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Liu

Liu (Chinese: 劉; pinyin: Liú) is a prominent East Asian surname of Chinese origin, one of the most common family names globally and the fourth most prevalent in mainland China, shared by approximately 73 million people.^[1] It is particularly associated with ethnic Chinese populations and has spread through migration to regions including Southeast Asia, North America, and Europe, with variants such as Lưu in Vietnamese, Ryu or Yoo in Korean, and Lau in Cantonese.^[2] The surname's etymology derives from the ancient Chinese character 劉, which historically referred to a type of battle-axe or the act of "killing" in a martial context, though its modern usage is solely as a family name.^[3] Its origins trace back to the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE), linked to the aristocratic Ji clan and the feudal state of Liu in present-day Henan province, where descendants of Emperor Yao or Zhou nobility were enfeoffed.^[1] The name rose to imperial significance during the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), founded by Liu Bang (also known as Emperor Gaozu), whose descendants ruled for over four centuries across 24 emperors, marking a golden age of Chinese civilization that solidified Liu as a symbol of imperial lineage.^[3] Over time, the Liu surname was adopted by various non-Han ethnic groups, including the Xiongnu and Turkic peoples through intermarriage, and it proliferated among overseas Chinese communities originating from southern provinces like Guangdong and Fujian during the past four centuries of emigration.^[2] As of 2019, it ranks as the fifth most common surname worldwide, with the highest concentrations in China (over 73 million bearers), Taiwan, and the United States, reflecting both historical prestige and demographic scale.^[2]

Etymology and Origin

Linguistic Roots

The primary Hanzi character for the surname Liu is 劉 in traditional Chinese script, which simplifies to 刘 in mainland China and Singapore.^[4]^[5] The traditional form 劉 comprises 15 strokes, following a standard order that begins with the horizontal and vertical lines of the 金 (metal) component at the top left, proceeds through the phonetic 卯 element in the middle, and concludes with the vertical stroke of the 刂 (knife) radical on the right.^[6] This structure forms a pictophonetic compound, where 金 (gold or metal radical) and 刂 (knife) suggest semantic associations with metallurgical tools or implements for cutting, evoking possible origins in ancient metalworking or weaponry like a battle axe.^[4]^[7] Etymologically, 劉 originally denoted "to kill" or "slaughter," with roots tied to ancient Chinese terms for destruction or execution.^[8]^[9] Over centuries, the character's connotation neutralized, transitioning from a descriptive verb to a hereditary surname unlinked to its violent origins.^[10] Phonetic realizations of Liu vary across Chinese dialects, reflecting regional linguistic diversity. In Mandarin (standard Chinese), it is pronounced liú (/ljǒʊ̯/, IPA [ljǒʊ̯]). In Cantonese, it becomes Lau (/lɐu̩˨/, IPA [lɐu̩˨]), while in Hokkien (Min Nan), it is Lâu (/lɑu˧/, IPA [lɑu˧]).^[11] These differences arise from distinct vowel systems and tones, with the surname adapting to local phonologies while preserving the core consonantal onset.^[12]

Historical Derivation

Legendarily, the surname traces to Liu Lei (劉累), a descendant of the legendary Emperor Yao (c. 24th century BCE), who was said to have been born with the characters "Liu Lei" engraved on his palm and was renowned for taming dragons during the Xia dynasty.^[8] The surname Liu traces its origins to the Ji (姬) clan, the royal lineage of the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–771 BCE), which adopted Liu as a territorial designation for a fief known as the state of Liu, located in present-day Henan province. According to the Tang dynasty genealogical compendium Yuanhe Xing Zuan, this state was formally enfeoffed around the late 7th century BCE to a branch of the Ji clan under Duke Kang of Liu (Liu Kanggong), whose descendants took the place name Liu as their hereditary surname to signify their noble status within the Zhou feudal system. The Liu clan's prominence surged during the late Warring States period through its pivotal role in the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BCE), a civil war that determined the fate of unified China following the Qin dynasty's collapse. Liu Bang (r. 202–195 BCE), a lowborn official from Pei County who traced his ancestry to the Liu state through the Ji lineage, led the Han forces to victory over rival warlord Xiang Yu, thereby founding the Han dynasty and designating Liu as the imperial surname. This establishment elevated Liu to a symbol of dynastic legitimacy, with the ruling house maintaining it as the exclusive surname for emperors and princes over the dynasty's 422-year span (206 BCE–220 CE). After the Han empire fragmented into the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE), the surname proliferated beyond royal circles as non-imperial families adopted it to invoke Han imperial heritage amid political upheaval. During this era of warlord rivalries, claiming Liu descent—often through fabricated or distant ties to the Han founders—became a strategic means for elites and commoners alike to bolster claims to authority and social prestige, contributing to the surname's widespread entrenchment across Chinese society.

