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Job Cohen

Marius Job Cohen (born 18 October 1947) is a retired Dutch jurist and politician who served as State Secretary for Justice from 1998 to 2001, Mayor of Amsterdam from 2001 to 2010, and leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2010 to 2012.^[1]^[2] Born to a secular Jewish family in Haarlem, Cohen pursued an academic career in law, earning a doctorate at Leiden University and helping establish the law faculty at Maastricht University, where he later served as rector magnificus.^[3]^[4] As State Secretary, he oversaw reforms to Dutch immigration law amid ongoing debates on integration.^[1] Cohen's mayoral tenure in Amsterdam, a city marked by multiculturalism and social tensions, emphasized consensus-building and dialogue to maintain social cohesion, particularly after the 2004 murder of filmmaker Theo van Gogh by a Moroccan-Dutch Islamist extremist, which sparked riots and heightened fears of radicalization.^[5]^[6] His response included outreach to Muslim communities, such as funding for mosques and promotion of interfaith talks, efforts that were initially criticized as appeasement but later credited with preventing broader escalation, earning him Time magazine's European Hero designation in 2005 and second place in the 2006 World Mayor awards.^[6]^[3]^[1] Critics, however, argued that his "keep them calm" strategy overlooked underlying integration failures and contributed to persistent issues like rising antisemitism during anti-Israel protests.^[7] As PvdA leader, Cohen aimed to unify the left but faced electoral challenges, stepping down after the 2012 vote; he has since held advisory and academic roles.^[2]^[4]

Early life and education

Family background and Jewish heritage

Marius Job Cohen was born on 18 October 1947 in Haarlem, Netherlands, into a secular Jewish family of intellectual background.^[3]^[8] His parents, Adolf Emile "Dolf" Cohen (1913–2004) and Henriëtte Koster, survived the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands by going into hiding during World War II, an experience shared by many Dutch Jews amid the Holocaust's devastation, which claimed over 100,000 Jewish lives in the country.^[3] Dolf Cohen, a historian who earned his doctorate in 1941, later served as professor of medieval history at Leiden University from 1960 and as its rector magnificus from 1972 to 1976, underscoring the family's commitment to academic pursuits and public intellectual service.^[9] Henriëtte Koster complemented this environment, having also studied history, fostering an upbringing centered on education in the post-war hamlet of Heemstede near Amsterdam.^[3] Cohen was the younger of two sons, with an elder brother, Floris Cohen (born 1946), who pursued a career as a historian of science, reflecting the familial pattern of scholarly engagement.^[10] This secular Jewish heritage, marked by parental survival and resilience against wartime persecution, provided a foundational context of minority experience in a rebuilding society, though Cohen's family maintained a non-religious orientation.^[3]

Academic training and early influences

Cohen earned a Master of Laws degree in Dutch public law from the University of Groningen in 1971, having begun his studies there in 1966.^[11] His training emphasized constitutional and administrative law principles, providing a foundation in public sector governance and legal reasoning that would inform his juristic perspective on policy matters.^[1] From 1971 to 1981, Cohen served as a researcher at Leiden University while completing his doctoral work, immersing himself in scholarly analysis of administrative processes.^[1] In 1981, he defended his PhD thesis titled Studiereden in het wetenschappelijk onderwijs, which examined study rights within higher education under administrative law frameworks, highlighting regulatory mechanisms for access and equity in public institutions.^[12] This formative period aligned with broader Dutch societal shifts, including student-led demands for university democratization and legal reforms amid 1960s-1970s social movements, fostering an environment where progressive interpretations of public law gained traction among young jurists like Cohen.^[13] His early academic pursuits thus cultivated a pragmatic, law-based approach to administrative challenges, prioritizing structured governance over ideological abstraction.^[14]

Academic and early professional career

Legal practice and expertise

Cohen specialized in administrative law (bestuursrecht), with his early professional focus on the judicial review of government decisions, particularly in permit-granting processes that intersect with residency and immigration matters.^[14] Following his Master of Laws from the University of Groningen, he conducted research at Leiden University, culminating in a 1977 PhD examining the authority of administrative judges to assess permit decisions, emphasizing the limits of judicial intervention in executive discretion while ensuring legal accountability.^[2] This scholarship addressed empirical tensions in administrative procedures, where government efficiency often clashed with individual rights claims, setting precedents for how courts evaluate residency permits and citizenship applications under Dutch law. In the 1970s and 1980s, as the Netherlands grappled with expanding administrative state functions amid rising immigration, Cohen's analyses underscored causal mechanisms linking flawed permit reviews to policy inconsistencies, informing debates on reforming administrative oversight without direct legislative involvement. His reasoning prioritized evidence-based boundaries on judicial power, influencing the evolution of bestuursrecht toward more predictable outcomes in government-immigration interfaces prior to his academic administrative roles.

University roles and administration

Cohen joined Maastricht University (then the State University of Limburg) in 1981 as the founding dean of its newly established Faculty of Law, the first non-health-related faculty at the institution. Under his deanship, the faculty prioritized innovative, multidisciplinary curricula aligned with the university's problem-based learning model, incorporating themes of European integration to reflect the Netherlands' evolving role in supranational governance. This included early developments in programs like the European Law School, which emphasized cross-border legal education and attracted a growing cohort of international students, fostering institutional diversity through exposure to varied jurisprudential perspectives. Appointed professor of constitutional and administrative law in 1983, Cohen continued to influence faculty administration until ascending to Rector Magnificus in 1991, a position he held until 1993.^[2] In this role, he oversaw broader university policies on education and internationalization, during which the institution's student enrollment expanded amid its emphasis on European-oriented programs; for instance, the Faculty of Law's integration of EU law modules supported empirical growth in cross-disciplinary enrollment, with the university's overall international profile strengthening through targeted curriculum reforms. These efforts empirically advanced educational diversity by prioritizing merit-based admission and collaborative learning structures over ideological quotas, aligning with the university's foundational commitment to practical, evidence-driven pedagogy rather than prescriptive diversity mandates. Cohen resigned as Rector Magnificus in 1993 to pursue governmental opportunities in education policy, marking the end of his primary administrative tenure at Maastricht.^[2] His leadership contributed to the faculty's maturation, evidenced by sustained program innovations that enhanced the university's reputation for European legal studies without compromising academic rigor for non-empirical social engineering goals.

