MTS
'''MTS''' most commonly refers to '''Mobile TeleSystems''' (Russian: Мобильные ТелеСистемы), Russia's largest mobile telecommunications operator and a leading provider of digital ecosystem services, headquartered in Moscow. As of 2025, it serves over 86 million mobile subscribers across Russia and Belarus.[1] Founded in 1993, MTS offers mobile and fixed-line voice, broadband internet, pay TV, and content delivery, and has expanded into FinTech, e-commerce, IoT, big data analytics, adtech, and media platforms. The company is listed on the Moscow Exchange and is recognized as the top telecommunications, media, and technology (TMT) brand in Russia, valued at over 121 billion rubles as of 2023.[1] For other uses of MTS, see the [[MTS#Organizations|Organizations]], [[MTS#Science and technology|Science and technology]], and [[MTS#Other uses|Other uses]] sections.Organizations
Telecommunications
Mobile TeleSystems (MTS) is the largest mobile network operator in Russia and Belarus, founded in 1993 as a joint venture providing cellular services initially in Moscow using the GSM standard.[2] The company has expanded to offer a comprehensive range of telecommunications services, including voice, data, and broadband via GSM, UMTS, LTE, and emerging 5G networks, serving more than 86 million mobile subscribers across its operations as of the third quarter of 2025.[3] In the third quarter of 2025, MTS reported consolidated revenue of 213.8 billion rubles, reflecting an 18.5% year-over-year increase driven by growth in its core telecom segments.[4] The operator is actively investing in network modernization, including preparations for 5G deployment.[5][6] Bell MTS Inc., formerly known as Manitoba Telecom Services (MTS), is a Canadian telecommunications subsidiary of BCE Inc. that delivers wireless, internet, broadband, and television services primarily in the province of Manitoba.[7] Established as a regional provider, it underwent a significant transformation following BCE's $3.9 billion acquisition in March 2017, which led to its rebranding as Bell MTS and integration into the broader Bell Canada ecosystem while retaining a focus on local operations.[8] As the dominant player in Manitoba's telecom market, Bell MTS maintains a leading position with extensive coverage, serving a substantial portion of the province's wireless and wireline customers amid increasing competition from national carriers.[9] The company continues to invest in infrastructure upgrades, including 5G rollout and fiber expansion, to support regional connectivity needs as of 2025.[10] MTS Allstream represented a key chapter in Canadian telecom history as a business-focused division offering national data and voice services, acquired by Manitoba Telecom Services in 2004 for $1.7 billion to expand beyond regional boundaries into enterprise solutions.[11] The unit, originally stemming from legacy telegraph networks, operated until 2012 when it was restructured separately from consumer services, and was ultimately sold to Zayo Group in 2016 for $465 million prior to BCE's full acquisition of MTS.[12] Following the 2017 rebranding to Bell MTS, no active operations retained the MTS Allstream branding, marking its defunct status under the original name.Transportation
The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) is a public agency established in 1976 as the San Diego Metropolitan Transit Development Board to consolidate fragmented transit operations in San Diego County, including bus services from San Diego Transit Corporation and the subsequent launch of the San Diego Trolley light rail in 1981.[13] This consolidation aimed to unify planning, funding, and service delivery across the region's urban and suburban areas, evolving into the current MTS name in 2005 while expanding to manage a comprehensive network of bus, trolley, and paratransit services serving approximately 3 million residents over 570 square miles.[14] As of 2025, MTS operates 95 fixed bus routes, three trolley lines with 62 stations, and specialized paratransit via MTS Access, providing essential mobility for daily commuters, tourists, and underserved communities.[15] MTS's fleet includes approximately 750 buses and over 160 light rail vehicles, with infrastructure encompassing major maintenance facilities in El Cajon and Chula Vista, as well as wireless charging bays for electric operations along key corridors like the Iris Avenue rapid transit route.[14][16] The system serves more than 200,000 daily riders on average, with fiscal year 2025 (July 2024–June 2025) recording 81.2 million total boardings, reflecting a 7.1% increase from the prior year and nearing 95% recovery of pre-pandemic levels.[17] Notable recent enhancements include the launch of overnight express bus service (Route 910) between San Ysidro and downtown San Diego on January 26, 2025 (announced January 23), improving late-night connectivity for cross-border and shift workers.[13][18] For fiscal year 2025, MTS adopted an operating budget of $448.2 million to maintain current service levels across its bus and rail networks, alongside a $243.3 million capital improvement program—the largest in agency history—prioritizing fleet maintenance (78% of funds) and sustainable upgrades.[19][20] Key expansion projects focus on electrification, including the deployment of 12 articulated 60-foot electric buses for enhanced rapid transit routes and 13 additional electric buses for the FASTER service launching in early 2025, advancing MTS's goal of a zero-emission bus fleet by 2040.[21][22] These initiatives are supported by partnerships for EV charging infrastructure, such as those with bp pulse, to optimize fleet performance and reduce emissions in high-density areas like southeastern San Diego.[23]Test and measurement
