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Punch

Punch may refer to a variety of concepts, including a strike in combat, a mixed beverage, or the British satirical magazine Punch, or The London Charivari. Other uses include entertainment (such as puppetry), tools, places, people, and more. For detailed information, see the sections below on primary meanings, entertainment and media, tools and devices, places, people, and other uses.

Primary meanings

Combat strike

A punch in combat is defined as a striking blow delivered with a closed fist, primarily using the knuckles of the second and third fingers to impact the opponent's head or torso.^[1] This technique emphasizes precision and power transfer through the arm, distinguishing it from open-hand strikes or other forms of percussion in martial arts.^[2] The historical roots of punching trace back to ancient combat sports, notably the Greek pankration, introduced at the Olympic Games in 648 BCE as a brutal fusion of boxing and wrestling that permitted punches alongside grappling holds.^[3] In pankration, fighters used bare fists to deliver strikes without weight classes or time limits, often resulting in severe injuries until its discontinuation in 393 CE. Modern punching techniques evolved through formalized boxing rules, particularly the Marquess of Queensberry Rules established in 1867, which mandated glove use, three-minute rounds, and prohibitions on wrestling to emphasize clean striking exchanges.^[4] Biomechanically, a punch generates force through a kinetic chain beginning with hip rotation to initiate torque, followed by shoulder extension for acceleration, and wrist alignment to ensure rigid impact and maximal energy transfer.^[5] This sequence allows the body to contribute to the strike's effective mass, which can reach 30 kg or more in straight punches, amplifying impulse beyond arm strength alone.^[6] In professional boxing, peak punch forces typically range from 3,000 to 4,400 N (approximately 675 to 990 pounds-force), varying by technique and athlete level, with elite boxers achieving higher values through optimized rotation and velocity up to 9 m/s.^[7] Common types of punches include the jab, a quick straight lead-hand strike extended from the guard position to measure distance, disrupt rhythm, or set up combinations.^[2] The cross follows as a rear-hand straight punch, powered by full body rotation for greater force, often targeting the opponent's chin or body to capitalize on openings.^[1] Hooks involve a semi-circular arc from either hand, with the lead hook aiming at the side of the head for concussive effect and the rear hook delivering lateral power from close range. Uppercuts drive upward from below, using knee bend and explosive extension to strike the chin or solar plexus, effective in clinch scenarios or against dipping opponents.^[8] Punches in combat carry significant injury risks, including acute concussions from head impacts that disrupt brain function, hand fractures such as boxer's fractures in the metacarpals, and chronic conditions like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease linked to repetitive trauma, with studies estimating prevalence in 15–40% of retired professional boxers.^[9] CTE manifests through tau protein accumulation, leading to cognitive decline, mood disorders, and dementia, with studies confirming its prevalence in boxers exposed to thousands of punches over careers.^[10] Concussion rates in professional bouts reach 21-33%, often from hooks and uppercuts that cause rotational brain acceleration.^[11] Culturally, punches form a cornerstone of martial arts like karate, where linear strikes such as oi-zuki emphasize speed and penetration for self-defense, training hip-driven power to target vital points.^[12] In mixed martial arts (MMA), punches are a dominant part of striking exchanges in stand-up phases and account for many fight-ending knockouts, such as via rear straights and hooks in UFC events.^[13] This efficacy underscores punches' role in controlling range and inflicting decisive damage across combat disciplines.^[14]

Beverage

Punch as a beverage originated in 17th-century India, where British sailors and traders of the East India Company encountered a mixed drink made with five key ingredients: alcohol, water, citrus, sugar, and spices or tea.^[15] The name "punch" derives from the Hindi word "paanch," meaning five, reflecting this foundational recipe that combined local arrack (a distilled spirit) with imported and regional elements.^[16] Introduced to England around the 1630s through returning East India Company members, the drink quickly gained popularity among the British elite and spread across Europe and the American colonies as a refreshing communal beverage.^[17] The classic rum punch, a staple of the beverage's evolution, follows a memorable proportion rhyme: "one of sour, two of sweet, three of strong, four of weak."^[18] Here, "sour" refers to citrus like lemon or lime juice, "sweet" to sugar syrup, "strong" to rum or another spirit, and "weak" to water, tea, or diluted juice, ensuring balance in large-batch preparations.^[19] This formula, documented in 17th- and 18th-century British recipe books, allowed for scalability and adaptation based on available ingredients, making it ideal for social gatherings.^[20] Non-alcoholic versions of punch emerged prominently in the 19th century, driven by the temperance movement in the United States and Europe, which sought alternatives to boozy libations at public events.^[21] These fruit punches typically blended juices such as orange, pineapple, and cranberry with water or soda, often sweetened and chilled, becoming a party staple for children and adults alike by the mid-1800s.^[22] Their vibrant colors and refreshing profiles mirrored alcoholic counterparts while promoting sobriety, with recipes appearing in household guides and church socials.^[21] Among alcoholic variants, Fish House Punch dates to 1732, created at Philadelphia's Schuylkill Fishing Company (also known as the State in Schuylkill), a gentlemen's club where members enjoyed a potent mix of rum, cognac, peach brandy, lemon juice, and sugar.^[23] Renowned for its strength—reputedly leaving George Washington unable to mount his horse after indulgence—this punch solidified early American colonial drinking culture.^[24] Planter's Punch, a Jamaican rum-based creation, gained fame in the early 20th century, particularly the 1920s, with recipes featuring dark rum, lime juice, grenadine, and bitters, evoking the island's tropical plantations.^[25] Its jingle-like instructions ("a bottle of rum, a squeeze of lime," etc.) popularized it in speakeasies and resorts during Prohibition.^[26] Traditionally prepared in large punch bowls to serve crowds, the beverage is stirred thoroughly and ladled into cups or glasses, often garnished with fruit slices or nutmeg for aroma.^[16] This communal method fosters social interaction, with bowls crafted from silver, glass, or ceramic in historical settings. Modern adaptations extend punch influences to individual cocktails, such as the Singapore Sling, which incorporates punch-style elements like pineapple juice, lime, and multiple spirits in a shaken format.^[27] Punch holds a significant cultural role in holidays and events worldwide, symbolizing festivity and shared enjoyment. Christmas punch, often spiced with cloves, cinnamon, and red wine or rum, warms gatherings in Europe and North America, tracing back to 19th-century holiday traditions.^[28] In Brazil, the Caju Amigo—made with cachaça and cashew apple juice (caju), often with lime and sugar—adapts punch elements for summer celebrations, highlighting local fruits in a vibrant drink.^[29] These global variations underscore punch's enduring appeal as a versatile, inclusive beverage across cultures.