Political career

Governmental positions in education and justice

Job Cohen served as State Secretary for Education and Sciences in the third Lubbers cabinet from 2 July 1993 to 22 August 1994, succeeding Jacques Wallage following a cabinet reshuffle.^[15] His portfolio encompassed higher and academic education, science policy, and adult education, under Minister Jo Ritzen.^[16] During this brief tenure amid ongoing debates on university funding and access, Cohen focused on administrative continuity rather than major legislative overhauls, as the cabinet prioritized fiscal restraint in public spending.^[15] From 13 June 1995 to 3 August 1998, Cohen was a member of the Senate (Eerste Kamer) for the Labour Party (PvdA), serving as parliamentary group leader from 1 August 1996.^[17] He engaged primarily with issues in education, sciences, culture, media policy, and justice, acting as spokesperson on higher education matters, including opposition to proposals for a binary divide in higher professional education (hbo).^[15] As a PvdA representative in a chamber dominated by coalition partners, Cohen critiqued government education policies for insufficient investment in research and accessibility, advocating for balanced reforms that preserved institutional autonomy.^[15] Cohen returned to government as State Secretary for Justice in the second Kok cabinet from 3 August 1998 to 22 January 2001, overseeing immigration, asylum, youth crime, and civil law.^[15] Facing a surge in asylum applications—peaking at over 45,000 in 1999—he spearheaded the Vreemdelingenwet 2000 (Aliens Act 2000), enacted on 23 November 2000 and effective from 1 April 2001, which streamlined procedures by reducing appeal instances from three to two and introducing accelerated processing for manifestly unfounded claims.^[15] ^[18] This reform aimed to curb backlogs and inflows by enhancing efficiency and deterrence, though implementation revealed persistent administrative strains.^[19] He also advanced the Wet openstelling huwelijk (same-sex marriage law), effective 1 April 2001.^[20] Cohen resigned to become Mayor of Amsterdam, amid criticism from some quarters for not sufficiently restricting family reunification chains.^[21]

Mayoralty of Amsterdam

Job Cohen assumed the role of Mayor of Amsterdam on 15 January 2001, following his nomination in December 2000, and served until resigning on 12 March 2010 to pursue national politics.^[22] His administration focused on sustaining the city's livability amid demographic shifts and urban pressures, with policies emphasizing social cohesion, housing accessibility, and infrastructural balance.^[23] Appointed amid a context of increasing immigration and early signs of populist backlash, Cohen positioned himself as a consensus-builder, prioritizing dialogue over confrontation in municipal governance.^[1] Early in his tenure, Cohen advanced progressive urban initiatives, including officiating the Netherlands' inaugural same-sex marriages on 1 April 2001, reinforcing Amsterdam's reputation for tolerance and cultural openness.^[24] On housing, his policies supported the maintenance of Amsterdam's extensive social housing stock, which exceeded 35% of the total housing supply—among the highest in Western Europe—aimed at mitigating shortages and promoting equitable access amid population growth.^[25] Traffic management efforts sought to reconcile pedestrian safety, child play spaces, and vehicular flow, reflecting broader concerns over urban density and mobility.^[23] These measures coincided with robust tourism expansion, with the city targeting and realizing roughly 4% annual visitor growth, bolstering economic metrics while intensifying strains on public spaces and services.^[26] Facing national populist surges, such as the 2002 electoral breakthrough of Pim Fortuyn's anti-immigration platform, Cohen advocated for inclusive engagement to preserve civic harmony, critiquing divisive rhetoric while navigating local implementation of stricter national asylum rules from his prior ministerial role.^[27] To combat organized crime, particularly in the red-light district, his administration revoked licenses for approximately 30 brothels in 2006 and pursued further closures by 2007, targeting exploitation linked to human trafficking.^[28] Security strategies incorporated a criminogenity monitor assessing 19 underlying risk factors—beyond raw incident counts—to inform preventive interventions, though empirical data indicated persistent overrepresentation of male migrants in suspect statistics at 2.5 times the native rate.^[29]^[30] Overall, urban metrics under Cohen showed gains in visitor numbers and cultural vibrancy but highlighted enduring challenges in integration-driven security, with national crime trends peaking early in the decade before gradual declines.^[31]

Leadership of the Labour Party

Job Cohen was elected leader of the Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) on 12 March 2010, succeeding Wouter Bos who resigned following the collapse of the governing coalition in February 2010. His appointment was intended to stabilize the party and consolidate left-wing support in the face of advancing right-wing parties, including the surging Party for Freedom (PVV) led by Geert Wilders.^[32] In the general election held on 9 June 2010, the PvdA under Cohen obtained 1,846,542 votes, translating to 19.6% of the vote share and 30 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, finishing in second place behind the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) with 31 seats.^[33] The PVV secured 24 seats, reflecting significant voter realignment. Despite the PvdA's performance, it was sidelined from the minority Rutte I cabinet formed by VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), and tolerated by PVV, positioning Cohen's party in opposition.^[32] Cohen pursued a pragmatic social democratic strategy, emphasizing dialogue and moderation, but encountered internal party tensions and eroding public support. Polling data during his tenure showed PvdA support dipping below 20%, with evidence of voter migration to PVV among working-class and immigrant-background constituencies dissatisfied with immigration handling; for example, post-election analyses noted that up to 10-15% of prior PvdA voters shifted to PVV in 2010 due to perceived leniency on cultural integration issues.^[34] These dynamics culminated in Cohen's resignation as leader and parliamentary leader on 20 February 2012, after ongoing criticism of strategic missteps and failure to counter right-wing momentum effectively.^[35]

