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Suspension

Suspension, in cryonics, denotes the cryopreservation of a human body or brain following pronouncement of legal death, involving rapid cooling to cryogenic temperatures using cryoprotectants to minimize cellular damage in anticipation of potential future revival via advanced nanotechnology or regenerative medicine.^[1] This practice, pioneered in the 1960s, aims to preserve neurological structure as a hedge against irreversible death, predicated on the causal premise that information-theoretic death—total loss of personal identity encoded in brain patterns—can be averted if intervention occurs before complete decay.^[2] Key organizations facilitating suspension include the Cryonics Institute, which has preserved over 260 individuals as of 2025, and Alcor Life Extension Foundation, emphasizing vitrification techniques to form glass-like states reducing ice crystal formation.^[3] Empirical progress includes improved perfusion protocols minimizing ischemia, yet no verified revivals exist, with critics highlighting thermodynamic and informational barriers to reversal, though proponents counter that dismissal often stems from institutional conservatism in academia and media, which systematically underrate speculative interventions absent current proof.^[4] Defining controversies encompass ethical debates over resource allocation for low-probability outcomes and early procedural failures, such as inadequate stabilization leading to degraded cases, underscoring the field's reliance on first-responder preparedness and legal navigation post-cardiac arrest.^[2] Costs typically range from $28,000 for neuro-only to $200,000 for whole-body, funded via life insurance, reflecting a calculated wager on exponential technological growth outpacing biological decay.^[5]

Science and Engineering

Chemical Suspensions

In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solid particles, typically larger than 1 micrometer (1000 nanometers) in diameter, are dispersed throughout a fluid medium such as a liquid or gas, but remain undissolved and settle out under the influence of gravity upon standing.^[6]^[7] Unlike true solutions, where solute particles are molecular or ionic in size (less than 1 nanometer) and do not separate, or colloids, where dispersed particles range from 1 to 1000 nanometers and exhibit stability against rapid settling while scattering light via the Tyndall effect, suspensions feature visibly larger particles that can often be separated by simple filtration.^[6]^[8]^[7] The behavior of particles in suspensions is primarily governed by gravitational sedimentation, as described by Stokes' law, which quantifies the terminal settling velocity v of a spherical particle: v = \frac{2}{9} \frac{(\rho_p - \rho_f) g r^2}{\eta}, where \rho_p and \rho_f are the densities of the particle and fluid, respectively, g is gravitational acceleration, r is the particle radius, and \eta is the fluid viscosity.^[9]^[10] This equation demonstrates that settling rate increases with larger particle size (proportional to r^2) and density difference, but decreases with higher viscosity; suspensions thus appear opaque or turbid due to light scattering by the coarse particles and lack the optical clarity of solutions.^[11]^[6] Stability is limited without additives, leading to either flocculated systems—where particles aggregate loosely and settle as easily redispersible sediment—or deflocculated ones, where electrostatic repulsion causes compact, hard-to-redisperse cakes; factors like surfactants or polymers can modulate these states to control aggregation and resuspension.^[12]^[13] Suspensions are prepared via dispersion techniques, such as mechanical milling or high-shear mixing to reduce coarse solids into fine particles, or condensation methods like chemical precipitation to form the dispersed phase directly in the vehicle.^[14] In pharmaceutical contexts, particle sizes are optimized to 1–50 micrometers for oral suspensions to balance bioavailability and pourability, while parenteral forms require sterility and sizes below 1 millimeter to minimize injection risks; examples include magnesium hydroxide in antacids or insoluble antibiotics like penicillin G, where suspension enhances chemical stability over solution forms.^[15]^[16] Industrial applications extend to paints, where pigments suspend in binders for uniform coating; inks; and ceramics processing, with natural examples like muddy water illustrating rapid settling of silt particles exceeding 1 micrometer.^[11]

Mechanical Suspensions in Vehicles and Structures

Mechanical suspension systems in vehicles and structures serve to support loads, isolate vibrations, and permit controlled relative motion between components, thereby enhancing stability, comfort, and durability. In vehicles, these systems link the wheels to the chassis or frame, absorbing road-induced shocks and maintaining tire-road contact for traction and handling. Key components include linkages (such as control arms and sway bars), springs (for load support and deflection), and dampers (shock absorbers for energy dissipation).^[17] ^[18] Vehicle suspensions are classified as dependent, semi-dependent, or independent based on wheel interconnection. Dependent systems, like rigid (solid) axle suspensions, connect wheels via a fixed beam, constraining their motion together for simplicity and load capacity in heavy-duty applications such as trucks.^[19] Independent suspensions, conversely, allow each wheel to move separately via linkages like double wishbone or multi-link setups, improving ride quality and cornering by reducing body roll and unsprung mass effects.^[18] Common spring types include leaf springs (layered steel for durability in commercial vehicles), coil springs (helical for passenger cars), torsion bars (twisting rods for compact packaging), and air springs (pneumatic for adjustable height and load leveling in luxury or commercial fleets).^[19] Dampers, often hydraulic or gas-charged, control spring oscillation to prevent excessive bouncing, with advanced active systems using sensors and actuators for real-time adjustment in performance vehicles.^[20] In structures, mechanical suspensions primarily address vibration isolation from equipment like HVAC units or generators, preventing transmission to the building frame via isolators such as coil spring mounts or rubber pads that decouple forces.^[21] These systems employ elastic elements (springs) and viscous dampers to achieve natural frequencies below excitation sources, typically 3-5 Hz for mechanical equipment, reducing structural fatigue and noise.^[22] For seismic resilience, base isolation suspensions use high-damping rubber bearings or sliding pendulums to elongate earthquake periods, dissipating energy without rigid transfer to the superstructure.^[23] Suspension principles also underpin bridge designs, notably suspension bridges, where the deck hangs from vertical suspenders attached to main cables draped over towers and anchored at ends, converting vertical loads into cable tension for spanning distances up to 2 kilometers without intermediate supports.^[24] The parabolic cable shape under uniform loading distributes forces efficiently, with towers bearing compression and anchors resisting pull-out, enabling economical construction for long spans like the 1,995-meter Akashi Kaikyō Bridge completed in 1998.^[25] Wind and traffic-induced vibrations are mitigated through aerodynamic deck shapes and tuned dampers, ensuring dynamic stability.^[26]

