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Jun

Jun may refer to several notable people, places, concepts, and other uses. For specific meanings, see the following sections.

People and

In , Jun (じゅん) is a derived from various characters, including 純 meaning "pure" or "genuine," 順 meaning "obey," 淳 meaning "pure," and 潤 meaning "moisture." It gained popularity as a simple, modern name following , reflecting a shift toward straightforward and positive connotations in postwar naming trends. In , Jun (준) is typically a masculine from Sino- hanja such as 俊, meaning "talented" or "handsome." Notable bearers include singer and Lee Jun-ho (born January 25, 1990), a member of the group . In , Jūn (pinyin for 君, 军, or 俊) as a often means "" or "ruler" (from 君), "army" (from 军), or "talented" and "handsome" (from 俊, usually masculine). Historically, it appears in mythological contexts, such as Di Jun (帝俊), an ancient celestial emperor and father of the ten suns in , symbolizing solar and eastern sovereignty. Other notable individuals include Japanese actor and voice artist Jun Kaname (born February 21, 1981), recognized for roles in Kamen Rider Agito (2001) and anime voice work, and Chinese singer Wen Junhui (known as Jun, born June 10, 1996), a member of the K-pop group Seventeen.

Surnames

Jun, often a romanization of the Korean surname Jeon (전), is a common family name in South Korea, ranking 16th in prevalence with approximately 749,300 bearers as of the 2015 census, representing about 1.5% of the population. The name derives from several hanja characters, including 全 (meaning "complete" or "all," tracing origins to the ancient Baekje kingdom), 田 (meaning "field," linked to Chinese royal descendants and clans centered in areas like Damyang), and 錢 (meaning "money," documented during the Goryeo Dynasty in regions such as Gyeongsang-do). In Chinese contexts, Jun serves as a less common , typically rendered as 君 (jūn, denoting "," "," or "," originating from ancient titles for and princes) or 军 (jūn, meaning ""). These variants are primarily distributed in southern , particularly provinces like and , from where many bearers emigrated overseas in the past four centuries. European variants of the surname Jun exist, notably in the , where it functions as a derived from the juný, signifying "young" or "heroic." A prominent example is Tomáš Jun (born January 17, 1983), a retired professional footballer who played as a , most notably for Slavia Prague and the national team. The surname Jeon is borne by approximately 178,000 individuals globally, predominantly in East Asia where over 95% of occurrences are concentrated, according to 2014 distribution data. Notable bearers include Jeon Bongjun (1855–1895), a Korean independence activist and leader of the Donghak Peasant Revolution; Jeon Ok (1926–2012), a South Korean actress and singer; and actress Jeon Ji-hyun (born Wang Ji-hyun, 1981), professionally known by the stage surname Jeon since her debut. In sports, Chinese football referee Lu Jun (born 1958) officiated matches at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.)

Places

Administrative divisions

Xun County (also known as Jun County) is an administrative division in Henan Province, . Established during the administrative reorganization in the 1950s following the founding of the in 1949, the county has a population of 752,600 as of 2020. Its economy is primarily driven by , (including and ), and industries. Jun is a municipality in Granada Province, Andalusia, . Founded in the 16th century on the site of earlier settlements, it covers an area of 3.4 km² and has a population of 3,462 as of 2023. The local economy centers on , particularly olive production, which benefits from the fertile soils of the Vega de Granada plain. The municipality's terrain, influenced by surrounding hills, supports olive groves that contribute to the province's renowned industry.

Science

Biology and genetics

The JUN gene, located on the short arm of human chromosome 1 at position 1p32.1 (spanning approximately 7.2 kb and consisting of a single exon), is a proto-oncogene that encodes the c-Jun protein, a key member of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor family. As the cellular homolog of the viral oncoprotein v-Jun from avian sarcoma virus 17, JUN was identified as a transforming gene in 1983, with its protein product c-Jun characterized as a transcription factor in 1988. The gene's structure features a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain in its C-terminal region, which facilitates DNA binding and protein dimerization, enabling c-Jun to respond to extracellular signals like growth factors and stress. Alterations in JUN, including amplification and overexpression rather than point mutations, have been linked to aggressive cancers such as liposarcomas, where they block adipocytic differentiation and promote tumor progression. The c-Jun protein, consisting of 331 with a molecular weight of about 35 kDa, functions primarily as a homodimer or heterodimer with Fos family proteins to form the AP-1 complex, which binds to the consensus DNA sequence TGACTCA (also known as the TPA-responsive element or TRE) in promoter regions of target genes. This dimerization, mediated by the motif, enhances transcriptional activation and is crucial for regulating genes involved in cellular processes; for instance, at specific serine residues (e.g., Ser63 and Ser73) by kinases like JNK modulates c-Jun's activity in response to mitogenic or stress signals. In cancer contexts, dysregulated c-Jun drives oncogenesis by promoting while suppressing , as seen in its role in sarcoma transformation and tumor amplification events. Biologically, c-Jun plays essential roles in stress responses, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis; it mediates UV-induced apoptosis, cytokine signaling, and extracellular matrix remodeling. In development, c-Jun is critical for heart and liver formation, with knockout mice exhibiting embryonic lethality around E12.5–E13.5 due to impaired vascular integrity, heart outflow tract defects, and hepatocyte proliferation failure. These phenotypes underscore c-Jun's non-redundant functions, as partial rescue by related Jun family members like JunD only modestly extends viability, highlighting its pivotal position in AP-1-mediated gene regulation during embryogenesis.