Ideological positions

Immigration and asylum policies

As State Secretary for Justice from 1993 to 1998 and Minister of Justice from 1998 to 2002, Job Cohen oversaw significant reforms to Dutch asylum procedures amid surging applications, which reached a peak of approximately 45,000 in 2000.^[15] In response to backlogs and systemic overload—described by Cohen himself as the policy "threatening to run completely off the rails" by the late 1990s—he championed the Vreemdelingenwet 2000 (Aliens Act 2000), enacted in 2000 and effective from April 1, 2001.^[36] This legislation shortened asylum processing by limiting appeals to one instance in most cases, eliminating provisional residence permits that had previously allowed extended stays during reviews, and unifying refugee status into a single category rather than differentiated temporary and permanent protections.^[37] ^[38] These changes aimed to expedite decisions, with grant rates already low at 6.3% for merits decisions in 1998 (2,356 approvals out of 37,279) and denials rising to over 16,000 in 2001.^[39] ^[40] The reforms correlated with a decline in asylum inflows post-2001, as faster rejections and stricter entry vetting deterred unfounded claims, reducing the annual volume from highs near 50,000 in 1999-2000 to under 30,000 by 2002.^[41] However, Cohen's approach emphasized a combination of enforcement and procedural efficiency alongside efforts to facilitate returns for rejected applicants, reflecting a pragmatic response to capacity strains rather than outright border closure. Critics, including later analyses from migration policy researchers, argue this tightening addressed immediate procedural chaos but underestimated causal factors in persistent integration failures, such as cultural mismatches contributing to high welfare dependency—over 60% for non-Western immigrants by the mid-2000s—and localized social tensions from unchecked family reunification inflows that outpaced asylum reductions.^[42] ^[43] Empirical data post-reform highlights mixed outcomes: while asylum grants stabilized at low levels, overall non-Western net migration remained elevated through the 2000s due to chain migration, imposing fiscal burdens estimated at €10-15 billion annually in social services by some economic studies, with slower labor market integration (unemployment rates 2-3 times higher for recent cohorts than natives).^[44] Cohen's framework prioritized rule-of-law vetting over selective cultural screening, a stance defended in his policy memoranda as balancing humanitarian obligations with sustainability, though subsequent evaluations from bodies like the Dutch Court of Audit noted ongoing enforcement gaps in deportations, with only 20-30% of rejected asylum seekers removed effectively.^[19] This enforcement-dialogue hybrid, while reducing procedural abuse, has been faulted by causal analysts for insufficiently mitigating downstream effects like segregated enclaves, where empirical correlations link rapid demographic shifts to elevated petty crime rates in immigrant-dense areas (up 15-20% in affected municipalities per police statistics).^[21] Job Cohen promoted a model of "guided multiculturalism" in Amsterdam, prioritizing inter-community dialogue and tolerance over strict assimilation requirements, viewing these as extensions of the Netherlands' historical pillarization system adapted to post-war immigration realities.^[3] This approach aimed to foster social cohesion through mutual accommodation, with Cohen emphasizing the emancipatory potential of recognizing cultural differences while encouraging integration via conversation rather than confrontation.^[45] However, empirical indicators during his mayoralty from 2001 to 2010 revealed persistent challenges, including the formation of parallel societies marked by limited cross-cultural interaction. Under Cohen's policies, Amsterdam maintained support for ethnically homogeneous institutions, such as "black schools" predominantly attended by non-Western students, which exacerbated educational segregation. Studies from the period documented high ethnic segregation indices in primary schools, with Amsterdam's levels exceeding national averages; for instance, dissimilarity indices for non-Western immigrants often ranged above 0.50, indicating substantial separation from native Dutch pupils.^[46] Welfare dependency among non-Western immigrants remained elevated, with participation rates in social assistance benefits climbing to 20-30% within the first decade of arrival, far outpacing native Dutch figures of around 5%, attributable in part to lower employment integration despite dialogue-focused initiatives.^[47] ^[48] Right-leaning critics, echoing Pim Fortuyn's pre-2002 warnings against unchecked multiculturalism, contended that Cohen's avoidance of cultural realism enabled radical elements by prioritizing harmony over enforceable norms, leading to measurable cohesion failures like rising ethnic enclaves and dependency cycles. Fortuynist perspectives highlighted causal links between permissive policies and societal fragmentation, arguing that true integration demands prioritizing host culture values, a stance Cohen's framework implicitly downplayed in favor of relativistic tolerance.^[27] ^[45] These critiques, drawn from policy analyses rather than mainstream consensus, underscore debates over whether dialogue sufficed against incompatible cultural practices, as evidenced by sustained segregation metrics.^[43]