Entertainment and media

Puppetry and characters

Mr. Punch, the central figure in traditional British puppetry, traces his origins to the 16th-century Italian commedia dell'arte character Pulcinella, a hunchbacked trickster known for his hooked nose, rasping voice, and irreverent humor.^[30]^[31] This archetype was adapted into English glove puppetry by the Italian performer Pietro Gimonde, also known as Signor Bologna, who introduced the character around 1662. The earliest documented performance in England occurred on May 9, 1662, in Covent Garden, London, as recorded by diarist Samuel Pepys, who described seeing "an Italian puppet play" featuring Punch.^[30]^[31]^[32] By the late 17th century, Punch had evolved from marionette shows to more portable glove puppet formats, solidifying his role as a symbol of anarchic rebellion against authority.^[30] Punch and Judy shows are episodic glove puppet performances characterized by slapstick violence and domestic satire, typically staged in small, portable street booths by a solo puppeteer known as the "Professor." The narrative revolves around Mr. Punch's chaotic exploits, including quarrels with his wife Judy (originally named Joan until the early 19th century), the accidental killing of their Baby, confrontations with the Doctor who fails to revive victims, the Policeman, the Crocodile who steals the Baby or sausages, and ultimately the Devil, whom Punch defeats in a resurrection motif symbolizing triumph over death.^[30]^[31]^[32] The Professor manipulates all characters from behind a proscenium while using a swazzle—a small reed instrument placed in the mouth—to produce Punch's distinctive squeaky, rasping voice, enabling rapid dialogue and sound effects like slaps and cudgel blows.^[30]^[31] The earliest known script, capturing a performance by the Italian puppeteer Piccini, was transcribed in 1827 by journalist John Payne Collier and published in 1828 as The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy, standardizing the plot while allowing regional improvisations.^[30] These shows emphasize themes of social commentary through Punch's humpbacked, hook-nosed figure, who embodies everyman's defiance of marital, legal, and supernatural constraints in a cycle of destruction and revival.^[31]^[30] The tradition flourished in Victorian England, becoming a staple of street entertainment and seaside resorts after the 1871 August Bank Holiday Act expanded leisure travel via railways, drawing crowds to performances that blended adult satire with family appeal.^[30]^[32] Exported through British colonialism and migration, Punch and Judy reached Australia and the United States by the mid-18th century, with early American shows documented in Philadelphia in 1742 and San Francisco in 1850, often adapting the format for local audiences while retaining core slapstick elements.^[30] In America, the tradition influenced later puppetry, including the trickster dynamics and humorous antics seen in mid-20th-century television programs like Howdy Doody.^[33] Modern revivals persist at festivals such as the annual Covent Garden May Fayre and Puppet Festival, established in 1976 to commemorate Punch's "birthday," where over a dozen professors perform for diverse crowds, preserving the anarchic humor amid debates over its portrayal of violence.^[31]^[32] Today, more than 100 active performers maintain the craft through organizations like the Punch and Judy Fellowship (founded 1980) and College of Professors (1985), ensuring its role as a living emblem of British folk theater.^[34]

Publications

Punch magazine, a British weekly publication focused on humor and satire, was established on July 17, 1841, by writer Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, with Mark Lemon serving as co-editor alongside Mayhew.^[35]^[36] Subtitled The London Charivari after a Parisian satirical periodical, it quickly gained popularity for its witty commentary on social and political issues, achieving a circulation that surpassed 100,000 copies weekly by around 1910 and peaking at approximately 175,000 to 184,000 in the late 1940s.^[37]^[38] The magazine's content blended sharp essays, literary pieces, and illustrated cartoons, often drawing inspiration from the Punch and Judy puppetry tradition for its character archetypes and comedic style. Notable contributors included cartoonist John Tenniel, who joined in 1850 and created iconic political satires, later renowned for illustrating Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Associated with Charles Dickens's circle, the publication featured essays from writers like William Makepeace Thackeray and occasional pieces linked to Dickens himself, emphasizing Victorian societal critiques. Complementing its weekly issues, Punch's Pocket Book served as an annual almanac from the 1840s onward, incorporating calendars, diaries, cash accounts, and hand-colored illustrations for practical and humorous use.^[39]^[38]^[40] International editions and imitators extended Punch's influence across the British Empire. In Australia, Melbourne Punch launched in 1855 as a satirical weekly, running until 1925 and adapting local political humor. New Zealand saw publications like Punch, or the Wellington Charivari in the late 1860s and Taranaki Punch from 1860, both mimicking the original's format for colonial commentary. In India, Awadh Punch (also known as Avadh Punch), founded in 1877 in Lucknow, evolved into a nationalist satirical outlet by the 1930s, using cartoons to critique British colonial rule and social norms until its closure in 1936.^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44] Other notable publications bearing the name included an American humor magazine titled Punch, which operated from the late 19th century but saw renewed activity in the 1920s, though it lacked the longevity of its British counterpart and ceased by the mid-20th century. The original British Punch faced declining readership from the 1970s onward, exacerbated by competition from television and shifting media landscapes, leading to its print closure on April 8, 1992, after annual losses exceeding £1 million.^[45]^[46] It briefly revived in print from 1996 to 2002 under new ownership before transitioning to an online archive. Punch's legacy endures in the tradition of political cartooning, shaping global satirical journalism with its emphasis on visual wit and social critique. Archives of the magazine are preserved at the British Library, with digital scans of issues from 1841 to 1992 accessible through platforms like Gale's Punch Historical Archive since the 2010s, enabling scholarly access to over 200,000 pages of historical content.^[47]^[48]

Films and television

Punch-Drunk Love is a 2002 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, starring Adam Sandler as Barry Egan, a socially awkward and emotionally volatile owner of a novelty plunger business who navigates rage, romance, and a phone sex extortion scam.^[49] The film explores themes of isolation, redemption through love, and bursts of violence, earning critical acclaim for Sandler's dramatic performance and Anderson's stylized direction. It grossed $17.8 million domestically and $6.8 million internationally, totaling $24.6 million worldwide, reflecting modest commercial success despite its arthouse appeal.^[50] The Punch and Judy Man, a 1963 British comedy film directed by Jeremy Summers, features Tony Hancock as Wally Pinner, a seaside Punch and Judy puppeteer frustrated by his social-climbing wife and local snobbery, blending humor with satirical commentary on class and conformity. The story culminates in Wally's chaotic rebellion against town officials, highlighting motifs of everyday absurdity and marital tension in post-war Britain. No direct television adaptations of the film were produced, though Hancock's earlier radio and TV work influenced its comedic style.^[51] Punch, a 2014 South Korean television drama series broadcast on SBS, follows prosecutor Park Jung-hwan (played by Kim Rae-won), who, upon learning of his terminal illness, embarks on a quest for redemption by targeting corruption within his own ranks, weaving themes of moral ambiguity, violence in power struggles, and personal atonement. Spanning 17 episodes, the series delves into the cutthroat world of legal investigations rather than literal boxing, emphasizing psychological "punches" against systemic injustice. It achieved high ratings in South Korea, averaging over 10% viewership, and was praised for its tense plotting and ensemble performances.^[52] In 2022, the New Zealand film Punch, directed by Welby Ings, portrays 17-year-old boxer Jim (Jordan Oosterhof) training for a pivotal match while grappling with his sexuality and a forbidden relationship with a Māori peer, incorporating themes of physical violence, identity, and liberation in a rural setting. Featuring Tim Roth as a domineering coach, the coming-of-age drama highlights redemption through self-acceptance and earned a 79% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes for its emotional depth and queer representation.^[53] Adaptations of Punch and Judy have appeared in animated shorts, such as the 1951 Popeye cartoon "Punch and Judo," where the sailor engages in a judo-inspired brawl parodying puppet violence, reflecting 1930s influences on comedic fight sequences without direct Disney ties in that era.^[54]^[55] Reality television featuring "punch"-themed competitions emerged in the 2020s, including fitness challenge shows like those inspired by boxing gyms, though no major series titled "Punch Club" exists; instead, the term evokes video game simulations of combat training. Common motifs across these works include physical or metaphorical punches symbolizing conflict resolution, from the humorous chaos in The Punch and Judy Man to the redemptive arcs in Punch and Punch-Drunk Love, often underscored by soundtracks blending tension and whimsy, such as Jon Brion's score for the latter.^[56] As of 2025, no verified Netflix series adaptation of Punch-Out!! has been announced, though boxing biopics continue to explore similar themes of triumph and downfall.^[57]