Mathematics

Suspension in Topology and Geometry

In topology, the suspension of a topological space X, denoted SX, is constructed as the quotient space (X \times [0,1]) / \sim, where the equivalence relation \sim identifies all points in X \times \{0\} to a single south pole and all points in X \times \{1\} to a distinct north pole.^[27] This unreduced suspension endows the resulting space with two distinguished points, the poles, and preserves the topological structure of X along the "equator" X \times \{1/2\}. Geometrically, it corresponds to forming a cylindrical product and contracting each boundary circle (or face, for higher-dimensional analogs) to a vertex, yielding a space that embeds X as a cross-section midway between the poles.^[28] For based (pointed) topological spaces (X, x_0), the reduced suspension \Sigma X refines this by further quotienting the unreduced suspension along the basepoint fiber \{x_0\} \times [0,1], collapsing it to the south pole (or equivalently, using the smash product \Sigma X = S^1 \wedge X).^[29] This ensures \Sigma X inherits a canonical basepoint at the south pole and is homotopy invariant under basepoint choice for path-connected X. A key example is the suspension of the n-sphere: \Sigma S^n \simeq S^{n+1}, where the equatorial S^n generates the higher-dimensional sphere via meridional paths connecting the poles.^[28] Similarly, suspending an n-dimensional cube yields an (n+1)-cube, illustrating recursive dimensionality increase.^[28] In algebraic topology, the suspension functor \Sigma induces a suspension homomorphism on homotopy groups \pi_k(X, x_0) \to \pi_{k+1}(\Sigma X), which is an isomorphism when X is (n-1)-connected and k < 2n-1, by the Freudenthal suspension theorem (established in 1940s work on stable homotopy ranges).^[30] Geometrically, this reflects how suspension "stabilizes" connectivity by adding degrees of freedom, facilitating computations in homotopy theory; for instance, iterated suspensions relate to the stable homotopy groups of spheres, where \pi_k^S \cong \colim_n \pi_{k+n}(S^n). The double suspension theorem further asserts that any triangulable space is a double suspension of some space, embedding geometric realizations into homotopy types via suspensions.^[30] These properties underscore suspension's role in bridging point-set topology with geometric and homotopical invariants, without reliance on auxiliary structures like cell decompositions for basic definitions.

Administrative and Disciplinary Actions

Suspensions in Education

Suspensions in education constitute a disciplinary measure involving the temporary removal of students from their regular instructional environment due to violations of school rules or policies, aimed at preserving a safe and orderly learning atmosphere.^[31] These actions typically address behaviors such as fighting, possession of weapons or drugs, disruption, or insubordination.^[32] Common forms include in-school suspension (ISS), where students remain on campus but are isolated from regular classes for supervised reflection or remedial work, and out-of-school suspension (OSS), which excludes students from school premises entirely, often without instructional continuity.^[33] ^[34] Short-term suspensions last up to 10 days, while longer ones may approach expulsion thresholds and require heightened procedural safeguards.^[35] In the United States, the constitutional basis for student due process in suspensions stems from the Supreme Court's ruling in Goss v. Lopez (1975), which affirmed that public school students possess a property interest in education and a liberty interest in reputation, entitling them to notice of charges and an opportunity to respond before suspensions of 10 days or less.^[36] For longer suspensions, formal hearings are mandated to prevent arbitrary deprivation of rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.^[37] This decision balanced school administrative efficiency with protections against erroneous discipline, though compliance varies, with some districts facing litigation over inadequate notice or bias claims.^[38] Prevalence data from the U.S. Department of Education's Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) for 2020-21 indicate that OSS affected about 3% of K-12 students overall, with Black students comprising 15% of those receiving OSS despite representing 8% of enrollment, and Black boys facing rates three times higher than white boys for similar infractions.^[39] ^[40] American Indian/Alaska Native students also show elevated rates at 12% for OSS among disciplined students.^[41] These disparities persist across income levels, with Black students in low-poverty schools suspended at rates up to 5.3 times those of white peers, prompting debates over behavioral differences versus systemic bias in enforcement.^[42] Government datasets like CRDC provide raw incidence figures but often lack controls for infraction severity, leading some analyses to attribute gaps to higher rates of objective misbehaviors like violence rather than subjective discrimination alone.^[43] Empirical research, including a 2015 meta-analysis of 34 studies encompassing 53 cases, reveals a significant negative correlation between suspensions and key outcomes: each suspension predicts lower academic achievement (effect size r = -0.17), reduced attendance (r = -0.13), and increased likelihood of future suspensions (r = 0.25), with no evidence of improved behavior or school climate.^[44] ^[45] Longitudinal studies further link OSS to heightened dropout risks, juvenile justice involvement, and internalizing problems like anxiety, as exclusion disrupts learning continuity without addressing root causes of misconduct.^[46] On effectiveness, controlled evaluations find suspensions fail to deter recidivism; for instance, suspended students exhibit 50% higher repetition of violent acts in follow-ups, and school-wide OSS rates correlate with elevated peer misbehavior rather than reductions.^[47] ^[48] These findings challenge the deterrent rationale, suggesting suspensions may exacerbate alienation and academic disengagement, particularly for at-risk groups, though peer-reviewed causal analyses remain limited by confounding factors like prior behavior.^[49]