MTS Systems Corporation, founded in 1966, is a leading global supplier of test and simulation systems for mechanical engineering applications, specializing in high-performance equipment for materials, components, and structures across various industries.[24] The company originated with a focus on innovative solutions to complex engineering challenges, such as its first earthquake simulator installation in 1968 for seismic research.[24] Over the decades, MTS has expanded through strategic acquisitions, including SANS Group in 2008 for enhanced materials testing capabilities in China, E2M Technologies in 2018 for electric actuation systems, and R&D Test Systems in 2020 for advanced aerospace and wind energy testing.[24] In 2021, following Amphenol Corporation's acquisition of MTS earlier that year, Illinois Tool Works (ITW) purchased the Test & Simulation business unit, integrating it into its portfolio while preserving the MTS brand for ongoing operations.[25][26] MTS offers a range of product lines tailored to test and measurement needs, including fatigue testing systems designed to evaluate crack growth, fracture toughness, and long-term durability in materials under cyclic loading.[27] These systems are widely used in automotive and aerospace sectors to simulate real-world stresses, such as the industry-standard Model 329 Road Simulator introduced in 1985 for vehicle durability assessment.[24] In biomedical applications, MTS provides simulators like the Bionix Multistation Wear Simulators and Acumen Electrodynamic Test Systems, which enable precise evaluation of orthopedic implants, soft tissues, and medical devices through wear simulation, kinematics analysis, and fatigue testing of biomaterials such as titanium and ceramics.[28][24] These tools support regulatory compliance and innovation in safer medical treatments by replicating physiological conditions.[29] Key innovations from MTS emphasize integrated testing for vehicle, aircraft, and materials performance, often incorporating software for enhanced simulation accuracy. For vehicles, MTS systems facilitate full-vehicle dynamics, axle suspension, and electric vehicle battery testing to accelerate development of efficient and autonomous technologies.[30] In aircraft applications, turnkey dynamic test solutions from the R&D Test Systems division address structural integrity for fixed-wing and vertical-lift platforms, including eVTOL certification through high-fidelity fatigue and vibration simulations.[31] Materials testing innovations include multipurpose load frames for high-rate, high-force evaluations of composites and elastomers, integrated with software like MTS TestSuite for automated control, data acquisition, and predictive modeling.[32][33] As of 2025, MTS continues to demonstrate its leadership through active participation in industry events, such as the Automotive Testing Expo Europe in Stuttgart, Germany (May 20-22), where it showcased advancements in NVH analysis, dynamometers, and vehicle dynamics testing at Booth 8515.[34] The company also exhibited at the Automotive Testing Expo China in Shanghai (August 27-29), highlighting solutions for damper performance and track simulation to support global automotive innovation.[35] These engagements underscore MTS's role in fostering collaboration on next-generation test methodologies for safer, more reliable engineering outcomes.[36]Science and technology
Computing
The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) was a pioneering time-sharing operating system developed at the University of Michigan, with initial implementation in 1967 for the IBM System/360 Model 67 mainframe. Designed to support multi-user interactive computing, MTS enabled efficient resource sharing among terminals connected to the central system, marking it as one of the earliest operational time-sharing environments. It remained in active use until 1998, evolving to support subsequent IBM hardware like the System/370 and System/390 series.[37][38][39] MTS's architecture centered on a multiprogramming, multiprocessing supervisor that exploited the virtual memory features of its host hardware, including paging and segmentation to manage memory efficiently across users. The system comprised an executive core responsible for process scheduling and resource allocation, alongside modular subsystems for command processing, file management, and device handling, allowing both interactive terminal sessions and batch processing. Virtual address spaces for user tasks included shared segments for system-wide resources and private segments for individual processes, facilitating secure isolation while supporting reentrant code for performance. This design supported a wide array of programming languages and applications, serving thousands of users at the university over decades.[40][41][42][39] As one of the first fully operational virtual memory time-sharing systems—alongside Multics—MTS demonstrated the viability of these technologies for practical, large-scale multi-user computing, influencing later operating system designs by validating concepts like demand paging and interactive access that became foundational in systems such as UNIX and modern multitasking OS kernels. Its long-term stability and adaptability highlighted effective strategies for mainframe resource management, contributing to broader adoption of time-sharing paradigms in academic and research computing.