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Juh

Juh (c. 1825 – 1883), also spelled Ju or Whoa, was a Chiricahua Apache warrior and leader of the Nednhi (or Nehdni) band, whose territory spanned northern Mexico's Sierra Madre mountains.^[1] He rose to prominence in the 1870s by directing cross-border raids against Mexican rancherias and American mining settlements, employing hit-and-run tactics that inflicted significant casualties while minimizing his own losses.^[2] Juh forged a strategic alliance with Geronimo of the Bedonkohe band, marrying Geronimo's sister Ishton and coordinating joint operations to evade U.S. Army pursuits and reservation policies.^[3] His band's refusal to submit to confinement contributed to prolonged Apache Wars conflicts, including the 1871 ambush that killed U.S. Lieutenant Howard B. Cushing.^[4] Juh died in late 1883 near Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, reportedly from injuries sustained in a horseback accident, after which remnants of his followers joined Geronimo's final campaigns.^[5]

Background and Tribal Context

Chiricahua Apache and Nednhi Band

The Chiricahua Apache comprised a division of Athabaskan-speaking peoples who maintained a semi-nomadic lifestyle across southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Divided into localized bands such as the Bedonkohe, Chokonen, Chihenne, and Nednhi, they emphasized mobility in wikiup dwellings and exploited diverse subsistence strategies amid challenging arid terrains.^[1]^[6] The Nednhi band, known in their language as Ndéndai or "Enemy People," centered their territory in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains of northwestern Chihuahua, with extensions into adjacent southern Arizona and New Mexico borderlands. This rugged, forested highland provided defensible strongholds for seasonal movements and cross-border operations, enabling the band to sustain autonomy through geographic isolation.^[1]^[7] Chiricahua social structure operated without centralized chiefdoms, relying instead on decentralized, kinship-based local groups averaging 20-50 members, where authority derived from individual achievements in raiding and warfare rather than hereditary rule. Accomplished warriors, often termed nant'an (leaders), influenced followers through personal reputation, familial ties, and demonstrated success, fostering fluid alliances unbound by formal governance.^[1]^[8]^[9] Environmental constraints in semi-arid uplands limited agriculture to sporadic cultivation of maize, beans, and squash near reliable water sources, prompting heavy dependence on hunting deer and small game, wild plant gathering, and systematic raiding of Mexican rancherías for horses, cattle, captives, and trade goods. Post-horse acquisition from Spanish sources around 1650, mounted raiding amplified mobility and economic predation, transforming it into a core adaptive strategy for resource acquisition in landscapes ill-suited to sedentary farming.^[10]^[6]^[11]

Early Life and Rise to Prominence

Juh was born circa 1825 in the Sierra Madre mountains of northern Mexico, within the homeland of the Nednhi band of Chiricahua Apache. Little detailed information survives regarding his childhood or immediate family circumstances, though this period aligned with intensified Apache-Mexican hostilities following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, which disrupted prior tribute systems and spurred Apache warriors to conduct raids for livestock and supplies across the border into Sonora and Chihuahua.^[12] As a young warrior in the 1840s and early 1850s, Juh distinguished himself through participation in these cross-border expeditions, earning respect among his band for demonstrated bravery, physical strength, and proficiency in Apache hit-and-run tactics that allowed smaller groups to evade and harass larger pursuing forces. Contemporary accounts describe him as an imposing figure, over six feet tall with a robust build, attributes that contributed to his stature as a formidable combatant amid environments where survival hinged on individual merit rather than strict hereditary lines.^[13] By the mid-1850s, amid Mexican policies offering bounties for Apache scalps—such as Chihuahua's 100-peso reward per warrior scalp—and accelerating U.S. territorial expansion after the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), Juh had ascended to de facto leadership of the Janeros local subgroup of the Nednhi, commanding several hundred followers through proven success in sustaining band autonomy via selective warfare and evasion of superior numerical forces. This merit-based rise reflected empirical validation of leadership in Apache society, where authority derived from repeated demonstrations of effectiveness in protecting group resources against encroaching settler pressures from both south and north.^[14]^[3]