Suspensions in Employment and Licensing

Suspension in employment refers to the temporary removal of an employee from their duties and workplace, typically pending an investigation into alleged misconduct, performance deficiencies, or safety concerns, and may or may not include pay.^[50] This action serves as an interim measure in progressive discipline processes, allowing employers to mitigate risks while gathering evidence, but it must comply with employment laws to avoid claims of unfair treatment or discrimination.^[51] In the United States, federal agencies imposed 10,249 suspensions for employee misconduct in 2016, reflecting its use as a disciplinary tool short of termination.^[52] Employers are required to document reasons clearly, provide notice where mandated by contract or statute, and ensure the duration is reasonable—often limited to the investigation period—to prevent constructive dismissal claims.^[53] Procedures for employment suspensions vary by jurisdiction and employment type but generally involve notifying the employee in writing of the reasons, duration, and conditions for return, while restricting access to company resources to preserve evidence integrity.^[54] For federal employees, suspensions without pay exceeding 14 days trigger appeal rights under the Merit Systems Protection Board, emphasizing due process protections against arbitrary action.^[55] Private sector suspensions, absent union contracts or specific state laws, offer fewer formal safeguards, though courts have upheld them when tied to legitimate business interests like preventing further harm or tampering.^[56] Misapplication, such as indefinite suspensions without cause, can lead to wrongful suspension lawsuits, particularly if motivated by protected activities like whistleblowing.^[57] In professional licensing, suspension entails the temporary revocation of authority to practice in regulated fields such as medicine, law, or engineering, imposed by licensing boards to protect public welfare amid investigations into incompetence or ethical breaches.^[58] Common grounds include negligence, substance abuse impairing judgment, criminal convictions unrelated to practice but indicative of character flaws, and fraudulent documentation.^[59] For physicians, violations like drug diversion or inadequate record-keeping have prompted suspensions; state medical boards processed thousands of such actions annually, with administrative processes allowing summary suspensions in imminent harm cases before full hearings.^[60] Lawyers face similar scrutiny from bar associations for misconduct like client fund misappropriation, where suspensions often precede revocation if patterns persist.^[61] Licensing suspension procedures typically involve complaint filing, board investigation, notice to the licensee, and an evidentiary hearing, with appeals available through administrative or judicial review to ensure procedural fairness.^[62] Unlike employment suspensions, these carry broader implications, barring practice entirely and requiring reinstatement petitions after remediation, such as sobriety programs or ethics training.^[63] In 1997, a federal review found U.S. states employed varied administrative and judicial mechanisms for healthcare license suspensions, prioritizing swift action for public safety over prolonged delays.^[62] Failure to report suspensions across jurisdictions can exacerbate penalties, underscoring the interconnected regulatory framework.^[64]

Suspensions in Sports

In sports, suspensions refer to temporary or indefinite prohibitions on athletes, coaches, teams, or officials participating in competitions, imposed by governing bodies to enforce rules against misconduct such as performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, on-field violence, gambling violations, or ethical breaches. These penalties aim to preserve competitive integrity, player safety, and public trust, with durations ranging from one game to lifetime bans depending on severity and recidivism. For instance, first-time PED violations in Major League Baseball (MLB) typically result in 80-game unpaid suspensions, escalating to 162 games for second offenses and lifetime bans for third. Leagues like the National Football League (NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA) calibrate penalties based on empirical evidence of harm, such as gambling's potential to undermine match outcomes, leading to indefinite suspensions with minimum terms like two years for NFL players betting on league games. Suspensions arise from diverse infractions, with doping representing a core threat due to its causal distortion of natural athletic ability. Historical cases include Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson's 1988 Olympic gold medal stripped and two-year ban for stanozolol use, later extended to life after a 1993 relapse, highlighting the International Association of Athletics Federations' (IAAF) zero-tolerance for repeated violations. Violence triggers shorter bans focused on deterrence; the NBA's 2024 guidelines suspend players for 1-3 games post-ejection for flagrant fouls, as seen in Draymond Green's multiple one-game absences for striking opponents.^[65] Gambling scandals have intensified post-2018 U.S. legal expansions, with the NFL suspending six players indefinitely in 2023-2024 for betting on NFL games via unauthorized channels, enforcing a policy rooted in preventing conflicts of interest.^[66] Decision processes vary by league but emphasize investigation, evidence review, and proportionality. In the NFL, the commissioner's office or disciplinary officers impose penalties after reviewing footage, witness statements, and medical data, with appeals heard by an independent NFL-appointed officer who examines the full record without deference to the initial ruling.^[67] The NBA vests authority in the commissioner under Article 24 of its constitution, allowing suspensions for "conduct detrimental to the league," as in the 25-game ban for Ja Morant in 2023 over off-court gun incidents.^[68] International bodies like FIFA or the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) use tribunals with appeals to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), where panels of three arbitrators—selected by parties and division president—resolve disputes based on strict liability for doping.^[69] Notable cross-sport examples underscore enforcement rigor. MLB's 2013 Biogenesis probe yielded Alex Rodriguez's 211-game suspension (reduced to 162 on appeal) for PED involvement, the longest non-lifetime ban in league history. In soccer, FIFA banned Ecuador's Byron Castillo indefinitely in 2024 for fabricated birth documents, impacting national team eligibility. Lifetime bans, rare but definitive for irreparable integrity breaches, include MLB's Pete Rose in 1989 for betting on Cincinnati Reds games as player-manager, upheld despite appeals denying reinstatement.^[70] These measures, while occasionally contested for inconsistencies—such as varying appeal success rates across leagues—prioritize verifiable causation over subjective intent to sustain empirical fairness.^[71]