Music

In classical music, one of the most significant works related to "Punch" is the opera Punch and Judy, composed by Harrison Birtwistle with libretto by Stephen Pruslin. Premiered at the Aldeburgh Festival on June 8, 1968, this one-act opera reinterprets the traditional English puppet show, blending ritualistic elements with themes of violence, obsession, and tragedy in a stylised, non-linear narrative.^[58] The score's angular rhythms and dissonant orchestration reflect Birtwistle's modernist style, drawing on serial techniques while evoking the chaotic energy of the source material.^[59] In popular music, songs incorporating "punch" frequently appear in rock and hip-hop, often symbolizing confrontation, power, or surprise, with lyrics that explore aggression or resilience. For instance, Phish's "Punch You in the Eye," first debuted live in 1986 and released on their 1992 album A Picture of Nectar, features playful yet intense lyrics about a pirate's vengeful quest, becoming a staple in the band's improvisational live performances.^[60] Similarly, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' ska-punk track "The Punch Line" from their 2002 album A Jackknife to a Swan uses the metaphor of jokes and comebacks to address life's ironies and endurance.^[61] In hip-hop, Jackboy's "Pack a Punch" from the 2020 self-titled album Jackboy employs the term to convey forceful street narratives and bravado, aligning with the genre's emphasis on lyrical impact.^[62] A prominent example from anime soundtracks is JAM Project's "THE HERO!! ~~Ikareru Kobushi ni Honō o Tsuke ro~~," the opening theme for the 2015 One Punch Man anime series, blending Japanese rock with anthemic choruses about heroic strength and one-strike victories. Released as a single on November 25, 2015, the track's high-energy arrangement and motivational lyrics captured the series' satirical take on superhero tropes, achieving widespread popularity in global anime communities.^[63] Albums titled Punch also exist within punk and hardcore scenes, such as the self-titled debut by the Oakland-based band Punch in 2009, featuring raw, thrash-influenced tracks on themes of defiance and social friction.^[64] Culturally, these works often tie "punch" to intoxication in beverage-inspired contexts or direct physicality, but in music, the motif predominantly evokes combative energy, as seen in Victorian-era satirical influences on operettas like those by Gilbert and Sullivan, which echoed Punch magazine's humorous critiques of society.^[65]

Other works

In literature, short stories and humorous sketches from the 19th-century British magazine Punch, or the London Charivari have been compiled into various anthologies, capturing satirical vignettes on Victorian society, politics, and daily life.^[66] These collections, such as the multi-volume sets published in the late 1800s, feature witty anecdotes and illustrated tales that exemplify the era's punchline-driven humor.^[67] A notable modern example is the 2021 memoir Punch Me Up to the Gods by Brian Broome, which explores themes of bullying, identity, and resilience through a semi-autobiographical narrative set in 1980s Ohio. Digital media has embraced the "punch" motif in diverse formats, including the website Punch, founded in 2013 by Talia Baiocchi and Sean Kenyon as an independent platform dedicated to cocktails, drink recipes, and drinking culture.^[68] Acquired by Vox Media in 2021, it expanded to include in-depth articles on beverage history and nightlife trends, earning James Beard Awards for its content.^[69] In gaming, Nintendo's Punch-Out!! series, originating with the 1984 arcade version, simulates boxing matches against quirky opponents and has influenced sports titles for decades. Recent fan-driven adaptations, such as the 2024 3dSenVR mod, have introduced virtual reality controls to the NES classic Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, allowing motion-based gameplay in immersive 3D environments as of early 2025 updates.^[70] In comics and manga, Punch! (2005) by Rie Takada is a romance series serialized in Sho-Comi magazine, following teenager Elle Nagahara as she navigates an arranged betrothal to a boxer amid her family's martial arts legacy.^[71] The story blends humor, action, and young adult romance across seven volumes, emphasizing themes of personal growth and unexpected love. Webcomics often incorporate "punchline" humor through sequential gags, as analyzed in studies of platforms like XKCD or SMBC, where visual setups culminate in textual twists for comedic effect.^[72] Artistic representations of "Punch" extend to 19th-century caricatures of Mr. Punch, the satirical puppet character, depicted in illustrated collections like John Leech's Pictures of Life and Character (1887), which feature exaggerated, woodcut-style portraits critiquing social norms.^[73] These works, produced for the magazine, influenced later sculptural interpretations, such as George Segal's bronze Punch (1982), a life-sized figure evoking the character's combative persona. In the 2020s, street art installations have explored combat themes tied to "punch," including murals in urban centers that symbolize resistance and physical confrontation, though specific attributions remain tied to anonymous graffiti collectives. The 2025 symposium "Pictorial Punch – Treasures from the Archive," held at the British Library on November 7, highlights the evolution of Punch magazine's visual satire through treasures from its archive, including manuscripts, cartoons, and displays from its 1841 founding onward.^[74]^[75]

Tools and devices

Handheld tools

Handheld punches are compact, manually operated tools designed to create precise holes or impressions in various materials, primarily through hand-applied force. These tools, often portable and lightweight, have been essential in offices, workshops, and crafting since the late 19th century, enabling tasks from document organization to leatherworking without requiring power sources. They typically feature sharp metal dies or points that shear or pierce materials, with mechanisms to collect debris and ensure user safety. The paper hole punch, a staple office tool, was patented in 1886 by German inventor Friedrich Soennecken as the "Papierlocher für Sammelmappen" (paper hole punch for files), initially featuring two holes spaced for early ring binders. An improved single-hole version with a spring-loaded mechanism to collect clippings was patented in 1885 by American inventor Benjamin Smith, enhancing efficiency by containing punched paper chads. In the United States, the three-hole configuration—measuring 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) in diameter with centers 4.25 inches (108 mm) apart—became the standard for letter-sized binders by the early 20th century, facilitating secure filing in three-ring systems. Leather punches, used for creating holes in belts, shoes, and other leather goods, trace their origins to ancient cobbling practices, with evidence of organized punch sets dating back over 39,000 years, such as a perforated bone board from Canyars, Spain, likely used for consistent hole-making in hide processing. Modern versions include rotary or plier-style designs with interchangeable hollow bits, standardized in sizes 0 through 6 (corresponding to diameters from approximately 2.4 mm to 4.8 mm), allowing users to select precise fits for stitching or hardware installation. These tools, forged from tempered steel, enable clean cuts in tough materials like leather and fabric, evolving from rudimentary bone implements to durable metal sets employed in traditional trades. The awl punch, a pointed piercing tool, has prehistoric roots, with bone awls used as early as 50,000 years ago during the Paleolithic era for perforating hides and wood, as evidenced by archaeological finds from Middle Stone Age sites. Post-1800s developments introduced ergonomic wooden or plastic handles to reduce hand strain during prolonged use, transforming the simple shaft into a more comfortable instrument for sewing and marking. Distinct from hollow punches, awls create slits or starter holes rather than full removals, making them ideal for saddlery, upholstery, and woodworking tasks requiring thread passage. Handheld punches operate by applying force through hand pressure on levers or handles, or via hammer strikes on drive punches, generating shear forces up to several hundred pounds depending on material thickness. Modern designs incorporate safety features such as blade guards and non-slip grips to prevent accidental cuts, aligning with OSHA standards under 29 CFR 1910.242, which mandate tools be maintained in safe condition and employers provide personal protective equipment like gloves and eye shields to mitigate hazards from flying debris or pinch points. Typically constructed with hardened steel blades or points for durability and sharpness, handheld punches often pair these with plastic or rubberized bodies for lightweight handling and vibration dampening. In crafting applications, specialized variants like scrapbooking punches—featuring shaped dies for borders, hearts, or stars—allow hobbyists to embellish paper projects, with brands like Fiskars producing ergonomic models since the late 20th century for precise, repetitive cuts in cardstock and vellum.

