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Chu

The State of Chu (Chinese: 楚; pinyin: Chǔ) was a prominent ancient polity in China that originated as a regional power during the Zhou dynasty, initially centered in the Han River valley and later expanding across the middle Yangtze River region, including parts of present-day Henan and Hubei provinces.^[1]^[2] It endured for approximately 800 years until its decisive defeat and annexation by the state of Qin in 223 BCE, marking the end of its independence amid the Qin's unification campaigns.^[2]^[3] Chu distinguished itself from northern Zhou states by adopting the royal title of wang (king) for its rulers as early as the 8th century BCE, defying the Zhou sovereign's monopoly on kingship and signaling its assertion of sovereignty beyond the feudal hierarchy.^[4] This bold political stance facilitated extensive territorial growth, with Chu conquering neighboring areas and developing a formidable military, including a powerful navy suited to its riverine domain, which enabled dominance in southern campaigns.^[5] Under leaders like King Zhuang (r. 613–591 BCE), Chu achieved hegemon status during the Spring and Autumn period, projecting influence that rivaled central powers and contributing to the era's interstate rivalries.^[6] The state's cultural legacy, rooted in shamanistic traditions and distinct from orthodox Zhou rituals, produced enduring artifacts such as lacquerware and bronze vessels, alongside literary works like the Chuci anthology attributed to figures such as Qu Yuan, reflecting a worldview emphasizing mysticism and emotional depth.^[1] While northern historical records often portrayed Chu as peripheral or "barbarian" due to its non-Zhou customs and southern location—potentially biasing accounts from centralized perspectives—archaeological evidence affirms its sophisticated agrarian base, including advanced rice cultivation, which underpinned its economic and demographic strength.^[7]^[8] Chu's fall to Qin highlighted vulnerabilities in its vast but decentralized structure, yet its integration into the imperial framework preserved elements of its administrative and cultural innovations.^[3]

Historical Contexts

Ancient State of Chu

The ancient State of Chu originated as a regional polity within the Zhou dynasty's feudal system, located primarily in the middle Yangtze River valley in present-day Hubei province. Its ruling house traced descent from the semimythical sovereign Zhuanxu, with the earliest attested leader, Xiong Yi, receiving enfeoffment as a viscount from King Cheng of Zhou (r. 1042–1021 BCE), establishing a hereditary lineage of Xiong clan rulers.^[4] Early capitals included Danyang (modern Xichuan, Henan) before shifting southward to sites like Ying (near modern Jingzhou, Hubei), reflecting gradual territorial consolidation amid interactions with neighboring Yue and Wu polities.^[4] By the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE), Chu had elevated its rulers to kingly status, beginning with King Wu (r. 740–690 BCE), who expanded influence through military campaigns against central Zhou states and southern tribes. The state grew into one of the seven major Warring States (475–221 BCE), controlling vast territories encompassing modern Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and parts of Guizhou and Henan, supported by fertile Yangtze floodplains enabling rice agriculture and population growth exceeding 5 million by the late Warring States era according to contemporary estimates in historical annals.^[4]^[9] Key expansions included conquests of Sui and E states in the 6th century BCE and northern pushes into the Huai River valley, fostering a distinct regional power that challenged Zhou orthodoxy with its non-ritualistic governance and martial prowess.^[4] Chu society featured a hierarchical aristocracy under the Xiong kings, with administration divided into districts governed by relatives or merit-based officials, diverging from northern Zhou feudal norms through greater reliance on shamanistic advisors and divination practices evidenced in excavated oracle bones and ritual bronzes. Religious life centered on animistic worship of riverine deities and ancestors, with fragmentary Warring States texts indicating shamanic intermediaries in royal decisions, distinct from the more Confucianized rituals of Qi or Jin states.^[4] Artifacts from sites like Jiudian reveal elaborate lacquerware, silk textiles, and tomb furnishings underscoring a material culture emphasizing personal adornment and afterlife provisions, influenced by local ecology rather than central plains bronzework traditions.^[9] Chu's decline accelerated during the late Warring States, as Qin forces under Wang Jian invaded in 224 BCE, initially repelled but decisively overcoming Chu armies in 223 BCE, capturing King Fuchu and annexing the capital at Shouchun (modern Shou County, Anhui). This conquest integrated Chu's territories into Qin's commandery system, ending its independence and facilitating the 221 BCE unification under the Qin empire, with historical records attributing the fall to internal factionalism and overextended defenses rather than inherent military inferiority.^[4]