Music and Harmony

Suspension as a Non-Chord Tone

A suspension is a type of non-chord tone in which a chord tone from a preceding harmony is retained into the following chord, producing a dissonance that resolves downward by step to a chord tone of the new harmony.^[72] This creates tension through the clash between the suspended note and the underlying chord, typically occurring on a strong beat, unlike many other non-chord tones that appear on weaker beats.^[73] The structure involves three phases: preparation, where the note is consonant as part of the prior chord; suspension, where it becomes dissonant against the new chord; and resolution, where it moves stepwise down to consonance.^[74] Suspensions are classified by the intervals involved, such as the common 4-3 suspension, where a fourth above the bass in the prior chord (e.g., a perfect fourth) suspends into the new chord as a dissonant fourth before resolving to a third.^[75] Other frequent types include the 9-8 (ninth resolving to octave), 7-6 (seventh to sixth), and 2-1 (second to root), often tied from the preparation via a note value extension like a half note into a quarter note resolution in common time.^[76] In practice, suspensions embellish harmonic progressions, particularly in cadences or dominant-to-tonic motions, enhancing expressivity; for instance, a 4-3 suspension over a V chord resolving to I underscores the bass motion from dominant to tonic.^[77] They differ from appoggiaturas by their tied preparation, ensuring the dissonant note derives directly from prior consonance rather than leaping to it.^[78] In tonal harmony of the common practice period (roughly 1600–1900), suspensions systematized dissonance treatment, building on Renaissance polyphony where similar held dissonances appeared but without strict stepwise resolution or preparation norms.^[79] Composers like Bach and Handel employed them extensively for contrapuntal depth, as in fourth-species counterpoint where suspensions form the core of note-against-note dissonance resolving on the beat.^[80] Modern analysis views suspensions as prolonging underlying harmony, with the dissonant interval temporarily delaying voice leading completion, supported by perceptual studies linking their resolution to reduced tension via frequency ratio alignment.^[81] Unresolved suspensions, though rare in strict theory, occur in contemporary music for effect, termed "hanging" or appoggiatura-like but retaining the preparation tie.^[82]

Cultural and Conceptual Uses

Suspension of Disbelief

Suspension of disbelief refers to the audience's deliberate temporary acceptance of fictional elements as plausible, setting aside real-world skepticism to engage with a narrative. The concept was coined by English poet and philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his 1817 work Biographia Literaria, where he described it as a "willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith," achieved through human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to make even supernatural tales believable.^[83]^[84] This mechanism enables immersion in stories that defy empirical reality, provided the narrative maintains internal consistency and evokes emotional or intellectual resonance. For suspension of disbelief to hold, creators must establish coherent rules within the fiction's universe, avoiding arbitrary inconsistencies that disrupt causal logic or character motivations, as violations can prompt audiences to revert to critical analysis. Empirical studies using neuroimaging, such as fMRI scans during narrative engagement, suggest this process involves reduced activity in brain regions associated with skepticism, akin to empathy-driven belief formation, rather than passive ignorance of flaws.^[85] In practice, it demands precise world-building: for instance, in speculative genres, physical laws may bend but must follow predictable consequences to sustain credibility, mirroring first-principles adherence within contrived premises. The term applies across literature, theater, film, and other media, as in Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798), where spectral ships and albatross curses are accepted due to the mariner's vivid psychological torment and moral causality. Similar dynamics operate in modern science fiction, where faster-than-light travel is tolerated if governed by defined mechanics, or historical fiction, where anachronisms are overlooked amid authentic human drama.^[86] Failure to evoke this suspension—through plot holes, unmotivated actions, or tonal shifts—results in disengagement, underscoring that the audience's "willingness" is conditional on the work's structural integrity rather than blind faith.^[87] Critiques highlight limitations, arguing the phrase overemphasizes audience passivity; instead, engagement often involves active belief construction via narrative cues, not mere disbelief suppression. Overreliance on the concept can rationalize sloppy craftsmanship, as inconsistent elements strain immersion regardless of intent, potentially eroding the fiction's persuasive power.^[88]^[89] In truth-seeking analyses, while valuable for artistic exploration, suspension does not negate the need for narratives to respect causal realism internally, lest they forfeit intellectual appeal beyond superficial entertainment.^[90]

