Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

KMS

The Kubo–Martin–Schwinger (KMS) condition, also referred to as a , is a fundamental mathematical property in that characterizes the equilibrium states of quantum systems at finite . It manifests as a specific boundary-value on the of two-point correlation functions (thermal Green's functions) into the complex time plane, where the function satisfies F(A, B, i\beta + z) = F(B, A, z) for operators A, B and inverse \beta = 1/(kT), ensuring with the . Formulated initially by Ryogo Kubo in 1957 through studies of linear response and Green's functions, and independently by Paul C. Martin and in 1959, the KMS condition provides a rigorous, representation-independent definition of that extends beyond finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces to infinite systems and algebraic quantum field theories. In finite systems, KMS states coincide with Gibbs states \rho = e^{-\beta H}/Z, but their broader applicability enables analysis of thermodynamic limits, phase transitions, and stability without relying on density matrices, which may not exist in certain infinite-volume scenarios. The condition has proven essential for deriving fluctuation-dissipation theorems, proving the equivalence between states and time-translation invariant states under dynamics, and facilitating the study of in curved spacetimes or accelerating frames via extensions like the analogs. While primarily a tool for , its abstract formulation in operator algebras underscores its role in bridging microscopic with macroscopic , influencing fields from condensed matter to relativistic at nonzero temperature.

Computing and Information Technology

Key Management Service

A Key Management Service (KMS) is a centralized system or cloud-based service designed to generate, store, distribute, rotate, and retire cryptographic keys used for encrypting and decrypting sensitive data, ensuring that keys remain secure and accessible only to authorized entities. These services handle keys such as symmetric encryption keys (e.g., AES-256) and asymmetric keys for protocols like TLS, preventing exposure of plaintext keys during operations. Key management is recognized as one of the most challenging aspects of cryptography, as improper handling can undermine even robust encryption algorithms. KMS operates through a lifecycle management process that includes key generation using cryptographically secure random number generators, secure storage in hardware security modules (HSMs) or equivalent tamper-resistant environments, and controlled access via policies and authentication mechanisms like IAM roles. For usage, applications request cryptographic operations (e.g., encrypt/decrypt) from the KMS, which performs them internally without exporting the key material; data is encrypted client-side or server-side using key-derived wrapping. Rotation involves creating new keys periodically—often automated annually or after compromise detection—and migrating dependent data or references, while retirement securely deletes keys after validation of non-use. Auditing logs all access and operations for compliance with standards like FIPS 140-2/3. In , KMS is essential for scalable data protection, enabling organizations to enforce at rest and in transit without managing underlying , reducing risks from exposure or loss. It supports with regulations such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI-DSS by providing granular access controls and audit trails, while minimizing compared to on-premises systems. Poor contributes to many breaches, as compromised keys can decrypt vast datasets; thus, KMS centralizes control to mitigate insider threats and misconfigurations. Prominent implementations include AWS Key Management Service (launched in 2014), which integrates with over 100 AWS services for customer-managed and AWS-managed keys using HSMs validated to Level 3. Key Vault offers key storage alongside secrets and certificates, supporting customer-managed keys with Azure Active Directory integration and hardware-protected roots. Google Cloud Key Management Service provides symmetric and asymmetric keys with Cloud HSM for Level 3 compliance, emphasizing envelope encryption for large-scale data. These services differ in pricing (e.g., AWS charges per call and key storage) and features like multi-region replication, but all prioritize keys never leaving the service unencrypted.

Knowledge Management System (Hypertext)

A Knowledge Management System (KMS) refers to a distributed hypermedia platform engineered for enabling collaboration in constructing, , and navigating expansive hypertext structures, primarily targeted at organizational . Originating as an evolution of the ZOG hypertext prototype, KMS emphasized workstation-based access over local area networks, supporting modifications to shared content without disrupting ongoing sessions. Its core architecture revolves around discrete, screen-sized units termed "," each encapsulating editable text, graphical elements, and hyperlinks to other frames, thereby facilitating non-linear information traversal and incremental accretion. Development of KMS stemmed from research at , where the foundational ZOG system was iteratively refined between 1972 and 1985 to address limitations in early hypertext scalability and multi-user support. In 1981, principal architects Donald McCracken and Robert Akscyn established Knowledge Systems, Inc., as a commercial extension of CMU's efforts, transitioning ZOG's menu-driven interface into KMS's more versatile, (what-you-see-is-what-you-get) editing paradigm. Deployed initially on and Apollo workstations connected via Ethernet, KMS databases could encompass thousands of frames, with each frame accommodating up to 1,000 outgoing links and supporting dynamic views for customized content rendering. Key functionalities included granular access controls at the item level, allowing administrators to enforce read, write, and delete permissions per or , which mitigated risks in distributed environments. Navigation relied on structured menus and free-form , with search capabilities indexing frame titles and contents to retrieve relevant nodes efficiently. KMS demonstrated practical utility in domains such as project documentation and decision-support repositories, where teams at organizations like and corporate R&D groups utilized it for maintaining evolving knowledge bases exceeding 10,000 frames by the late . Empirical evaluations highlighted its efficacy in reducing cognitive overhead for knowledge workers, as frames' promoted atomic updates and version tracking without necessitating full-document revisions. KMS's influence extended to subsequent hypermedia innovations, underscoring hypertext's viability for enterprise-scale by prioritizing causal linkages between information artifacts over rigid hierarchies. Although supplanted by web-based successors in the , its emphasis on persistent, shared hyperstructures informed paradigms in modern collaborative tools, validating first-mover insights into distributed content stewardship. Limitations, such as dependency on proprietary hardware and absence of beyond text and basic , constrained broader adoption, yet peer-reviewed deployments affirmed its robustness for text-centric, link-driven knowledge ecosystems.