Other Historical References

Following the conquest of the State of Chu by Qin forces in 223 BCE, the former territory was reorganized as the Chu Commandery (楚郡), administered as part of the Qin Empire's centralized system until the dynasty's collapse.^[4] This administrative division encompassed much of the Yangtze River basin, reflecting Qin's effort to integrate the region's resources and population, though local resentments persisted due to cultural differences and harsh policies.^[4] During the anti-Qin rebellions sparked by the Dazexiang Uprising in 209 BCE, led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, insurgents invoked Chu identity to rally support, adopting the slogan "Even if Chu had only three households, the state of Qin would be exterminated by Chu," which encapsulated enduring regional antagonism toward northern conquerors.^[10] This phrase, recorded in historical annals, underscored how Chu's legacy fueled widespread revolt, contributing to Qin's rapid downfall within two years.^[10] In the ensuing Chu-Han Contention (206–202 BCE), Xiang Yu, a noble descendant of the Chu royal house, proclaimed himself Hegemon-King of Western Chu (西楚), establishing a short-lived polity centered in Pengcheng (modern Xuzhou) that challenged Liu Bang's Han forces for supremacy.^[11] Western Chu's campaigns, including victories at Julu in 207 BCE, briefly restored elements of Chu governance and military traditions before defeat at Gaixia in 202 BCE, marking the transition to Han rule.^[11] Under the Western Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang) enfeoffed relatives in Chu-named kingdoms within the former state's core territories, such as the Kingdom of Chu granted to his brother Liu Jiao in 206 BCE, which served as a semi-autonomous fief to secure loyalty and administer southern regions.^[4] Subsequent Han rulers periodically reestablished or abolished these Chu kingdoms—evidenced by over a dozen kings titled as such between 202 BCE and 220 CE—often as rewards or tools for imperial control, until their dissolution amid Wang Mang's interregnum and Eastern Han reforms.^[4] In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Kingdom of Chu (馬楚), founded by Ma Yin in 907 CE, emerged in Hunan and parts of Hubei, operating as a regional power until its annexation by Southern Tang in 951 CE; this polity drew nominal inspiration from historical Chu but functioned independently amid central fragmentation.^[12] Such later usages highlight how "Chu" persisted as a toponymic and symbolic reference to southern identities, distinct from the original state's political continuity.

Personal Names

Surnames

Chu (Chinese: 楚; pinyin: Chǔ) is a surname originating from the ancient State of Chu, which existed from around 1030 BCE to 223 BCE and encompassed territories in modern-day Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, and parts of surrounding provinces.^[13] Following the state's conquest by the Qin dynasty in 223 BCE, members of the Chu royal family, particularly descendants of the Xiong clan, adopted 楚 as their hereditary surname to preserve their lineage identity.^[14] The character 楚 carries ancient meanings such as "pain," "sorrow," or "clear/distinct," reflecting linguistic roots in Old Chinese descriptors of sharpness or visibility.^[13] This etymology ties directly to the state's historical self-designation, emphasizing its cultural and territorial prominence in southern China during the Zhou dynasty.^[15] The surname remains prevalent among ethnic Chinese populations worldwide, ranking as the 244th most common globally with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3,285 individuals, or over 2.2 million bearers as of recent estimates.^[16] About 97% of occurrences are in Asia, with 77% in East Asia and 64% specifically in Sinophone regions; significant concentrations exist in China (particularly Hubei and Hunan provinces), Taiwan, Hong Kong, and overseas diaspora communities in Southeast Asia, North America, and Europe.^[16] In the United States, it is the 709th most common surname, predominantly among Asian/Pacific Islander demographics (92%), reflecting migration patterns from southern China since the 19th century.^[17] While primarily linked to the character 楚, "Chu" serves as a romanization for other less common surnames like 儲 (Chǔ, meaning "store" or "reserve") or dialectal variants of 朱 (Zhū in Mandarin, but approximated as Chu in Cantonese or older Wade-Giles systems), though these represent distinct lineages.^[15] In non-Chinese contexts, Chu appears as a Korean surname (추, often from Chinese 秋 meaning "autumn" or adoptions from 楚), introduced via migrations such as that of Chu Cham from China to Korea in the early 13th century during the Goryeo dynasty, leading to its spread across the Korean peninsula.^[18] Vietnamese variants like Sở derive similarly from 楚, tied to historical Sinic influences. These adaptations highlight Chu's role in East Asian onomastic traditions, though the core Chinese origin dominates its demographic footprint.^[16]