Controversies and criticisms

Handling of the Theo van Gogh assassination

On November 2, 2004, filmmaker Theo van Gogh was assassinated in Amsterdam by Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch national of Moroccan descent affiliated with the radical Hofstad Network, who slit van Gogh's throat and left a manifesto threatening further violence against perceived enemies of Islam.^[49]^[50] As mayor, Job Cohen immediately urged restraint to prevent escalation, stating in public addresses that "we must keep our heads cool" and emphasizing dialogue over retaliation amid rising tensions.^[51]^[52] Cohen organized interfaith meetings involving Muslim, Jewish, and Christian leaders to foster mutual understanding and de-escalate communal friction, convening imams and rabbis shortly after the killing to affirm shared commitments to peace.^[53]^[54] These efforts contributed to quelling immediate retaliatory violence, limiting backlash to isolated incidents such as arson attacks on a few mosques and churches, rather than widespread riots.^[55] However, radical Islamist networks persisted in immigrant-heavy enclaves, with Bouyeri's group linked to subsequent arrests and plots, indicating that short-term calm did not eradicate underlying ideological threats.^[56] Supporters, including some Dutch intellectuals and left-leaning commentators, praised Cohen's approach as effective bridge-building that averted civil unrest, crediting his steady leadership for maintaining social cohesion in a diverse city.^[54]^[24] Critics from conservative and right-wing perspectives, however, accused him of appeasement by prioritizing appeasement over confronting Islamist extremism, arguing that his emphasis on tolerance downplayed the murder's ideological roots and failed to deter future radicalization, as evidenced by ongoing security concerns in affected communities.^[57]^[52] These divergent views reflect broader debates, with empirical outcomes showing temporary stabilization but persistent challenges in integration and security.^[53]

Accusations of policy failures in integration and security

Critics have accused Job Cohen's mayoral policies in Amsterdam (2001–2010) of contributing to persistent security challenges in migrant-dense neighborhoods, where non-Western immigrant youth exhibited disproportionately high involvement in criminal activities. Official Dutch statistics from the period indicated that non-Western males, particularly second-generation immigrants from Moroccan and Turkish backgrounds, accounted for elevated suspect rates in violent crimes and property offenses compared to native Dutch youth, with overrepresentation factors reaching several times the population share in urban areas like Amsterdam's Bijlmer and Nieuw-West districts.^[30] ^[58] Youth gang activities, including territorial disputes and extortion, surged in these enclaves during the mid-2000s, exacerbating perceptions of localized lawlessness.^[59] Geert Wilders and other opponents lambasted Cohen's emphasis on multicultural dialogue and tolerance as a "soft" strategy that prioritized appeasement over rigorous enforcement, allegedly fostering failed assimilation and de facto no-go areas where Dutch law held limited sway. Wilders contended that such approaches neglected cultural incompatibilities, allowing parallel societies to emerge with heightened risks of honor-related violence and street-level intimidation, as evidenced by persistent reports of intra-community feuds and assaults on non-conforming individuals in immigrant-heavy zones.^[60] ^[61] This critique framed Cohen's tenure as emblematic of broader Dutch policy shortcomings, where lax integration measures correlated with stagnant socio-economic outcomes and rising insecurity, rather than curbing root causes like inadequate cultural adaptation demands.^[62] Proponents of Cohen's framework countered that socioeconomic disparities, including unemployment rates exceeding 20% among non-Western youth in Amsterdam during the 2000s, served as the principal causal drivers of crime, overshadowing policy design itself.^[58] They highlighted empirical declines in large-scale intergroup clashes post-implementation of dialogue platforms, attributing these to de-escalation efforts that mitigated overt violence without relying on stricter policing, though such claims often downplayed enduring disparities in offender demographics.^[63] Independent analyses noted that while crime involvement remained skewed toward migrant groups, national trends showed overall juvenile offending peaking around 2005 before gradual abatement, complicating direct attributions to municipal leadership.^[64]

Legacy and evaluations

Achievements in governance and dialogue

As Mayor of Amsterdam from 2001 to 2010, Job Cohen officiated the world's first legally recognized same-sex marriages on April 1, 2001, conducting the ceremony for three male couples and one female couple at midnight in the city hall immediately upon the law's enactment.^[65] ^[66] This action symbolized the Netherlands' leadership in legalizing same-sex unions, granting them equal rights to heterosexual marriages including adoption and inheritance.^[67] Cohen earned national and international recognition for his consensus-oriented governance, finishing as runner-up in the 2006 World Mayor Project for his efforts in promoting diversity and social cohesion in a multicultural city.^[1] ^[68] Supporters credited his approach with maintaining administrative stability amid demographic shifts, emphasizing dialogue over confrontation to manage urban challenges.^[5] In fostering inter-community relations, Cohen initiated direct engagements with Muslim leaders and organized public forums following crises, such as the 2004 assassination of Theo van Gogh, to encourage tolerance and prevent escalation of ethnic tensions.^[22] ^[6] These initiatives, including funding for mosques and advocacy for minority expression rights, were cited by observers as contributing to short-term de-escalation in Amsterdam's diverse neighborhoods.^[6]