Distribution and Demographics

Prevalence in China

The surname Liu ranks as the fourth most common in China, with approximately 73 million bearers as of the 2020s, accounting for about 5% of the national population based on data from the early 2020s.^[13] This positions it behind only Wang, Li, and Zhang among the top surnames, according to reports from China's Ministry of Public Security analyzing household registration data.^[14] Liu exhibits the highest concentrations in northern provinces, particularly Henan—its ancient origin state—along with neighboring Hebei, where historical patterns indicate notable prevalence.^[13] These patterns trace back to historical migrations and settlements tied to the surname's linguistic roots in the region. In contrast, prevalence is notably lower in western provinces dominated by ethnic minorities, such as Xinjiang and Tibet, where Han Chinese surnames like Liu are less represented. Urban-rural distribution reflects broader trends of internal migration among Han Chinese populations, with higher densities in eastern coastal cities like Beijing and Shanghai since the reform era. Rural heartlands in the north retain significant numbers, but overall, the surname's footprint has shifted toward urban centers amid China's rapid urbanization. Since the 1980s, Liu's ranking has experienced a slight decline relative to other surnames due to differential urbanization rates and population growth patterns, though absolute numbers have remained stable around 73 million.^[2] This stability reflects the surname's enduring prominence among the Han majority despite broader demographic shifts.

Global Spread

The surname Liu spread beyond China through ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges, notably during the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), when Chinese influence extended into neighboring regions via the Silk Road and maritime networks. In Vietnam, the variant Lưu emerged as a transliteration of Liu (劉), tracing back to migrations of Yao people from Guangdong province during ancient times, with significant adoption in central and southern Vietnam following French colonial romanization in the 19th century.^[15] Similarly, in Korea, the surname Ryu (류) derives directly from the Chinese character for Liu (劉), reflecting Tang-era cultural and scholarly exchanges that integrated the name into Korean clans, particularly those associated with historical migrations from northern China.^[16] These early disseminations established Liu as a marker of Han Chinese heritage in East Asia, often adapted to local phonetic systems while retaining the original character. The 19th and 20th centuries saw accelerated global dissemination of the Liu surname through large-scale Chinese labor migration, driven by economic opportunities and colonial demands in Southeast Asia, as well as later immigration reforms in Western countries. In Southeast Asia, migrants primarily from Guangdong and Fujian provinces formed substantial communities; for instance, Liu bearers, often romanized as Lau or Liem among Hokkien speakers, became prominent in Indonesia, Thailand (with over 63,000 incidences), and Singapore (nearly 50,000), contributing to the region's Overseas Chinese networks amid 19th-century tin mining and rubber plantation booms.^[2] In North America, the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 dismantled quotas, enabling a surge in skilled and family-based migration from China and Taiwan, boosting Liu's presence to over 101,000 individuals by recent estimates. Europe experienced growth via post-colonial ties, such as British Hong Kong connections, though communities remain smaller compared to Asia-Pacific hubs.^[12] Adaptations of the surname reflect linguistic, administrative, and social pressures in host countries. Romanization variations include Lau in Cantonese-speaking diaspora communities in Australia and the UK, and Lew or Lieu in early 20th-century U.S. contexts, often stemming from inconsistent transliteration practices during immigration processing. During periods of anti-Asian sentiment, such as World War II, some Chinese Americans adopted Anglicized names or wore identifying badges to distinguish themselves from interned Japanese populations, though widespread legal changes were more common in Southeast Asian nations like Indonesia, where assimilation policies prompted shifts to local-sounding forms like Liem to navigate citizenship restrictions.^[12]^[17] Today, the Liu surname is borne by approximately 1.1 million people outside mainland China, including about 280,000 in Taiwan, with notable growth in Canada (over 27,000 bearers, ranking among the top 500 surnames) due to ongoing immigration from mainland China and Hong Kong, and in the U.S., where it ranks 383rd with about 101,000 individuals as of the 2020s, underscoring its integration into multicultural societies.^[2]^[18] This diaspora distribution highlights Liu's enduring prestige from imperial lineages, facilitating social mobility for bearers abroad.