Given Names and Variants

Chu is used as a given name primarily in Chinese culture, where it is typically masculine and derives meanings such as "bamboo" from specific hanzi characters.^[19] Alternative interpretations include "exit," "second," or "pearl," varying by the chosen characters and regional dialects.^[20] In Vietnamese naming practices, Chu can convey "to be" or "to exist," reflecting influences from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.^[19] Although less frequent as a standalone given name compared to its prevalence as a surname, Chu appears in East Asian personal nomenclature, often among communities of Chinese descent.^[21] In the United States, individuals with Chu as a first name are predominantly of Asian or Pacific Islander origin, comprising about 65% of recorded instances, indicating sustained cultural usage among immigrant populations.^[22] Variants of the given name include Choo, which emerges in Korean contexts as an element within compound names, adapting phonetic and hanja-based forms.^[21] Dialectal spellings such as Chiu or Chue may also appear in Cantonese-influenced regions, though these are more commonly associated with surnames but can extend to given names in familial traditions.^[23]

Geographical Features

Rivers

The Chu River originates at the confluence of the Kochkor and Juvanaryk rivers in the Kochkor Valley of northern Kyrgyzstan's Tian Shan mountains.^[24] Its waters form entirely within Kyrgyzstan before crossing into Kazakhstan as a transboundary river.^[25] The river flows northward through the Issyk-Kul intermountain depression and then westward across the Kazakh steppe, eventually dissipating into the Moyynqum Desert without reaching a major sea or lake.^[26] The total length measures 1,186 kilometers, with 489 kilometers traversing Kyrgyzstan and the remainder in Kazakhstan; its basin covers approximately 62,500 square kilometers.^[24] ^[26] Major tributaries include the Chon-Kemin, Kichi-Kemin, Kyzyl-Suu, and Alamedin rivers, contributing to a hydrology vulnerable to seasonal floods in middle and lower reaches and influenced by glacial melt from the Tian Shan.^[24] The basin spans mountainous terrain in Kyrgyzstan and plains in Kazakhstan, supporting agriculture in the Chuy Valley but facing risks from droughts and climate-driven glacier retreat.^[25]

Other Locations

The Chu Valley constitutes a significant intermontane basin extending across northern Kyrgyzstan's Chüy Region and southern Kazakhstan, featuring fertile chernozem soils that support extensive irrigated agriculture, including grains, vegetables, and fodder crops. This lowland depression, with elevations generally below 1,000 meters, benefits from a continental climate moderated by riverine influences, enabling it to host a substantial portion of the region's cropland despite periodic water scarcity issues. Cross-border demographic and economic integration in the valley underscores its role as a connective geographical corridor between the two nations.^[27]^[28]^[29] The Chu-Ili Mountains form a low, heavily eroded range in southeastern Kazakhstan, approximately 180 kilometers northwest of Almaty, marking the boundary between the Almaty and Zhambyl regions. As a northern spur of the Trans-Ili Alatau system within the Tian Shan, the range's highest peak reaches 1,294 meters, with peneplain-like terrain dominated by rocky slopes and canyons such as the Tanbaly Gorge, which preserves prehistoric petroglyphs and archaeological landscapes recognized for their cultural heritage value.^[30]^[31] In the arid lower Chu basin of Kazakhstan, several salt lakes punctuate the steppe landscape, forming a cluster of endorheic water bodies used historically for grazing and mineral extraction. The largest, Lake Akzhaykyn, spans about 50 square kilometers and exemplifies the region's saline depressions, which result from evaporative concentration in a semi-arid environment with minimal outflow.^[32]

