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Magnitude

Magnitude is a measure of the size, extent, or strength of a quantity, most fundamentally defined in mathematics as the length of a vector, calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of its components, such as \|\mathbf{a}\| = \sqrt{a_1^2 + a_2^2} for a two-dimensional vector \mathbf{a} = (a_1, a_2). In physics, this concept applies to vector quantities like force or velocity, where magnitude represents the numerical value without direction, distinguishing vectors (which have both magnitude and direction) from scalars (which have only magnitude).^[1] Beyond these core applications, magnitude takes on specialized logarithmic scales in other fields: in astronomy, it quantifies the apparent brightness of celestial objects, with lower values indicating brighter sources (e.g., the Sun has an apparent magnitude of about -26.7), and in seismology, it measures the energy released by earthquakes on scales like the moment magnitude, where each whole-number increase corresponds to roughly 31 times more energy.^[2]^[3] The mathematical definition of magnitude originated from Euclidean geometry, where it denotes distance in a normed vector space, and has been generalized to higher dimensions and abstract settings, underpinning calculations in linear algebra and calculus. In physical contexts, understanding magnitude is essential for analyzing phenomena like motion and forces, as it allows quantification independent of orientation, facilitating the decomposition of complex systems into components.^[4] Astronomically, the magnitude system, formalized in the 19th century by Norman Pogson, is inverse and logarithmic— a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a 100-fold change in brightness—enabling precise comparisons of stars, planets, and galaxies across vast distances.^[2] Seismologically, scales such as the Richter magnitude (developed in 1935) and the modern moment magnitude provide logarithmic assessments of seismic energy, crucial for hazard assessment and engineering design.^[3] These diverse applications highlight magnitude's versatility as a tool for measurement and comparison, influencing fields from engineering to astrophysics, while its consistent emphasis on quantifiable scale ensures its centrality in scientific discourse.^[1]

Mathematics

Numerical magnitude

In mathematics, numerical magnitude refers to the absolute value of a real number x, denoted |x|, which quantifies the distance of x from zero on the number line without regard to sign.^[5]^[6] It is formally defined piecewise as |x| = x if x \geq 0 and |x| = -x if x < 0, ensuring the result is always non-negative.^[7] For example, |5| = 5 and |-3| = 3.^[7] The concept traces its origins to ancient Greek mathematics, particularly Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BCE), where "magnitude" described continuous quantities such as lengths and areas for comparison purposes, distinct from discrete numbers and emphasizing size without directional attributes.^[8]^[9] In Euclid's framework, magnitudes were foundational for geometric propositions, such as comparing line segments or areas in triangles, as seen in Book I definitions and propositions like I.3 (comparing straight lines) and I.47 (Pythagorean theorem relating side magnitudes).^[8] This scalar approach influenced later developments in number theory and analysis.^[9] Key properties of the absolute value include non-negativity (|x| \geq 0 for all real x, with equality if and only if x = 0), multiplicativity (|xy| = |x||y| for all real x, y), and the triangle inequality (|x + y| \leq |x| + |y| for all real x, y).^[7] These properties underpin its utility in inequalities, distances, and norms across mathematics.^[7] The notion extends to complex numbers, where the modulus of z = a + bi is |z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}, interpreted geometrically as the Euclidean distance from the origin to the point (a, b) in the complex plane.^[10] This generalization preserves the idea of magnitude as a measure of separation from a reference point. Numerical magnitude also relates to order of magnitude, a rough estimation of scale using powers of 10; for instance, the order of magnitude of 500 is 3, as $10^3 = 1000 is the nearest power.^[11]

Vector magnitude

In mathematics, the magnitude of a vector, commonly referred to as the Euclidean norm or \ell^2-norm, quantifies the length of a vector \mathbf{v} = (v_1, v_2, \dots, v_n) in n-dimensional Euclidean space as \|\mathbf{v}\| = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n v_i^2}.^[12] This measure interprets the vector as an arrow from the origin to the point (v_1, v_2, \dots, v_n), providing a nonnegative scalar that is zero only for the zero vector.^[13] The numerical magnitude corresponds to the special case where n=1, reducing to the absolute value of a scalar. In two and three dimensions, this norm derives directly from the Pythagorean theorem: for a 2D vector (v_1, v_2), the length is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs |v_1| and |v_2|, extended analogously to higher dimensions by iteratively applying the theorem.^[14] The Euclidean norm generalizes to the family of p-norms, defined for $1 \leq p < \infty as