Industrial equipment

A punch press is a powered machine tool designed for high-volume metal stamping and forming operations, utilizing a reciprocating ram to drive a punch through sheet material against a die. Mechanical and hydraulic variants emerged in the late 19th century, with early adoption in bicycle manufacturing around 1890, enabling efficient production of precise components from sheet metal. These presses are rated by tonnage, the maximum force they can exert, typically ranging from 20 tons for smaller parts to 500 tons or more for heavy-duty automotive applications like body panels and chassis components.^[76]^[77] Turret punch presses, introduced in the mid-20th century with CNC controls becoming standard by the 1960s, feature a rotating turret holding multiple tools for automated tool changes, ideal for sheet metal fabrication involving varied hole sizes and shapes. Common operations include piercing (creating holes), forming (bending or drawing material), and embossing (raising designs), with modern models achieving cycle times under 1 second per stroke to support high-speed production lines. Unlike manual handheld tools, these systems automate repetitive tasks for scalability in manufacturing environments.^[78]^[79] Safety features are integral, including fixed guards, light curtains, and two-hand controls to prevent access to the point of operation, aligned with ISO 16092-1 standards for press safety. Regulations were spurred by frequent accidents, such as amputations from unguarded presses in the mid-20th century, leading to OSHA's 1910.217 standard in 1971, which mandates presence-sensing devices and brake monitoring for mechanical power presses. In applications, punch presses produce circuit board enclosures in electronics manufacturing and rivet holes in aerospace components, ensuring tight tolerances for lightweight structures.^[80]^[81]^[82] By 2025, advancements incorporate AI for optimized operations, such as real-time predictive maintenance and adaptive force control to minimize downtime and enhance precision in dynamic production settings.^[83]

Specialized punches

The center punch is a hand tool employed in metalworking to create a small indentation at the intended starting point for drilling, ensuring the drill bit remains centered and does not slip on hard surfaces.^[84] It features a hardened steel conical tip, typically at a 90-degree angle, attached to a robust steel shank that is struck with a hammer to produce the dimple. This design, in common use since the 19th century, facilitates accurate hole placement in materials like steel and has become a staple in machining and fabrication trades.^[85] The nail punch, also referred to as a nail set, is a precision tool used in carpentry to countersink nail heads flush with or below the wood surface, enabling seamless finishing without visible fasteners.^[86] It consists of a slender steel shaft with a cupped tip matching the nail head's contour, available in graduated sizes to accommodate various nail gauges—for instance, a 1/32-inch tip for small finish nails and a 3/32-inch tip for larger 16d common nails, which measure about 8-gauge in diameter.^[87]^[88] By driving nails below the surface, it prevents snags during painting or staining while minimizing wood splitting.^[84] Ticket punches are specialized hand tools designed to validate paper tickets by cutting distinctive irregular shapes, such as stars, triangles, or letters, which deter reuse and identify the validating authority.^[89] Originating in the 1860s among railroad conductors, each operator received a unique punch pattern to personalize validations and combat fraud, a system refined through patents in the 1880s and 1890s that enhanced durability and ease of use.^[90]^[91] These devices, often made of steel with spring-loaded mechanisms, were essential for transit and event ticketing until digital alternatives emerged.^[92] Modern variations of ticket punches include automatic models that integrate electronic components for validation, transitioning from mechanical cutting to scanner-based systems prevalent since the early 2000s in public transport.^[93] In veterinary applications, ear tag punches function as plier-style applicators that simultaneously pierce an animal's ear and secure identification tags, commonly used for livestock like cattle and sheep to track health and ownership records.^[94] These tools feature case-hardened steel cutters for clean, infection-resistant punctures and are constructed from lightweight alloys for repeated field use.^[95] Specialized punches in engineering contexts demand exceptional precision, with manufacturing tolerances as tight as ±0.01 mm to ensure consistent hole diameters and alignments in high-stakes assembly processes.^[96] Carbide-tipped variants, for example, maintain this accuracy in pilot punching operations, where even minor deviations could compromise component fit in aerospace or automotive parts.^[97] Such tolerances are achieved through advanced grinding and quality controls in production.^[98]

Places

Geographical locations

The term "punch bowl" in geography often refers to crater-like depressions or bowl-shaped landforms resembling the vessel used for serving punch, typically formed through erosional, volcanic, or karst processes. These natural features are found worldwide and are valued for their unique geology and ecological significance. One prominent example is the Devil's Punchbowl in Surrey, England, a large hollow of dry sandy heath approximately 1 kilometer in diameter, formed over thousands of years by wind and water erosion of the soft sandstones from the Hythe Formation. This site, part of the Hindhead Commons, has been a popular hiking destination since the 19th century, attracting visitors for its panoramic views from nearby Gibbet Hill and its role as a Site of Special Scientific Interest supporting heathland biodiversity. It draws thousands of visitors annually, contributing to the Surrey Hills' status as one of England's most frequented natural areas with over 30 million day visitors to the broader region each year. As of 2025, the site continues to be managed by the National Trust with emphasis on biodiversity conservation.^[99]^[100]^[101]^[102] In the United States, Punch Bowl Falls is a scenic waterfall in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Oregon, where Eagle Creek plunges 35 feet (11 meters) into a circular basin carved from basalt cliffs, creating a punchbowl-like pool. Named for its distinctive shape—evoking a ladle dipping into a bowl—the falls were documented in early 20th-century photographs and became accessible via the Eagle Creek Trail, constructed around 1915 using dynamite to blast paths along sheer cliffs. The surrounding old-growth forest and basalt formations enhance its appeal as a hiking spot, though access requires navigating narrow trails and occasional closures due to landslides.^[103]^[104]^[105] The Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu, Hawaii, exemplifies volcanic origins, formed approximately 400,000 years ago during the Honolulu Volcanic Series as a tuff cone from explosive eruptions ejecting hot ash and fragments.^[106] This bowl-shaped depression, about 0.5 kilometers wide and 60 meters deep, served as a military reservation during World War II, housing bunkers and artillery before being repurposed as the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in 1949. Its steep walls and central location preserve native Hawaiian flora amid urban surroundings.^[107]^[108] In Australia, the Punchbowl Reserve near Launceston, Tasmania, features a natural amphitheater-like basin with a seasonal waterfall dropping 4-5 meters along the Kings Meadows Rivulet into a pond, surrounded by bushland and native gardens. Adjacent to the Big Punchbowl Reserve, a 12.57-hectare wetland protected by the Tasmanian Land Conservancy, the area supports diverse ecology including refuge for shorebirds, seabirds, waterfowl, and estuarine fish, lying next to the Moulting Lagoon Ramsar wetland of international importance. These sites highlight fluvial and erosional influences in their formation, fostering biodiversity such as rhododendron displays in spring and habitats for local wildlife.^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112] Overall, punch bowl landforms often originate from glacial scouring, volcanic explosions, or prolonged water erosion, creating enclosed basins that trap moisture and promote unique ecosystems like wetlands with high biodiversity. Tourism at these sites emphasizes low-impact hiking and observation, with examples like the Devil's Punchbowl drawing eco-tourists for their blend of geological drama and natural history.