Cultural and Artistic Uses

Music

The music of the ancient state of Chu developed as a southern tradition distinct from the ritual yayue of the Zhou dynasty, transitioning toward "New Music" (xinyue) with faster tempos, expressive qualities, and emphasis on strings, winds, and drums.^[33] Archaeological finds from Chu tombs, including Marquis Yi of Zeng's burial (433 BCE) in Hubei province, yield over 120 string instruments such as se zithers (19–26 strings each, exceeding 106 examples) and five-string qins, alongside 118 drums (short-barreled and deer types with bird-and-tiger stands), more than 39 mouth organs, five bamboo flutes, and seven panpipes, predominantly lacquered wood or gourd-bodied for durability in the humid southeast climate.^[33] This evolution, marked from the 7th–6th centuries BCE with initial adherence to Zhou bells and chime stones to a 5th–4th century BCE predominance of native lacquer instruments, paralleled Chu's territorial expansion and cultural assertion against northern influences.^[33] By the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Chu styles—including shamanic tones (wuyin), critiqued as extravagant in texts like the Lüshi chunqiu—were recategorized as New Music and adapted for imperial rituals, signaling their integration into broader Chinese musical canon despite originating in a rival southern power.^[33]^[33] Shamanistic elements permeated Chu music, as evoked in the Chu Ci anthology's "Nine Songs" (Jiu Ge), which depict rituals invoking deities through drumming, bell-ringing, mouth organs (yu), and se zithers, blending vocal incantations with instrumental ensembles to facilitate spirit communion.^[34]^[35] These practices, rooted in Chu's polytheistic and wu (shaman culture, contrasted with the more hierarchical, bell-dominated music of states like Qin, highlighting regional divergences in timbre and performance context during the Eastern Zhou (770–221 BCE).^[33]^[36]

Literature and Mythology

The Chuci (Songs of Chu), an anthology of southern Chinese poetry, originated in the ancient state of Chu during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE) and represents a distinct literary tradition characterized by romanticism, mysticism, and shamanistic invocation of deities. Compiled by Liu Xiang (77–6 BCE) in the Western Han dynasty, the collection encompasses 17 sections, including works attributed to Qu Yuan (died 278 BCE), a minister under King Huai of Chu (reigned 328–299 BCE), such as the Lisao ("Encountering Sorrow"), a long autobiographical poem expressing political disillusionment, exile, and quests for divine favor.^[37] Other contributors include Song Yu (298–222 BCE), with poems featuring irregular meters, vivid imagery of the natural and supernatural worlds, and themes of loyalty amid corruption, setting it apart from the more formulaic northern Shijing (Classic of Poetry).^[37] The Jiuge ("Nine Songs") section exemplifies Chu's shamanistic literary elements, comprising ritual hymns addressed to regional spirits and gods, such as the Goddess of the River Xiang and cloud deities, often blending erotic longing with ecstatic communion to invoke divine presence during ceremonies.^[37] These poems derive imagery from shamanistic rituals prevalent in Chu's southern culture, where poets or shamans sought union with hybrid anthropo-zoomorphic entities, reflecting a polytheistic worldview tied to local hydrology and cosmology rather than centralized Zhou orthodoxy.^[38] In Chu mythology, the ruling house claimed descent from the legendary Emperor Zhuanxu (c. 2514–2436 BCE), a grandson of the Yellow Emperor, via figures like Zhongli (also Zhu Rong), minister of fire under Emperor Di Ku, establishing a lineage blending heroic ancestry with elemental control.^[4] This mythic genealogy underpinned Chu's cultural identity as semi-peripheral to the Central Plains, with deities depicted in tomb art and literature as chimeric beings—part human, part animal—embodying forces of nature and ritual power, as seen in invocations to river earls and mountain spirits in Chuci texts.^[4] Such elements highlight Chu's emphasis on spirit mediation over imperial historiography, influencing later Han compilations that preserved these southern traditions amid conquest by Qin in 223 BCE.^[37]