Organizations and Businesses

KMS Technology

KMS Technology is a product engineering and digital services company specializing in , testing, and solutions. Founded in by co-founders Josh Lieberman and Vu Lam, along with two other enthusiasts, the company originated as a U.S.-based firm leveraging capabilities to deliver high-quality software for enterprise clients. Headquartered in , , KMS Technology maintains development centers in and , , as well as Guadalajara and Ciudad Guzmán, , enabling nearshore and delivery models. The company offers end-to-end services including full lifecycle (SDLC) support, automation testing, and implementations, and custom digital engineering for complex projects. It serves industries such as high-tech software, banking and , healthcare, , , , and , partnering with over 100 clients primarily in and , including firms in , , and healthcare. KMS Technology emphasizes rapid delivery and enterprise-grade quality, with an average client tenure exceeding five years. As of recent reports, KMS Technology employs over 1,300 engineers globally, supporting scalable teams for product innovation and operational efficiency. In November 2024, the company secured a strategic investment from Partners to accelerate growth in AI-driven solutions and expand its global footprint. Leadership includes CEO Leo Tucker, Chief Growth Officer Choon Quek, and board chairman Vu Lam, focusing on talent development and technological advancement. The firm has been recognized as a Great Place to Work and ranks among top software outsourcing providers in .

Scientific and Measurement Units

Kilometers per Second

The kilometer per second (km/s) is a metric of speed or , representing the of one kilometer traversed in one second. It equals 1,000 meters per second (m/s) or 3,600 kilometers per hour (km/h). While the (SI) bases speed measurements on m/s, km/s is preferred in scientific applications involving elevated velocities, such as those in , where it simplifies notation for rates exceeding thousands of m/s. In fundamental physics, km/s quantifies relativistic speeds; the speed of light in vacuum, a universal constant denoted c, measures exactly 299,792.458 km/s. This value underpins calculations in and . In planetary dynamics, Earth's average orbital velocity around the Sun is approximately 30 km/s. Astronomy employs km/s for Doppler shift analyses of celestial motions, with typical radial velocities of stars relative to the local standard of rest spanning -100 to +100 km/s for nearby objects. Galactic rotation curves and peculiar velocities of galaxies are also expressed in km/s, often reaching hundreds for Milky Way stars. In cosmology, the Hubble constant H<sub>0</sub>, describing cosmic expansion, yields values around 70 km/s per megaparsec (km/s/Mpc), indicating recession speeds increase linearly with distance. These measurements derive from spectroscopic observations of distant supernovae and Cepheid variables, though tensions persist between local (≈73 km/s/Mpc) and cosmic microwave background-derived (≈67 km/s/Mpc) estimates.

Internet Slang and Cultural Usage

"Kill Myself"

"KMS" is an acronym standing for "kill myself," commonly employed in texting, platforms, and online gaming to convey exaggerated , , or hyperbolic despair over minor inconveniences. This usage typically lacks literal intent, functioning instead as a dramatic akin to phrases like "I'm dying" for non-fatal awkwardness, such as a social blunder or personal failure. For instance, a user might post "Just tripped in front of everyone, KMS" to express momentary mortification without implying . The term emerged in discourse around the late 2000s, with documented appearances on platforms like (now X) as early as 2009, coinciding with the rise of abbreviated texting and among . It proliferated through adolescent and young adult communities, often alongside related acronyms like "KYS" ("kill yourself"), which similarly blend with emotional venting. Research on behavior indicates that such language frequently serves humorous or cathartic purposes rather than signaling imminent risk, though context matters—isolated hyperbolic uses differ from patterns suggesting genuine distress. By 2025, "KMS" has shown signs of declining popularity among teens, supplanted by evolving , yet persists in niche digital spaces. While predominantly non-serious, the acronym's casual invocation of has prompted concerns among educators and parents about desensitization to topics, potentially complicating detection of authentic . tools and studies emphasize evaluating , , and accompanying behaviors over isolated instances, as empirical data links slang normalization to broader awareness rather than causation of harm. No large-scale studies attribute widespread spikes directly to "KMS" usage, underscoring its role as rhetorical exaggeration in informal communication.