Debates over long-term impacts on Dutch society

Cohen's advocacy for a multicultural model emphasizing dialogue and community engagement in Amsterdam has been credited by supporters with maintaining short-term social cohesion amid rising tensions following the 2004 assassination of Theo van Gogh, yet critics argue it delayed necessary confrontations with integration failures, contributing to broader societal polarization.^[53] Proponents, often aligned with left-leaning perspectives, maintain that his "hou ze normaal" (keep them normal) initiative preserved the Netherlands' tolerant ethos by bridging divides through inclusive governance, potentially averting immediate escalations in ethnic conflicts.^[3] However, empirical indicators of persistent segregation, such as higher unemployment rates among non-Western immigrants (around 15-20% in the late 2000s compared to 5-7% for natives) and concentrated poverty in urban enclaves, suggest his approach prioritized harmony over enforceable assimilation, fostering parallel societies that undermined long-term cohesion.^[43] This perceived naivety in universalist policies is linked by detractors to the acceleration of right-wing populism, exemplified by the Party for Freedom (PVV)'s surge to 24 seats in the 2010 general election, capitalizing on public frustration with lax integration under figures like Cohen.^[69] Geert Wilders explicitly critiqued multicultural experiments as enabling Islamist extremism, with PVV platforms gaining traction amid reports of failed civic integration, including low pass rates (under 50%) for mandatory language and norms exams introduced in the mid-2000s but weakly enforced during Cohen's mayoralty.^[70] Post-2010 policy reversals under Mark Rutte's coalitions, including tightened asylum caps (reducing non-EU inflows by over 30% from 2013 peaks) and mandatory participation in integration programs with sanctions for non-compliance, reflect a causal shift away from Cohen-era permissiveness toward assimilationist demands, validating right-wing claims that empirical cultural clashes—such as elevated crime rates in immigrant-dense areas (e.g., 3-4 times higher for Moroccan-Dutch youth in 2005-2010 statistics)—were ignored at the expense of national unity.^[71] Academic assessments highlight a mixed legacy, with short-term reductions in overt violence through dialogue yielding to long-term deficits, as government reports from 2004 onward officially repudiated multiculturalism's viability in favor of a "citizenship model" requiring adaptation to core Dutch values.^[43] Left-leaning analyses defend Cohen's framework for embedding pluralism without eroding liberal norms, citing sustained urban diversity in Amsterdam as evidence of resilience, though mainstream media and academic sources, often exhibiting progressive biases, underemphasize data on welfare dependency (non-Western groups comprising 60% of recipients despite being 10% of population in 2010).^[72] Right-wing commentators, conversely, attribute enduring debates to Cohen's oversight of causal realities like incompatible value systems—evident in surveys showing 20-30% of Turkish-Dutch youth rejecting gender equality in the 2000s—arguing it normalized denial of integration barriers, fueling populist realignments that reshaped Dutch politics toward stricter borders and cultural realism.^[45] These polarized evaluations underscore how Cohen's tenure, while stabilizing immediate crises, arguably amplified national reckonings with multiculturalism's unsustainability, as subsequent policy empirics prioritize measurable outcomes over ideological harmony.

Later life

Post-political engagements

Following his resignation as leader of the Labour Party in March 2012, Cohen assumed the Thorbecke Chair in Local Government at Leiden University in 2013, focusing on research and lectures concerning local democracy and municipal governance.^[73] In this role, he advocated for enhanced democratic participation at the village or neighborhood level to strengthen community-level decision-making, emphasizing empirical analysis of administrative structures over ideological advocacy.^[73] His tenure concluded in December 2018, after which he transitioned to professor emeritus status in the Faculty of Law's Institute of Public Law.^[14] As emeritus professor, Cohen has engaged in occasional intellectual contributions, including reflective writings and commentary on ethical dimensions of public administration and democratic processes, though without assuming activist leadership roles.^[14] His post-political phase has prioritized advisory functions in cultural and administrative institutions, such as chairing the supervisory council of the Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam (OBA), overseeing strategic direction for the city's public library system.^[4] No significant involvement in think tanks or policy advocacy groups on public administration has been documented beyond these academic and oversight capacities.^[14] Cohen's publications in this period have centered on governance themes, drawing from first-hand experience to analyze municipal law and ethical governance without prescriptive activism, aligning with a scholarly rather than operational orientation.^[74] Recent years (2020–2025) show no major public engagements or developments, reflecting a low-profile continuation of emeritus duties amid limited verifiable outputs.^[14]

Honors, awards, and publications

Cohen was appointed Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 1994, recognizing exceptional public service during his tenure as State Secretary for Justice. In 2008, he received the inaugural Martin Luther King Award outside the United States, awarded for his initiatives in fostering dialogue and reducing social tensions in diverse urban settings.^[75]^[76] That same year, Latvia conferred the Cross of Recognition upon Cohen for strengthening ties between Amsterdam and Riga, including cultural and economic exchanges.^[77]^[78] Upon concluding his mayoralty in 2010, Cohen was presented with Amsterdam's Golden Medal, a rare honor for departing officials embodying impartial leadership.^[79]^[80] Cohen's publications include scholarly works on administrative law, such as his 1977 PhD thesis analyzing the advisory role of the Council of State in legislative preparation. He later authored Binden: de toekomst van de stad (2010), a compilation of addresses on municipal governance and societal bonding. In 2018, De gemeenteraad: centrum van democratische vernieuwing outlined proposals for revitalizing local councils amid declining participation.^[4]