Military Leadership and Conflicts

Raids and Warfare Against Mexico

Juh, leader of the Nednhi band of Chiricahua Apaches, directed numerous raids into the northern Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua from the mid-1850s through the 1870s, primarily targeting rancherías and settlements to seize livestock and captives essential for band sustenance.^[15] These operations exploited the rugged Sierra Madre Occidental mountains as secure bases, where narrow canyons and dense terrain facilitated hit-and-run ambushes on poorly defended Mexican convoys and herds, allowing raiders to evade pursuit while transporting stolen horses and cattle northward.^[7] Captives, often women and children integrated as slaves for labor or adoption, supplemented Apache economies strained by environmental scarcity and interband competition.^[16] Mexican authorities, facing chronic underfunding and post-independence fragmentation that weakened centralized defense, responded with scalp bounties to incentivize civilian militias and mercenaries; Sonora's 1835 law, renewed in 1850, offered 100 pesos per adult male Apache scalp, while Chihuahua implemented similar payments by 1837, fostering a cycle of retaliatory violence including village massacres by both sides.^[17] ^[18] Juh's tactics emphasized rapid, low-risk predation on these vulnerable frontiers, where fragmented governance left ranchers isolated; historical accounts document Nednhi incursions sustaining independence by yielding hundreds of animals annually, as Mexican records from Sonora alone report over 1,000 depredations between 1831 and 1849, many attributable to Chiricahua groups.^[16] This pattern reflected pragmatic exploitation of Mexico's internal divisions rather than defensive necessity, as Apache mobility outmatched static presidios, though bounties occasionally yielded Apache losses in ambushes by scalp hunters.^[19] The ensuing mutual atrocities—Apache killings during raids and Mexican counter-raids destroying camps—intensified through the 1870s, with Juh's Nednhi maintaining operational freedom in Sierra Madre strongholds despite escalating Mexican campaigns under governors like those in Chihuahua, who armed local forces but struggled with coordination.^[20] Empirical tallies from state archives indicate Chiricahua actions contributed to economic devastation, including the loss of thousands of cattle and sheep across borderlands, underscoring raids as a viable survival strategy amid Mexico's post-colonial instability.^[16] Juh's leadership preserved Nednhi autonomy until U.S. pressures mounted, prioritizing economic gain over territorial conquest in a theater where Mexican fragmentation provided asymmetric advantages.^[13]

Engagements with U.S. Forces

Following the Gadsden Purchase of 1854, which transferred approximately 29,670 square miles of land in present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico to the United States for $10 million to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad route, American mining operations, ranching, and overland migration surged into Chiricahua Apache territories. Juh's Nednhi band exploited this expansion by conducting cross-border raids on U.S. wagon trains, stagecoach lines, and isolated settlements in Arizona and New Mexico territories during the 1860s and 1870s, seizing livestock, supplies, and captives while inflicting casualties that numbered in the dozens annually for affected regions. These depredations disrupted mineral extraction—vital to the U.S. economy, with Arizona's silver and copper output reaching millions in value by the 1870s—and hindered Manifest Destiny-driven settlement, framing the conflicts as clashes over resource control rather than isolated aggression.^[21]^[2] U.S. authorities documented Apache raids, including those attributable to Juh's warriors, as costing hundreds of civilian lives and economic damages exceeding $100,000 in stolen goods and lost productivity between 1865 and 1880, prompting systematic military responses to secure transportation corridors like the Butterfield Overland Mail route. In the 1870s, intensified raiding by Nednhi and allied Chiricahua bands targeted New Mexico mining camps and Army supply convoys, escalating tensions and leading to the deployment of U.S. troops under General George Crook, who in 1871 assumed command of the Department of Arizona with orders to suppress hostiles through relentless pursuit. Crook's forces, comprising cavalry and infantry totaling over 1,000 men by mid-decade, responded to specific incursions by establishing forward camps and patrolling border areas, viewing Juh's operations as direct threats to federal sovereignty and commerce.^[22]^[23] Juh maintained operational resilience through classic guerrilla tactics—dispersing into small, mobile groups that struck swiftly and vanished into familiar canyons and mountains, evading pitched battles and minimizing losses to U.S. firepower advantages like repeating rifles. This approach allowed his band to conduct hit-and-run attacks on patrols and outposts, forcing American units into reactive postures and occasional retreats, as seen in pursuits across the Dragoon and Chiricahua Mountains where terrain knowledge negated numerical superiority. However, U.S. logistical reforms under Crook, including mule pack trains for extended operations and the recruitment of Apache scouts (numbering up to 200 by the late 1870s) who provided intimate intelligence on raider movements, combined with telegraph lines linking forts for coordinated responses, systematically compressed raiding ranges and compelled Juh's repeated withdrawals southward. By the early 1880s, these factors had degraded the sustainability of cross-border forays, highlighting how industrial-era infrastructure and adaptive counterinsurgency outpaced traditional nomadic warfare despite Apache evasion successes.^[24]^[25]^[2]

