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LB

lb is the standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound, a unit of mass in the United States customary and British imperial systems of measurement, defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.^[1] Originating from ancient Roman practices, the term "pound" derives from the Latin libra pondo, where libra denoted a balance scale for weighing approximately twelve unciae (ounces), establishing a foundational standard for trade and commerce that persisted through medieval Europe into modern systems.^[2] The avoirdupois pound, distinguished from the lighter troy pound used for precious metals, was formalized in Britain through acts like the 1824 Weights and Measures Act, which standardized it at 7,000 grains, and later aligned internationally via the 1959 agreement between the US, UK, and other nations to ensure equivalence with the kilogram for global consistency.^[1] Despite widespread adoption of the metric system elsewhere, the pound remains integral to American industries, consumer products, and personal metrics such as body weight, underscoring its enduring practical utility amid ongoing debates over metrication.^[3] The abbreviation "lb" evolved from scribal contractions of libra, often rendered with a bar over the "l" to indicate abbreviation, a convention that bypassed the letter "p" in "pound" to preserve the Latin root.^[2]^[3]

Measurement and units

Pound (lb)

The abbreviation "lb" for the pound derives from the Latin phrase libra pondo, meaning "a pound by weight," where libra referred to a Roman unit of balance or scale.^[4] The term "pound" itself entered English from Old English pund, cognate with other Germanic languages, but the abbreviation retained the Latin root due to medieval scribal practices distinguishing the weight (libra) from the container or balance.^[2] The avoirdupois pound, the standard unit for most everyday mass measurements, is defined exactly as 0.45359237 kilograms, established by an international yard and pound agreement in 1959 among English-speaking nations to align customary units with metric standards.^[5] This definition fixes the pound as a unit of mass in the US customary and imperial systems, employed for applications such as weighing produce, human body mass (e.g., 150 lb for an average adult male), or packaged goods, where 1 lb equals 16 avoirdupois ounces.^[6] Distinct from the pound-mass (often denoted lbm or simply lb) is the pound-force (lbf), a unit of force equivalent to the gravitational force exerted on one pound-mass at standard gravity (approximately 32.174 ft/s²), requiring explicit differentiation in engineering and physics to avoid conflating mass with weight.^[7] Additionally, the troy pound, used historically for precious metals and comprising 12 troy ounces (each troy ounce being about 1.097 avoirdupois ounces), totals 373.24172 grams—lighter than the avoirdupois pound—though the troy pound itself is obsolete, with troy ounces persisting in bullion markets.^[8] Despite the metric system's advantages in decimal coherence and scientific precision, the pound endures in the United States due to entrenched cultural familiarity, economic costs of retooling industries (estimated in billions for full conversion), and legislative inertia following failed metrication efforts like the 1975 Metric Conversion Act, which prioritized voluntary adoption over mandates.^[9]^[10] This persistence reflects practical utility in sectors like retail and construction, where customary units facilitate intuitive scaling without universal SI conversion, even as metric dominates global trade and research.^[9]