Modern and Miscellaneous Uses

Facilities and Structures

Chu Hall at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in California is a dedicated solar energy research facility named after physicist Steven Chu, former LBNL director and U.S. Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2013. Completed in November 2015 at a cost of $59 million, the three-story, 40,000-square-foot structure incorporates advanced sustainable design features, including photovoltaic panels integrated into its roof and facade to support on-site energy generation and experimentation. It houses laboratories for photovoltaics, materials science, and energy storage research, emphasizing innovations in thin-film solar cells and high-efficiency concentrators within a high-security campus environment constrained by surrounding terrain and buildings.^[39]^[40]^[41] The Chu-hsien Hydro Power Plant, located at Huang-tan-kou near Chu-hsien in China's Anhui Province, operates as a hydroelectric facility generating power from regional water resources. Declassified intelligence assessments from 1969 indicate early operational stages with infrastructure including dams, turbines, and access roads, contributing to local electricity supply amid China's mid-20th-century industrialization efforts.^[42] At Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, Chu Hall forms part of a modern student housing complex developed through the Campus Avenue Project, completed around 2016–2017. Designed by Ann Beha Architects and constructed by Consigli Construction, it provides residential facilities for undergraduates, integrating with adjacent Kalperis Hall to enhance campus living accommodations.^[43]^[44]

Scientific and Technical Terms

The Chu–Vandermonde identity is a mathematical identity generalizing Vandermonde's convolution formula for binomial coefficients to hypergeometric functions and non-integer parameters. It expresses the value of the Gauss hypergeometric function {}_2F_1(a, b; c; 1) under certain conditions, such as {}_2F_1(-n, b; c; 1) = \frac{(c-b)_n}{(c)_n} for positive integer n, where (\cdot)_n denotes the rising Pochhammer symbol.^[45] This identity arises in combinatorial enumerations and series summations, extending the classical Vandermonde result \sum_{k=0}^r \binom{m}{k} \binom{n}{r-k} = \binom{m+n}{r} to broader analytic contexts via Gauss's theorem.^[46] Proofs often rely on generating functions or integral representations, with applications in special functions and orthogonal polynomials.^[47] Chu spaces, also known as CHU spaces, form a categorical framework in mathematics and computer science for modeling relational structures, concurrency, and information flow. Defined as a triple (P, \Sigma, A) where P is a set of points, \Sigma a set of states (or tokens), and A: P \times \Sigma \to \{\top, \bot\} a satisfaction relation (often represented as a matrix), Chu spaces generalize topological and linear structures by allowing contravariant transformations on rows and covariant on columns.^[48] They provide a uniform model for phenomena like fuzzy logic heuristics, automata with quantum features, and non-interleaving concurrency, where composition corresponds to tensor products and duality to matrix transposition.^[49] Originating from category-theoretic constructions, Chu spaces connect formal concept analysis, domain theory, and linear logic, enabling representations of branching time and true parallelism without interleaving assumptions.^[50] In electrical engineering, the Chu–Harrington limit (or Chu limit) defines a fundamental lower bound on the radiation quality factor Q for electrically small antennas, quantifying the trade-off between bandwidth and efficiency for antennas confined within a sphere of radius a where ka \ll 1 (k the wavenumber). Lan Jen Chu derived the initial model in 1948 using spherical modal expansions and equivalent circuits, establishing Q \geq \frac{1}{ka} + \frac{1}{(ka)^3} for the lowest-order TM mode, later refined by Harrington to include both TE and TM contributions, yielding Q_{\min} \approx \frac{1}{ka} + \frac{1}{(ka)^3}.^[51] This limit assumes no internal stored energy beyond the enclosing sphere and has been validated through modal analysis, influencing designs for compact antennas in wireless communications where achieving near-bound performance requires optimized loading or metamaterials.^[52] Extensions account for group velocity in energy propagation, confirming the bound's tightness for practical spherical enclosures.^[53]