[40][43][44] Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), released in December 1996 as part of the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack, was a middleware platform for developing and deploying scalable, component-based applications in distributed environments. It provided automated management of distributed transactions via the OLE Transactions protocol, ensuring ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) across multiple resources like databases and message queues, integrated seamlessly with Microsoft SQL Server. MTS emphasized just-in-time activation to optimize server resource usage by deactivating idle components and supported role-based security for enterprise deployments.[45][45] In its evolution, MTS was enhanced and integrated more deeply into the Windows platform, culminating in its merger with COM to form COM+ in Windows 2000, which introduced additional features such as object pooling and loosely coupled event services while retaining core transaction capabilities. This transition rendered standalone MTS obsolete by the early 2000s, though its architectural principles continued to underpin COM+ and later technologies like the .NET Framework's transaction services for enterprise applications. Legacy MTS components may still appear in older Windows systems for backward compatibility, but active development ceased post-COM+ integration.[46][46][47]Biology
The MTS assay, or 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt, is a colorimetric method for assessing cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in biomedical research. Developed in the early 1990s, it was introduced as an improvement over earlier tetrazolium-based assays to provide a simpler, aqueous-soluble alternative for quantifying viable cells in culture.[48] In the assay, the MTS tetrazolium dye is bioreduced by NADH produced by dehydrogenase enzymes in metabolically active cells, forming a water-soluble formazan product through an intermediate electron acceptor such as phenazine ethosulfate (PES).[49] This reduction occurs primarily in the mitochondria of viable cells, and the resulting colored formazan is measured by absorbance at 490-500 nm using a spectrophotometer, with the signal intensity proportional to the number of viable cells.[49][48] The protocol typically involves seeding cells in 96-well plates at 1-10 × 10³ cells per well, adding test compounds, incubating for 24-72 hours to allow exposure, then adding MTS reagent (final concentration ~0.33 mg/mL) directly to the culture medium, followed by a 1-4 hour incubation at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere before reading absorbance; no cell washing or solubilization is required.[49][50] Widely applied in drug screening, toxicology, and cancer research, the MTS assay enables high-throughput evaluation of compound effects on cell viability, such as identifying cytotoxic agents or measuring antiproliferative activity in tumor cell lines like human colon carcinoma or mouse leukemia cells.[49][48] Compared to the MTT assay, MTS offers key advantages including the production of a water-soluble formazan that eliminates the need for organic solvents like DMSO for solubilization, reducing preparation time, cell disruption, and potential interference from precipitates.[49][50]Units of measurement
The metre-tonne-second (MTS) system of units was a coherent variant of the metric system developed for mechanical engineering applications.[51] It was introduced in France in 1919 by industrial interests seeking a practical alternative to the existing centimetre-gram-second (CGS) and metre-kilogram-second (MKS) systems, and it became the legal system of units in France from 1919 until 1961.[51] The system was adopted by the Soviet Union in 1933 for standardization in industry and science, remaining in official use there until its abolition in 1955 in favor of the emerging International System of Units (SI).[51] The base units of the MTS system were the metre for length, the tonne (1,000 kilograms) for mass, and the second for time, providing a scale suited to large-scale engineering measurements.[51] Derived units included the sthène for force, defined as the force required to accelerate one tonne at one metre per second squared (1 sthène = 1,000 newtons), and the pièze for pressure (1 pièze = 1 sthène per square metre = 1,000 pascals).[51] A key derived unit for weight was the kilogram-force (kgf), representing the gravitational force on one kilogram at standard gravity, expressed as$1 \, \mathrm{kgf} = 9.80665 \, \mathrm{N},
where the constant derives from the standard acceleration due to gravity of 9.80665 m/s².[51] This unit facilitated calculations in structural and mechanical contexts by aligning with common mass scales. The MTS system's obsolescence stemmed primarily from its incompatibility with electrical and electromagnetic units, which were better integrated in the MKS and emerging SI frameworks, complicating interdisciplinary applications in physics and engineering.[51] Although officially phased out in France by 1961 and in the Soviet Union by 1955, remnants of MTS units persisted in engineering practices and technical literature into the 1960s, particularly in heavy industry where tonne-based mass measurements remained intuitive.[51] The transition to the SI system, formalized internationally in 1960, ultimately standardized global metrology by unifying mechanical and electrical units under the metre, kilogram, second, and ampere as base quantities.[51]