Sports

Linebacker

A linebacker (LB) is a defensive position in American football, stationed behind the defensive line of scrimmage, tasked with stopping running plays by filling gaps and tackling ball carriers, covering pass receivers, and occasionally rushing the quarterback to disrupt plays.^[11]^[12] This role demands a combination of size, speed, and instincts, enabling linebackers to react to offensive movements in real time and apply physical force to alter trajectories of ball carriers or passers, thereby enforcing the game's causal dynamics where superior athletic execution determines outcomes.^[13] Effectiveness is quantified through statistics such as tackles (total and solo), sacks (takedowns of the quarterback), interceptions, and forced fumbles, which reflect direct contributions to defensive stops.^[14] Linebackers are categorized into subtypes based on alignment and primary duties: the middle or inside linebacker (MLB or ILB), often called the "Mike," focuses on run defense between the tackles and play diagnosis; outside linebackers (OLB) include the strong-side (Sam), who aligns near the tight end for edge containment and run support, and the weak-side (Will), emphasizing pursuit speed and pass coverage.^[15]^[16] In modern schemes, outside linebackers in 3-4 defenses often stand upright for versatility in blitzing, contrasting with the more grounded roles in 4-3 alignments.^[17] The position evolved alongside football's professionalization in the 1930s and 1940s, transitioning from rigid formations to more fluid responses as offenses incorporated passing; by the late 20th century, it adapted to emphasize athletic versatility amid rule changes favoring aerial attacks.^[18]^[19] Lawrence Taylor, playing for the New York Giants from 1981 to 1993, exemplified this shift by redefining outside linebackers as primary pass rushers, amassing 132.5 sacks and forcing offenses to adjust protections, thus highlighting the meritocratic edge of disruptive physicality over protective padding.^[20] Ray Lewis, with the Baltimore Ravens from 1996 to 2012, anchored middle linebacker play through 2,050 combined tackles and dual Defensive Player of the Year awards in 2000 and 2003, demonstrating sustained impact in run-stopping and leadership that prioritized empirical tackling efficiency.^[21]^[14] In defensive alignments, linebackers are pivotal: the 4-3 scheme deploys four down linemen and three linebackers for balanced run-pass coverage, while the 3-4 uses three linemen and four linebackers to generate confusion via standing rushers, allowing exploitation of mismatches through speed and power.^[22]^[23] This flexibility underscores football's strategic depth, where linebackers' ability to impose force—measured in yards stopped or pressures created—establishes a hierarchy of athletic merit, independent of external narratives on safety.^[24]

Other sports uses

In cricket, "lb" is the standard abbreviation for a leg bye, a run scored when the ball deflects off the batsman's body (excluding the hand) without touching the bat, allowing the non-striker and batsman to complete runs as per the rules of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).^[25] This scoring method, governed by Law 23 of the Laws of Cricket, credits the run to the batting team but not to the individual batsman, emphasizing causal deflection rather than intentional bat contact.^[26] Separately, "LB" denotes a leg break, a spin bowling delivery imparted by a leg spinner that pitches on the leg side and deviates toward the off side after bouncing, exploiting the batsman's stance for potential dismissals like bowled or caught.^[27] In association football (soccer), "LB" commonly abbreviates left back, the defensive position stationed on the left flank of the backline, responsible for marking opposing wingers, supporting midfield transitions, and delivering crosses during attacks in standard 4-4-2 or 4-3-3 formations.^[28] This role, integral to tactical setups since the evolution of modern full-back duties in the early 20th century, requires versatility in overlapping runs and defensive recovery, as seen in professional leagues like the English Premier League where left backs average 1.5 tackles per match based on positional analytics.^[29]

Geographical places

United States

Long Beach, California, commonly abbreviated as LB, is a charter city and the 42nd-largest in the United States by population, recording 466,742 residents in the 2020 Census.^[30] Originally settled in the late 19th century amid California's post-Gold Rush expansion, it was first incorporated on February 10, 1888, as Willmore City before being renamed and disincorporated due to local disputes over prohibition laws; it reincorporated on December 13, 1897, evolving from a modest seaside resort into a key industrial and trade center.^[31] The city's location adjacent to the Pacific Ocean positioned it as a vital node in westward U.S. economic development, leveraging free-market incentives like minimal regulatory barriers to attract shipping and manufacturing.^[32] The Port of Long Beach, one of the world's busiest container ports, underscores LB's economic significance, processing 8,018,668 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2023 despite a 12.2% year-over-year decline from pandemic-era peaks, reclaiming its status as the second-busiest U.S. port by volume.^[33] This activity generates $309 billion in annual U.S. GDP contributions and sustains 2.7 million jobs nationwide through import-export chains, primarily with Asia-Pacific partners, with inbound consumer goods comprising the bulk of traffic.^[34] Empirical port data refute narratives of infrastructural stagnation, as throughput has stabilized near pre-2020 levels via efficiency gains in automation and dredging, handling over 90 million metric tons of cargo annually.^[35] Long Beach's aerospace legacy further highlights its role in national innovation, hosting Douglas Aircraft facilities from the 1920s that produced military planes during World War II and later the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III transport until assembly ended in 2015 following Boeing's acquisition of McDonnell Douglas in 1997.^[36] These operations employed thousands and advanced U.S. airlift capabilities, tying into broader Cold War-era defense expansion. Smaller U.S. locales occasionally referenced as LB include Long Beach in New York (population 46,073 in 2020) and Mississippi (population 4,788 in 2020), though lacking the scale or trade prominence of the California counterpart.

