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Matvei Platov

Count Matvei Ivanovich Platov (8 [19 N.S.] August 1753 – 3 [15 N.S.] January 1818) was a general and Cossack leader who served as of the Don from 1801, commanding irregular cavalry forces during key campaigns of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including the , and founding the city of in 1805 as the new capital of the Don Host Province. Born into a Cossack family in Cherkassk (Starocherkassk) on the Don River, Platov began his military service at age 13 as a soldier in the Life Guard of Cossacks and quickly rose through the ranks due to his valor in frontier conflicts. He participated in the 1774 campaign against the Crimean Tatars, earning early recognition for his bravery. In 1782, Platov fought in the Kuban Valley expedition led by Alexander Suvorov, contributing to Russian efforts to secure the southern frontiers. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792, Platov distinguished himself in the siege and capture of Ochakov in 1788 and the storming of Ismail in 1790, where his actions led to promotion to colonel and later major general, along with the (3rd Class). Exiled briefly by Emperor Paul I to and later imprisoned in Petropavlovsk Fortress for perceived disloyalty, Platov was rehabilitated under Alexander I and appointed of the in 1801, a position he held until his death. As , Platov oversaw the relocation of the Don Cossack capital from Starocherkassk to the newly established in 1805, modernizing administrative and educational facilities, including the founding of a and a . In the , he commanded Cossack units in the 1806–1807 campaigns against at Eylau and Friedland, and against the Ottomans in 1808–1809 at battles such as Girsov, Rassevat, and , receiving the Order of St. Vladimir for his service. Platov's most notable contributions came during the Patriotic War, where he mobilized over 20,000 and led the Cossack Corps in engagements at , Romanovo, Moghilev, and Borodino, playing a crucial role in harassing French supply lines and pursuing Napoleon's retreating . In the 1813–1814 campaigns, his forces advanced into Europe, contributing to the Allied victory and the occupation of ; for these efforts, he was elevated to count in 1812 and honored internationally, including a golden sword from the and an honorary doctorate from the . Platov died en route to for health reasons at Yablonovka near in , leaving a legacy as a symbol of Cossack martial prowess and loyalty to the .

Early Life

Birth and Family

Matvei Ivanovich Platov was born on 8 August 1753 (19 August in the New Style) in the stanitsa of Pribilyanskaya on the Don River, a settlement within the Don Cossack Host. This location, situated in what is now the Aksai District of Rostov Oblast, Russia, placed him at the heart of the Don Cossacks' semi-autonomous territory, where communities maintained a distinct military and communal organization under Russian imperial oversight. Platov was the eldest son of Ivan Fyodorovich Platov, a prominent Cossack who held the rank of войсковой старшина ( elder) and later , reflecting the family's status among the Cossack elite known as "starshina children." His brothers were Stefan, Andrey, and Pyotr. His mother, Anna Larionovna Platova, came from a Cossack . The Platov family exemplified the hereditary class within , which emphasized loyalty to the alongside internal Cossack customs. Growing up in a typical Cossack , Platov's early life was shaped by the socio-economic realities of the region, where the river served as a vital for , , and , sustaining the community's agrarian and mercantile activities. From childhood, he would have been exposed to the Host's rigorous traditions of horsemanship and martial upbringing, including basic self-defense training with sabers and lances, as boys in Cossack families were groomed for obligatory starting in their youth. This environment, blending riverine livelihoods with a of equestrian prowess and communal defense against steppe threats, forged Platov's identity as a quintessential Don Cossack.

Initial Military Service

Matvei Ivanovich Platov, born into a Cossack family with a tradition of , entered the Russian military at a young age through the Don Cossack Host. He began his service in in the administrative role within the Don Cossack Chancellery, reflecting the common path for young from prominent families to gain initial exposure to . By December 1769, at around age 16, Platov had advanced to the rank of esaul, equivalent to a in regular forces, indicating early recognition of his potential in the irregular cavalry structure of the . In the late 1760s and early 1770s, Platov's initial assignments focused on border security along the southern frontiers, involving routine patrols to monitor and deter incursions. These duties included minor skirmishes against Crimean Tatar raiders, who frequently crossed into Russian territories for plunder, honing Platov's skills in reconnaissance, rapid maneuvers, and small-unit tactics essential to Cossack warfare. Such engagements, though not large-scale battles, exposed him to the harsh realities of frontier defense and built his reputation for boldness in combat. Platov's rapid promotions stemmed from displays of bravery during these formative years, culminating in his elevation to esaul in 1769, a testament to his amid the ongoing tensions with Ottoman-aligned forces. His early service under influential commanders laid the groundwork for collaborations with figures like in subsequent campaigns, though his initial experiences were primarily independent Cossack operations. This period established Platov as a rising figure in the Don Host, preparing him for more prominent roles in major conflicts.