Killing of Howard B. Cushing

On May 5, 1871, Juh, leader of the Nednhi band of Chiricahua Apache, orchestrated an ambush against a U.S. Army scouting party led by Lieutenant Howard B. Cushing in the Whetstone Mountains of Arizona Territory, resulting in Cushing's death along with civilian scout John Simpson and trooper James Green.^[13]^[26] Juh's warriors exploited their intimate knowledge of the rugged terrain to lure Cushing's advance element into a kill zone approximately two miles north of Camp Wallen, employing encirclement tactics that caught the soldiers in a crossfire.^[26]^[13] This targeted strike succeeded due to Cushing's aggressive pursuit style, which had previously netted significant Apache casualties but exposed his small command—numbering around 20 troopers from F Troop, 3rd Cavalry—to vulnerability during extended scouts tracking raiding parties.^[2]^[27] Cushing, a decorated Civil War veteran renowned for his tenacity, had violated Mexican neutrality in prior cross-border pursuits of Apache raiders, heightening tensions in the region as his operations disrupted supply lines and rancherias south of the border.^[2]^[28] The ambush served as direct retaliation for such incursions and Cushing's documented success in killing dozens of Apaches, including women and children in earlier engagements, which had earned him a fearsome reputation among the Chiricahua but also marked him for elimination by Juh.^[27]^[13] Juh's restraint in withdrawing after confirming Cushing's death—despite the capacity to annihilate the entire detachment—underscored the precision of the operation, minimizing Apache losses while achieving a symbolic victory against a key adversary.^[13] The event elevated Juh's standing as a master tactician among Apache warriors, demonstrating effective guerrilla encirclement against a superior-armed foe, yet it exemplified the reciprocal brutality of frontier conflicts where U.S. officers like Cushing pressed deep into hostile territory with limited support.^[26]^[2] In response, U.S. military dispatches highlighted the incident's role in galvanizing escalated campaigns, prompting reinforcements and more systematic pursuits under leaders like General George Crook, which intensified pressure on Apache bands through 1871 and beyond.^[2]^[13]

Alliances and Rivalries with Other Leaders

Juh formed a close alliance with Geronimo, the prominent Bedonkohe Chiricahua leader, rooted in kinship ties as Juh was Geronimo's brother-in-law through marriage, which facilitated cooperation between the Nednhi and Chokonen bands.^[3]^[29] This familial bond underpinned joint military operations in the 1870s, including coordinated raids and evasion tactics against U.S. forces pursuing them across the U.S.-Mexico border, where the leaders often shared resources and intelligence to sustain their resistance.^[3]^[29] These partnerships exemplified the pragmatic, interest-driven nature of Apache alliances, which prioritized mutual survival in asymmetric warfare over enduring ideological commitments, as evidenced by U.S. Indian agent reports documenting shifting loyalties among bands based on immediate threats and raiding opportunities.^[30] Temporary coalitions, such as those during cross-border campaigns, dissolved when individual band interests diverged, particularly under pressure from U.S. reservation policies that incentivized some groups to negotiate separately.^[31] Rivalries persisted among Apache bands, including tensions between Juh's Nednhi and more accommodationist groups like the White Mountain Apaches, who competed for scarce resources in the Southwest and occasionally served as U.S. Army scouts against hostile Chiricahuas, exacerbating intra-tribal divisions.^[32] Such conflicts arose from overlapping territories and differing responses to American expansion, with Juh's band viewing cooperating Apaches as undermining collective leverage in negotiations or raids.^[30]