International

Lebanon, designated by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code LB, is a sovereign country in the Levant region of Western Asia.^[37] It spans 10,452 square kilometers along the eastern Mediterranean coast, with borders shared by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south. The terrain features coastal plains, the Bekaa Valley, and Mount Lebanon range, influencing its agriculture-focused economy, including citrus, olives, and wheat production. As of 2023, Lebanon's population stood at 5,773,493, reflecting net migration outflows amid economic challenges and regional instability.^[38] Beirut serves as the capital and principal port, historically a trading hub since Phoenician times. In the United Kingdom, LB abbreviates "London borough," referring to the 32 local government districts that form the bulk of Greater London's administrative structure, excluding the City of London.^[39] These boroughs, created by the London Government Act 1963 and operational from 1 April 1965, manage services such as waste collection, planning, and transport at a local level. Each is geographically defined within the metropolitan area, with populations ranging from about 150,000 in Kensington and Chelsea to over 370,000 in Croydon as of mid-2023 estimates. The boroughs' boundaries reflect historical parishes and urban growth patterns, supporting diverse economies from financial services in the City-adjacent areas to manufacturing in outer zones.

Businesses and organizations

Companies

L.B. Foster Company, founded in 1902 and headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes products for rail infrastructure, construction, and energy sectors, including steel forgings, trackwork, and pipe supports. The firm has expanded through acquisitions and product diversification, deriving about one-third of its revenues from markets entered within the last decade, reflecting responsiveness to infrastructure demands rather than reliance on subsidies. In fiscal year 2024, it generated $530.77 million in revenue, down 2.39% from the prior year, while achieving net earnings of $42.95 million through operational efficiencies.^[40]^[41]^[42] L.B. White Company, established in 1952 in Appleton, Wisconsin, produces forced-air, radiant, and convection heaters powered by propane, natural gas, or kerosene, targeting agricultural, construction, and temporary event applications. It innovated enclosed-flame portable heating to isolate combustion from the environment, improving safety and market adoption in livestock and poultry sectors. Over 65 years, the company built leadership in niche heating via design expertise; it was acquired by private equity firm Mason Wells in 2017 and sold to a new buyer on May 31, 2025, sustaining growth in specialized equipment.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] LandBridge Company LLC, founded in 2021 and based in Houston, Texas, operates in the Permian Basin, extracting and selling brackish groundwater alongside surface materials like caliche for industrial and energy uses. The company capitalized on regional water scarcity by developing infrastructure for non-potable supply, listing on the NYSE under ticker LB. Its model leverages land assets for revenue from royalties and direct sales, adapting to oilfield demands without heavy regulatory dependence.^[47]

Other organizations

Lutheran Brotherhood (LB) was established on January 12, 1917, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as a fraternal benefit society primarily serving members of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America by offering life insurance, financial services, and mutual aid to promote self-reliance within Lutheran communities.^[48] The organization operated on a membership model, requiring participants to be practicing Lutherans, and emphasized charitable activities, including support for church missions, education, and community welfare programs aligned with traditional Lutheran values such as family stability and ethical stewardship.^[49] By the mid-20th century, LB had expanded to include broader financial products while maintaining its non-profit status and commitment to reinvesting surplus funds into member benefits and Lutheran causes, amassing significant assets—over $2 billion in mutual funds by 1995 alone—through conservative investment strategies focused on long-term security rather than speculative growth.^[49] In 2002, Lutheran Brotherhood merged with the Aid Association for Lutherans (AAL) to form Thrivent Financial for Lutherans, a move driven by regulatory pressures and the need for economies of scale in a consolidating industry, though the resulting entity retained elements of the original fraternal structure, including volunteer-led chapters for community engagement.^[49] This merger marked the end of LB as an independent entity but preserved its legacy of fostering associative networks that prioritized empirical risk management and causal links between personal responsibility and communal support, evidenced by decades of low default rates and sustained payouts to policyholders during economic downturns like the Great Depression.^[48] Historical records indicate LB's model succeeded in building trust among immigrant Lutheran populations by avoiding high-risk practices common in secular insurers, thereby contributing to the financial literacy and resilience of affiliated communities without reliance on government intervention.^[50]