Physics and chemistry

In , the Underground Observatory () represents a significant experimental facility dedicated to studying properties. Located approximately 53 kilometers from the Yangjiang and Daya Bay nuclear power plants in Guangdong Province, , JUNO detects electron antineutrinos emitted from these reactors to investigate neutrino oscillations. The experiment's primary objective is to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy—whether the neutrino mass eigenstates are ordered as normal or inverted—through high-precision measurements of the antineutrino energy spectrum. This hierarchy remains one of the unresolved questions in the of particle physics, with implications for understanding matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. JUNO employs a massive 20-kiloton liquid detector, consisting of an acrylic sphere filled with approximately 20,000 tons of (LAB)-doped , viewed by over 18,000 high-quantum-efficiency tubes. The detector is situated 700 meters underground in a cavern to minimize from cosmic rays and other sources, achieving an resolution of about 3% at 1 MeV. interactions primarily occur via , producing positrons and neutrons that generate light, allowing reconstruction of the incident antineutrino . The experiment's sensitivity to electron antineutrinos enables it to accumulate around 40,000 interaction events per year, sufficient for a 3-4 determination of the mass hierarchy within six years of operation. JUNO began full in August 2025 and is designed for multipurpose observations, including , atmospheric, and . Beyond neutrinos, JUNO contributes to broader physics goals, such as precise measurements of oscillation parameters like \Delta m^2_{21} and \sin^2 \theta_{12}, with projected uncertainties below 1%. Its design incorporates advanced systems and detectors to suppress backgrounds from muons and radioactive decays, ensuring data quality for long-term studies. As an international collaboration involving over 70 institutions, JUNO exemplifies large-scale , with construction completed in 2024 and ongoing refinements to enhance detector stability and light yield.

Time

Calendar references

In English and numerous other languages, "Jun" serves as the standard three-letter abbreviation for , the sixth month of the , which spans 30 days. The name June originates from the Latin Iunius, honoring , the and , whose epithet reflects themes of youth and vitality. This abbreviation appears in various calendrical notations, such as date formats in official documents and software interfaces, where it provides a concise textual representation alongside numerical codes. The International Organization for Standardization's specifies numeric month designations, using "06" for to ensure unambiguous machine-readable dates, though "Jun" remains prevalent in human-readable contexts like printed calendars and informal correspondence. Historically, in the introduced by in 45 BCE, aligned with the Roman republican month's position as the sixth in a solar year of 365 days, maintaining its etymological ties to without alteration in structure. This continuity persists in the modern of 1582, which adjusted but preserved June's duration and naming. Culturally, variants of "Jun" appear in Slavic languages influenced by Latin nomenclature; for instance, in Slovenian, the month is termed junij, reflecting phonetic adaptation while denoting the same period. Astronomically, June hosts , occurring annually between June 20 and 22—most often on the 21st—when the Earth's tilts maximally toward the Sun, resulting in the longest day of the year in the . This event underscores June's role in marking seasonal transitions in solar calendars worldwide.

Seasonal or cyclical terms

In traditional East Asian calendars, particularly in , "jun" refers to a 10-day period that divides each month into three cycles: jōjun (upper jun, days 1–10), chūjun (middle jun, days 11–20), and gejun (lower jun, days 21–end). These cyclical units, derived from the "xun," have long supported agricultural planning by aligning short-term tasks with broader seasonal shifts, such as the early summer planting phase during the transition from to the rainy period in regions like and . In the context of lunar cycles, "jun" periods integrate with the Chinese sexagenary cycle, which combines 10 and 12 to form recurring 60-day patterns influencing festivals like the in the fifth lunar month, a event tied to seasonal renewal and agricultural rhythms. In ancient Mesoamerican systems, "Jun" denotes the numeral "one" in the language, serving as an era marker in the cyclical by naming the first day of each 20-day uinal (e.g., Jun Imix), which structures the 365-day solar year for tracking seasonal agricultural and ritual events. These uinal cycles, part of the interlocking Tzolkin and Haab wheels, repeat every 52 years, anchoring temporal patterns to natural phenomena like planting and harvest.