\|\mathbf{v}\|_p = \left( \sum_{i=1}^n |v_i|^p \right)^{1/p},

which reduces to the Euclidean norm when p=2.^[14] For p=1, the \ell^1-norm (Manhattan norm) is the sum of absolute components \|\mathbf{v}\|_1 = \sum_{i=1}^n |v_i|, useful for measuring total variation without emphasizing large deviations.^[15] The \ell^\infty-norm, defined as \|\mathbf{v}\|_\infty = \max_i |v_i|, captures the maximum component magnitude, often applied in optimization to bound extremes.^[14] These norms satisfy the axioms of a vector norm—nonnegativity, positive definiteness, homogeneity, and the triangle inequality—ensuring they behave like generalized distances in vector spaces.^[16] In physics, the magnitude of the velocity vector \mathbf{v} represents the speed of an object, stripping directional information to yield a scalar quantity that describes motion intensity.^[17] For higher-order tensors, such as matrices, the concept extends to the Frobenius norm, defined for an m \times n matrix A = (a_{ij}) as

\|A\|_F = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^m \sum_{j=1}^n |a_{ij}|^2} = \sqrt{\trace(A^T A)},

which treats the matrix as a vector in \mathbb{R}^{mn} by stacking its entries and applying the Euclidean norm.^[18] This norm is submultiplicative and invariant under unitary transformations, making it suitable for analyzing matrix perturbations.^[19] In data science and machine learning, vector magnitudes, particularly the Euclidean norm, are essential for high-dimensional vector embeddings that represent entities like words or images.^[16] Embeddings are often normalized to unit length (\|\mathbf{v}\| = 1) to emphasize directional similarity via cosine metrics, as the norm itself can vary with training dynamics.^[20] Recent work in self-supervised learning highlights that embedding norms influence model convergence rates and encode prediction confidence, with lower norms signaling unexpected inputs.^[21]

Astronomy

Apparent magnitude

The apparent magnitude scale quantifies the brightness of celestial objects as seen from Earth, employing an inverse logarithmic system where brighter objects receive numerically smaller values, potentially negative for the most luminous ones. This observer-dependent measure captures the flux received at our location, influenced by distance, interstellar dust, and intrinsic luminosity. Unlike intrinsic brightness assessments, apparent magnitude reflects the combined effects of these factors on perceived intensity. The scale originated in the 2nd century BCE with Greek astronomer Hipparchus, who cataloged stars by brightness into six classes: the brightest designated as first magnitude and the faintest visible to the naked eye as sixth magnitude.^[22] In 1856, Norman Pogson formalized this into a precise logarithmic framework, stipulating that a difference of five magnitudes corresponds to a 100-fold change in brightness, yielding a ratio of

\sqrt{{grok:render&&&type=render_inline_citation&&&citation_id=5&&&citation_type=wikipedia}}{100} \approx 2.512

per magnitude step.^[23] The defining relation is

m_1 - m_2 = -2.5 \log_{10} \left( \frac{b_1}{b_2} \right),

where m denotes magnitude and b the flux (brightness); thus, an object one magnitude fainter appears about 2.512 times dimmer, and smaller m values indicate greater brightness.^[24] The zero point anchors Vega at magnitude 0 in the visual (V) passband, chosen for its stable spectrum near the zenith for northern observers.^[25] Exceptionally bright objects exceed this: the Sun registers at -26.74 in V, rendering it overwhelmingly dominant in daylight skies.^[26] Measurements occur across standardized passbands to account for wavelength-specific sensitivities: V (centered at ~550 nm for visual light), B (~440 nm, blue/photographic), and near-infrared J (~1.25 μm), H (~1.65 μm), K (~2.2 μm).^[27] The color index, such as B-V (difference between B and V magnitudes), serves as a proxy for stellar temperature; hot, blue stars yield negative values (e.g., -0.3 for A-type), while cooler red stars approach +1.5 or higher.^[28] Limiting magnitude defines the faintest detectable objects: approximately 6th magnitude under ideal dark-sky conditions for the naked eye, extending to 9th with binoculars and up to 30th for the Hubble Space Telescope in optimal exposures.^[23] Modern missions like Gaia, launched in 2013 and concluding operations in January 2025, have revolutionized precision by cataloging nearly two billion sources with apparent magnitudes in the G band (white light, 330–1050 nm) down to G ≈ 20.7 as of its final data releases (Data Release 3 in 2022; subsequent releases pending).^[29] Apparent magnitude thus complements absolute magnitude, the latter standardizing intrinsic luminosity as viewed from 10 parsecs away.