Later Years and Death

Relocation to Reservations

In the early 1870s, following negotiations with Chiricahua leaders such as Cochise, the U.S. government established a dedicated reservation for the Chiricahua Apache near Fort Bowie in Arizona Territory, allowing bands including the Nednhi under Juh to engage in a temporary peace arrangement amid ongoing pressures from American expansion.^[33] This period represented a pragmatic pause in hostilities rather than full assimilation, as Apache groups maintained traditional mobility and raiding patterns across the U.S.-Mexico border, clashing with federal containment strategies designed to facilitate white settlement and resource extraction.^[2] Juh's leadership focused on preserving Nednhi cohesion, viewing reservations as temporary refuges against superior U.S. military numbers rather than cultural endpoints. By 1876, U.S. policy shifted decisively when the Chiricahua Reservation was dissolved, forcing the consolidation of approximately 1,200 Chiricahuas—including elements allied with Juh—onto the overcrowded San Carlos Agency in southeastern Arizona, a malarial lowland ill-suited to Apache lifeways.^[29] Conditions rapidly deteriorated due to mismanagement, with U.S. Army reports documenting inadequate rations, contaminated water sources, and outbreaks of diseases like tuberculosis and dysentery that claimed numerous lives; for instance, mortality rates spiked amid starvation-level food shortages, as corrupt agents diverted supplies for personal gain, eroding Apache trust in federal intentions.^[34]^[35] While Apache non-compliance, such as widespread absenteeism and livestock theft, contributed to logistical failures, the root causal tension lay in the incompatibility between nomadic Apache economies and the sedentary confinement imposed to clear lands for mining and ranching.^[35] Juh orchestrated a mass breakout from San Carlos in 1876, leading hundreds of Nednhi and allied warriors back to the Sierra Madre Mountains in Mexico, resuming cross-border raids as a survival strategy against reservation hardships rather than ideological surrender.^[3] This escape, involving leaders like Geronimo, highlighted Juh's role in sustaining band autonomy amid overwhelming U.S. force, with federal dispatches noting the exodus of over 500 Apaches who rejected the agency's oppressive oversight.^[29] Such relocations underscored a pattern of reluctant, short-lived submissions driven by demographic imbalances—U.S. troops outnumbered Apache fighters by ratios exceeding 10:1—yet fueled by persistent Apache resistance to policies prioritizing territorial control over indigenous self-determination.^[1]

Final Campaigns and Demise

In the early 1880s, Juh maintained strongholds in the Sierra Madre mountains of northern Mexico, from which his Nednhi warriors conducted cross-border raids into the United States and Mexico, targeting settlements and supply lines.^[7] These operations often involved coordination with Geronimo's Bedonkohe band, including a 1882 incursion to liberate Apache groups from San Carlos Agency, though Juh's direct participation diminished as his health faltered under the relentless strain of evasion and combat.^[36] The cumulative effects of decades of guerrilla warfare—marked by malnutrition, injuries, and constant mobility—exacerbated Juh's physical deterioration, limiting his leadership role by mid-1883. Juh died in late September or early October 1883 near Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico, succumbing to a heart attack shortly after trading ammunition in the town; he fell from his horse during the episode, with water issuing from his mouth as contemporaries observed. His youngest son, Asa Daklugie, recounted that the death resulted from natural causes tied to the bodily exhaustion of prolonged conflict, explicitly rejecting claims of drunkenness and emphasizing no battle wounds or external violence were involved. Rather than allowing U.S. forces potential capture of the remains, Juh's followers transported the body northward along Apache tradition, interring it secretly near the Aros River to preserve spiritual integrity and evade desecration. This account, drawn from Daklugie's firsthand relation, contrasts with later embellished narratives portraying a heroic combat demise, underscoring instead the unromantic toll of attrition on Apache leaders.