References

[1]
Profile of Job Cohen, Mayor of Amsterdam
Cohen was born in 1947 in the neighbouring city of Haarlem to liberal Jewish parents. He attended the gymnasium in Haarlem before studying law at the University ...
[2]
Job Cohen - Framer Framed
Job Cohen (b. 1947) is an academic and politician. He studied public law at the University of Groningen university. He acquired his PHD at Leiden University in ...
[3]
European Muslims' Jewish Friend, Job Cohen - The New York Times
May 28, 2010 · Job Cohen, who until March was the mayor of Amsterdam. Cohen was raised in a secular Jewish household in the hamlet of Heemstede, not far from Amsterdam.
[4]
Job Cohen | Writers Unlimited
(Haarlem, NL, 1947) studied law in Groningen, founded the law faculty at the University of Maastricht, and later became its vice-chancellor.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[5]
Interview with Job Cohen - Mayor of Amsterdam
Aged 20 he joined the PvDA (Labour Party). After graduation, Cohen took up a research position at Leiden University, where he remained until 1981. He then ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[6]
Job Cohen's unique way of running Amsterdam - The Globe and Mail
Jul 11, 2008 · The mayor's response was quick and controversial: He embraced the city's Muslim communities, giving money to key mosques; he promoted the right ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[7]
Manfred Gerstenfeld on Hugo Logtenberg and Marcel Wiegman ...
As far as the Jews are concerned, Cohen's record as mayor of Amsterdam was greatly deficient. During anti-Israeli demonstrations in 2002 and 2009, there were ...
[8]
Job Cohen - IMDb
Job Cohen was born on 18 October 1947 in Haarlem, Noord-Holland, Netherlands. He is an actor, known for The Forgotten Battle (2020), Baantjer (1995) and ...Missing: exact | Show results with:exact
[9]
Cohen, Adolf Emile, 1913-2004 | Collection Guides | Leiden ...
Adolf Emile (Dolf) Cohen (1913-2004) was born in Rotterdam. He studied History at Leiden University from 1932 onwards and he obtained his doctorate in 1941 ...
[10]
Dolf Cohen - Wikipedia
Adolf Emile Cohen (Rotterdam, 4 december 1913 - Oegstgeest, 26 juni 2004) was een Nederlands historicus, hoogleraar en rector magnificus van de Universiteit ...Missing: University | Show results with:University<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
Adolf Emile (Dolf) Cohen (1913 - 2004) - Genealogy - Geni
Aug 16, 2025 · Adolf Emile Cohen in Netherlands, Civil Births, 1811-1915. Adolf ... Job Cohen. son. Hendrik Cohen. father. Flora Cohen. mother. Ernst Max ...
[12]
Job Cohen - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
He resigned his position as State Secretary on 31 December 2000 in order to take up the position of Mayor of Amsterdam (burgemeester) on 15 January 2001. Mayors ...
[13]
Studierechten in het wetenschappelijk onderwijs / - Berkeley Law
Studierechten in het wetenschappelijk onderwijs / door Marius Job Cohen. Cohen, Job ... Summary in English. Dissertation Note. Thesis (doctoral)--Leiden, 1981.
[14]
Ex-A'dam mayor now Leiden prof. | NL Times
The 66-year-old Cohen from Haarlem, North Holland, obtained his Master of Laws degree at the University of Groningen, and his PhD at Leiden University. He ...
[15]
Job Cohen - Universiteit Leiden
Job Cohen. Professor Emeritus of Local Government ... Study programmes. Bachelor's programmes · Master's programmes · PhD programmes · Education for Professionals ...
[16]
Dr. M.J. (Job) Cohen - Parlement.com
hoogleraar juridische methoden en technieken en ontwikkeling van juridisch onderwijs, Universiteit Maastricht, van 1 september 1994 tot 3 augustus 1998 ...<|separator|>
[17]
Kabinet-Lubbers III (1989-1994) - Parlement.com
Daarop werd Prof. Job Cohen benoemd als opvolger. Dales werd opgevolgd door Van Thijn als minister van Binnenlandse Zaken Minister Dales (PvdA) van Binnenlandse ...
[18]
Dr. M.J. Cohen (PvdA) - Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal
Job Cohen (1947) was van 13 juni 1995 tot 3 augustus 1998 lid van de PvdA-fractie in de Eerste Kamer. Van 1 augustus 1996 tot 3 augustus 1998 was hij ...
[19]
Hoe het asielstelsel in 1999 door een recordinstroom dreigde te ...
Oct 21, 2015 · Ook in 1999 kwam er een recordaantal asielzoekers naar Nederland. In Vrij Nederland vreesde Job Cohen destijds dat het stelsel 'zou ...
[20]
Een nog strengere Vreemdelingenwet? - Parlement.com
Dec 9, 2022 · Er werden uiteindelijk elf amendementen aangenomen en staatssecretaris Job Cohen kwam met drie nota's van wijziging. GroenLinks-woordvoerder ...
[21]
Job Cohen - Universiteit Leiden
... Maastricht, waar hij eerste decaan van de Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid was. Hij was Rector Magnificus van de Universiteit van 1991-1993 en van 1994-1997. ... Vice ...
[22]
Job Cohen over het asieldebat: 'A- en B-status leidt tot meer ...
Jul 7, 2023 · Job Cohen was eind jaren negentig als staatssecretaris verantwoordelijk voor het asielbeleid, dat ook toen grote problemen kende.
[23]
Job Cohen - Mayor of Amsterdam
Apr 21, 2006 · After graduation, Cohen took up a research position at Leiden University, where he remained until 1981. He then commenced teaching at ...<|separator|>
[24]
Job Cohen - Mayor of Amsterdam 2006
Cohen was born in 1947 in the neighbouring city of Haarlem to liberal Jewish parents. He attended the gymnasium in Haarlem before studying law at the ...Missing: profession | Show results with:profession
[25]
October 18: Mayor of Amsterdam - Jewish Currents
Oct 18, 2011 · Job Cohen, the progressive mayor of Amsterdam from 2001 to 2010 and the world's first public official to conduct same-sex marriages (on ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[26]
(PDF) Amsterdam: Planning and Policy for the Ideal City?
Amsterdam leads Western Europe by 35% in social housing, compared with runner-up UK, which has significantly less. The modernism of the 1960s where the poor ...
[27]
[PDF] Striving for a Balance Between Trade, Tolerance and Tourism
Maintaining Amsterdam's fourth place in the list of Europe's most-vis- ited cities. 2. A 4% annual growth in tourism to Amsterdam. 3. Attracting more ...