Other Applications

CHU designates the callsign of Canada's official shortwave time signal radio station, managed by the National Research Council (NRC). This facility provides precise timekeeping broadcasts, featuring continuous seconds pulses at 1 Hz and automated voice announcements of coordinated universal time (UTC) in English and French, operating 24 hours daily.^[54]^[55] The station transmits on three frequencies: 3330 kHz (3 kW power), 7850 kHz (5 kW), and 14670 kHz (3 kW), employing amplitude modulation with upper sideband and carrier reinsertion for compatibility with standard receivers.^[54]^[56] These signals originate from atomic clocks at the site south of Ottawa, Ontario, ensuring synchronization with international standards.^[56]^[57] Historical operations trace to 1923, with initial experimental broadcasts under the callsign 9CC before formal adoption of CHU for dedicated time services.^[58] The station supports applications in scientific calibration, navigation, and amateur radio, though reception varies by propagation conditions and location.^[55] In 2008, frequency adjustments addressed international reallocations, shifting from 7335 kHz to 7850 kHz to avoid interference.^[59]

References

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(PDF) Chu Religion and Art - Academia.edu
Jun 9, 2021 · ... state of Chu emerges into the historical record by means of bronze inscriptions. The state occupied some portion of the Han River Valley at ...<|separator|>
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Ancient China (EALC 415/ 615): Art Museum Images
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Qin and Chu were relative newcomers to China. Their ruling houses had emerged only late in the Western Zhou or during the first decades of the Spring and Autumn ...
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The rulers of Chu called themselves "king" (wang 王) and therefore demonstrated that they were actually not part of the system of regional states of the Zhou ...
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Zhou Period Military (www.chinaknowledge.de)
Naval units (zhoushi 舟師) played a great role in water-rich south China. Of the three southern states, Chu had the mightiest fleet. In 549, it invaded the ...
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King Zhuang of Chu (r. 613-591 BC) References in Ancient Chinese ...
King Zhuang of Chu sent Tang his responsibilities. He cannot yet enforce his commands. His Jiao and Cai Jiuju to notify Prince Hui of Tang: “I, the assistant, ...
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[PDF] The City-State in Ancient China - Columbia University
lis first appeared in history in the secondary civiliza- tion of Greece ... state of Chu based in the middle Yangzi valley (Fig. 5.10) and another is ...
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ZHOU (CHOU) DYNASTY (1046 B.C. to 256 B.C.) - Facts and Details
The Zhou dynasty is the longest-lasting of all the Chinese dynasties, enduring for almost 800 years. The Zhou established a kingdom on the basis of its family ...
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Two prominent contending powers, Western Chu and Han, emerged from these principalities and engaged in a struggle for supremacy over China.
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The ten kingdoms were: Wu (902–937), Former Shu (907–925), Ma Chu (907–951), Min (909–945), Wuyue (907–978), Southern Han (917–971), Nan Ping (924–960), Later ...
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Chu Surname Meaning & Chu Family History at Ancestry.com®
Chinese: Mandarin form of the surname 楚 meaning 'pain' or 'clear' in ancient Chinese: (i) from Chu (楚), the name of a state (covering Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, ...
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Chu or 楚 - The Roots of Chinese Surnames - ChinaFetching.com
Feb 7, 2025 · The Chu surname comes from the legendary State of Chu, a once-mighty kingdom that ruled southern China. Its name was taken by its royal ...Missing: origin etymology distribution<|separator|>
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Chu Chinese Last Name Facts - My China Roots
Chu is a common last name found among Overseas Chinese communities around the world. In fact, "Chu" is the transliteration of several different Chinese ...Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
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Chu Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The last name is primarily found in Asia, where 97 percent of Chu reside; 77 percent reside in East Asia and 64 percent reside in Sino-East Asia. It is also the ...
[17]
Chu Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin, Family History 2024