Settlements and buildings

Poonch, also spelled Punch, is a historic town serving as the administrative headquarters of Poonch district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Situated at the confluence of the Poonch and Belar rivers in the Pir Panjal range, the town has roots dating back to ancient times and was once a semi-autonomous princely state under the Dogra rulers before British colonial integration in the 19th century. As of 2025 estimates, the municipal council area has a population of approximately 38,000, with the surrounding district encompassing rural heritage sites, agricultural lands, and forested hills that support a mix of livestock rearing and subsistence farming. The town's economy relies on tourism, drawing visitors to its strategic location near the Line of Control and sites like the Poonch Fort, a 18th-century structure overlooking the river valley.^[113]^[114]^[115] In the Caribbean, Punch refers to a small settlement and historic estate on the northern coast of Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, part of the former Danish West Indies. Established during the 18th-century colonial era as a sugar plantation, Estate Punch exemplified the island's plantation economy, where enslaved Africans from West Africa labored under Danish rule to produce sugar, rum, and other exports tied to the transatlantic trade. The estate's operations contributed to the region's rum production, with early punches—mixed drinks of rum, citrus, sugar, water, and spices—emerging as a sailor's remedy against scurvy and a staple of colonial social life at such sites, as documented in 17th- and 18th-century maritime records. Today, with a population under 50, the area preserves rural heritage through remnants of stone windmills and boiling houses, supporting limited eco-tourism amid the island's Northside Quarter.^[116] Several historic buildings in England bear the name Punch Bowl Inn, reflecting 17th- and 18th-century coaching traditions along trade routes. The Punch Bowl Inn in Low Row, Yorkshire Dales, dates to 1638, as inscribed on its lintel, and served as a stopover for travelers in the Swaledale valley, offering ale and lodging amid the region's lead mining and sheep farming economy. Similarly, the Punch Bowl Inn in Hurst Green, Lancashire—originally built in the 1720s as cottages and a barn, later extended in the 19th century—gained notoriety for alleged visits by highwayman Dick Turpin in 1738, inspiring literary tales of roguish exploits in works like Harrison Ainsworth's Rookwood (1834). These inns, often featuring open hearths and timber beams, continue to operate as pubs and guesthouses, bolstering local tourism with their preserved architecture and ties to England's rural past.^[117]^[118]^[119]

People

Real individuals

John Punch (fl. 1640) was an African indentured servant in the Virginia colony who became the first documented person enslaved for life under English colonial law in North America. In July 1640, Punch fled his master Hugh Gwyn along with two European indentured servants, Victor, a Dutchman, and James Gregory, a Scotsman; upon recapture, the General Court of Virginia sentenced Punch to serve Gwyn or his assigns for the rest of his natural life, while the European runaways received extended terms of four years each, establishing a racial distinction in punishment that foreshadowed statutory slavery. This case marked a pivotal legal precedent for perpetual servitude based on race, influencing subsequent laws that codified chattel slavery for Africans in the colonies.^[120]^[121] Jerry Punch (born August 20, 1953) is an American physician and former sports broadcaster renowned for his long tenure at ESPN, where he served as a commentator for auto racing, college football, and basketball from 1984 to 2020. Holding a medical degree from Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Punch combined his emergency medicine expertise with broadcasting, notably reporting from NASCAR and IndyCar events, including high-profile incidents like the 1988 Miller High Life 400 crash. His career highlights include covering over 30 Daytona 500s and contributing to ESPN's college sports coverage, including a return to part-time sideline reporting in 2019–2020, earning him recognition as one of the network's longest-serving on-air personalities.^[122] Lucy Punch (born December 30, 1977) is an English actress known for her comedic roles in film and television. Raised in Hammersmith, London, she trained with the National Youth Theatre and studied history at University College London before launching her career with appearances in British series like The New Statesman (1998) and My Family (2000). Punch gained international acclaim for supporting roles in films such as Ella Enchanted (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and Bad Teacher (2011), and she won an Angel Film Award for her performance in Oranges and Sunshine (2010). Her television work includes starring as Gwen Franklin in the Disney+ series Pistol (2022) and recurring roles in Gotham (2015–2016). More recently, she appeared in the 2024 film Nuked and is set to reprise her role as Amanda in the 2025 spin-off series Amandaland, alongside roles in the upcoming 2025 films Jingle Bell Heist and I'm Beginning to See the Light.^[123] Monkey Punch (born Kazuhiko Katō, May 26, 1937 – April 11, 2019) was a Japanese manga artist and writer best known for creating the Lupin III franchise, a popular series featuring the gentleman thief Arsène Lupin III. Adopting the pen name "Monkey Punch" in 1967 to evoke a sense of mischief and impact, he serialized the manga in Weekly Manga Action from 1967 to 1969, spawning numerous anime adaptations, films, and merchandise that have influenced global pop culture. His work blended action, humor, and eroticism, selling over 20 million copies worldwide and establishing him as a key figure in seinen manga. After retiring from Lupin III in the 1970s, he continued creating other series like Playboy Cop until health issues in later years. George "Punch" Imlach (October 15, 1918 – December 1, 1987) was a Canadian ice hockey coach, administrator, and player, most famous for leading the Toronto Maple Leafs to four Stanley Cup championships in the 1960s as head coach and general manager. Nicknamed "Punch" for his aggressive style, Imlach began his coaching career in junior leagues before joining the Maple Leafs organization in 1958, where he built a dynasty by acquiring veterans like Johnny Bower and Red Kelly. His tenure included controversial decisions, such as trading Frank Mahovlich, but solidified his legacy in the NHL Hall of Fame (inducted 1984 as a builder). After leaving Toronto in 1969, he coached the Buffalo Sabres until 1982. Harold W. "Punch" Moulton II is a retired U.S. Air Force major general who served as Director of Operations (J-3) for U.S. European Command from 2009 to 2011, overseeing military operations across Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. A command pilot with over 3,500 flight hours, primarily in the F-15 Eagle, Moulton held key positions including commander of the 53rd Fighter Wing at Eglin Air Force Base and vice director for operations on the Joint Staff. After retiring in 2012, he joined Stellar Solutions as an advisor, leveraging his experience in strategic planning and joint operations.^[124]

Fictional characters

In literature and media, fictional characters named "Punch" frequently embody themes of overwhelming strength or dark humor, often serving as protagonists or antagonists whose abilities or personalities drive central conflicts. Saitama, the titular protagonist of the Japanese webcomic One-Punch Man created by ONE and first published online in 2009, is a bald, unassuming superhero whose three years of rigorous training granted him the ability to defeat any adversary with a single punch. This unparalleled power leaves him perpetually bored, as he struggles to find challenges worthy of his strength, leading to satirical explorations of heroism and invincibility in a world overrun by monsters and villains. The webcomic's popularity exploded, amassing over 10 million views by 2012, prompting a professional manga remake illustrated by Yusuke Murata, serialized in Weekly Young Jump starting in 2012.^[125] The series has seen significant adaptations, including an anime produced by Madhouse for its first season in 2015, followed by J.C. Staff's second season in 2019 and third season in 2025, which have amplified its global reach. As of September 2025, the manga had over 35 million copies in circulation worldwide, establishing it as one of the best-selling series in Shueisha's catalog. Saitama's deadpan demeanor and effortless victories have fueled widespread cultural impact, including a proliferation of memes and fan art since the early 2010s that parody superhero tropes and everyday ennui.^[126]^[127] Another prominent example is Punchline (real name Alexis Kaye), a supervillain introduced in DC Comics' Batman #89 in March 2020, written by James Tynion IV. As the Joker's new right-hand operative and a deliberate foil to Harley Quinn, Punchline is portrayed as a calculating, sadistic figure who idolizes the Joker without the emotional volatility of her predecessor, emphasizing cold precision in her criminal schemes. Her debut marked a key addition to Batman's rogues' gallery during the "Joker War" storyline, where she leads assaults on Gotham while clashing with heroes like Batman and Bluebird. Punchline's name evokes violent slapstick humor, aligning with themes of destructive comedy in her role as an emerging threat in ongoing DC narratives.^[128]