Absolute magnitude

In astronomy, absolute magnitude is defined as the apparent magnitude that a celestial object would have if placed at a standard distance of 10 parsecs (approximately 32.6 light-years) from the observer, providing a measure of its intrinsic luminosity independent of distance.^[30] This standardization, denoted as M, allows direct comparisons of brightness across objects like stars and galaxies.^[31] The relation to apparent magnitude m and distance d (in parsecs) is given by the distance modulus formula:

M = m - 5 \log_{10} \left( \frac{d}{10} \right)

This equation corrects observed brightness for interstellar distance effects.^[32] The bolometric absolute magnitude M_{\rm bol} extends this concept to the total energy output across all wavelengths, offering a complete view of an object's luminosity.^[31] For stars modeled as blackbodies, luminosity L follows the Stefan-Boltzmann law, L = 4\pi R^2 \sigma T^4, where R is radius, T is effective temperature, and \sigma is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant; thus, M_{\rm bol} = -2.5 \log_{10} (L / L_\odot) + 4.74, with the zero point calibrated to the Sun's luminosity L_\odot.^[33] This total-energy perspective contrasts with band-specific magnitudes (e.g., visual M_V) by accounting for emission in ultraviolet, infrared, and other regimes.^[31] Absolute magnitude finds key applications in stellar classification and cosmology, such as the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram, where M_V or M_{\rm bol} is plotted against effective temperature or color index (B-V) to reveal evolutionary sequences like the main sequence and giant branches.^[34] Type Ia supernovae serve as standard candles with a consistent peak absolute magnitude of approximately M_B = -19.3, enabling distance measurements to remote galaxies via the distance modulus. Historical calibration relied on Henrietta Leavitt's 1912 discovery of the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, where longer periods correlate with brighter absolute magnitudes, establishing these pulsators as distance indicators.^[35] For non-stellar objects, absolute magnitude adapts to their properties: galaxies use total integrated M at 10 parsecs to quantify overall luminosity, often in the B-band for structural studies.^[36] Planets and asteroids employ a reduced magnitude H, defined as the visual magnitude at 1 AU from both the Sun and observer with zero phase angle, isolating albedo and size effects from geometry.^[37] Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations since 2022 have advanced exoplanet studies by measuring thermal emission in secondary eclipses, yielding dayside brightness and effective temperatures; for instance, TRAPPIST-1b's emission implies a dayside brightness temperature of about 500 K (consistent with recent phase curve analyses as of 2025 showing ~490 K), facilitating bolometric magnitude estimates for these distant worlds.^[38]^[39]