Science and technology

Mathematics and computing

In mathematics and computer science, lb denotes the binary logarithm, lb(x) = log₂(x), representing the exponent to which 2 must be raised to yield x.^[51] This notation facilitates calculations involving powers of two, such as determining the minimum number of bits required to represent a positive integer n in binary, calculated as ⌊lb(n)⌋ + 1.^[52] For instance, lb(100) ≈ 6.644, requiring 7 bits for representation.^[53] The binary logarithm appears in information theory for quantifying uncertainty in binary systems, notably in the binary entropy function H(p) = −p lb(p) − (1−p) lb(1−p), where p is the probability of a binary outcome; this measures entropy in bits, with maximum value 1 at p = 0.5.^[54] In computing, LB abbreviates load balancer, a mechanism that allocates incoming network requests across multiple backend servers or resources to optimize resource utilization, minimize response times, and enhance fault tolerance..html) Load balancers employ algorithms like round-robin or least connections to distribute traffic, supporting scalability in web applications and cloud environments.^[55] Amazon Web Services introduced Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) in May 2009 as an early scalable implementation, enabling automatic traffic distribution across Amazon EC2 instances while providing health checks and failover capabilities.^[56]

Other scientific and technical uses

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films consist of one or more monolayers of amphiphilic molecules deposited from the surface of a liquid subphase, typically water, onto a solid substrate via controlled vertical or horizontal dipping.^[57] This technique enables the fabrication of ultrathin nanostructured films with precise control over layer thickness, often at the molecular scale, achieving thicknesses as low as 2-3 nm per monolayer.^[58] The method originated from Irving Langmuir's investigations into monolayers of fatty acids on water surfaces in the early 1920s, building on observations of oil spreading to calm water ripples dating back to ancient times.^[59] Katherine Blodgett advanced the process in 1935 by developing a means to transfer multiple ordered monolayers onto glass slides using a movable barrier to compress the film, earning a patent for the LB trough apparatus.^[60] The LB trough itself features a shallow reservoir for the subphase, barriers to regulate surface pressure (measured in millinewtons per meter), and a dipping mechanism for substrate immersion, allowing isotherms to characterize film behavior under compression.^[61] In nanotechnology, LB films facilitate the assembly of two-dimensional heterostructures from materials like nanoparticles or polymers, with applications in biosensors where monolayers detect analytes via changes in surface properties.^[62] For instance, LB-deposited films of cadmium arachidate exhibit optical interference effects, enabling precise thickness measurements, while recent adaptations integrate nanocrystals for optoelectronic devices.^[63] These films' ordered molecular packing supports supramolecular architectures resistant to defects, though stability can vary with environmental factors like humidity.^[64] Transition from legacy empirical notations to SI units in related measurements underscores the technique's alignment with modern scientific standards, avoiding ambiguities in pre-metric systems.^[65]

Other uses

People

Ludwig Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist renowned for advancing statistical mechanics, formulating the Boltzmann equation describing particle distribution in gases, and defining the Boltzmann constant relating energy to temperature in thermodynamic systems.^[66]^[67] Louis Braille (January 4, 1809 – January 6, 1852) was a French educator who, blinded as a child, developed the Braille system—a tactile code using raised dots for reading and writing by the visually impaired—initially devised in 1824 and refined by 1837 for widespread use.^[68]^[69] Louis B. Mayer (July 12, 1884 – October 29, 1957) was a Canadian-American film executive who co-founded Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios on April 17, 1924, overseeing production of over 1,000 films and implementing the studio's star system that dominated Hollywood's Golden Age.^[70]^[71]