History

Historical figures

Ma Jun (c. 200–265 AD) was a prominent Chinese mechanical engineer active during the Three Kingdoms period, particularly in the state of Wei, where he contributed significant innovations to agriculture, hydraulics, and textiles. His most renowned invention was the south-pointing chariot, a non-magnetic mechanical compass vehicle designed to maintain a fixed southerly direction regardless of the chariot's turns, achieved through a complex system of differential gears that ensured the pointer's stability. This device, first reliably documented under Ma Jun's design around 255 CE, facilitated navigation for military campaigns and processions without relying on celestial observations, marking an early advancement in mechanical engineering. Additionally, Ma Jun redesigned the silk loom, transforming the cumbersome traditional model—which required up to 50 treadles operated by multiple workers—into a more efficient version using only 12 treadles, thereby simplifying operations and reducing the labor required in the textile industry by approximately 50%. This improvement not only boosted production efficiency but also democratized silk weaving by making it accessible to fewer skilled operators, influencing textile manufacturing for centuries. His other feats included the square-pallet chain pump for irrigation, which enhanced agricultural output in arid regions. Sun Jun (219–256 AD), courtesy name Ziyuan, served as a military general and of the state during the period, rising to power amid intense political turbulence following the death of founder in 252 AD. As a relative of the imperial family through his connection to Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luban, Sun Jun orchestrated the assassination of the previous , Zhuge Ke, in 253 AD after Zhuge's failed against , thereby seizing control and consolidating authority over the young Emperor Sun Liang's court. His regency was marked by ruthless political intrigues, including the suppression of rival factions and the execution of perceived threats, such as forcing former Sun He to commit in 253 AD to eliminate competition within the Sun clan. These coups and purges, while stabilizing Sun Jun's position temporarily, sowed seeds of further instability in Wu's governance, contributing to the state's internal decline. Sun Jun died of illness on October 19, 256 AD, after which his cousin Sun Chen succeeded him as , continuing the cycle of authoritarian rule. Emperor Shun, also known as Jun in certain ancient texts, was a legendary ruler associated with the dynasty's mythological antecedents in the , revered for his exemplary governance and moral leadership during a period of transition from tribal confederations to centralized authority. As one of the Five Emperors in Chinese lore, Shun—whose clan name was Yao and personal name Chonghua—succeeded and is credited with implementing administrative reforms that emphasized merit-based appointments, through collaboration with , and the promotion of agricultural and ritual practices to foster societal harmony. His rule, depicted in texts like the as a model of and benevolence, involved delegating key duties such as calendar-making and music , which laid foundational principles for later imperial . The identification of Shun with the Di Jun underscores his symbolic role as a or , linking him to cosmic order and dynastic legitimacy in historiography.

Events and eras

The Su Jun rebellion, a significant uprising during the Eastern Jin , erupted in 327 AD when Su Jun, a military commander appointed as General Who Maintains the Distant Domains, turned against the court amid tensions with regent Yu Liang. Su Jun, originally from Tingxian in Changguang commandery, had built a power base by recruiting peasant refugees displaced by earlier conflicts like the . Allied with Zu Yue, another disaffected general, Su Jun's forces advanced southward, capturing key cities including and Shengyang before seizing the capital at (modern ) in early 328 AD. This brief occupation led to widespread plundering, the abduction of Emperor Cheng, and a temporary power vacuum that threatened the dynasty's stability. The rebellion was swiftly countered by loyalist forces under Wen Jiao and Tao Kan, who mobilized armies from the Jiang and Jing regions to reclaim by mid-328 AD. Su Jun was killed in battle near the city, while Zu Yue fled northward to the state, where he later died. The conflict resulted in heavy casualties and economic disruption, exacerbating the Eastern Jin's reliance on southern elites and highlighting the fragility of central authority in the post-Western Jin era. It marked one of several fangzhen (regional military) revolts that defined the dynasty's turbulent early years. In the period, a pivotal power shift occurred in the state of in 256 AD, centered on the regent Sun Jun, who had dominated court politics since assassinating his predecessor Ke in 253 AD following a failed campaign against . Sun Jun, a relative of Emperor , executed several rivals during his tenure, including members of the Zhuge clan and others implicated in conspiracies against him, such as the 255 purge tied to accusations from Sun Luban. His rule was characterized by internal purges that weakened Wu's administrative cohesion and military readiness. Sun Jun's death from illness on October 19, 256 AD, prompted him to designate his cousin Sun Chen as successor , initiating a new phase of factional strife in . This transition, without direct executions by Sun Jun in 256 but amid ongoing rivalries, underscored the Sun clan's tight control over the throne and contributed to Wu's eventual decline by fostering paranoia and inefficiency among the elite. The event symbolized the precarious balance of power in Wu's later years, as subsequent regents like Sun Chen continued the pattern of violent purges.