Historical Development

Ancient and Imperial Periods

During the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), the surname Liu emerged among the nobility when a fiefdom known as Liu, located in present-day Henan province, was granted to a descendant of the Ji clan, marking its early usage as a noble designation.^[13] This origin tied the surname to aristocratic lineages, with descendants adopting Liu as their family name based on the territorial grant.^[3] The fief's establishment reflected the Zhou practice of enfeoffing relatives and officials with lands, solidifying Liu's initial prestige within the feudal system.^[19] The surname Liu reached its zenith during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), when Liu Bang, a peasant-born warlord, founded the empire and adopted Liu as the imperial family name after proclaiming himself Emperor Gaozu in 202 BCE.^[20] Over the dynasty's four centuries, 24 emperors bore the Liu surname, ruling from the Western Han (206 BCE–9 CE) through the interregnum of Wang Mang to the Eastern Han (25–220 CE), establishing Liu as synonymous with imperial authority and Han Chinese identity.^[21] Prominent branches, such as the Liu of Zhongshan—descended from Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan and son of Emperor Jing (r. 157–141 BCE)—spread the surname among royal kin, with this line later claimed by figures like Liu Bei. The Han emperors' extensive progeny and enfeoffments proliferated Liu branches across the realm, blending noble heritage with administrative elites. Following the Han collapse, the surname experienced fragmentation during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE), as rival states vied for legitimacy; Liu Bei, tracing his lineage to the Zhongshan branch, founded the Shu Han regime in 221 CE, invoking Han imperial descent to rally support against Wei and Wu. By the Sui (581–618 CE) and Tang (618–907 CE) dynasties, Liu transitioned from primarily aristocratic to widespread commoner adoption, as non-Han groups and officials assimilated the prestigious name, reflecting broader social mobility and ethnic integration in reunified China.^[3] During the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE), Liu ranked among the most prevalent surnames, underscoring its enduring popularity amid population recovery and urban expansion. In the Ming (1368–1644 CE) and Qing (1644–1912 CE) eras, rapid population growth spread the Liu surname across diverse social strata.^[19] Imperial policies, including banner system registrations in the Qing, occasionally prompted surname adjustments among Manchu and Han populations, but Liu's core noble connotations persisted, supported by genealogical records tracing back to Han roots.^[19] By the late imperial period, Liu families contributed to cultural and administrative continuity, even as the surname's adoption by commoners amplified its demographic footprint.^[3]

Modern Evolution

During the Republican era (1912–1949), Chinese naming practices underwent modernization amid broader cultural reforms, including efforts to standardize written forms of surnames through the promotion of vernacular language (baihua) and simplified expressions, which diminished the influence of classical styles tied to clan identities. The May Fourth Movement (1919), as part of the New Culture Movement, critiqued Confucian traditions, including the clan system and associated taboos such as strict generational naming and exogamy rules, fostering a shift toward more individualistic and less hierarchical naming conventions that reduced clan-based restrictions on surname usage.^[22]^[23] Following the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, the hukou (household registration) system, formalized in 1958, systematically tracked surnames as integral components of family records, enabling government monitoring of population and lineage while reinforcing patrilineal surname transmission in official documentation. The one-child policy, implemented from 1979 to 2015, indirectly altered surname inheritance patterns by constraining family sizes, often resulting in single heirs and adaptations to preserve family lines.^[24]^[25] In contemporary China, the Liu surname remains one of the most common, ranking fourth as of the 2020 census.^[2] Legal protections under the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, effective from 2021, allow flexibility in surname selection, including for adopted children. Rare surname restorations have occurred among ethnic minorities; for instance, some Manchu descendants, who historically assimilated by adopting Han surnames like Liu during the Qing era, have reclaimed original clan names amid cultural revival efforts in the 21st century.^[26]^[27]