Other uses

Numismatics and manufacturing

In numismatics, a punch refers to the upper die, typically made of hardened steel, used to impress designs onto coin blanks. This tool has been integral to coin production since ancient times, with evidence of its use in the Roman Empire for striking silver denarii. For instance, a denarius issued in 46 BCE by mint official Titus Carisius depicts minting tools including a punch, anvil, hammer, and tongs on its reverse, illustrating the manual striking process employed at the time.^[129] The traditional minting process involved placing a heated metal blank on a fixed lower die (anvil) and positioning the punch die above it, then striking the punch with a hammer to transfer the design under pressure. This method, known as hammering, was labor-intensive and produced coins with variable quality depending on the force applied. By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the process evolved with the introduction of steam-powered presses, which automated and standardized striking; Matthew Boulton installed the first steam-driven coin presses at his Soho Mint in 1788, and the U.S. Mint adopted steam power for rollers and cutting presses by 1816, significantly increasing production efficiency.^[130]^[131]^[132] In modern minting, punches and dies are precision-engineered using computer numerical control (CNC) milling machines to engrave intricate designs from digital models derived from sculptures or artwork. At facilities like the Philadelphia Mint, CNC processes reduce the time required to cut a hub to 15-20 hours and a die to 25-30 hours, achieving tolerances as tight as ±0.001 inches to ensure consistent coin details. These hardened steel components withstand millions of strikes before replacement, maintaining the integrity of designs on circulating currency.^[133]^[134] Beyond numismatics, punches play a key role in manufacturing processes like forging, where they form dies to shape metal components under high pressure. In automotive production, for example, custom forging punches made from hardened tool steel create precise dies for parts such as crankshafts or gears, ensuring dimensional accuracy and strength in high-volume output. Historical artifacts, including iron punches and dies from the Roman and Byzantine eras used in coin production, survive in collections at institutions like the British Museum, providing insight into ancient minting techniques.^[135]^[136]

Typography and printing

In typography, a punch refers to a hardened steel tool meticulously hand-engraved with the negative image of a letterform or glyph, used to strike impressions into softer copper matrices for casting metal type.^[137] This technique, essential to movable type printing, emerged in Europe by the mid-15th century, building on Johannes Gutenberg's innovations around 1450 but refined through specialized punch-cutting practices that allowed for precise, reusable type production.^[138] The process parallels striking in numismatics but focused on alphabetic and graphic elements for textual reproduction rather than currency.^[139] The creation of a typographic punch begins with the punchcutter using gravers and files to carve the letterform in relief on the steel shank's end, often under magnification to achieve fine serifs and curves.^[140] Once engraved, the punch is hardened by heating and quenching, then hammered into a copper blank to form a matrix—a recessed mold mirroring the letter.^[137] Molten type metal (an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony) is poured into this matrix to cast individual sorts, which are assembled into lines and pages for printing.^[138] Prominent punchcutters, such as the French artisan Claude Garamond, elevated this craft in the 1530s by producing elegant roman and italic fonts that set standards for legibility and refinement, working independently as a type founder in Paris.^[141] Punch-cutting evolved from purely manual methods to mechanical aids in the late 19th century, with American typefounder Linn Boyd Benton inventing a pantographic engraving machine around 1884 that traced enlarged patterns to cut precise punches and matrices at reduced scale.^[142] This innovation drastically increased production efficiency, enabling the mass manufacture of fonts for newspapers and books during the industrial era.^[143] By the 1970s, the shift to phototypesetting and digital composition largely supplanted punches, though the technique persisted in specialized foundries.^[140] The use of punches revolutionized printing by facilitating the scalable production of uniform type, underpinning the dissemination of knowledge through books and periodicals from the Renaissance onward.^[139] Notable surviving examples include the Baskerville punches, a collection of over 2,700 steel tools cut in the 1750s by English printer John Baskerville, now preserved at the University of Cambridge and studied for their transitional serif design that influenced modern typography.^[144] In 2025, amid a broader resurgence of artisanal crafts, letterpress printing using recast punches experiences renewed interest, with exhibitions like "Carved & Crafted: The Art of Letterpress" at the LSU Museum of Art highlighting handmade type's tactile appeal in contemporary design.^[145]

Heliophysics

PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) is a NASA Small Explorer mission designed to study the Sun's corona and heliosphere in three dimensions using the polarization of sunlight. The mission employs four microsatellite imagers to observe how coronal structures evolve into the solar wind, providing measurements of solar eruptions and ambient plasma flows.^[146]