Personal Life and Character

Family Ties and Descendants

Juh, leader of the Nednhi band of Chiricahua Apache, married Ishton, the sister of the prominent warrior Geronimo (Goyakhla), which forged a key kinship alliance between their bands and facilitated cross-group cooperation during conflicts with Mexican and U.S. forces.^[3]^[37] This union exemplified Apache matrilineal kinship systems, where descent and clan membership traced through the mother's line, reinforcing social and military bonds essential for survival in nomadic warrior societies.^[38] The marriage produced at least one documented son, Asa Daklugie (also known as Ace Daklugie), born around 1874 near Fort Bowie in the Arizona Territory.^[39] Asa served as an interpreter for U.S. officials and military personnel, later providing detailed oral histories of Apache conflicts to ethnographer Eve Ball in the 1940s, which contributed to preserved accounts of Nednhi experiences.^[39] Following Juh's death in late 1883, Asa and surviving family members faced relocation to reservations, including Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he lived from 1895 to 1913 before integrating further into American society as an advocate for Apache perspectives through his testimonies.^[3] Apache customs among warrior elites permitted polygamy, and while Ishton held primary status as Juh's favored wife, oral traditions suggest possible additional children or spouses, though records primarily highlight Asa as a traceable descendant maintaining family continuity amid displacement and cultural upheaval.^[37] These kin ties underscored the centrality of extended family in Apache identity, offering resilience against external pressures through shared responsibilities and inherited leadership roles.^[3]

Reputation Among Contemporaries

Among Apache contemporaries, Juh was revered as a formidable leader and provider within the Nednhi band of the Chiricahua, earning the moniker Tandinbilnojui ("Long Neck"), which reflected his physical stature and perceived strength.^[3] His son, Asa Daklugie, later recounted paternal pride in Juh's exploits, stating, "My father, Chief Juh, was a good man, he killed lots of White Eyes," underscoring the cultural valorization of warriors who secured resources through raids and distributed spoils communally to sustain band members, in line with longstanding Apache practices of egalitarian sharing to foster loyalty and survival.^[40] Fellow Apaches from allied groups, such as the Chihenne, viewed the Nednhi under Juh as steadfast allies, with one contemporary noting their reliability in regional networks despite shared hostilities toward encroaching forces.^[41] In contrast, U.S. military officers and settlers portrayed Juh as a cunning and terrorizing figure whose elusiveness frustrated pursuits, with subordinates of General George Crook describing his band's ability to vanish into the Sierra Madre as emblematic of Apache guerrilla prowess that preyed on isolated communities.^[42] Mexican records similarly emphasized his evasiveness, dubbing him Capitan Whoa—a phonetic rendering evoking commands to halt elusive prey—highlighting repeated failures to corner his group during cross-border incursions in the 1870s and early 1880s.^[41] Captives and scouts, often drawn from other Apache bands, reinforced this image indirectly through accounts of Juh's band's relentless raiding, which instilled fear among non-combatants while enabling cycles of retaliation that contemporaries attributed to his strategic acumen rather than mere opportunism.^[31] Juh's reputation coalesced around demonstrable feats, such as sustaining his band through decades of evasion against superior numbers, yet contemporaries critiqued how his leadership perpetuated endemic violence by prioritizing mobility and reprisals over accommodation, as evidenced by the persistent border depredations that drew condemnations from both American and Mexican authorities for endangering civilian populations.^[4] This duality—hero to kin, scourge to adversaries—reflected the polarized firsthand testimonies of the era, where Apache oral traditions celebrated provisioning amid scarcity, while adversarial reports stressed the resultant insecurity.^[43]