In Chinese Society

The surname Liu holds deep symbolic associations within Chinese society, primarily linked to Han ethnicity through its status as the imperial family name of the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), a period regarded as the origin of Han Chinese cultural identity. This connection positions Liu as emblematic of the ethnic majority, reinforcing a sense of historical continuity and national pride among bearers.^[28] During the Han dynasty, Confucian ideals of loyalty to the ruler and state were propagated through official ideology and historiography, with the Liu emperors at the center, embedding the surname in narratives of moral governance and filial duty. This symbolism extended to broader societal values, portraying Liu descendants as inheritors of a legacy tied to Confucian harmony and imperial legitimacy.^[29] In social perceptions, the Liu surname carries connotations of imperial prestige, though same-clan marriages are traditionally avoided to preserve exogamy. Liu clan associations maintain these traditions through communal activities, where members gather for rituals. During the Qingming Festival, Liu families, like other Chinese families, engage in ancestral worship. The surname's transmission has been predominantly patrilineal, with children inheriting the father's surname under traditional Confucian norms, resulting in rare instances of female-led lineage continuation before 1949. Post-1949 reforms promoting gender equality in the Marriage Law allowed children to adopt either parent's surname, though patrilineal practices remain common, reflecting ongoing tensions between tradition and modern equity.^[30]

Influence in Diaspora

In overseas Chinese communities, the Liu surname has played a key role in fostering mutual aid through clan associations, particularly in Chinatowns where early immigrants faced isolation and discrimination. The Lung Kong Tin Yee Association, which includes the Liu clan among its four founding surnames (alongside Guan, Zhang, and Zhao), was established in San Francisco in 1876 to provide support such as burial services, financial assistance, and social networks for members. These organizations helped preserve familial ties and offered protection during periods of anti-Chinese sentiment, evolving into broader community hubs that promote education and welfare.^[31] The retention of the Liu surname serves as a vital identity marker for diaspora Chinese, contrasting with anglicization trends among second-generation immigrants who often adopted English-sounding spellings like "Lee" or "Lew" to ease assimilation in Western societies. Studies of Chinese American naming practices show that while early 20th-century immigrants from Cantonese-speaking regions frequently modified surnames for phonetic compatibility, later generations in the post-1965 immigration wave increasingly retained original forms to affirm ethnic heritage amid growing multicultural awareness. This retention gained prominence in the 1980s Asian American activism, where asserting traditional names symbolized resistance to racial stereotypes and demands for civil rights, as seen in movements addressing workplace discrimination and cultural erasure.^[32]^[33] Economically, individuals bearing the Liu surname have contributed significantly to diaspora enterprises, leveraging clan networks for business opportunities in host countries. In the UK, family-run establishments like Mr. Liu's Chinese Takeaway in London, operational since the late 20th century, exemplified successful integration into the local food sector by offering authentic Cantonese cuisine and building loyal customer bases in urban areas. Similarly, in the United States, tech entrepreneurs such as Cheng Liu, founder and CEO of Eureka Therapeutics—a biotechnology firm in the San Francisco Bay Area—have driven innovation in cancer immunotherapy, raising substantial venture capital and highlighting the surname's association with high-impact STEM fields among Chinese immigrants.^[34]^[35] Cultural preservation efforts by Liu clan members emphasize festivals and reunions that blend traditional Chinese practices with local influences, strengthening intergenerational bonds in multicultural settings. In Malaysia, where Chinese clan associations are integral to community life, Liu groups like the Persatuan Keturunan Liu organize annual gatherings and ancestral worship events that incorporate Malaysian customs, such as fusion cuisine during celebrations, to maintain Confucian values of filial piety and unity. These activities not only safeguard linguistic and ritual heritage but also enhance social capital, aiding adaptation to diverse environments like Southeast Asia's pluralistic societies.^[36]