Erotic Suspension

Erotic suspension involves the insertion of metal hooks through temporary piercings in the skin, followed by attachment to rigging systems that lift the participant's body off the ground, typically for durations of several minutes to an hour, pursued for erotic, sensory, or transcendent experiences.^[91] This practice, distinct from rope-based bondage, relies on the body's flesh to bear weight, distributing load across multiple hooks placed in areas with sufficient dermal thickness, such as the upper back, chest, or limbs.^[92] Participants often report intense physical sensations transitioning to euphoria or altered states of consciousness, attributed to endorphin release and psychological dissociation from pain.^[91] The modern iteration emerged in the mid-20th century, pioneered by Fakir Musafar (born Roland Loomis in 1930), who conducted his first flesh-hook suspension around 1966–1967, drawing inspiration from ethnographic accounts of Native American rituals like the Mandan Okipa ceremony.^[93] Musafar, influenced by National Geographic imagery of tribal piercings and suspensions, integrated these into Western body modification culture, coining the term "Modern Primitives" in 1979 to describe the revival of ancient practices for personal transformation.^[93] By the 1970s, he taught techniques to others, fostering communities that adapted suspensions for erotic and performance contexts, though origins trace to indigenous rites worldwide, including Sunni and Hindu traditions involving skin hooks for penance or vision quests.^[94]^[95] Techniques vary by suspension type, such as the "superman" position (face-down, hooks in back and legs) or "coma" (upright, hooks in chest and knees), requiring precise hook placement to avoid vital structures like nerves or organs, with 6–14 gauge hooks typically used to minimize tearing.^[92] Rigging employs rated hardware like carabiners and pulleys secured to structural anchors capable of supporting over 1,000 pounds, with participants gradually loaded to assess tissue integrity before full lift.^[94] Experienced practitioners emphasize sterile procedures, including autoclaved hooks and antiseptic skin prep, to mitigate infection risks, which remain the primary concern despite low incidence in controlled settings.^[91] Health risks include excessive bleeding, fainting from vasovagal response, tissue laceration from overload, and rare nerve damage if hooks impinge on underlying anatomy, with prolonged suspension exacerbating orthostatic intolerance akin to harness suspension trauma.^[94]^[92] Safety protocols mandate spotters for immediate lowering, vital sign monitoring, and post-session wound care, with novices advised against solo attempts due to the steep learning curve in anatomy and physics.^[91] While some medical observers note potential therapeutic benefits like pain threshold expansion, empirical data on long-term effects is sparse, limited to anecdotal reports from subcultural participants rather than controlled studies.^[91]

Economic and Financial Contexts

Suspension of Trading and Payments

Suspension of trading encompasses temporary halts imposed on the exchange of securities to preserve market integrity amid extreme price swings, pending material disclosures, or regulatory scrutiny. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) possesses statutory authority under Section 12(k) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to suspend trading in any security for up to 10 business days when necessary to protect investors, typically invoked for issues such as potential fraud, manipulative practices, or insufficient public information.^[96]^[97] Individual stock halts, distinct from market-wide measures, occur frequently; for example, the SEC suspended trading in over 200 securities in 2023 alone due to concerns over microcap fraud or delisting risks.^[96] Market-wide circuit breakers serve as automated safeguards against cascading sell-offs, triggering pauses across U.S. exchanges based on declines in the S&P 500 Index from its prior close: a 7% drop (Level 1) or 13% drop (Level 2) halts trading for 15 minutes if occurring between 9:30 a.m. and 3:25 p.m. ET, while a 20% drop (Level 3) closes markets for the day.^[98]^[99] These rules, formalized by the SEC in 1988 following the Black Monday crash of October 19, 1987—when the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 22.6%—aim to facilitate information dissemination and orderly reassessment rather than permanently altering prices.^[100] Notable activations include four Level 1 triggers during the week of March 9–16, 2020, amid COVID-19-induced volatility, which temporarily stabilized futures and equity trading but highlighted limitations in preventing after-hours disruptions.^[101] Suspensions extend to specific firms during crises, as seen in the Enron scandal: trading in Enron Corporation shares halted on November 8, 2001, after revelations of accounting irregularities inflated assets by billions, precipitating the company's bankruptcy filing days later.^[102] Internationally, exchanges like the Hong Kong Stock Exchange suspend listings for delayed financial reporting or auditor-detected fraud, with over 100 suspensions in 2023 tied to short-seller probes or whistleblower alerts.^[103] Such measures, while curbing immediate losses, can signal deeper insolvency risks, as evidenced by the 2015 Chinese market turmoil where half of listed firms suspended trading to avert further declines during a 30%+ index drop.^[104] Suspension of payments involves temporary deferrals of financial obligations, often via moratoriums, to mitigate liquidity strains during economic distress without immediate defaults. In sovereign contexts, the G20's Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI), initiated April 15, 2020, paused official bilateral debt payments for 73 low-income countries through December 2021, freeing $12.9 billion for COVID-19 responses while requiring IMF-World Bank program participation to ensure fiscal transparency.^[105] Banking moratoriums similarly defer principal and interest on loans; for instance, India's 2020 scheme under the Reserve Bank covered 3-6 month holidays for retail and corporate borrowers, though deferred amounts accrued interest, elevating total indebtedness by an estimated 1-2% of GDP.^[106]^[107] In corporate finance, Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings in the U.S. automatically impose an "automatic stay" suspending creditor payments and collections, as in Lehman Brothers' September 15, 2008, filing amid the global financial crisis, which halted $613 billion in obligations to facilitate restructuring.^[108] These suspensions prioritize systemic stability over immediate creditor rights but risk moral hazard, as deferred payments often compound via interest, prolonging recovery; empirical analyses of European COVID moratoriums indicate they preserved short-term liquidity but increased non-performing loans by 20-30% post-expiration.^[109] Regulators like the European Central Bank have cautioned that indiscriminate moratoriums can mask underlying credit risks, advocating targeted application to viable borrowers only.^[107]