[28]
Final Cut | The New Yorker
Dec 27, 2004 · Van Gogh begged for mercy, and reportedly said, in a peculiarly Dutch phrase, “Surely we can talk about this.” The young man then pulled out a ...
[29]
Sugar and venom: pitfalls of the freedom to buy and sell sex
Oct 20, 2020 · In 2006, Mayor Job Cohen rejected the renewal of licenses for about 30 brothels in the Red Light District. In September 2007, Cohen decided to ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[30]
(PDF) Beyond Crime Statistics: The Construction and Application of ...
Jul 17, 2012 · This paper presents a criminogenity monitor which includes 19 risk factors that underlie crime. These factors do not themselves cause criminal ...
[31]
The Fragmentation of Migration and Crime in the Netherlands
In 2000 the Dutch state adopted a more restrictive and efficient Aliens Act to limit the number of asylum seekers and to simplify and accelerate the asylum ...Missing: reforms | Show results with:reforms
[32]
The crime drop in The Netherlands and other industrialized countries
Dec 22, 2015 · (index: 1990 = 100). Therefore the total level of crime in the Netherlands has decreased. However, fluctuations.Missing: Job | Show results with:Job
[33]
At-a-glance: Dutch election rivals - BBC News
Jun 10, 2010 · JOB COHEN - LABOUR (PvdA) ... Formerly the mayor of Amsterdam, Mr Cohen, 62, took over the leadership of the Labour Party after the governing ...
[34]
Centre-right lead in Dutch vote | News | Al Jazeera
Jun 10, 2010 · Thursday's results showed the VVD won 31 seats in the 150-seat parliament, just ahead of the 30 seats won by the left-leaning Labour Party (PvdA) ...
[35]
[PDF] A Systemic Meltdown? - Center for American Progress
A Systemic Meltdown? Demographic Change and Progressive Political Strategy in the. Netherlands. Hans Anker, René Cuperus & Pim Paulusma April 2011 ...
[36]
Dutch Labour leader resigns - Financial Times
Feb 20, 2012 · Job Cohen, the head of the Netherlands' Labour party, resigned on Monday amid criticism that his centrist stance had failed to provide ...Missing: Maastricht University 1993
[37]
Wie een alternatief heeft mag het zeggen - De Groene Amsterdammer
Sep 7, 2016 · Toenmalig staatssecretaris Job Cohen constateerde eind jaren negentig dat het vreemdelingenbeleid volledig 'uit de rails dreigde te lopen'.Missing: versoepeling verstrakking
[38]
'Dit lost problemen niet op', zegt Job Cohen over plan onderscheid ...
May 23, 2023 · Oud-staatssecretaris van Justitie: Dankzij Cohen kregen met de invoering Vreemdelingenwet 2000 alle asielzoekers eenzelfde status.
[39]
[PDF] LEAVING THE NETHERLANDS - IOM Nederland
On 1 April 2001, the new Aliens Act 2000 (Vreemdelingenwet 2000) entered into force. This provided a watershed between the 'old caseload' of potential ...<|separator|>
[40]
U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Refworld
Jan 1, 1999 · Dutch authorities issued merits decisions on 37,279 applications during 1998, granting refugee status to 2,356 applicants, a 6.3 percent ...Missing: 1998-2002 | Show results with:1998-2002
[41]
U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2002 - Refworld
Jun 10, 2002 · The Netherlands denied refugee or subsidiary status to 16,971 persons who received merits evaluations of their claims. During 2001, the ...
[42]
[PDF] Asylum Applications in the European Union
Aug 30, 2007 · In 2006, 192,000 asylum applications were lodged in the EU, a decrease from over 670,000 in 1992. The number has been falling for the past five ...
[43]
Dutch 'Multiculturalism' Beyond the Pillarisation Myth - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · ... tightened asylum policy provides a ﬁnal illus-. tration of important ... Job Cohen, who believe in the. potentially emancipating role of ...
[44]
[PDF] The Netherlands From National Identity to Plural Identifications
This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute.<|separator|>
[45]
Asylum requests; key figures, 1995 - 2006 - CBS
Jul 27, 2007 · The provisional residence permit has been abolished as per 1 April 2001. The provisional residence permit was granted to asylum seekers because
[46]
[PDF] Dutch `Multiculturalism' Beyond the Pillarisation Myth
The 2000 Immigration Law that tightened asylum policy provides a final illus- tration of important pre-2001 policy changes (Vink, 2005). More recently, the ...
[47]
(PDF) School segregation in the Netherlands - ResearchGate
Nov 13, 2017 · shows that ethnic segregation in Amsterdam primary schools ... segregation remains a question (Cohen et al, 2017). 3 11 schools ...Missing: mayoralty | Show results with:mayoralty
[48]
Welfare use of migrants in The Netherlands - Emerald Publishing
Mar 22, 2013 · This pattern suggests a rise of welfare dependency among immigrants in the first ten years of their stay in the Netherlands.
[49]
(PDF) Welfare use of migrants in The Netherlands - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · A large part of migrants' welfare dependence can be explained by their background characteristics and immigration history, but a significant ...
[50]
Dutch Filmmaker, an Islam Critic, Is Killed - The New York Times
Nov 3, 2004 · Theo van Gogh, Dutch filmmaker and writer who recently made television film critical of Islam, is shot and stabbed to death on Amsterdam ...
[51]
Dutch mark Theo van Gogh killing 5 years on | CBC News
Nov 2, 2009 · Backlash from killing. Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch-born man of Moroccan descent, received a life sentence for his brutal, public murder of van ...Missing: response assassination
[52]
Thousands remember slain van Gogh - BBC News
Nov 2, 2004 · ... Job Cohen said in a speech to the crowd. "Theo van Gogh picked fights with many people, myself included, but that is a right in this country ...
[53]
Dutch Parliamentary Elections: The Return of the Bourgeoisie
Jun 8, 2010 · As the Netherlands prepares to vote, it's worth remembering that the nation's odd brand of right-wing populism grew out of 1960s radicalism.Missing: response | Show results with:response
[54]
[PDF] Building bridges after the assassination of Theo Van Gogh