Notable Individuals

Historical Figures

Liu Bang (256–195 BCE), posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu, rose from humble peasant origins in present-day Jiangsu province to become the founder of the Han dynasty, marking a pivotal shift in Chinese imperial history as the first commoner to establish such a regime.^[37] Born into a farming family, he became a minor local official in his late twenties and married Lü Zhi, the daughter of a wealthy local gentleman.^[37] Amid the widespread peasant revolts against the oppressive Qin dynasty following the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang in 210 BCE, Liu Bang joined the uprising, becoming an outlaw after liberating convicts en route to labor on the emperor's terracotta mausoleum.^[37] He allied with the noble general Xiang Yu but survived assassination attempts, including the tense Feast at Hong Gate in 206 BCE, and ultimately defeated Xiang Yu's forces in the decisive Battle of Gaixia in 202 BCE, where encircled Chu troops were compelled to surrender.^[37] Crowned emperor on February 28, 202 BCE, Liu Bang established the Han dynasty with its capital at Chang'an, implementing policies that stabilized the realm after Qin's collapse and laying the foundation for over four centuries of Han rule, during which the dynasty became synonymous with Chinese cultural identity.^[37]^[38] Liu Bei (161–223 CE), a descendant of the Han imperial family, founded the Shu Han state during the Three Kingdoms period and is immortalized as a central protagonist in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, embodying ideals of loyalty, benevolence, and righteous leadership.^[39]^[40] Orphaned young and raised in poverty, Liu Bei engaged in trades like weaving mats and selling sandals before entering military service amid the late Eastern Han dynasty's turmoil, including the Yellow Turban Rebellion of 184 CE.^[39] In a defining moment depicted in Romance of the Three Kingdoms—based on historical events—he swore brotherhood with generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei at the Peach Garden, vowing mutual support in restoring the Han dynasty, which symbolized fraternal bonds and moral integrity in Chinese literature and folklore.^[40] After years of wandering and alliances, including service under warlords like Gongsun Zan and Liu Biao, Liu Bei captured Yi Province in 214 CE with the aid of strategist Zhuge Liang, establishing Shu Han in present-day Sichuan as a claimant to Han legitimacy.^[39] Proclaimed emperor in 221 CE, his reign emphasized Confucian governance and resistance against the rival Wei state, though Shu Han ultimately succumbed to internal strife and external pressures after his death in 223 CE, leaving a legacy of virtuous rulership that influenced later depictions of heroic leadership in Chinese culture.^[40]^[39] Liu Zongyuan (773–819 CE), a leading Tang dynasty scholar-official and essayist, played a foundational role in the Classical Prose Movement, earning recognition as one of the Eight Masters of Tang and Song for his innovative guwen (ancient-style prose) that prioritized clarity, naturalism, and moral depth over ornate parallelism.^[41]^[42] Born in Chang'an to a prominent family, he advanced rapidly in the civil service, supporting Emperor Shunzong's short-lived reforms in 805 CE before being exiled to Yongzhou in southern Hunan due to political factionalism following Shunzong's abdication.^[41] A second exile to Liuzhou in Guangxi in 815 CE further isolated him, yet these periods proved creatively fertile, as he produced over 180 extant poems, fables, and essays that blended Confucian ethics, Taoist spontaneity, and Buddhist introspection to critique society and explore human-nature relations.^[41]^[43] Key works from exile include the Eight Records of Yongzhou, such as "An Account of the Small Hill West of Gu-mu Pond" and "An Account of Little Rock Rampart Mountain," which transformed the youji (travel account) genre from public commemoration to personal, meditative reflections on landscapes and solitude, exemplified by his poignant poem "River Snow."^[43] Collaborating with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan advocated for guwen's direct expression, influencing Song dynasty writers like Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi by establishing a prose standard that emphasized substance, elegance, and philosophical insight, thereby bridging Tang intellectual traditions with later Neo-Confucian developments.^[42]^[43] Liu Bowen (1311–1375 CE), originally named Liu Ji and courtesy-named Bowen, served as a chief military strategist and advisor to Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, contributing decisively to the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty through his tactical acumen and scholarly counsel.^[44]^[45] A native of Qingtian in present-day Zhejiang, Liu Bowen excelled in Confucian classics, astronomy, and military theory, initially holding local posts under Yuan rule before joining Zhu Yuanzhang's rebel forces around 1358 CE after discerning the Mandate of Heaven's shift.^[46]^[47] As a key commander, he led naval and land operations, including the strategic capture of key cities, and advised on governance reforms that consolidated Ming power post-1368 CE, such as prisoner releases and administrative policies that stabilized the nascent empire.^[48]^[45] Renowned for prophetic insight, he is attributed authorship of the Shaobing Song (Burning Cake Song), a cryptic poem composed during a 1368 CE imperial banquet where Zhu Yuanzhang shared a cake, forecasting future dynastic events through allegorical imagery of cycles, famines, and foreign incursions, which later Ming scholars interpreted as prescient warnings.^[48] Despite his instrumental role in the Ming founding, political rivalries led to his retirement and eventual death from poisoning in 1375 CE, yet his legacy as a philosopher-strategist endures in Ming historiography for blending Daoist prophecy with pragmatic statecraft.^[44]^[47]