References

  1. [1]
    KMS Condition -- from Wolfram MathWorld
    The Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition is a kind of boundary-value condition which naturally emerges in quantum statistical mechanics and related areas.
  2. [2]
    KMS state in nLab
    Feb 8, 2020 · A KMS state is a vacuum state for a relativistic quantum field theory describing thermal equilibrium at some positive temperature T.
  3. [3]
    [PDF] Kubo-Martin-Schwinger, Non-Equilibrium Thermal states, and ...
    The fundamental KMS equilibrium condition originated by the study of the analytic properties of the Green functions in two papers in the 50's, one by Kubo, one ...
  4. [4]
    KMS States and Thermal States - Physics Stack Exchange
    Jan 29, 2018 · KMS states are a generalization of thermal states, and a usual thermal state is a KMS state. KMS states are used when no density matrix exists.
  5. [5]
    [PDF] KMS states - A. Pillet
    KMS states are a general definition of equilibrium states in quantum statistical mechanics, related to Kubo-Martin-Schwinger conditions. They are defined by a ...
  6. [6]
    Linear response theory and the KMS condition
    With this technique we prove the existence of the static admittance and the relaxation function. Finally we generalize the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and ...<|separator|>
  7. [7]
    Kubo-Martin-Schwinger condition for accelerating field theories in ...
    Aug 6, 2023 · We discuss the imaginary-time formalism for field theories in thermal equilibrium in uniformly accelerating frames.
  8. [8]
    Physics KMS Conditions and Local Thermodynamical Stability of ...
    This paper is concerned with the relationship between certain local thermo- dynamic stability (LTS) conditions and the KMS conditions for quantum lattice.
  9. [9]
    Key Management Service | Fortanix
    A Key Management Service (KMS) creates, stores, rotates, and retires cryptographic keys to protect sensitive data, ensuring only the right systems can use them.
  10. [10]
    What is KMS (Key Management Service)? - Securiti
    A Key Management Service (KMS) is a system that helps organizations generate, store, distribute, and manage cryptographic keys for encryption and decryption.
  11. [11]
    AWS Key Management Service - AWS Documentation
    AWS KMS is an AWS managed service for creating and controlling encryption keys, including root keys, that are protected and never leave the service unencrypted.
  12. [12]
    What Is Key Management Services? - Encryption Consulting
    Apr 5, 2024 · Key Management Services (KMS) is key management offered as a service, allowing users to create and manage keys without hardware management.
  13. [13]
    Cryptographic Key Management Systems (CKMS)
    Cryptographic Key Management (CKM) is a fundamental part of cryptographic technology and is considered one of the most difficult aspects associated with its use ...
  14. [14]
    What Is Key Management? | IBM
    Key management is the process of generating, exchanging and managing cryptographic keys to ensure the security of encrypted data.
  15. [15]
    Overview of Key Management in Azure | Microsoft Learn
    Aug 1, 2025 · A KEK is a primary key that controls access to one or more encryption keys that are themselves encrypted. Customer-managed keys can be stored on ...
  16. [16]
    Cloud Key Management | CSA - Cloud Security Alliance
    (Encryption) Key management is important when dealing with security and privacy protection of the data contained, in order to prevent data loss/breach/ ...
  17. [17]
    Key Management in Cloud Services | CSA - Cloud Security Alliance
    A reliable key management system (KMS) helps meet a business's compliance and data control requirements and benefits the overall security of the organization.
  18. [18]
    Cloud Key Management Services: Advantages and Disadvantages
    Sep 24, 2020 · Cloud Key Management is the foundation of data security in the cloud. It ensures that your data remains confidential and intact, protecting it from ...Introduction · The Importance of Cloud Key... · Advantages and...
  19. [19]
    Cloud Key Management | Google Cloud
    A cloud-hosted key management service that lets you manage symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic keys for your cloud services the same way you do on-premises.
  20. [20]
    AWS KMS Vs Azure Key Vault Vs GCP KMS | Encryption Consulting
    Jul 23, 2021 · AWS KMS manages encryption keys, Azure Key Vault stores secrets and keys, and GCP KMS uses AES 256-bit keys for encryption.
  21. [21]
    KMS | Proceedings of the ACM conference on Hypertext