72.4% Chinese origin. 92.14% Asian/Pacific Islander in US. Chinese: Mandarin form of the surname 楚, meaning 'pain' or 'clear' in ancient Chinese: (i) from ...Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
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Chu Name Meaning and Chu Family History at FamilySearch
Chu Cham migrated from China to Korea some time in the early 13th century. Chu is a fairly common surname and is found throughout the peninsula.
[19]
Chu - Baby Name, Origin, Meaning, And Popularity - Parenting Patch
Chinese; Vietnamese. Meaning. Chinese: 'bamboo'; Vietnamese: 'to be' or 'to exist'. Historical & Cultural Background. In Chinese culture, bamboo is often ...
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Chu Name Meaning, Origin & more | FirstCry Baby Names Finder
The name Chu is of Chinese origin which predominantly is a surname rather than a first name. Translations of the name can mean "exit", "second", "pearl", ...
[21]
Chu - Explore the Meaning, Origin, Popularity, and Alternatives
The name Chu originates primarily from Chinese culture, where it is a common surname and given name. Its usage is also noted in several other Asian cultures, ...
[22]
First Names CHU National Statistics - MyNameStats.com
The race and Hispanic origin distribution of the people with the name CHU is 24.5% White, 2.5% Hispanic origin, 4.9% Black, 65.4% Asian or Pacific Islander.Missing: personal usage
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Chu Surname: Meaning & Origin Of The Last Name
In Cantonese, Chú/Chù/Chǔ may surface as Chiu, Chue, or Tsui depending on clan and locale; in Hokkien/Teochew, variants like Chu, Choo, and Chew appear.
[24]
chuy_en — AF NWRMP
The total length of the Chu river is 1,186 km, of which 489 km is on the territory of Kyrgyz Republic. The basin area in the Kyrgyz territory is 22210,6 km2 or ...
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[PDF] Chu-Talas Transboundary Basin - OSCE
May 12, 2015 · Basins Chu and Talas rivers are located within the northern Tian Shan mountains and the eastern margin of the Turan lowland.<|separator|>
[26]
Chu river in Kazakhstan. - Rest in Kyrgyzstan - silkadv.com
The length of the Chu River is 1067 kilometers, the basin area is 62,500 square kilometers. It is formed at the confluence of the Juvanaryk and Kochkor rivers, ...
[27]
[PDF] Ethnic Conflict in Southern Kyrgyzstan - PDXScholar
The people of the Chu Valley are closely integrated with Kazakhstan. (Bishkek is four hours from Altmaty by car, a short distance by Central Asian standards) ...
[28]
[PDF] Climate-Smart Agriculture for the Kyrgyz Republic
The climate is favorable around the Issyk-. Kol lake region, but it is more continental and drier along the Chui and Talas valleys. Most agricultural croplands ...
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[PDF] AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF - Oregon State University
Jun 12, 2020 · part is the Chu valley that flows through a large area of Kyrgyzstan too, and the lower part is located in the desert regions of Kazakhstan.
[30]
Petroglyphs of the Archaeological Landscape of Tanbaly
Towards the western end of the Tienshan Mountains in the southeast of Kazakhstan, the Chu-Ili mountain spur forms a canyon around the Tanbaly Gorge. An ...
[31]
Chu-Ili Mountains - Welcome.kz - Tours in Kazakhstan
Sep 3, 2023 · The Chu-Ili Mountains are located about 180 km (112 mi) northwest of Almaty, on the border of the Almaty and Zhambyl regions. You can reach the ...
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[PDF] STRENGTHENING COOPERATION IN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ...
A large group of salt lakes is located in the lower reaches of the Chu River; the largest of them is Lake Akzhaykyn with the area of about 50 square kilometres.
[33]
[PDF] Political and Musical Change in Early China: The Case of Chu
Early China saw a shift from rival states to a single emperor. The Chu state saw great musical change, and the absence of bells reflected political decline.
[34]
Two Poems that Mention Musical Instruments in Qu Yuan's Nine ...
The poems mention drums, jade pendants, yu mouth organs, se zithers, and bells.
[35]
SHAMANIC EROTICISM IN THE JIU GE (NINE SONGS) OF EARLY ...
This article presents an analysis of certain erotic strategies employed by shamans of the early Chinese state of Chu that were intended to attract and seduce an ...
[36]
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The paper analyzes the definitions and characteristics of shamanism, the relationship between Chu's "Wu" culture and shamanism, and the features of Chu's ...
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May 2, 2016 · Located among the expansive Berkeley Hills, University of California / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Chu Hall (Solar Energy Research ...
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Chu Hall Solar Energy Research Center - Harris & Associates