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suspension in nLab
Oct 12, 2023 · The suspension of the n n -cube is the ( n + 1 ) (n+1) -cube, probably best visualised as a diamond. This gives a recursive definition of cube, ...In point-set topology · Definitions · Generalisable definition · Reduced suspension
[29]
reduced suspension in nLab
Jan 1, 2024 · Reduced suspension in the context of homotopy theory may be understood as just being plain suspension but with basepoints taken into account.
[30]
[PDF] Algebraic Topology - Cornell Mathematics
This book was written to be a readable introduction to algebraic topology with rather broad coverage of the subject. The viewpoint is quite classical in ...
[31]
Suspension - School Discipline Support Initiative
Suspension refers to the temporary removal of a student from his or her regular educational setting for a violation of school policies or rules.
[32]
Out-of-School Suspension | Overview, Statistics & Effects - Study.com
Suspension is a type of punishment that removes students from the school environment for a period of hours or days. There are two major types of suspension in ...What Does Out-of-School... · Effects of Suspension on...
[33]
Discipline in Schools - RI Department of Education - RI.gov
Jan 24, 2023 · RIDE defines in-school suspension in a fairly broad manner as a: “temporary removal of a student from the regular classroom for disciplinary ...
[34]
School Disciplinary Procedure | The Maryland People's Law Library
Nov 15, 2024 · An in-school suspension is the removal of a student from their regular education setting. During an in-school suspension, the student is removed ...
[35]
Types of Disciplinary Removals - Google Sites
Long-term suspension means the removal of a student from school for a time period between 4 and 10 school days for disciplinary reasons by the principal.
[36]
Goss v. Lopez | 419 U.S. 565 (1975)
2. Due process requires, in connection with a suspension of 10 days or less, that the student be given oral or written notice of the charges against him and ...
[37]
Goss v. Lopez | Oyez
A case in which the Court ruled that Ohio violated students' Due Process rights guaranteed by the First Amendment when it imposed suspensions without ...
[38]
[PDF] Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975). - Loc
Due process requires, in connection with a suspension of 10 days or less, that the student be given oral or written notice of the charges against him and, if he ...
[39]
[PDF] 2020-21 Civil Rights Data Collection Student Discipline and School ...
Black boys were disciplined at higher rates, compared to boys of other races. Black boys represented 8% of total K-12 student enrollment, but 15% of students ...
[40]
Despite reform, Black students disciplined at higher rates, data shows
still three times higher than the suspension ...
[41]
Racial Inequality in Education - The Annie E. Casey Foundation
Sep 23, 2024 · Among public school students issued out-of-school suspensions, Black students were most likely to be suspended (12%) followed by American Indian ...
[42]
Black students are punished more often | UC Berkeley Public Health
Nov 25, 2024 · In schools where less than 25% of students received free or reduced price lunches, Black students were 5.3 times more likely to be suspended and ...
[43]
Racial Inequality in Public School Discipline for Black Students in ...
Sep 11, 2025 · Black students are 4 times more likely to be suspended due to racial bias, limited teacher training, and zero-tolerance policies, impacting ...
[44]
[PDF] Relationship Between School Suspension and Student Outcomes
A meta-analysis was conducted on 53 cases from 34 studies. The results revealed a significant inverse relationship between suspensions and achievement, along ...
[45]
Relationship Between School Suspension and Student Outcomes
A meta-analysis was conducted on 53 cases from 34 studies. The results revealed a significant inverse relationship between suspensions and achievement, along ...
[46]
[PDF] Pushed Out: Trends and Disparities in Out-of-School Suspension
Sep 8, 2022 · The consequences can be devastating. Research shows that suspended students frequently struggle in school, drop out, and become involved in ...<|separator|>
[47]
School Suspensions Do More Harm than Good | NEA
Sep 10, 2021 · The findings underscore that suspending students does little to reduce future misbehavior for the disciplined students or their peers, nor ...
[48]
[PDF] Is This the Best Way? The Impact of Out-of-School Suspension on ...
For example, a study in Australia found that students who were suspended for violent behavior were 50% more likely to repeat those behaviors, adding to the ...
[49]
Student and school factors associated with school suspension
Research shows that suspensions predict a range of student outcomes, including crime, delinquency, and drug use. It is therefore crucial to understand the ...
[50]
Suspension from Work: Guide for Employers - DavidsonMorris
Jun 23, 2025 · Suspension from work refers to the temporary removal of an employee from their duties, usually pending an investigation or disciplinary action.
[51]
Employee Suspension: 3 Steps for HR To Do It Right - Eddy
Employee suspension is a step in the progressive discipline process that removes an employee from the workplace when performance issues, misconduct, or serious ...Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
[52]
Federal Employee Misconduct: Actions Needed to Ensure Agencies ...
Jul 16, 2018 · Based on OPM data, in 2016, agencies made 10,249 suspensions, 7,411 removals, and 114 demotions for misconduct. However, because of weaknesses ...
[53]
Suspension of an Employee: Legal Definition Explained
Suspension is a temporary disciplinary action that involves removal from duties without pay. Voluntary absences do not constitute suspension. Employers must ...Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
[54]
Different Types of Adverse Actions Use Different Rules
A suspension is the placing of an employee, for disciplinary reasons, in a temporary status without duties and pay. It is important to note that the word “ ...Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
[55]
How Long Can Federal Employers Suspend You Without Pay?
A suspension is when an employer temporarily places an employee in non-working status. While in non-working status, the employee is considered off-duty and does ...Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