Job Cohen gained this reputation by involving religious and ethnic ... In addition, Van Gogh had criticised and insulted Cohen on a number of occasions.
[55]
To Soothe Dutch-Muslim Nerves, Try a Jewish Mayor
Apr 25, 2005 · Mayor Job Cohen of Amsterdam, who is Jewish, has made it his task to keep peace between city's Muslims and Christians; long-simmering ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[56]
Theo Van Gogh memorial 'screams' injustice | The Jerusalem Post
Mar 21, 2007 · The brutal murder sparked a backlash that included the torching of several mosques. Bouyeri - who is serving a life sentence for the killing - ...
[57]
Lions of Tawhid in the Polder - MERIP
The mayor of Amsterdam, Job Cohen ... Fortunately, the fulminations of the right wing were not the only Dutch response to the killing of Theo Van Gogh.
[58]
Job Cohen — A Politician of Expedience - jstor
This biography of Job Cohen, mayor of A earlier this year, appeared in April 2010. A an offer to become the Dutch Labor Party's in the 9 June parliamentary ...
[59]
[PDF] Crime Among Young Moroccan Men in the Netherlands
Abstract. High crime rates among second-generation immigrants are usually attributed to the ethnic group's weak socio-economic position in the host society.
[60]
Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe ...
Oct 15, 2009 · North American transnational youth gangs: Breaking the chain of violence. ... The concept, honor, conflict, and violent behavior among ...
[61]
Dutch Virtue of Tolerance Under Strain | YaleGlobal Online
" said Job Cohen, the mayor of Amsterdam. The ... asylum policy and education, and the danger ... tightened up, and expulsions of thousands of failed applicants ...
[62]
Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The concept, honor, conflict, and violent behavior ... youth that were members of and in other ways connected to Youth Against Violence.
[63]
Is the Netherlands moving to the right? | News - Al Jazeera
Mar 1, 2006 · Fear is one factor, despite the catchphrase by Job Cohen, the mayor of Amsterdam: “Be afraid of having fear toward your neighbours. We don't ...
[64]
The Integrationist - Russell Shorto
May 28, 2010 · ... Job Cohen, who until March was the mayor of Amsterdam. ... If multiculturalism had failed, did Wilders represent the only alternative?
[65]
[PDF] Trends in juvenile crime in the Netherlands 2000 up until 2023
Because the number of criminal perpetrators of violence among young people is generally decreasing, the percentage of offenders of serious violent offenses ...
[66]
EUROPE | Dutch gay couples exchange vows - BBC News
Apr 1, 2001 · The ceremony took place at midnight on Saturday (2200 GMT), with Amsterdam mayor Job Cohen officiating at the weddings of the four same-sex ...
[67]
First Gay Couples Marry in the Netherlands - The New York Times
Apr 2, 2001 · The mayor of Amsterdam officiated at the marriages of four gay couples at the stroke of midnight Saturday, immediately after legislation ...Missing: officiation | Show results with:officiation
[68]
Gay Marriage Goes Dutch - CBS News
Apr 1, 2001 · The Netherlands' gay community rejoiced with tears and whoops of exultation Sunday over the world's first same-sex marriages recognized under a new law.Missing: officiation | Show results with:officiation
[69]
Former Amsterdam mayor and former PvdA leader Job Cohen
Feb 10, 2014 · He was elected the second best mayor in the world in 2006. Job Cohen is known for his commitment to diversity and seeking consensus rather than ...
[70]
[PDF] Politics in a fragmented society : the 2010 elections in the Netherlands
Geert Wilders' Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) was the big winner in the election. Right- wing populism in the Netherlands is characterised by a post-modern ...
[71]
PC and the rise of Geert Wilders - Voxeurop
... Job Cohen, disguised as an Islamic terrorist holding a banner marked "Islamsterdam." Although he was later released, Nekschot now lives with a sword of ...
[72]
The Dutch Integration Landscape | SpringerLink
Sep 22, 2018 · The changed landscape of Dutch integration politics forms the backdrop of this study. Literature shows that, as in many other European ...Missing: zones | Show results with:zones
[73]
Amid Rise of Multiculturalism, Dutch Confront Their Questions of ...
Anders Behring Breivik, the Norwegian who admitted to mass killings last month, was obsessed with Islam and had high praise for the ...Missing: critiques | Show results with:critiques
[74]
Job Cohen calls for more democracy at village level - Leiden ...
Dec 3, 2018 · Professor Job Cohen (Haarlem, 1947) has held the Thorbecke chair at Leiden University for the past five years. In this position he studied and ...
[75]
Job Cohen - Universiteit Leiden
Professor Emeritus of Local Government · Faculty of Law · Institute of Public Law · Constitutional and administrative law.Missing: thesis | Show results with:thesis
[76]
Cohen wint eerste Martin Luther King Award | Het Parool
May 29, 2008 · AMSTERDAM - Burgemeester Job Cohen van Amsterdam heeft donderdagavond de Martin Luther King Award gewonnen.
[77]
Martin Luther King Award voor Cohen - AT5
Burgemeester Job Cohen heeft donderdag de Martin Luther King Award ontvangen. In de Heineken Music Hall nam Cohen de onderscheiding in ontvangst uit handen ...
[78]
Cohen krijgt onderscheiding van Letland | de Volkskrant
Burgemeester Job Cohen van Amsterdam krijgt in november het Kruis van Verdienste van de Republiek Letland uit handen van de president van de Baltische staat....
[79]
Cohen onderscheiden in Letland | Het Parool
President Valdis Zatlers reikte de onderscheiding aan Cohen uit vanwege diens inzet voor de samenwerking tussen Riga en Amsterdam. Dat maakte de gemeente bekend ...
[80]
Cohen ontvangt medaille bij afscheid van Amsterdam | Trouw
In de medaille zijn de woorden 'Audi et alteram partem' gegraveerd. De tekst betekent 'hoor ook de andere zijde' en verwijst naar Cohens reputatie als ...
[81]
Job Cohen krijgt Gouden Medaille - AT5
Oud-burgemeester Job Cohen heeft woensdag bij zijn afscheid van de gemeenteraad de Gouden Medaille van de stad gekregen.