Seismology

Richter magnitude scale

The Richter magnitude scale, denoted M_L, was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg at the California Institute of Technology to provide a standardized measure of earthquake size for local events in southern California.^[40] It relies on recordings from the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph, a standardized instrument designed to capture horizontal ground motion. The scale is calculated using the formula M_L = \log_{10} A - \log_{10} A_0, where A is the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave trace in millimeters, and A_0 is the reference amplitude for a magnitude-0 earthquake at a distance of 100 km, approximately 0.001 mm.^[3] Distance corrections are applied to account for wave attenuation, ensuring comparability across stations within about 600 km of the epicenter.^[41] As a base-10 logarithmic scale, each whole-number increase in M_L corresponds to a tenfold increase in the recorded wave amplitude on the seismograph.^[3] This design allows the scale to handle the vast range of earthquake sizes, from minor tremors to major events, without numerical overflow. Since seismic energy release is roughly proportional to the square of the amplitude, a one-unit magnitude increase equates to approximately a 31.6-fold increase in energy.^[3] For instance, a magnitude-6 earthquake releases about 31.6 times more energy than a magnitude-5 event, emphasizing the scale's utility in conveying exponential differences in seismic power.^[3] Despite its innovations, the Richter scale has notable limitations, particularly its reliance on high-frequency waves from nearby stations, which makes it a local scale unsuitable for global or teleseismic applications.^[42] It saturates above magnitudes of around 7, where the Wood-Anderson seismograph's needle clips at maximum deflection, leading to underestimation of larger earthquakes' true size.^[3] The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, for example, was assigned an M_L of 8.3, but this value masks the event's full rupture length of nearly 480 km along the San Andreas Fault, as later analyses using modern moment magnitude reveal an equivalent size of about 7.9.^[43]^[44] The Richter scale measures an earthquake's inherent size through instrumental data, distinct from intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, which assess local effects such as structural damage, ground cracking, and human sensations on a Roman-numeral scale from I to XII.^[45] Magnitude yields a uniform value for the entire event regardless of location, while intensity varies spatially, decreasing with distance from the epicenter and influenced by local geology and structures.^[45] This separation enables scientists to evaluate both the source energy and its impacts independently.^[45] While the Richter scale has been largely deprecated since the 1970s in favor of the moment magnitude scale—a non-saturating alternative that directly computes total fault slip and area for accurate global assessments—it remains a foundational concept in seismology with historical value for pre-1970s records.^[42] In the 2020s, it informs hybrid magnitude estimation in earthquake early warning systems, such as the U.S. ShakeAlert, where initial rapid alerts use local amplitude-based calculations similar to M_L for sub-second warnings before refinement to moment magnitude.^[46]^[47]

Moment magnitude scale

The moment magnitude scale, denoted as M_w, was first proposed by Hiroo Kanamori in 1977 as a measure of earthquake size based on the seismic moment, and formally defined in 1979 by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori to provide a uniform scale across all earthquake magnitudes.^[48] The scale is calculated using the formula

M_w = \frac{2}{3} \log_{10} M_0 - 6.07,

where M_0 is the seismic moment in newton-meters (N·m). The seismic moment M_0 quantifies the total energy release from fault rupture and is given by M_0 = \mu A D, with \mu as the shear modulus of the crust (typically around 30 GPa for the upper crust), A as the fault rupture area, and D as the average slip distance along the fault. This physical basis distinguishes M_w from earlier scales like the Richter magnitude, which served as a logarithmic precursor but was limited to local measurements.^[42] A key advantage of the moment magnitude scale is its lack of saturation at high magnitudes, allowing accurate assessment of great earthquakes where other scales, such as the surface-wave magnitude, underestimate size due to waveform clipping. For instance, the 1960 Chile earthquake, the largest instrumentally recorded event, has an M_w of 9.5, reflecting its immense rupture without the limitations seen in amplitude-based scales. The scale directly relates to the physical energy released, with the radiated seismic energy E approximated as E \approx 10^{5.24 + 1.44 M_w} joules, emphasizing how each unit increase in M_w corresponds to about 31.6 times more energy.^[3] Calculations of M_w rely on broadband seismic waveforms to estimate the moment tensor through inversion techniques, capturing the full spectrum of fault motion rather than specific wave amplitudes. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has implemented M_w as its standard magnitude measure since 2002, using global seismic networks for rapid, reliable estimates. Notable examples include the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan with M_w 9.0–9.1, which involved a 500 km rupture and released energy equivalent to over 400 megatons of TNT, and the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake with M_w 7.8, stemming from a 350 km strike-slip fault segment. Recent advancements since 2020 have enhanced real-time M_w estimation through finite-fault inversions integrated with artificial intelligence, enabling faster processing of complex rupture dynamics from initial waveform data for improved early warning systems.^[49] These AI-driven methods, such as deep learning models applied to multi-station broadband records, reduce estimation times to seconds while maintaining accuracy for magnitudes above 7.^[50]