Miscellaneous

In naval terminology during World War II, LB designated "landing barge," a type of unpowered or minimally powered vessel requisitioned or converted from civilian dumb barges, primarily by British forces, to support amphibious assaults such as the Normandy landings in 1944. These barges, including variants like LB (dumb), LBF (fitted for fuel), and LBW (water), were towed into position to offload troops, vehicles, or supplies directly onto beaches, with over 500 units numbered and deployed despite high vulnerability to enemy fire due to their lack of propulsion and armor.^[72]^[73] In aviation history, LB or L/B abbreviated "light bomber," describing relatively small, maneuverable aircraft designed for short-range tactical bombing missions before the 1950s, when larger strategic bombers dominated. Examples include the U.S. Keystone LB-6, a biplane produced in the late 1920s with a crew of five and bomb capacity up to 2,000 pounds, valued for its speed and low-altitude utility in early air forces but rendered obsolete by advancements in jet propulsion and multi-role fighters.^[74]^[75] In contemporary informal online communication, particularly on platforms like Instagram, LB serves as slang for "like back," a reciprocal request where a user asks another to like their post in exchange for a prior like, reflecting social media dynamics of mutual engagement rather than genuine endorsement. This usage emerged in the mid-2010s amid growth in influencer culture but lacks empirical tracking in formal linguistic corpora, appearing primarily in anecdotal reports from digital etiquette guides.^[76]^[77]

