in 316,849,822 individuals, with the highest incidence in Africa (39% of bearers) followed by Southeast Asia (26%).^[84] In the United States, census records indicate only isolated instances from 1840 to 1920, with a single family documented in 1840 and the peak concentration in 1880, suggesting limited immigration or adoption.^[85] No prominent public figures, historical personages, or verifiable achievers with this surname appear in archival, biographical, or contemporary records, underscoring its obscurity beyond private genealogy.^[86] Etymologically, Device likely stems from medieval English nicknames or occupational descriptors related to devising or contrivance, akin to variants like Devise denoting a "dweller at the boundary" in Old French, though no notable bearers exemplify such ties.^[87]

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Guidance Platform, V-2, SG-66 | National Air and Space Museum
This is an unflown inertial guidance platform for the German V-2, the world's first ballistic missile, developed during World War II.
[43]
GPS and the World's First "Space War" | Scientific American
Feb 8, 2016 · Satellite-based navigation proved its mettle during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, leading to what some say is an overdependence on “jammable” GPS technology.
[44]
Precision Guided Munitions: Revolutionizing Warfare Accuracy
Mar 11, 2024 · During the Gulf War in 1991, precision-guided munitions demonstrated their effectiveness on a large scale, with allied forces using them to ...
[45]
[PDF] The Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization:
Nov 7, 2008 · The Improvised Explosive Device (IED) has proven to be the number one threat to Coalition Forces in Iraq and now in Afghanistan. Its use is ...
[46]
[PDF] Rethinking the Drone War - CNA.org.
Title: Rethinking the drone war : national security, legitimacy, and civilian casualties in U.S. counterterrorism operations / Larry Lewis, Diane. Vavrichek.<|separator|>
[47]
Combined Force of 4 F-15s and 4 F-22s achieves 41-1 kill ratio ...
Apr 4, 2017 · We flew 4 F-15s and 4 F-22s against 14 “red air” fighters. For our training, we allowed the red air to regenerate after being killed by a blue air fighter.
[48]
[PDF] Measures of Effectiveness Compendium - DTIC
Mar 2, 2025 · They include: enemy casualties, friendly casualties, casualty ratios, rate of advance, time, and weight of ammunition expended. Lower level ...
[49]
Aristotle's Rhetoric - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Mar 15, 2022 · Aristotle's rhetorical analysis of persuasion draws on many concepts and ideas that are also treated in his logical, ethical, political and psychological ...Aristotle's Works on Rhetoric · The Nature and Purpose of... · The Topoi
[50]
Aristotle's Rhetoric: A Brief Overview - TheCollector
Nov 20, 2023 · He also advocated for the use of various rhetorical devices, such as metaphors, similes, and rhetorical questions; these “tricks” are supposed ...
[51]
Deus Ex Machina - Definition and Examples | LitCharts
Deus ex machina is a Latin term, borrowed from a Greek phrase meaning "god from the machine." The origin of the term comes from the crane (mechane) that was ...
[52]
What is a Red Herring — Definition and Examples in Storytelling
Jan 27, 2025 · A red herring is a narrative element planted by a writer for the purposes of misleading the reader or viewer to a false conclusion.
[53]
Soliloquy - Definition and Examples - LitCharts
A soliloquy is a literary device, most often found in dramas, in which a character speaks to him or herself, relating his or her innermost thoughts and ...Soliloquy Definition · Soliloquy Examples · Soliloquy Function
[54]
Affect Heuristic - The Decision Lab
The affect heuristic is when we rely on emotions, not concrete information, for decisions, focusing on how we feel rather than what we know.
[55]
Effects of rhetorical devices on audience responses with online videos
Mar 16, 2023 · The present study aims to examine the effects of rhetorical devices on audience responses by introducing a new theoretical framework, the ...
[56]
Research Paper Impact of rhetorical devices on citation behavior
This study investigates how rhetorical styles in scientific writing influence citation behaviors among readers. Building upon Aristotle's rhetorical theory, we ...
[57]
Heraldry - History Learning
A heraldic device was initially introduced in the 12th Century to ensure a knight could be recognised in battle. It was a matter of pride - a knight did not ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[58]
Medieval Heraldry: Symbols, Meanings, And Heraldic Devices
Each element within a heraldic device was carefully chosen and imbued with meaning, offering a glimpse into the rich tapestry of medieval society.” Dr ...
[59]
Heraldic Devices - Debretts
Coats of arms are heraldic devices, originally the family insignia worn by knights. All peers and baronets are entitled to bear coats of arms.
[60]
Andrea Alciato - Linda Hall Library
May 8, 2017 · Alciato's emblematic invention proved incredibly popular. By 1551, his Emblemata had gone through 14 editions, and before long other emblem ...
[61]
Andrea Alciato's Emblemata, Padua, Petro Paulo Tozzi, 1621
Alciato's emblems were first published in Augsburg in Germany (two editions in 1531 and one in 1534); from 1534 onwards publishing shifted to France and ...
[62]
[PDF] 10646767.pdf - Enlighten Theses
first was Claude Paradin who published his book of devices in. Lyon in 1551» but did not write a treatise or commentary on. 2 them. The Italian Paulo Giovio ...