Controversies and Historical Assessments

Tactics of Apache Guerrilla Warfare

Juh's guerrilla tactics relied on high mobility afforded by horses, acquired through Spanish introduction and subsequent raiding, enabling swift raids across the arid Southwest's mountains and deserts.^[2] Chiricahua bands under his leadership exploited intimate terrain knowledge to launch hit-and-run ambushes, often feigning retreats to draw pursuers into narrow canyons or defiles where superior marksmanship with captured rifles inflicted disproportionate casualties.^[4] These operations emphasized stealthy reconnaissance to identify vulnerabilities in enemy columns, followed by rapid strikes on supply lines or isolated units, minimizing direct confrontation with larger forces.^[24] Scalping served as both ritual affirmation of kills and psychological warfare, with warriors removing enemy scalps to display prowess and deter aggression, a practice documented in Apache conflicts predating U.S. involvement. Torture of select captives, involving prolonged mutilation or burning, aimed to extract intelligence or exact vengeance, aligning with traditional Apache norms of ritual violence against foes rather than indiscriminate cruelty.^[44] Captive-taking extended to women and children, who were enslaved for domestic labor, herding, or barter in Mexico, sustaining Apache bands' predatory economy through forced assimilation or exploitation.^[45] These strategies, adaptive for small, decentralized groups facing industrialized armies, prioritized survival via attrition and resource denial over territorial defense, akin to historical nomadic raiders dependent on plunder.^[21] Short-term efficacy stemmed from evading pitched battles and leveraging numerical inferiority through surprise, yet long-term unsustainability arose from U.S. countermeasures like Apache scouts and sustained logistics, which eroded raiding viability by the 1880s.^[24]

Impacts on Non-Apache Populations

Raids led by Juh and his Nednhi Chiricahua band in the 1870s and 1880s inflicted significant casualties on Mexican populations in Sonora and Chihuahua, with historical accounts documenting patterns of village attacks that killed settlers, stole livestock, and captured individuals for labor or ransom.^[7] Mexican border records from the period describe Apache incursions depopulating rural areas, as families fled repeated assaults that targeted isolated ranchos and mining camps, exacerbating economic stagnation in regions already strained by prior conflicts.^[46] These actions, often crossing from strongholds in the Sierra Madre, contributed to halted trade routes and abandoned settlements, with merchants reporting severe losses in commerce due to the insecurity of overland travel.^[46] In the United States, Juh's warriors conducted cross-border raids into Arizona Territory, alarming settlers and prompting demands for military protection, as attacks on pioneers and migrants resulted in deaths and property destruction that deterred homesteading in frontier zones.^[2] U.S. Army reports from the 1870s note specific incidents, such as the 1871 ambush near Camp Grant where Juh's forces killed Lieutenant Howard B. Cushing and several soldiers, exemplifying the lethal efficiency of these strikes against expanding American interests.^[2] Economic fallout included settler abandonment of vulnerable mining districts and ranches, with raids disrupting supply lines and livestock herds essential to territorial development.^[47] Captive narratives from survivors of Juh-era raids detail atrocities, including mutilations, prolonged torture, and executions of non-combatants, underscoring the human toll beyond mere numbers.^[48] U.S. military assessments from the early 1870s indicate that Apache-inflicted civilian casualties in initial raid phases often outpaced U.S. losses, as guerrilla tactics exploited surprise against dispersed settlers before organized responses mounted.^[49] These offensive operations, aimed at acquiring resources and asserting territorial claims through predation, provoked escalated countermeasures from Mexican rurales and U.S. troops, framing the conflicts as responses to Apache-initiated aggression rather than unprovoked encroachments.^[49]