References

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[PDF] (United States Customary and Metric) - Definitions and Tables
An avoirdupois pound (lb avdp) is a unit of mass equal to 0.453 592 427 7 kilo- gram. 7000. A troy pound (lb t) is a unit of mass equal to $760 of that of the ...
[2]
A short history of the pound - BBC News
Feb 14, 2014 · The pound traces its origins back to continental Europe. Its name derives from the Latin word Libra for weight or balance, via the construction Libra Pondo, ...
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Why Is Pounds Abbreviated to Lbs - Britannica
The abbreviation 'lbs' for pounds comes from the Latin 'libra', meaning 'scales', and 'libra pondo' meaning 'pound by weight'. 'lb' is derived from 'libra'.
[5]
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/pound-to-kg.html
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Convert lbs to kg
The international avoirdupois pound (the common pound used today) is defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.
[7]
Difference between Pound-Force and Pound-Mass - ProjectEngineer
Dec 23, 2013 · There is no confusion as the units are different. However, in the US system, pounds are used for both mass and weight.Missing: distinction | Show results with:distinction
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What is a Troy Ounce? | The Royal Mint
This means one troy ounce is equivalent to approximately 1.09714 avoirdupois ounces. We still use the troy system today, especially when weighing precious ...
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Jun 27, 2024 · In fact, the U.S. system is considered a hybrid system, in which both U.S. customary and metric system measurements are used routinely. In ...
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Sep 26, 2025 · The biggest reasons the US hasn't adopted the metric system are simply time and money. When the Industrial Revolution began in the country, expensive ...
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Linebackers are defenders behind the defensive line, in the middle, responsible for both running and passing plays, and are often leaders on defense.
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The Ultimate Guide to the Linebacker Position | Under Armour
Linebackers are often called the quarterback of the defense. They must be skilled at run stopping, defending receivers, and pass rushing.Missing: definition subtypes
[13]
LB Position in Football: Complete Linebacker Guide - KOKA Sports
Aug 27, 2025 · These versatile athletes serve as the backbone of any defense, combining the strength of a defensive lineman with the speed of defensive backs.<|separator|>
[14]
NFL's best players ever at every defensive position - ESPN
Aug 3, 2022 · Linebacker: Ray Lewis ... Stat to know: A two-time Defensive Player of the Year, Lewis is the only player in NFL history to have 40 sacks and 30 ...
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[16]
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Aug 25, 2016 · For decades, linebackers have had the same makeup: big, imposing presences in the middle of a defense. But as offenses have changed, ...
[20]
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Sep 6, 2024 · During his college career, he recorded 132 tackles, 16 sacks, and 2 interceptions. His senior year was particularly impressive, as he ...
[21]
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Jun 3, 2018 · Lewis' impact on on the field is evident by his 2,050 combined tackles, out of which 1,558 were solo and 492 were assisted tackles. He also ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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LEG BYE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Cricket. a run or bye scored on a bowled ball that ricochets off any part of the batsman's body except the hand. leg bye. noun. lb. cricket a run scored after ...
[26]
LEG BYE definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
a run scored after the ball has hit the batter's leg or some other part of the body, except the hand, without touching the bat. Abbreviation: lb.
[27]
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Leg-Break (LB) is a type of delivery in the sport of cricket. In Leg-Break the ball deviates from the leg side towards the off side after pitching.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[28]
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LB – left back. Is positioned on the left part of the defensive line. RB – right back. Is positioned on the right part of the defensive line. FB ...
[29]
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The back defenders playing closest to the sidelines are also known as outside fullbacks (OFB), outside backs (OB), right back (RB), and left back (LB). (At ...
[30]
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Long Beach city, California. QuickFacts provides statistics for all ... Population, Census, April 1, 2020, 466,742. Population, Census, April 1, 2010 ...
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Population (2020 Census): 466,742 (Also see latest State Population Estimates and Earlier decennial Census Counts). Population Under Age 18 (2020 Census): 20.4%<|separator|>
[32]
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When the city was incorporated in 1897, locals voted to name it Long Beach after the miles-long stretch of sand on its waterfront.
[33]
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[34]
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[35]
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More than 9 million 20-foot container units (TEUs); Cargo valued at $300 billion; 90 million metric tons of cargo; 2,000 vessel calls. The Port's loaded ...
[36]
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The largest aircraft manufactured in Long Beach was Boeing's C-17, one of the most sophisticated cargo planes ever made. Although production ceased in 2015, ...Missing: ties | Show results with:ties
[37]
Country Abbreviations 2025 - World Population Review
Country Abbreviations 2025 ; Lebanon Flag. Lebanon, LB ; Lesotho Flag. Lesotho, LS ; Liberia Flag. Liberia, LR ; Libya Flag. Libya, LY ...
[38]
Lebanon Population (1950-2025) - Macrotrends
Total population for Lebanon in 2023 was 5,773,493, a 0.5% increase from 2022. Total population for Lebanon in 2022 was 5,744,489, a 0.46% increase from 2021.
[39]
How is London borough abbreviated?
LB - London borough. Looking for abbreviations of LB? It is London borough. London borough listed as LB.
[40]
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Founded in 1902 and headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, LB Foster is a company that provides infrastructure solutions to the rail, construction, and ...
[41]
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Approximately one third of our revenues are derived from markets and products that we did not operate in as recently as eleven years ago. Our corporate culture ...
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In 2024, L.B. Foster Company's revenue was $530.77 million, a decrease of -2.39% compared to the previous year's $543.74 million. Earnings were $42.95 million, ...
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[45]
[PDF] CATALOG - L.B. White
White was the first company to innovate enclosed flame portable heat technology. Enclosing the process of combustion separates the flame from the environment ...