[63]
Webster's Dictionary 1828 - Device
DEVICE, noun [Latin]. 1. That which is formed by design, or invented; scheme; artificial contrivance; stratagem; project; sometimes in a good sense; ...Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[64]
The Trojan Horse, the Deception That Ended the Trojan War
Jul 22, 2025 · The Trojan Horse has become a symbol of cunning deceit. What do we know about the origin of this unusual symbol and its role in ending the ...
[65]
CONTRIVANCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
a clever device or object that has been invented for a particular purpose: ... Such innovations or contrivances to circumvent the law are often considered dubious ...
[66]
Enron Scandal and Accounting Fraud: What Happened?
Enron used special-purpose vehicles to hide its debt and toxic assets from investors and creditors. The price of Enron's shares went from $90.75 at its peak to ...
[67]
[PDF] Enron and the Use and Abuse of Special Purpose Entities in ...
This essay examines what, if anything, differentiates Enron's questionable use of off-balance-sheet special purpose entities, or SPEs, from the trillions of ...Missing: devices | Show results with:devices
[68]
Shell Corporations: Legal Uses and Risks Explained - Investopedia
Shell corporations can be used legitimately to hold assets or facilitate business transactions, but they can also be used for illegal activities, such as money ...
[69]
Shell Companies: Why it Still Pays to be a Pharaoh - Amini & Conant
Apr 26, 2024 · They facilitate transactions like mergers and acquisitions, act as holding companies for assets in multiple jurisdictions, and enable businesses ...Missing: devices | Show results with:devices
[70]
Enron: what happened and what we can learn from it - ScienceDirect
Enron's accounting for its non-consolidated special-purpose entities (SPEs), sales of its own stock and other assets to the SPEs, and mark-ups of ...Missing: devices | Show results with:devices<|separator|>
[71]
About - Device
David Draiman of Disturbed and studio collaborator Geno Lenardo [ex-Filter] constructed Device from strands of hard rock, industrial, and electronica.
[72]
Device Guitarist Virus Says 'Band Would Have Been Huge' - Loudwire
Oct 19, 2015 · With Disturbed fully reactivated, David Draiman's project Device has been put aside with no intentions at this point to record another album.
[73]
Volbeat, Stone Sour + Device Debut Strong on Billboard Album Chart
Apr 17, 2013 · Speaking of Draiman, Device's self-titled debut arrived at No. 11 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart, selling 35,000 copies. Draiman stated via ...Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
[74]
Device - Vilify (Official Video) | David Draiman (Disturbed) & Gene ...
Feb 27, 2013 · ... Draiman urged that they hold on to it and continue writing music. ... Device - Vilify (Official Video) | David Draiman (Disturbed) & Gene Lenardo ...
[75]
Device - You Think You Know [Official Music Video] - YouTube
Aug 20, 2013 · ... David Draiman of Disturbed, and ex-Filter guitarist Geno Lenardo recently collaborated together to construct Device. The album takes strands ...<|separator|>
[76]
https://www.renaissancerecordsus.com/products/device-22b3
[77]
The Device (2014) — The Movie Database (TMDB)
Rating 3.7/10 (40) The Device (2014) · Watch Now · The invasion has begun · Overview · Top Billed Cast · Social · Media · Recommendations · The Basics.
[78]
THE DEVICE: Film Review - Scream Horror Magazine
Feb 11, 2015 · THE DEVICE: Film Review ... Synopsis: Sisters Abby and Rebecca make a horrifying discovery when they find a harmless looking object in the woods ...
[79]
The Device Movie
The Device is a 90 minute suspense / sci-fi feature—a character-driven, classic tale of greed, murder, and immortality, with a shocking ending. This sequence is ...
[80]
The Device - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 3% (12) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for The Device on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
[81]
The Device (2014) directed by Jeremy Berg • Reviews, film + cast
Rating 2.6 (375) Poster for The Device (2014) The Device (2014). 494 · 275 · 32. Where to watch ... I found this movie with the "all the horror movies" list here on letterboxed.
[82]
The Device by Patrick Skelton - Goodreads
Rating 3.3 (59) Patrick Skelton's "The Device" is a gripping tale that captivates readers with very subtle science fiction elements. Like all good directors or story tellers, ...
[83]
The Device by Dale C. George - Goodreads
Rating 3.6 (34) Sep 13, 2017 · His far-fetched account also comes with an equally fantastic to help him in a daring plan to use the device to bring back the cure for the ...
[84]
Device Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
Device is the 4,116,508th most widespread surname in the world. It is borne by around 1 in 316,849,822 people. This last name occurs mostly in Africa, where 39 ...
[85]
Device Surname Meaning & Device Family History at Ancestry.com®
The Device family name was found in the USA between 1840 and 1920. The most Device families were found in USA in 1880. In 1840 there was 1 Device family living ...
[86]
Device Last Name — Surname Origins & Meanings - MyHeritage
100% of men with the last name Device worked as builders and 100% of women with the last name Device worked as a nurse. Search historical records.
[87]
Devise Name Meaning, Family History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
The Devise surname is thought to be derived from the Old French word "devise," meaning a "dweller at the boundary."