Contemporary Persons

Liu Xiaobo (1955–2017) was a prominent Chinese human rights activist, literary critic, and professor who advocated for democratic reforms and the end of one-party rule in China.^[49] He played a key role in drafting Charter 08, a manifesto signed by over 300 intellectuals in December 2008 that called for political reforms, human rights protections, and the abolition of one-party rule.^[50] For his activism, Liu was detained by Beijing police on December 8, 2008, held without trial for over a year, and on December 25, 2009, sentenced to 11 years in prison on charges of "inciting subversion of state power."^[51] Despite his imprisonment, Liu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 for his "long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China," becoming the first Chinese citizen to receive the honor; the ceremony proceeded with an empty chair in his absence. He remained incarcerated until his release on medical parole in June 2017 due to terminal liver cancer, after which he died on July 13, 2017, under heavy government surveillance.^[52] Liu Cixin (born 1963) is a leading Chinese science fiction author whose works have gained international acclaim for blending hard science with philosophical themes.^[53] Best known for his Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy, starting with The Three-Body Problem (originally published in Chinese in 2008), the series explores humanity's encounter with an alien civilization amid the Cultural Revolution's backdrop.^[54] The English translation of The Three-Body Problem by Ken Liu won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2015, marking the first time a work by an Asian author received this prestigious science fiction honor and boosting Chinese sci-fi's global visibility.^[55] Liu, a computer engineer by training, has won China's Galaxy Award nine times and influenced the genre worldwide, with the trilogy selling over 3 million copies in English alone and inspiring adaptations like Netflix's 2024 series.^[53] Liu Qiangdong (born February 14, 1974), also known as Richard Liu, is a Chinese entrepreneur and the founder of JD.com, one of China's largest e-commerce platforms.^[56] Born in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, to a rural family, he graduated with a sociology degree from Renmin University of China in 1996 and initially worked in business before starting his first company in 1998.^[57] JD.com, originally a physical retailer of magneto-optical products, pivoted to online sales in 2004, growing into a billion-dollar enterprise through its focus on logistics and direct-to-consumer model; by 2023, Liu's net worth exceeded $7 billion, ranking him among China's wealthiest individuals. In 2018, while pursuing an MBA at the University of Minnesota, Liu was arrested in Minneapolis on suspicion of criminal sexual conduct, but authorities declined to press charges due to insufficient evidence, allowing his immediate return to China.^[58] Liu Huan (born August 26, 1963) is a renowned Chinese singer and songwriter celebrated for his contributions to pop music and cross-cultural performances.^[59] Hailing from Tianjin, he rose to prominence in the 1980s with elegant ballads and became known as one of China's pioneers in modern pop, blending traditional elements with contemporary styles.^[60] A highlight of his career came on August 8, 2008, when he performed the duet "You and Me" with British soprano Sarah Brightman at the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony, reaching an audience of billions and symbolizing cultural harmony.^[61] Liu has released over a dozen albums, collaborated internationally—including with artists like Stevie Wonder—and supported philanthropy, such as post-earthquake relief efforts, solidifying his status as a versatile figure in Chinese entertainment.^[59]