Arts and media

Music

In music, "magnitude" often serves as a title evoking vastness, intensity, or emotional depth, appearing in band names, albums, and songs across genres like progressive metal, hardcore punk, indie rock, and hip-hop. The American progressive metal band Magnitude 9, formed in 1997 in Cincinnati, Ohio, exemplifies early adoption of the term, with their neoclassical-infused sound exploring themes of faith, afterlife, and personal introspection. Their debut album Chaos to Control (1998) established a foundation of technical prowess and melodic hooks, followed by Reality in Focus (2001) and Decoding the Soul (2003), after which the band has been inactive.^[51]^[52] In the hardcore punk scene, the straight-edge band Magnitude from Charlotte, North Carolina—formed in 2016—has built a reputation for metallic, '90s-inspired anthems emphasizing resilience and renewal. Albums such as Era of Attrition (2017), To Whatever Fateful End (2019), and Of Days Renewed... (2023) feature churning riffs and urgent vocals, with the title track of the latter capturing epic struggles against adversity through groove-driven breakdowns.^[53]^[54] Notable songs include "Magnitude" by Canadian indie rock band Hot Hot Heat, a high-energy track from their 2016 self-titled album that pulses with rhythmic urgency and themes of awakening and persistence.^[55] Similarly, the 2022 art-rock album The Magnitude by Heavy Duty Super Ego delivers psychedelic explorations of mania and introspection across tracks like "Manic Moon," blending experimental elements with raw emotional scale.^[56] Pre-2000 instances are sparse, primarily limited to Magnitude 9's inaugural release, which occasionally nods to philosophical or existential scales in its lyrical content.^[57] Post-2023 developments include the hip-hop track "Magnitude" (2024) by Chicago-based producer RMB Justize and collaborator Lamar Azul, a soulful instrumental evoking expansive vibes in the lofi hip-hop realm.^[58]

Film and television

In film, "Magnitude 7.9" (1980), a Japanese tokusatsu disaster movie directed by Kenjiro Ohmori, depicts the catastrophic impacts of a massive earthquake on the Japanese archipelago, emphasizing themes of human resilience amid overwhelming natural forces.^[59] Produced by Toho Studios as a follow-up to the television film "Tokyo Daijishin Magnitude 8.1," it features practical special effects to portray urban destruction on a grand scale, reflecting post-war anxieties about seismic vulnerability in Japan.^[60] The 1997 Japanese film "Magnitude," directed by an independent team, explores personal and societal disruptions caused by seismic events, blending drama with speculative elements on survival and recovery.^[61] More recently, the Canadian documentary "The Magnitude of All Things" (2020), directed by Jennifer Abbott, intertwines personal grief with the vast scales of environmental catastrophe, using footage from climate-affected regions to illustrate planetary loss through an astronomical lens of immensity.^[62] Premiering at film festivals and distributed by the National Film Board of Canada, it draws parallels between individual sorrow and global ecological grief, highlighting the metaphorical "magnitude" of human-induced changes.^[63] In television, Magnitude is a recurring character in the NBC sitcom "Community" (2009–2015), portrayed by Luke Youngblood as an exuberant, catchphrase-spouting student at Greendale Community College whose energetic persona embodies exaggerated enthusiasm and social disruption.^[64] Introduced in season 2's "Aerodynamics of Gender," Magnitude's iconic "Pop pop!" exclamations punctuate comedic scenes, evolving into a symbol of chaotic joy across multiple episodes, including the season 2 finale "Abed's Uncontrollable Christmas."^[65] His appearances, such as in "Intro to Political Science" (season 2, episode 17), amplify the show's satirical take on community dynamics, with the character's outsized reactions mirroring the thematic "magnitude" of interpersonal conflicts.^[66] Documentaries on streaming platforms have increasingly featured "magnitude" to convey the scale of natural disasters. For instance, Netflix's "Aftershock: Everest and the Nepal Earthquake" (2022), directed by Olly Lambert, chronicles the 2015 magnitude 7.8 quake that killed nearly 9,000 people, using survivor testimonies and mountaineering footage to underscore the event's profound human and environmental toll. This international co-production focuses on narratives of loss and rebuilding in the Himalayas, filling gaps in global coverage of seismic media.^[67] In video games, "Magnitude" (2024), developed by AUTO SLAVIC d.o.o. for PlayStation 4 and 5, integrates the term into its core mechanics as a puzzle-adventure title where players manipulate scales of objects and environments to solve challenges, metaphorically exploring themes of proportion and impact in a stylized world.^[68] Similarly, "Orders of Magnitude" (2020), an educational simulation by orders of magnitude, allows exploration of cosmic and microscopic scales, using interactive visuals to demonstrate astronomical magnitudes from subatomic particles to galactic clusters.^[69] These titles, released post-2016, enhance understanding of "magnitude" through immersive gameplay, bridging entertainment with conceptual depth on scale.