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Birtwistle Punch and Judy - Gramophone
It's almost 40 years since the 1968 premiere of Punch and Judy, celebrated in legend as a rude gesture in the face of Aldeburgh primness, and with hindsight ...
[71]
Punch You in the Eye - Phish
Punch You in the Eye ; 09/14/25 Coca-Cola Amphitheater, Birmingham, AL ; 07/23/25 Forest Hills Stadium, Forest Hills, NY ; 07/15/25 TD Pavilion at The Mann, ...
[72]
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – The Punch Line Lyrics - Genius
The Punch Line Lyrics: Sometimes, sometimes you've got to be the punch line / Well and sometimes, sometimes you get to tell the joke / There's no difference ...
[73]
THE HERO !! - "One Punch Man" Opening Theme ワンパンマン
Dec 14, 2015 · [Official Video] JAM Project - THE HERO !! - "One Punch Man" Opening Theme ワンパンマン. 65M views · 9 years ago ...more. Lantis Global ...
[74]
We care about your privacy - PUNCH - Bandcamp
Free deliveryPUNCH by PUNCH, released 01 March 2009 1. Don't Start 2. Fuming 3. Get Back 4. Ol' Factory 5. Right of Way 6. If Not Me 7. Been Here Before 8.
[75]
Patience, Satire, and Self-Righteousness - The Victorian Web
The lyric continues in the mode of such nineteenth century satirical peers of Gilbert's as Punch magazine and the innumerable other writers, cartoonists, and ...
[76]
Punch, or the London Charivari, Volume 100, May 16, 1891 by Various
A collection of humorous articles, anecdotes, and illustrations derived from the popular British magazine Punch, which was known for its satire and commentary ...
[77]
Punch, or the London Charivari. Volume 1, July 31, 1841 by Various
"Punch, or the London Charivari. Volume 1, July 31, 1841" by Various is a humorous periodical that emerged during the early Victorian era.
[78]
Punch Drink
Punch is an award-winning media brand dedicated to drinks and drinking culture ... Here's a guide to the drink and its many modern recipes. story: Punch ...The Best, Easy Cocktail Recipes · About Us · Articles · French Connection CocktailMissing: launched 2016
[79]
Vox Media acquires James Beard Award-winning Punch as part of ...
Aug 23, 2021 · Vox Media, the leading independent modern media company, today announced the acquisition of PUNCH, a James Beard Award-winning media brand dedicated to drinks ...
[80]
3dSenVR v0.9.9 Release. Mike Tyson's PunchOut!! - 3dSen VR
Free deliveryBreathing new life into classic NES games by magically converting it into 3D and letting you play in VR.
[81]
The Official Website for Punch! - VIZ
Though Elle wants nothing to do with fighting, her grandfather has different ideas and betrothes her to an up-and-coming boxer from his own gym.
[82]
[PDF] Conceptualising the Punch Line: An Analysis of Humorous ...
Oct 20, 2020 · On the basis of three webcomics, section 4 discusses the way their punch lines are understood in sequence. In the last section we summarise ...
[83]
Pictures of Life and Character from the collection of Mr Punch (1887)
Jun 23, 2015 · ... magazine founded in 1841 by Henry Mayhew, who served as editor together with Mark Lemon, and engraver Ebenezer Landells. Punch took its name ...
[84]
Treasures from the Archive”, a British Library Study Day, 7 ...
Mar 14, 2025 · A symposium entitled “Pictorial Punch – Treasures from the Archive” will take place at the British Library on 7 November 2025.
[85]
Stamping Press History - Lee Industrial Contracting
May 2, 2019 · In 1550, a German silversmith, developed a screw press for stamping coins. The screw press was turned by as many as twelve men to exert the pressure needed to ...
[86]
Metal Stamping Presses 101 - An Overview of Press Types and ...
Ratings typically range from 20 tons all the way up to 6,000 tons. These presses can be found in an array of sizes that range from approximately 20 to 6,000 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[87]
CNC Turret Punch Basics You Should Know - Artizono
Jun 28, 2024 · CNC turret punch press was officially launched in 1955 by Weedman Company of the United States, which raised a new level of development for the ...
[88]
What's New In Turret Punch Press Tooling | Modern Machine Shop
Jan 15, 2000 · Modern turret punch presses are capable of 1,000 strokes per minute. Most punch presses are equipped with, or have available, an automatic oil ...
[89]
ISO 16092-1:2017 - Machine tools safety — Presses — Part 1
2–5 day deliveryISO 16092-1:2017 specifies technical safety requirements and measures to be adopted by persons undertaking the design, manufacture and supply of presses.
[90]
https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/stea/community/occupation/conductor/stea-3269-punch.html
[91]
https://patents.google.com/patent/US301052A
[92]
punch machine trends 2025: AI, automation & growth - Accio
Sep 29, 2025 · Explore the latest punch machine trends in 2025: AI integration, automation, and rising demand across industries.
[93]
Punches: An overview of types and uses - Starrett
Dec 13, 2024 · A center punch is used to mark the centre of a point. It is usually used to mark the centre of a hole when drilling holes. A drill has the ...
[94]
What Is a Punch Tool? | OneMonroe
Dec 13, 2019 · A center punch tool is a special type of punch tool that's used to create a shallow indention in a workpiece for the purpose of drilling. Prior ...
[95]
https://www.pbsanimalhealth.com/ear-punch/p/14096/
[96]
Nail Sets: Types, Features, and Size Guide - This Old House
A nail set, also known as nail punch tool, are used during woodworking to help sink the nail beneath the surface for a clean finish.What Are Nail Punch Tools... · 3 Types Of Nail Set Tools · Four Nail Set FeaturesMissing: flush- definition
[97]
Nail Size Chart - All Points Fasteners
Aug 19, 2022 · Higher nail gauge sizes correspond to thinner nails, with smaller nail gauge sizes correlating to thicker, stronger nails. ... 16d: 8-gauge ...Nail Types · Common Nail Sizing Chart · Annular And Threaded Nail...
[98]
Train Conductor's Ticket Punch | Smithsonian Institution
A ticket punch, made by Bonney-Vehslage Tool Co., was used to cancel passenger tickets and the conductor's ticket, making an "L" shaped hole. Each conductor ...Missing: irregular validation
[99]
Paper Punch - All Aboard! People and Railroads at Steamtown Exhibit
Sep 26, 2022 · Ticket punching began in the 1860s. Ticket punches had different die designs to identify individual trainmen. This example is a conductor's ...
[100]
US301052A - Ticket-punch - Google Patents
The object of this invention is to devise means to effectually guard against the commission of fraud by the double use of railroad fare-tickets; and it consists ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[101]
A Close Look at Ticket-Punch Shapes - by Paul Lukas
Jul 8, 2025 · Each conductor was assigned a unique design, such as hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs, semi-circles, stars, letters, triangles, and so on.Missing: history patented 1880s irregular validation
[102]
a look back at 125 years of ticketing in transport in Île-de-France
Apr 23, 2025 · From punch-punched tickets to smartphone validation, a look back at 125 years of ticketing in public transport in the Paris region. 1900 ...
[103]
https://www.waterfallsnorthwest.com/waterfall/Punch-Bowl-Falls-3881
[104]
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ForgottenOregon/posts/4083618048572769/
[105]
High-precision bending - WILA tooling
WILA products are produced to tight tolerances of up to ± 0.01 mm and undergo strict quality assurance checks at every step in the production process.
[106]
What Are Precision Carbide Pilot Punches And Why Are They ...
Aug 23, 2025 · Dimensional Tolerances: Precision punches should meet or exceed the tolerance requirements of your project. Even a deviation of 0.01 mm can ...
[107]
Euro Tooling for Press Brakes: A Comprehensive Guide - JEELIX
Sep 17, 2025 · Punches and dies are ground in matched sets to extremely tight tolerances—often within ±0.01mm. This level of precision guarantees that when ...
[108]
Devil's Punchbowl - Breaking New Ground
The Devil's Punchbowl may look like a meteorite impact crater, but it originated as a depression formed by dissolution of Chalk bedrock over thousands of years.Missing: Surrey history
[109]
Field Trip: The Devil's Punchbowl - Open University Geological Society
May 10, 2015 · Geologically, we started on the sandy beds of the Hythe Formation. Although exposures were limited we did find fragments of sandstone by the ...Missing: England | Show results with:England
[110]
The History of Hindhead Commons and the Devil's Punch Bowl
Discover the history of Hindhead Commons and the Devil's Punch Bowl, from a brutal highway murder to a beauty spot that inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.Missing: geology | Show results with:geology<|separator|>
[111]
Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 'Wayfinding Signs'