References

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Liu 刘 / 劉 Last Name Origins, Meaning and Surname Distribution
### Summary of Liu Surname
[2]
Liu Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The ancient Yao people of Chinese often had the surname Liu (劉), which when they emigrated from Guandong, China to Vietnam. Another instance of this exchange ...
[3]
Liu Surname Meaning & Liu Family History at Ancestry.com®
Chinese:: Mandarin form of the surname 劉 referring to a 'type of axe used as a weapon' or meaning 'kill' in ancient Chinese: (i) from Liu (劉) the name of an ...
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https://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/character-etymology.php?zi=%E5%8A%89
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HanziCraft - Information on 劉
- **Decomposition**:
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Liu Name Meaning and Liu Family History at FamilySearch
Chinese: Mandarin form of the surname 劉, referring to a 'type of axe used as a weapon' or meaning 'kill' in ancient Chinese: (i) from Liu (劉), ...
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Meaning of the name Liu
Jun 10, 2025 · Liu (刘) is one of the most common Chinese surnames, meaning 'to kill' or 'destroy' in its ancient form, often linked to a battle-axe.Missing: linguistic | Show results with:linguistic
[10]
刘 - Chinese Character Detail Page
Learn more details about 刘 Chinese character and share your story, photos and comments about it. Also check out the example sentences for the character.
[11]
Liu - Chinese Pronunciation Wiki
Low. Can be written. Pinyin: liu; IPA: [li̯ɤʊ̯]; Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡ; Wade-Giles: liu. Linguistic description. voiced dental approximant
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Liu 刘 / 劉 Last Name Origins, Meaning, and Surname Distribution
It is said he was born with the Chinese characters "Liu Lei" engraved on his palm. This line originated in today's Tang county of Hebei province. A separate ...
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Liu Family History – Traceable | My China Roots
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The ancient Yao people of Chinese often had the surname Liu (劉), which when they emigrated from Guandong, China to Vietnam.Missing: province | Show results with:province
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Where do the Ryus come from? ... Most Ryus who left China and settled overseas in the past 400 years likely came from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian.
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Defending my respectable, simple, impossible name - WHYY
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Based on US Census Bureau data the estimated population of people named LIU is 56,293, the rank is 650 and the proportion per 100k Americans named LIU is 17.67.
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Geographic distribution of the 4,484 individuals with the name LIU on Geneanet. The geographical distribution of the name, from 1600 to the present day, is ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Dec 24, 2021 · The Hukou registration is a book. The personal information of each family member is registered in the Hukou registration, including name, gender, birthplace.Is the Hukou system a fair system, and is it good for China's economy?I married a Chinese person three years ago. Does this mean that my ...More results from www.quora.com
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In this essay I examine the connection between Chinese surnames and Han Chinese identity.
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Confucius - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Mar 31, 2020 · ... Confucius in the Han dynasty. The Western Han emperors were members of the Liu clan, and works like the Guliang Commentary (Guliang zhuan 穀 ...
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[PDF] Name Taboo in Ancient China: The Role of the Supernatural in Its ...
... taboo of Emperor Liu Che of. Western Han dynasty (206 BC-9 CE).12 The same reason would further lead to changes of place names, office titles, conventional ...
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Feb 14, 2017 · This article examines surnaming practices in present-day China, where married women universally retain their surname as part of a national political project.
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Lung Kong Tin Yee Association 龍岡親義公所
In 1876, the early Chinese immigrants built a similar temple in San Francisco. The main purpose of this fraternal organization was to serve as “family” for ...
[35]
[PDF] An Analysis of Chinese American Surname Naming Practices
Dec 4, 2011 · Chinese Americans who can trace their ancestors' arrival back to the US to the nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries come from a shared Szeyap ...
[36]
Why some Asian Americans are embracing their heritage by ... - CNN
Apr 7, 2021 · Asian Americans have been Anglicizing their names since the first major wave of immigrants in the late 1800s and into the 20th century.
[37]
Carpetman, the new occupier of Mr Liu's old takeaway
Mr Liu's cooking had a status few other matched – widely seen as one of the best takeaways for miles around. Family-run for as long as anyone ...
[38]
About - Eureka Therapeutics
Founder, President & CEO. Cheng Liu, PhD · COO. Vivien Chan, PhD · General Counsel & CBO ; CEO and Chairman. Cheng Liu, PhD · Director. Jacqueline Northcut.
[39]
[PDF] Unveiling the Importance of the Roles of Social Capital from Clan
Chinese clan associations have played an important role in the evolution of Chinese community in Malaysia and all around the world. Clan associations build ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
Liu Bang, from Peasant Rebel to Emperor | Origins
Feb 12, 2013 · He was the first peasant to found a Chinese imperial dynasty, and indeed one of the only imperial founders in history from such humble origins.