[56]
Adverse Actions - OPM
Career SES appointees and certain limited appointees may be suspended for disciplinary reasons, defined as misconduct, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or failure ...<|separator|>
[57]
Legal Issues to Consider When Disciplining Employees
May 30, 2025 · This article contains helpful information to understand when employee discipline procedures have been discriminatory.
[58]
Differences Between License Suspension & Revocation
Jun 19, 2025 · A licensure board can impose a suspension for a variety of violations, including ethical lapses or failing to meet continuing education (CE) ...
[59]
7 Common Reasons For Professional License Suspension And How ...
Nov 8, 2024 · 1. Negligence and Professional Malpractice · 2. Substance Abuse and Impairment · 3. Criminal Conduct Outside of Work · 4. Documentation and Record- ...Missing: procedures | Show results with:procedures
[60]
Top Three Medical License Violations | Punchwork Law
Rating 4.8 (87) Aug 13, 2023 · Grounds for license suspension may include patient grievances, allegations of malpractice, drug use, drug diversion, poor record keeping, ...
[61]
Five Reasons Your Professional License May Be Suspended
Jul 27, 2022 · Another common basis for disciplinary action such as license suspension is any behaviors that involve fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.Missing: procedures | Show results with:procedures
[62]
Review of States' License Suspension Processes - OIG - HHS.gov
Jul 2, 1997 · States with license suspension programs have enacted either an administrative, judicial, or a combination of both processes. The administrative ...
[63]
Has Your License Been Suspended or Revoked? Understand Your ...
Mar 31, 2023 · Whether your license has been suspended or revoked, a professional license defense attorney can help you understand your options and what you will need to do.Missing: procedures | Show results with:procedures
[64]
All About Appeals for Suspended or Revoked Professional Licenses
What types of violations result in having a license suspended or revoked? · Fraud. · Sexual misconduct. · Substance abuse/addiction. · Criminal convictions. · Gross ...
[65]
What are NBA suspension and ejection rules? - ESPN
Mar 28, 2024 · Let's examine the rules and find out the various ways a player can get tossed from a game or barred from competing.
[66]
A look at sports gambling rules among Big 4 pro leagues | AP News
Apr 26, 2023 · Each league prohibits its employees and players from betting on their own games. But there are variations. Here's a look at how the leagues operate.
[67]
Accountability: Fines & Appeals | NFL Football Operations
Cases are assigned randomly, so neither side in the appeals process knows who will hear a case. The officer assigned reviews the play and hears the league's ...
[68]
Crime and Punishment: What Options do Sports Leagues Have ...
Mar 8, 2021 · The NBA's Commissioner determines the length of all player suspensions, with guidelines set out in Article 24 of the NBA League Constitution.
[69]
Frequently Asked Questions - Court of Arbitration for Sport
Under the appeals procedure, each party chooses an arbitrator, and the president of the panel is selected by the President of the Appeals Arbitration Division.
[70]
The Most Notorious Scandals In Sports Betting History - SportsHandle
From Pete Rose and the Black Sox to Tim Donaghy and college point-shaving, these are the gambling scandals that rocked the sports world.
[71]
Biggest Suspensions in Sports History - NFL.com
In every sport, athletes, coaches and even teams have committed unforgivable acts worthy of suspension and even worse, lifetime bans.
[72]
Suspensions - (AP Music Theory) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations
Suspensions are a type of non-chord tone that create tension by holding a note from a previous chord into a new chord, typically resolving down by step.
[73]
MUSICAL HARMONY - CLASSIFICATION OF NONCHORD TONES
Nonchord tones usually occur on the weak beat. The exceptions are the suspension and retardation which usually occur on the strong beat. Nonchord types are not ...
[74]
Embellishing tones – OPEN MUSIC THEORY - VIVA's Pressbooks
A suspension is formed of three critical parts: the preparation (accented or unaccented), the suspension itself (accented), and the resolution (unaccented). The ...
[75]
4-3 Suspension - (AP Music Theory) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations
A suspension is a non-chord tone that creates a temporary dissonance against the underlying harmony before resolving to a consonant tone. Dissonance: Dissonance ...
[76]
Introduction to Non-Chord Tones
Non-chord tones are notes that do not belong to the chord. Sometimes referred to as “embellishing tones” and “non-harmonic tones,” non-chord tones are ...
[77]
9a Lesson - Non-chord Tones, Part 1 - Integrated Music Theory
A suspension (SUS) is a non-chord tone which is approached by static motion and resolves downward by step. Let's look at each of these in more detail. The ...
[78]
Four Melody Writing Tricks (Primer on Non-Chord Tones) - PianoTV
Apr 2, 2019 · Suspensions are notes that carry over from the previous chord (usually in the form of a tie). It goes like this: A chord tone is played and ...
[79]
Renaissance Ternary Suspensions in Theory and Practice – Intégral
This article confronts assumptions about how suspensions function and demonstrates how Renaissance suspensions differ from their tonal counterparts.
[80]
Lesson 19: Suspensions and Fourth-Species Counterpoint - Artusi
Suspensions have three components, the preparation, suspended note or “suspension itself,” and resolution. The resolution of a suspension is traditionally a ...
[81]
The Science of Harmony: A Psychophysical Basis for Perceptual ...
This paper attempts to establish a psychophysical basis for both stationary (tension in chord sonorities) and transitional (resolution in chord progressions) ...
[82]
What do you call a suspension that never resolves? - Music
Mar 3, 2021 · The melody plays a note (E) just before the second chord which looks like a suspension except it never gets resolved as there is no E in Bm.Can the harmony change at the resolution of a suspension? - Musicharmony - What are some strategies one could use to put as many ...More results from music.stackexchange.com
[83]
What is Suspension of Disbelief — How It Works in Storytelling