With around 30 million visitors annually Surrey Hills wanted to encourage visitors to travel sustainably and approached Pindar Creative to produce a series of ...
[112]
Punch Bowl Falls - Northwest Waterfall Survey
Mar 19, 2017 · The falls were named due to its unique shape, resembling a ladle being dipped into a large bowl. Location & Directions. Coordinates: 45.62163, - ...
[113]
Punchbowl Falls, Eagle Creek, Columbia River Highway, Oregon
Jan 12, 2025 · Punch Bowl Falls is a waterfall on Eagle Creek in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Oregon, United States. Eagle Creek drains into ...Hiking to Punch Bowl Falls in Columbia River Gorge - FacebookHiking punchbowl falls in oregon - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.comMissing: details | Show results with:details
[114]
Keep Calm and Hike On: Eagle Creek to Punchbowl Falls
Apr 18, 2016 · Back in 1910, the Eagle Creek Trail was blasted out of sheer basalt cliffs with dynamite, which means much of it is narrow with sheer cliff ...
[115]
National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific
The "Punchbowl" was formed some 75,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Honolulu period of secondary volcanic activity. A crater resulted from the ejection of ...
[116]
The Punchbowl Crater: Beyond the Cemetery | pearlharbor.org
Nov 24, 2016 · The Punchbowl Crater, formed by lava, was used as a sacrifice site, later for cannons, and now a national cemetery and monument.
[117]
Punchbowl Falls - Waterfalls of Tasmania
Sep 27, 2020 · A seasonal waterfall unofficially named Punchbowl Falls flows along the Kings Meadows Rivulet, plummeting approximately 4 - 5 metres between a natural Rock ...Missing: geographical features
[118]
Punchbowl Reserve - City of Launceston
Park area in a bushland setting with children's play space, bushland walking trails and a duck pond. In spring the Rhododendrum displays are a feature of this ...Missing: geographical | Show results with:geographical
[119]
[PDF] The Big Punchbowl Reserve www.tasland.org
It provides refuge and shelter for shorebirds, seabirds and waterfowl using the Moulting Lagoon waterway as well as the multitude of tidal and estuarine fish ...
[120]
https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/timeline/slavery.htm
[121]
Poonch | Meaning, Kashmir, History, & Facts - Britannica
Poonch is a town in western Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India. It lies at the confluence of the Belar and Poonch rivers, at the southern ...
[122]
Punch Municipal Council City Population Census 2011-2025
Current estimated population of Punch Municipal Council in 2025 is approximately 38,000. The schedule census of 2021 for Punch city is postponed due to covid.
[123]
District Poonch, Government of Jammu and Kashmir | Pir Panchal ...
Official Website District Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India. ... © Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir , Developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre,
[124]
Historical background study of Estate Punch, Northside Quarter A ...
Historical background study of Estate Punch, Northside Quarter A, no. 4, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.
[125]
Our History | About Us - The Punch Bowl
The History of the Punch Bowl Inn. The date 1638 is carved into the lintel stone above the front door of the Punch Bowl Inn. In the book Swaledale by ...
[126]
https://onepunchman.fandom.com/wiki/One-Punch_Man_(manga)
[127]
https://www.cbr.com/hilarious-one-punch-man-memes/
[128]
Slavery in America - Timeline - Jim Crow Museum
... John Punch, a black man, was sentenced to servitude for life. Punch was the first African in Virginia to be enslaved for life. 1641. Massachusetts became the ...
[129]
[PDF] LAW AND THE MAKING OF SLAVERY IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA
There was no legal declaration that Africans were to be slaves, but rather a series of cases, followed by legislation, that dealt with the practical problems ...
[130]
Dr. Jerry Punch to Remain with ESPN, Return to College Sports
Dec 22, 2014 · Dr. Jerry Punch, who has been associated with ESPN since 1984 as a motorsports and college sports announcer, has agreed to a new contract to remain with the ...
[131]
Lucy Punch - Biography - IMDb
Lucy Punch grew up in London and was a member of the National Youth Theatre in her late teens before going to University College London to read History.
[132]
major general harold w. "punch" moulton ii - AF.mil
Maj. Gen. Harold W. "Punch" Moulton II is Director of Operations, US European Command, Patch Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany.
[133]
VIZ: The Official Website for One-Punch Man
- **Origin**: One-Punch Man began as a webcomic by ONE, gaining over 10 million hits.
[134]
Latest: Japan Weekly Manga Sales Ranking As of April 21 2025 ...
Apr 17, 2025 · Ranking / Estimated number of copies sold / Estimated cumulative sales volume / Title / Author 1 76,301 153,293 One-Punch Man 33 (Story) ONE / ( ...
[135]
10 Hilarious One-Punch Man Memes Only True Fans Understand
Aug 12, 2019 · We have compiled a list of ten great One-Punch Man memes that are too hilarious not to share. 10 Barely Passing Grades
[136]
Meet Punchline: The Joker's New Partner and the "Anti-Harley Quinn"
Mar 25, 2020 · Punchline has her most significant appearance yet in a “you knew it had to happen” face-off against Harley Quinn in Batman #92 and #93.
[137]
CoinWeek Ancient Coins Series: How Ancient Coins Were Made
Jul 10, 2017 · A Roman denarius of 46 BCE shows some of the tools used in making coins. It was issued by mint official Titus Carisius. The reverse shows a ...Cast Coins · Struck Coins · Notes
[138]
https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/literature/punchcutting/index.html
[139]
Matthew Boulton and the Steam-Powered Soho Mint
Matthew Boulton developed steam power in the 1770s, and by 1788 he applied this to minting by developing the first automatic steam-powered coining apparatus in ...Missing: 1800s | Show results with:1800s
[140]
https://www.emigre.com/Essays/Type/TheArtofFoundingType
[141]
How the Philadelphia Mint Makes Hubs and Dies to Produce Coins
Sep 13, 2013 · It generally takes 15-20 hours to cut a coin hub and 25-30 hours to cut a 3-inch die. These CNC machines are more efficient and can produce a ...Missing: tolerances | Show results with:tolerances
[142]
Machining Tolerances 101: A Comprehensive Guide
Aug 27, 2024 · CNC machining typically achieves tolerances of ±0.005″ (0.127 mm) as a standard benchmark. Precision machining operations can achieve tighter ...Machining Tolerances · Iso 2768 · Machining TypeMissing: modern Mint
[143]
Forge Dies, Punches, & Mandrels - Gemini Group
Our forging punches are designed with precise detail, considering factors like material selection, heat treatment, and dimensional accuracy, resulting in ...
[144]
Collection search | British Museum
Byzantine Empire (5,019 objects); Scandinavia (5,010 objects); Gloucestershire ... artefact; coin. Museum number: AK,III.m.8 |. Findspot: Found/Acquired ...
[145]
Casting of Printing Type, preceded by Punchcutting (Plate I)
This plate visualizes the process of punchcutting, or creating a three dimensional figure that could then be used to make a mold in which to cast metal type.
[146]
https://science.nasa.gov/mission/punch/
[147]
The Dying Typographic Art of Cutting Letters into Steel - Hyperallergic
Aug 24, 2016 · Cutting punches, the first step in traditional typesetting, is the meticulous craft of carving letterforms into small steel billets.
[148]
Essays - The Art of Founding Type - Emigre
The first task, known as punchcutting, was generally recognized as the most difficult of the four, an employment that called for meticulousness, perseverance, ...
[149]
Garamond, the French typeface par excellence - Typofonderie
Nov 25, 2024 · Claude Garamont, punch cutter and type founder. It is unlikely that the “Estienne types” who then renew the world of typography were engraved by ...
[150]
Beyond (and Before) Benton - Circuitous Root®
Benton's first pantographic engraving machine was developed by at least 1884 (patented 1885) and was initially intended for the cutting of patrices in ...
[151]
The Ludwig–Hofer pantograph: an independently-invented matrix ...
Sep 10, 2021 · Benton's pantographic punchcutting devices were vertical machines. Operators placed a pattern at the machine's bottom, and a smaller punch was ...
[152]
About the Project - Baskerville punches
At its heart is the exceptional collection of typographic punches designed, cut, and used at Baskerville's workshop in Birmingham, which are now held at ...
[153]
Carved & Crafted: The Art of Letterpress - LSU Museum of Art
Carved & Crafted: The Art of Letterpress on view June 12–September 21, 2025 at the LSU Museum of Art in Baton Rouge, LA.
[154]
PUNCH - NASA Science
Official NASA mission page detailing the PUNCH mission objectives, technology, and status.