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Magnitude 9 - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives
Aug 3, 2002 · Formed in: 1997 ; Genre: Progressive/Neoclassical Metal ; Themes: Feelings, Afterlife, Faith ; Last label: InsideOut Music ; Years active: 1997-?.
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MAGNITUDE 9 discography and reviews - Prog Archives
MAGNITUDE 9 is a band who put out tight sounding albums and music. They preserve traditional progressive-metal sound, while adding their own unique touch to it.Biography · Buy music
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Magnitude – “Of Days Renewed” - Stereogum
Aug 9, 2023 · The North Carolina band Magnitude has a churning, epic take on hardcore. They make metallic, '90s-style straight-edge anthems that sound ...
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Magnitude - Triple B Records
30-day returns5 tracks of crushing early 90's-flavored hardcore taking cues from bands like Strain, Trial, and Slugfest. First pressing from Plead Your Case Records sold out ...
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Magnitude - Hot Hot Heat | AllMusic
Explore Magnitude by Hot Hot Heat. Get track information, read reviews, listen to it streaming, and more at AllMusic.
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The Magnitude - Heavy Duty Super Ego | Album | AllMusic
The Magnitude by Heavy Duty Super Ego. Find album reviews, track lists, credits, awards and more at AllMusic.
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https://www.allmusic.com/song/magnitude-mt0053490295
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Magnitude - song and lyrics by RMB Justize, Lamar Azul - Spotify
Listen to Magnitude on Spotify. Song · RMB Justize, Lamar Azul · 2024.
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Magnitude 7.9 (1980) - IMDb
Rating 5/10 (228) The film was a follow-up to a TV movie from early the same year, Tokyo Daijishin Magnitude 8.1 (1980), starring Shin'ichi Chiba, with special effects by Kôichi ...
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Magnitude 7.9 (1980) | Wikizilla, the kaiju encyclopedia
Sep 8, 2025 · Magnitude 7.9 (地震列島, Jishin Rettō, lit. "Archipelago Earthquake") is a 1980 tokusatsu disaster film directed by Kenjiro Omori and ...
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Magnitude - MyDramaList
Magnitude ; Country: Japan ; Type: Movie ; Release Date: Nov 22, 1997 ; Duration: 1 hr. 30 min. ; Score: N/A (scored by 0 users) ...
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The Magnitude of All Things - NFB
Sep 30, 2020 · Jennifer Abbott's new documentary The Magnitude of All Things merges stories from the frontlines of climate change with recollections of the loss of her sister.
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The Magnitude of All Things (2020) - IMDb
Rating 8.2/10 (105) The Magnitude of All Things ... Filmmaker Jennifer Abbott explores the emotional and psychological dimensions of the climate crisis and the relationship between ...
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Luke Youngblood as Magnitude - Community - IMDb
"Community" Intro to Political Science (TV Episode 2011) - Luke Youngblood as Magnitude.
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Magnitude | Community Wiki - Fandom
When the City College invaders join the competition, Magnitude and the remaining students are gathered together in the anthropology classroom by Troy and Abed.
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Magnitude - Community - TVmaze.com
Character Guide for Community's Magnitude. Includes character biography, gallery, and a complete list of episode appearances.
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11 Best Disaster Documentaries on Netflix - MovieWeb
Oct 4, 2025 · 'Aftershock: Everest and the Nepal Earthquake' (2022). An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 struck Nepal in 2015. Thousands died as a result of ...
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Magnitude - PlayStation Store
Magnitude. AUTO SLAVIC d.o.o.. PS4PS5. Average rating 3.96 stars out of five stars from 54 ratings. 3.96.
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Save 50% on Orders of Magnitude on Steam
$$2.49 In stock Rating 4.5 (63) Mar 30, 2020 · Orders of Magnitude is an immersive educational experience that guides you through the Universe at various scales. Travel along a seamless ...<|control11|><|separator|>