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May 31, 2025 · L.B. White is a manufacturer of branded forced-air, radiant, and variable rate heating equipment, evaporative cooling equipment, and replacement ...
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LandBridge Company LLC (LB) Company Profile & Facts
It sells brackish water and other surface composite materials. The company was founded in 2021 and is based in Houston, Texas. LandBridge Company LLC operates ...
[48]
Lutheran Brotherhood | Encyclopedia.com
Lutheran Brotherhood began in 1917 as an aid society for members of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. Norwegian Lutherans in the United States had ...
[49]
History - Thrivent Financial
Lutheran Brotherhood (LB) is founded. LB merged with AAL to form Thrivent in ... organization in U.S. 1995. AAL mutual funds hit $2 billion in assets ...
[50]
From The Archives: Our Shared Beliefs - Thrivent Financial
Sep 9, 2024 · In 1917, Lutheran Brotherhood (LB) was founded in Minneapolis, originally named Luther Union. At the organizing convention of the Norwegian ...
[51]
Logarithm Calculator log(x)
Common Values for Log Base ; 2, binary logarithm, lb(x) ; 10, common logarithm, lg(x) ; e, natural logarithm, ln(x) ...Common Log base 10 · Log base 2 Calculator Log2 · Natural Logarithm ln(x)
[52]
Count total bits in a number - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 15, 2022 · Total bits can be counted using log2(n) + 1, bit traversal, or by converting to a binary string and finding the length.<|control11|><|separator|>
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The number of bits needed to represent an integer- using log base 2?
Apr 5, 2018 · The number of bits needed to represent an integer n is given by rounding down log2(n) and then adding 1. For example, 100 needs 7 bits.
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Load balancing is the method of distributing network traffic equally across a pool of resources that support an application.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
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What is a Langmuir-Blodgett film? - Biolin Scientific
Aug 30, 2022 · A Langmuir-Blodgett film (or LB film) can be defined as one or more monolayers of material deposited from a liquid surface onto a solid substrate.
[58]
[PDF] LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMS,
Feb 10, 2005 · The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is a way of making ultrathin nanostructured films with a controlled layer structure and crystal parameter, ...
[59]
[PDF] ON THE HISTORY OF LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMS
The spreading of oil on water was known to the ancients. The effect of such spread films in calming ripples on the surface was a part of the common lore of.
[60]
History of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films - Biolin Scientific
Aug 16, 2022 · Deposited monolayers of any thickness are now known as Langmuir-Blodgett films or LB films.
[61]
KSV NIMA Langmuir-Blodgett Trough - Nanoscience Instruments
Modular Design with Repeatable Deposition An LB trough is equipped with a dipping well and a dipping mechanism that are used for transferring the film with the ...
[62]
Unique supramolecular assembly through Langmuir – Blodgett (LB ...
Dec 17, 2018 · The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is a way of making supra-molecular assembly in ultrathin films with a controlled layered structure and ...
[63]
[PDF] Langmuir#Blodgettry of Nanocrystals and Nanowires
The LB method should allow for easy integration of nanomaterials into current manufacturing schemes, in addition to fast device prototyping and multiplexing ...
[64]
Langmuir-Blodgett films and nanotechnology - ScienceDirect.com
LB technology seems to be a technique for producing objects for nanotechnology. ... Langmuir-Blodgett trough. nanotechnology. tunnel force of microscopes. atomic ...
[65]
Langmuir-Blodgett Film - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
LB films, or Langmuir-Blodgett films, are defined as thin organic films formed by the layering of amphiphilic molecules or rod-like polymers, which exhibit ...<|separator|>
[66]
Ludwig Boltzmann (1844 - 1906) - Biography - MacTutor
Boltzmann was awarded a doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1866 for a thesis on the kinetic theory of gases supervised by Josef Stefan.
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Ludwig Boltzmann - Biography, Facts and Pictures - Famous Scientists
Born in Vienna on February 20, 1844, Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann's father, Ludwig Georg Boltzmann, was a tax official. He was the eldest of three children and his ...
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About Louis Braille
Louis Braille is the inventor of the braille code. He was born on January 4, 1809, in Coupvray, France. At the age of 3, while playing in his father's shop, ...
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The Invention of Braille - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
LOUIS BRAILLE (1809–1852) was born in Coupvray, a town in north central France, on January 4, 1809. At the age of three, he accidentally blinded himself in ...
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Louis B. Mayer (Film Producer) - On This Day
Mayer was a Canadian-American film producer, best known as the co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios, also known as MGM, which started in 1924. His ...
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Louis B Mayer (1884-1957) - Hollywood's Golden Age
Mayer created MGM, the ultimate creator of cinematic fantasies, and the ... He later patriotically claimed July 4th as his birth date but the exact date and year ...
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Thames dumb barge converted into landing craft for Normandy ...
Development of Landing Barges - The very first requisitioned but unconverted dumb barges (LB - landing barges) were simply towed. The next stage was the ...
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L - M - Naval History and Heritage Command
Mar 9, 2015 · LB -- Landing Barge(s). L/B -- Light Bomber. LB -- Photographic Laboratory Specialist(s). LB -- Pound. LBD -- Twin-engine McDonnell, Navy ...
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LIGHT BOMBER definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
Definition ... a small airplane designed to carry light bomb loads relatively short distances, esp. one having a gross loaded weight of less than 100,000 lb.Missing: aviation | Show results with:aviation
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Light Bomber Aircraft - Huff-Daland LB-1 - Military Factory
Page details technical specifications, development, and operational history of the Huff-Daland LB-1 Light Bomber Aircraft including pictures.Missing: meaning | Show results with:meaning
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LB - NetLingo The Internet Dictionary
LB. Like Back. Shorthand for “like back,” as in the moment when someone likes or follows you on social media and you return the favor by ...Missing: informal | Show results with:informal<|control11|><|separator|>
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What It Means When People Post "LB" On Instagram - Bustle
Jun 3, 2016 · This is the simple bit: The acronym stands for “like back” or “likeback.” It's a request from one user to another for a “like”; the idea is that ...