Other

Brands and products

JUN Co., Ltd., commonly known as JUN Auto, is a prominent automotive company specializing in parts for (JDM) vehicles. Founded in 1980 by Junichi Tanaka, the company traces its roots to earlier family traditions dating back to the 1940s, focusing initially on modifications before expanding into broader components. JUN Auto produces high-quality items such as exhaust manifolds designed to optimize exhaust flow, camshafts for enhanced , and upgrades including adjustable front upper arms that allow for adjustments to improve handling precision. These parts are widely used in motorsports, particularly in drifting competitions within Japan's JDM scene, where JUN's reinforced rear members and exhaust systems contribute to better tire grip and power delivery under high-stress conditions. For example, JUN's exhaust manifolds for models like the Subaru EJ20 are engineered to reduce backpressure, aiding in quicker during drifts. The company's demonstration vehicles, often featuring custom JUN components, have been showcased in events highlighting their durability in competitive environments. In the skincare industry, JAYJUN is a South Korean cosmetics brand launched in 2014, renowned for its focus on natural and functional ingredients to address skin concerns like aging and hydration. Developed by a team of dermatologists and cosmetologists, JAYJUN products incorporate elements such as ginseng callus culture extract, which is rich in saponins and polyphenols to promote skin revitalization and elasticity. Signature offerings include sheet masks like the Collagen Skin Fit Mask, blending marine collagen with ginseng for firmer, more radiant skin, emphasizing clean, paraben-free formulations suitable for sensitive types.

Arts and entertainment

In music, the experimental Japanese band Asa-Chang & Junray released the album Jun Ray Song Chang in 2002 through The Leaf Label, blending percussion, spoken word in Japanese, and electronic elements to create unsettling, avant-garde soundscapes that challenge conventional melody and rhythm. The album's tracks, such as "Hana," feature staccato bursts and cinematic strings, drawing from future-ethnic and abstract styles to evoke introspective and disorienting moods. In , Jun Motomiya appears as a supporting character in (1999–2000), the sequel series to , where she serves as the older sister of protagonist "Davis" Motomiya. Portrayed as an energetic high school student with spiky hair and a penchant for romance, Jun often provides through her with T.K.'s brother Matt Ishida and her protective yet teasing dynamic with Daisuke, appearing in episodes that highlight family bonds amid the DigiDestined's battles. Voiced by Kazusa Murai in the Japanese version, her character embodies youthful enthusiasm and determination, falling in and out of crushes while supporting the group's adventures. In film, the Japanese drama Jun (1980), directed by Hiroto Yokoyama, follows a young man named Jun who leaves his remote island home—likened to a ship—for life in , where he works in a and pursues amid urban . The 88-minute feature explores themes of and aspiration through Jun's quiet struggles to establish independence. More recently, the Jun (2021), directed by an independent filmmaker, centers on a named Jun confronting inhibitions through encounters with an uninhibited , ultimately discovering resilience in an chaotic world. In literature, Jun is a pivotal character in Randy Ribay's young adult novel Patron Saints of Nothing (2019), serving as the cousin of protagonist Jay Reguero and representing the tragic human cost of the Philippine drug war. Intelligent and kind-hearted yet entangled in the drug trade due to economic pressures, Jun's complex portrayal critiques societal hypocrisy and corruption, driving Jay's journey from the United States back to Manila to uncover his relative's fate. The narrative uses Jun's letters and backstory to emphasize themes of family loyalty and moral ambiguity in a high-stakes context. Additionally, in the classical Chinese novel Water Margin (14th century), Li Jun, nicknamed "River Dragon," is a maritime bandit and one of the 108 outlaws, known for his navigational skills and loyalty in rebellion against corrupt officials.) In , Jun (born ) is a member of the boy group Seventeen, debuting in 2015 under as part of the performance team, where his dance and acting background—rooted in child roles in films like The Pye Dog (2007)—contribute to the group's synchronized and multimedia projects.) His solo endeavors include the 2018 single "Can You Sit By My Side?", tying into his stage persona through dynamic vocals that highlight his versatility.

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