    KMS is a successor to the ZOG system developed at Carnegie Mellon University from 1972 to 1985. A KMS database consists of screen-sized WYSIWYG workspaces ...
  22. [22]
    KMS Technology: Digital Engineering and Software Development
    KMS is the trusted partner behind some of the world's most forward-thinking software companies. Known for our speed, precision, and enterprise-grade quality.
  23. [23]
    KMS Technology - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
    KMS Technology is a US-based product engineering and services company that specializes in providing offshore software development and testing services.
  24. [24]
    CEO of KMS Technology: “After 15 years pacing up from the ...
    Feb 26, 2024 · Founded in 2009 by 4 tech enthusiasts who shared the same passion, KMS Technology was born with a vision to create brilliant software solutions ...
  25. [25]
    Sunstone Partners Announces Strategic Investment in KMS ...
    Vu Lam, Co-Founder and Board Chairman of KMS Technology added, “KMS was founded with the vision of bringing outstanding talent and innovation to clients across ...
  26. [26]
    Leadership - KMS Technology
    Leo Tucker. Chief Executive Officer ; Choon Quek. Chief Growth Officer ; Luis Pereira. Chief Financial Officer ; Jeff Scott. Chief Delivery Officer ; Kim Mirazimi.
  27. [27]
    KMS TECHNOLOGY - Great Place To Work Vietnam
    KMS Technology was established in 2009 as a US-based premier technology services company. With development centers in Vietnam and Mexico, we have been trusted ...
  28. [28]
    Convert km/s to m/s - Speed / Velocity Conversions - CheckYourMath
    Kilometers per second is a unit of Speed or Velocity in the Metric System. It measures the number of kilometers traveled in a second. The symbol for kilometers ...
  29. [29]
    Convert kilometers per second to kilometer/hour ... - Convert Units
    How many kilometers per second in 1 kilometer/hour? The answer is 0.00027777777777778. We assume you are converting between kilometre/second and kilometre/hour.
  30. [30]
    Km/s to Meters per second Converter - CoolConversion
    Kilometers per second (km/s) is a unit of measurement used to express high speeds, particularly in scientific and astronomical contexts. It represents the ...
  31. [31]
    What is a light-year? - NASA Science
    Apr 22, 2024 · Light zips through interstellar space at 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second and 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers) per ...
  32. [32]
    kilometre per second :: unit - Conversion.org
    Definition of 1 kilometre per second ≡ 1 km / 1 s. The speed with which the body moves 1 km in 1 second. The Earth's circulation speed is about 30 km/s..
  33. [33]
    How Fast is the Universe Expanding? - Berkeley Physics
    Apr 2, 2021 · The latest result from Adam Riess, an astronomer who shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering dark energy, reports 73.2 ±1.3 km/ ...
  34. [34]
    The Hubble constant, explained - UChicago News
    The most recent precise measurements of the distances and movements of distant, exploding stars suggest a Hubble constant of 69.8 km/s/Mpc, but other reports ...
  35. [35]
    What Does 'KMS' Mean? | Acronyms by Dictionary.com
    Aug 27, 2020 · KMS is an internet shorthand for kill myself. It is generally used as a melodramatic expression of frustration or disgust or a more serious expression of ...
  36. [36]
    What Does KMS Mean? Texting, Social Media, & More - wikiHow
    KMS Meaning. KMS usually stands for "kill myself," and is typically used in a joking or sarcastic context. This acronym is typically ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
  37. [37]
    https://www.bark.us/slang-word/kms-meaning/
  38. [38]
    All You Need to Know about KMS Meaning - AirDroid
    KMS is an internet slang abbreviation, meaning kill myself. It was often used in text messages or online like "I'm gonna KMS," or "I want to KMS."
  39. [39]
    "I'm gonna KMS": From Imminent Risk to Youth Joking about Suicide ...
    For instance, common vernacular used by youth included “kms" (short for "kill myself" or “kill me slowly”) and "kys" (short for "kill yourself"). Our ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
  40. [40]
    KMS Meaning in 2025: Examples & Safety Tips
    Jul 3, 2025 · KMS stands for “kill myself.” It's commonly used in texts, social media, and gaming chats as an exaggerated reaction to embarrassment, frustration, or ...
  41. [41]
    Just a Slang or Cause for Concern: What Does “KMS” Mean?
    It stands for “kill myself” or “killing myself”, according to Urban Dictionary. That may seem very dramatic and scary at first glance, but it's important to ...
  42. [42]
    https://www.mmguardian.com/teen-slang/kms