Jan 22, 2023 · English poet and philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge is widely credited with introducing “suspension of disbelief” in his 1817 text Biographia ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[84]
Suspension of disbelief - WordLift
Suspension of disbelief or willing suspension of disbelief is a term coined in 1817 by the poet and aesthetic philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
[85]
What Brain Activity Can Explain Suspension of Disbelief?
Jan 1, 2014 · Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge coined the term “suspension of disbelief” in 1817, but almost two centuries would lapse before we could infer ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[86]
Suspension of Disbelief: A guest post by Lou Kemp
Dec 3, 2021 · The term “suspension of disbelief” was introduced by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1817. He demonstrated it in his most famous work. ... Within a few ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[87]
What Is Suspension of Disbelief? Definition, Examples, and Limitations
Suspension of disbelief (also called the willing suspension of disbelief) is the willingness of a reader to ignore critical thinking in order to enjoy a story.
[88]
Audiences Don't Suspend Disbelief – We Do It for Them - Mythcreants
Nov 10, 2023 · Our job is to give our audience a great experience. Unfortunately, disbelief can ruin our story's most important moments.<|control11|><|separator|>
[89]
What is Suspension of Disbelief Theory? - Beverly Boy Productions
Jun 3, 2025 · OBSTACLES AND CRITIQUES OF THE CONCEPT. Maintaining your suspension of disbelief isn't always easy, and many works stumble when they rely too ...Origins And Importance Of... · How Narrative Engagement... · Obstacles And Critiques Of...
[90]
"I Want to Believe..." - The Art of Suspension of Disbelief
May 19, 2025 · “The poet and aesthetic philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge introduced the term suspension of disbelief in 1817 and suggested that if a ...
[91]
The Therapeutic Experience of Being Suspended by Your Skin
Sep 21, 2012 · Modern suspension has been largely shaped by Fakir Musafar, a man who was born on an Indian reservation in South Dakota with the name Roland ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[92]
[PDF] Just Hanging Around: Questions and Answers about Body Suspension
With appropriate placement and gauge of hooks, the pain described during the suspension may be described as intense, yet brief, or the person may ex- perience ...
[93]
About - Fakir Intensives
Fakir Musafar was a trailblazer in body modification and ritualistic practices, coining the term “Modern Primitives” in 1979.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[94]
Body suspension: why would anyone hang from hooks for fun?
Nov 10, 2013 · He highlights a number of possible risks, including infection, nerve and tendon damage due to improper hook placement, and the appearance of ...
[95]
Hooked on a Feeling: The Blood, Pain, and Beauty of Hanging from ...
May 10, 2025 · Musafar met and taught suspension to Alan Falkner, a now-renowned piercer who would create the first suspension group, Traumatic Stress ...
[96]
Trading Suspensions | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
The federal securities laws allow the SEC to suspend trading in any stock for up to 10 trading days when the Commission determines that ...14 · In this Section · Current page 1
[97]
Trading Halts, Delays and Suspensions | FINRA.org
The Securities and Exchange Commisssion (SEC) is authorized under federal law to suspend trading in any stock for a period of up to 10 business days when it ...
[98]
Stock Market Circuit Breakers | Investor.gov
Market-wide circuit breakers provide for cross-market trading halts during a severe market decline as measured by a single-day decrease in the S&P 500 Index.
[99]
US Equity Market Resiliency During Times of Extreme Volatility - NYSE
A market decline that triggers a Level 1 or Level 2 circuit breaker after 9:30 a.m. ET and before 3:25 p.m. ET will halt market-wide trading for 15 minutes, ...
[100]
Circuit Breakers: Back to the Basics
At the NYSE, trading will be suspended on a decline of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the DJIA average closing price, rounded to the nearest 50 points. The levels are ...
[101]
What Are Stock Market Circuit Breakers? | Charles Schwab
Apr 8, 2025 · Stock market circuit breakers are temporary trading halts that kick in during periods of severe price decline to ensure that information is disseminated, and ...
[102]
Suspended Trading: When and Why the SEC Imposes It, Example
There are several instances of suspended trading in recent history. Perhaps the most famous such case was the Enron scandal that came to light in 2001. The ...
[103]
Navigating trading suspension in Hong Kong - Control Risks
Sep 4, 2024 · 1. Delayed disclosure of financial results · 2. Fraudulent financial issues uncovered by auditors · 3. Short seller allegations · 4. Whistleblower ...
[104]
Can stock trading suspension calm down investors during market ...
For example, during the Chinese stock market crisis in July 2015, about half of the listed firms chose to suspend trading on their stocks.
[105]
Debt Service Suspension Initiative - World Bank
Mar 10, 2022 · The initiative suspended $12.9 billion in debt-service payments owed by participating countries to their creditors, according to the latest estimates.Missing: moratoriums | Show results with:moratoriums
[106]
Are Moratoriums Good for Clients? - Center for Financial Inclusion
Jun 23, 2020 · Many moratorium schemes defer repayments – typically for 3 months – but accumulate interest on the outstanding debt, therefore increasing the ...
[107]
Financial stability considerations arising from the interaction of ...
A moratorium implies a suspension of principal and/or interest payments to banks. Under public moratorium schemes, banks must accept a request for moratorium if ...
[108]
Understanding Moratoriums: Temporary Legal Suspensions Explained
Aug 30, 2025 · A moratorium temporarily suspends activities or laws, often during financial or legal hardships, to provide time for resolution.
[109]
[PDF] Special Moratorium on Debt Service by Banks Under the Banking Law
Whatever its justification, a debt-service moratorium is at the expense of the bank's creditors whose rights are suspended, and is at their risk that, instead ...