[41]
[PDF] 4.3 THE RISE OF THE HAN - IU ScholarWorks
The founder of the Han Dynasty, Liu Pang, was from a peasant family; during the Qin he served as a petty official in a peripheral region of China. He succeeded ...
[42]
Beloved Brother Liu Bei: The Legend Lives On | The Classic Journal
Apr 23, 2024 · An analysis of Liu Bei's portrayal sheds light on the complexities of leadership and morality in ancient China. Rooted in meticulous historical ...
[43]
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms – World Literature
Although it was written in the 14th century C.E., the story is based on historical events from a thousand years earlier: during the late Han dynasty and the ...
[44]
Liu Zongyuan - New World Encyclopedia
In exile, Liu Zongyuan turned his attention to literature and wrote numerous letters, poems, fables, reflective travelogues and essays synthesizing elements of ...
[45]
Neo-Confucian Philosophy
Along with his friends Han Yu and Li Ao, Liu Zongyuan was regarded as one of the most famous scholars of his time. Liu is perhaps more of a bridging figure ...Missing: Eight | Show results with:Eight
[46]
[PDF] An Anthology of Chinese Literature - Beginnings to 1911
An anthology of Chinese literature: beginnings to 1911 I edited and translated by Stephen Owen. p. cm.
[47]
Song Lian and Liu Ji in 1358 on the Eve of Joining Zhu Yuanzhang
Liu Ji had already begun working with Song Lian in Zhu Yuanzhang's camp. ... шшшшт. In a separate edict, the emperor wrote: Back then Liu Bowen stood up and ...
[48]
The Influence of Wartime Turmoil on Buddhist Monasteries and ...
Oct 16, 2023 · 440–55). In 1348, Zhu Yuanzhang's later advisor Liu Ji 劉基 (1311–1375) offered a vivid portrayal of his involvement in temple life while ...
[49]
The Ming Dynasty – PPSC HIS 1110 – The World
Zhu enlisted the aid of many able advisors, including the artillery specialists Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen. ... Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty: Zhu Yuanzhang ...
[50]
[PDF] Hok-lam Chan. Ming Taizu (r. 1368–98) and the Foundation of the ...
Here the subject of study is Zhu Yuanzhang's chief adviser, Liu Ji (1311–1375), and his eventual description in a late Ming novel as a Daoist political and ...Missing: advisor | Show results with:advisor
[51]
[PDF] The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code (Asian Law Series)
Zhu Yuanzhang was so happy that he allowed Liu Ji to release all prisoners. It was due to this accurate prediction that Zhu awarded Liu another position ...
[52]
Liu Xiaobo | Facts, Biography, & Nobel Prize | Britannica
Oct 28, 2025 · Chinese literary critic, professor, and human rights activist who called for democratic reforms and the end of one-party rule in China.
[53]
Liu Xiaobo | Human Rights Watch
Liu was sentenced in 2009 to 11 years in prison on “inciting subversion” charges for his involvement with Charter '08, a manifesto calling for political reforms ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[54]
Liu Xiaobo – Biographical - NobelPrize.org
On December 8, 2008, Liu was taken away from his Beijing home and detained by the Beijing police, and on December 25, 2009, more than a year later; he was found ...
[55]
Liu Xiaobo: A man who spoke truth to power - Amnesty International
Jul 13, 2017 · He was originally detained this last time in December 2008, held for a year before trial, and sentenced to 11-years of imprisonment under the ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[56]
Liu Cixin, China's Sci-fi Master | The World of Chinese
Nov 23, 2015 · Liu Cixin, 52, one of the most popular science fiction writers in China, recently won the Hugo Award for the first book in his Three Body ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[57]
The Three-Body Problem | novel by Liu Cixin - Britannica
The Three-Body Problem (2006), won the 2015 Hugo Award for best novel in its English translation and has sold more than 3 million copies in English and 30 ...
[58]
2015 Hugo Awards
2015 Hugo Awards · The Three Body Problem, Cixin Liu, Ken Liu translator (Tor Books) · No Award; “Flow” · “The Day the World Turned Upside Down”, Thomas Olde ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[59]
Richard Liu, a quiet but determined manager
Aug 9, 2025 · Richard Liu (Mandarin Chinese: Liu Qiangdong) was born on February 14, 1974, near the city of Suqian in the Jiangsu province. His grandparents ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[60]
Who is Richard Liu? Things you should know about the Chinese ...
Sep 12, 2018 · Founder and CEO of Chinese e-commerce giant JD.com Richard Liu Qiangdong recently made headlines after he was taken into custody on August 31 by Minneapolis ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography<|control11|><|separator|>
[61]
JD.com Chairman Richard Liu Arrested in U.S. in Sexual Misconduct ...
Sep 2, 2018 · The billionaire founder of JD.com, one of China's largest and most successful online retailers, was arrested Friday in Minnesota for alleged sexual misconduct.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[62]
UNIVERSAL MUSIC GREATER CHINA STRIKES EXCLUSIVE ...
Feb 10, 2025 · In 2008, Liu took center stage at the Beijing Olympics Game opening ceremony, performing You and Me alongside British soprano Sarah Brightman ...Missing: biography anthem
[63]
Liu Huan, Sarah Brightman to sing Olympic theme song -- china.org.cn
Liu Huan, 45 years old, is one of China's modern era pioneers in pop music and is considered China's King of Pop. He distinguished himself as an elegant singer ...Missing: anthem | Show results with:anthem
[64]
Brightman, Liu Huan will perform Olympic theme song - China Daily
Aug 6, 2008 · Liu Huan: Liu is a famous male pop singer in China. In 1990, Liu and Chinese pop diva Wei Wei performed the theme song Asian Mighty Winds ...Missing: biography anthem

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