The entire Chu Hall site occupies an incredibly small footprint. It sits atop a hill, on a high-security campus, bound on all sides by existing buildings and a ...
[42]
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Chu-hsien Hydro Power Plant (Huang-tan-kou). Chu-hsien, China. Handle via Talent - Keyhole. Channels Only. Top Secret. BCS. 13/0104/69. TCS. 12322/68. DECLASS ...
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Chu and Kalperis Hall Project | Facility Services - Bates College
Chu and Kalperis Hall Project. (New Construction). Campus Avenue Project. Architect: Ann Beha Architects; Contractor: Consigli Construction; Completion Date: ...Missing: modern | Show results with:modern
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Chu Hall, 55 Campus Ave, Lewiston, ME 04240, US - MapQuest
Nestled in the heart of Lewiston, ME, Chu Hall stands as a beacon of comfort and community for students seeking a place to call home during their academic ...
[45]
Chu-Vandermonde Identity -- from Wolfram MathWorld
The Chu-Vandermonde identity _2F_1(-n,b;c;1)=((c-b)_n)/((c)_n) (1) (for n in Z^+) is a special case of Gauss's hypergeometric theorem _2F_1(a,b;c;1) ...
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How To Generalize (and Not To Generalize) the Chu–Vandermonde ...
We consider two different interpretations of the celebrated Chu–Vandermonde identity: as an identity for polynomials, and as an identity for infinite matrices.<|separator|>
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Several generalizations and variations of Chu-Vandermonde identity
Jul 23, 2018 · In this paper we prove some combinatorial identities which can be considered as generalizations and variations of remarkable Chu-Vandermonde identity.
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Chu Spaces
A Chu space is a transformable matrix whose rows transform forwards while its columns transform backwards.
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Chu spaces: automata with quantum aspects - IEEE Xplore
Chu spaces are a model of concurrent computation extending automata theory to express branching time and true concurrency. They exhibit in a primitive form ...<|separator|>
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Chu Spaces, Concept Lattices, and Domains - ScienceDirect.com
This paper serves to bring three independent but important areas of computer science to a common meeting point: Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), Chu Spaces, ...
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Fundamental‐limit perspectives on ultrawideband antennas - Yang
Feb 25, 2009 · The frequency response of Chu's equivalent circuit model for spherical modes suggests the concept of an ideal antenna. The transfer function of ...
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New Bounds on Spherical Antenna Bandwidth and Directivity - arXiv
Aug 8, 2024 · The Chu circuit model provides the basis for analyzing the minimum radiation quality factor, Q, of a given spherical mode.
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(PDF) Fundamental limits on antenna size: a new limit - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · The classic approximate Q formula of Chu is found to be equivalent to using the group velocity for the energy velocity. Other previous ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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CHU broadcast codes - National Research Council Canada
Mar 22, 2019 · CHU transmits on 3330 kHz, 7850 kHz, and 14670 kHz using AM compatible modulation (upper sideband, carrier reinserted). Between 31 and 39 ...
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CHU, Canada's Time Station - Radio World
Dec 5, 2020 · CHU broadcasts automated voice time signals in both English and French 24/7. Its broadcasts are transmitted on 3.33, 7.85 and 14.67 MHz.
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CHU - Signal Identification Wiki
Dec 10, 2023 · This signal is broadcast on three frequencies: 3 kW (3330, 14670 kHz) and 5 kW (7850 kHz). The transmitter is located just south of Ottawa, ...
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CHU Canada - SpectrumWiki
The frequencies are derived from one of a trio of closely synchronized atomic clocks located at the transmitter site. Three clocks are employed to permit ...<|separator|>
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CHU Canada - Paul SIMMONDS (VK5PAS)
CHU TIME SIGNAL, CANADA ... Three frequencies are used: 3330, 7850, and 14670 kHz. The station commenced in 1923 with a callsign of 9CC and was used on an ...
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Canada's shortwave time station, CHU, is moving | The SWLing Post
Dec 11, 2008 · In April 2007, the International Telecommunications Union re-allocated the 7300-7350 KHz band from a fixed service to a broadcasting service.