Balanced Perspectives on Resistance and Aggression

Interpretations of Juh's resistance emphasize his role in preserving Chiricahua autonomy amid territorial pressures from Mexican and U.S. forces, yet such accounts often overlook the offensive character of Apache raiding patterns that preceded large-scale encroachments. Chiricahua bands, led by figures like Juh after the 1870s, routinely targeted Mexican ranchos and pueblos in Sonora and Chihuahua for horses, cattle, and captives, extending operations hundreds of miles south of the border as a core economic strategy rather than mere defense.^[18] These predated intensified U.S. settlement, with records showing Apache groups initiating cross-border violence against civilian populations as far back as the early 19th century, prompting Mexican scalp bounties and punitive expeditions that escalated retaliatory cycles.^[50] Realist evaluations frame U.S. and Mexican expansions as assertions of sovereign rights to secure and cultivate arable lands against nomadic extraction economies incompatible with sedentary development, viewing Juh's guerrilla evasions—such as his band's retreats into the Sierra Madre—as tactical successes that nonetheless perpetuated instability.^[51] While Juh's maneuvers delayed Chiricahua subjugation, they sustained anarchy that inflicted disproportionate civilian tolls, including Mexican settler deaths from ambushes and Apache noncombatant hardships from failed reservations and reprisals, with U.S. campaigns alone requiring thousands of troops over decades.^[49] Mexican countermeasures, including slave raids capturing over 2,000 Apaches for labor in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, underscore mutual aggression rather than unilateral oppression.^[50] Apache oral histories valorize leaders like Juh for upholding band independence and retaliatory justice, yet verifiable military dispatches and treaty records reveal his alliances, such as with Geronimo in cross-border forays, prioritized raiding over negotiation, prolonging a zero-sum contest over resources in contested borderlands.^[52] This opportunism, effective in short-term survival, ultimately amplified suffering across populations by forestalling stable governance and economic integration in the region.^[53]

References

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Jul 10, 2021 · The Nehdni primarily dwelled in northern Mexico under the leadership of Juh. Cochise was a Chokonen Chiricahua leader who rose to leadership ...
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Apr 7, 2023 · Cushing was attempting to pursue Cochise while another Chiricahua leader, Juh, (pronounced “who”) was pursuing him. Every time Cushing's ...
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We Fought with Hoo [Juh]? An Apache Family Story
Aug 18, 2024 · Juh, a young Apache known as Tandinbilnojui (Long Neck), was a respected leader within the third Apache band, the Nednhi (Nednai), meaning " ...
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1 The Nednhi Apache leader Juh, however, is cited as an exception, but then, so are other Chiricahua Apache leaders from other bands such as Cochise, Victorio, ...
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Americans. Because of the Apache raids, Sonora was regar populous areas of Mexico as a kind of "Siberia/' N out most of the nineteenth century, immigration.
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Apr 8, 2020 · - tactical and militarized capabilities of the Apaches were predominantly superior to the physical readiness of U.S. soldiers. ○. U.S. Army: - ...Missing: telegraphs Juh
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In the Apache campaigns of the 1870 and 1880s,. Crook would refine the technique of using Indian scouts by recruiting scouts from the insurgent tribes ...<|separator|>
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In 1871, the Army's premier Indian fighter in Arizona Territory was 33-year-old Lt. Howard Cushing. He was courageous, smart, and cocksure of his military ...
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The Apache raids continued unabated. Geronimo often rode on the raids with Juh, his longtime friend, ally, and cousin by marriage. When Geronimo and Juh ...Missing: imposing stature
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[32]
The Apache Wars | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW - TwinMind
2/3 chose fighting with Geronimo and Chief Juh; Geronimo served as proxy negotiator for stuttering Chief Juh. Geronimo's Background and Leadership. Real name ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[33]
A Trader's Unlikely Bond With Cochise Forged 4 Years of Peace ...
Apr 22, 2017 · True to his word, on Oct. 11 Cochise held a council to get their input. He and his captains finally agreed to make peace as long as the ...
[34]
[PDF] THE SAN CARLOS INDIAN RESERVATION, 1872-1886
Its inhabitants, Apaches from five major groups as well as smaller numbers of Yavapais and Tulkepaias, were the most fractious and dangerous Indians of the ...
[35]
[PDF] The Apache and the Government - 1870s - UNM Digital Repository
Feb 4, 2021 · T HE United States Government has pursued few policies more disgraceful than those which governed its relations.
[36]
Geronimo, Apache Shaman - HistoryNet
Jun 20, 2017 · Geronimo's birth came during a time of relative peace between the Mexicans and the Chiricahua Apaches. Between 1790 and 1830 the Spanish and ...Missing: rise prominence<|separator|>
[37]
Juh's Stronghold in Mexico - jstor
Ishton and Jacali's husband were killed at the same time. Ishton was. Juh's "first wife" - not first in time but first in the love of Juh. Ace became a ...<|separator|>
[38]
Apache Family
The descents and children all belonged to the mother's sides. Even now, the matriarchal system is still used by some Apache tribes. These tribes are all ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[39]
Son of the Apache chief Juh, Asa ("Ace") Daklugie ... - History Globe
Son of the Apache chief Juh, Asa ("Ace") Daklugie gave an account of Anglo-Apache conflicts to writer Eve Ball in 1942. He also served as interpreter for ...
[40]
[PDF] Apache Warriors Tell Their Side (to Eve Ball)
(1970) and Indeh: An Apache Odyssey (1980), ma- ny of Eve Ball's Apache ... Asa Daklugie, Son of Chief Juh and Nephew of Geronimo. Major source who ...
[41]
THE Apache Indians are divided into six sub-tribes. To one of these ...
Apr 6, 2014 · To the south and west of us lived the Ned-ni Apaches. Their chief was Whoa (Juh), called by the Mexicans Capitan Whoa. They were our firm ...
[42]
[PDF] The Apache Campaigns. Values in Conflict - DTIC
Autobiographies of General Crook, Geronimo, and General Howard provide personal insight into the Apache-. Army relations. Also, several diaries, journals and ...
[43]
[PDF] A Chiracahua Apache's Account of the Geronimo Campaign of 1886
During the years 1931-33, while I was engaged in ethnological research among the Chiricahua Apache Indians now living on the Mescalero Indian Reservation of ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[44]
[PDF] Amerindian Torture Revisited: Rituals of Enslavement and Markers ...
Ritual torture was as central in these rituals of captivity as it was in initiation rites. Despite their new status, war captives found themselves in a limbic.
[45]
Conflict with the Mexican / Spanish / Pre-1850s Dragoon Life ...
The Chiricahua Apache, a band of Apache Native Americans who call themselves Ndé ("the people"), had a long and complex history of conflict with Spanish and ...Missing: Nednhi | Show results with:Nednhi
[46]
Chapter 5 Sonora and Arizona: "A New Border Empire"
For years, agriculture in the area had been limited by Apache raids and a scant and dispersed population. Merchants in the area protested that their ...
[47]
"Apache Wars" & The Border - myText CNM
During the conflict between Juh's and Geronimo's bands and U.S. and Mexican soldiers, the Chiricahuas specifically targeted and brutally murdered Mata Ortíz in ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[48]
https://www.frontiertimesmagazine.com/blog/taming-the-savage-apache-followers-of-geronimo
[49]
[PDF] The U.S. Government and the Apache Indians, 1871-1876 - DTIC
Instead, the insurgency was limited to small bands of Apache guerrillas, under separate leaders, conducting sporadic and uncoordinated strikes and raids.
[50]
https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-951
[51]
[PDF] Wars for Empire: Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest ...
Lahti argues that in the aftermath of the Civil War, the federal government offered the Apaches few alternatives to armed resistance and provided almost ...Missing: evaluation | Show results with:evaluation
[52]
https://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/1131/nedni-chief-juh
[53]
[PDF] Apache Wars: A Constabulary Perspective - DTIC
Initially, the problems of the Bosque Redondo reservation, including corruption ... overtaken by national policy decisions and corrupt local Indian agents ...