Military Career

Russo-Turkish Wars

Matvei Platov began his distinguished military service during the , joining the Don Cossack forces at the age of 17. He commanded Cossack detachments in key operations aimed at securing Russian access to the , demonstrating early prowess in and . In June 1771, Platov participated in the assault and capture of the fortifications, a critical gateway to , where his unit helped breach and Crimean Tatar defenses under General Vasily Dolgorukov, facilitating the subsequent occupation of the peninsula. His bravery was further evident at the Battle of Kinburn later that year, where he repelled enemy assaults and contributed to the Russian victory that neutralized a major naval base. By the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1791, Platov had risen to the rank of colonel and led Don Cossack regiments in aggressive raids against Ottoman supply lines and garrisons along the frontier, leveraging the mobility of his cavalry for intelligence gathering and disruptive strikes. These operations harassed Ottoman forces, disrupting their logistics and supporting larger Russian advances under commanders like . In 1788, Platov earned the (4th Class) for his role in the siege and capture of Ochakov, a heavily fortified port, where his conducted flanking maneuvers and pursued retreating enemies. He continued to excel in subsequent engagements, including the captures of Akkerman and , and distinguished himself at the Battle of Causeni in 1789, where his charges against Ottoman cavalry earned him promotion to brigadier general and temporary command of a Cossack division. Platov's tactical acumen reached a pinnacle during the 1790 siege of , one of the war's most formidable strongholds. At Suvorov's war council in 1790, Platov was the first to advocate for a direct , arguing against prolonged tactics despite the fortress's reputation as impregnable. Assigned to lead an assault column, he spearheaded the attack on the Kiliya Gate, breaking through defenses amid intense close-quarters fighting; after the initial commander Ivan Bezborodko was wounded, Platov took charge of the left wing, coordinating cavalry charges that sealed the victory. The fall of on December 11, 1790 (O.S.), resulted in over 26,000 casualties and marked a turning point in the war, for which Platov received the (3rd Class) and promotion to in 1791. His contributions throughout the conflicts underscored the vital role of Cossack irregulars in integrating rapid strikes with regular operations, earning him recognition for both strategic insight and bold leadership in cavalry engagements.

Persian and Caucasian Campaigns

In the late 1770s and early 1780s, Matvei Platov participated in several expeditions in the Caucasus region to suppress uprisings among local mountain peoples, including Chechens and Lezgins, as part of Russian efforts to secure the southern frontiers. His regiment engaged in punitive operations along the Kuban River, where Cossack forces conducted raids to disrupt rebel activities and protect Russian settlements near the Black Sea coast. These campaigns highlighted Platov's early experience in irregular warfare, leveraging the mobility of Don Cossacks for rapid maneuvers in rugged terrain to outflank and harass numerically superior foes. The 1796 Persian Expedition marked Platov's most significant involvement in operations against and associated Caucasian forces. Appointed to command the irregular Cossack troops under General Valerian Zubov's overall leadership, Platov led detachments in the advance from toward the , contributing to the siege and capture of in May 1796—a fortified city defended by approximately 10,000 soldiers. His units supported the main by securing flanks and conducting , employing suited to the mountainous and coastal landscape, which allowed Cossack cavalry to evade fixed defenses and strike supply lines.,%20OCR.pdf) Following , Platov's Cossacks participated in raids into , including actions at Shemakha and advances toward , aiming to weaken control over the region before the expedition's abrupt recall after Empress Catherine II's death.,%20OCR.pdf) For his bravery against and mountaineer forces, Platov received a golden sword inscribed "For Bravery" and the Order of St. Vladimir, second class. During the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813, Platov, as of the , coordinated detachments to support regular army units in the theater, though his direct field command focused elsewhere. In 1810, he led a campaign in the aimed at consolidating positions amid ongoing hostilities with Persian-backed tribes, utilizing Cossack mobility for exploratory and punitive raids in difficult terrain, despite the operation's ultimate failure to achieve lasting gains.,%20OCR.pdf) These efforts emphasized asymmetric tactics, with Cossack horsemen excelling in swift incursions that disrupted enemy movements without committing to prolonged engagements in the mountains.

Napoleonic Wars

As of the , Matvei Platov commanded irregular cavalry in the early phases of the . During the Polish campaign of 1806–1807, he led a Cossack corps against French forces, participating in the (February 1807), where his troops harassed enemy flanks, and the (June 1807), contributing to Russian rearguard actions during the retreat. In the concurrent Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812, Platov directed operations along the in 1808–1809, distinguishing himself at the battles of Girsov, Rassevat, and the siege of , for which he received the Order of St. Vladimir. During the in 1812, Matvei Platov commanded the Don Cossack Corps, supporting Prince Bagration's Second Western Army with his cavalry expertise honed in earlier campaigns. On , at the , Platov led a flanking attack against positions, directing his to disrupt enemy lines amid the intense fighting near . His forces, numbering over 20,000 , played a key role in the broader Russian defense, though the battle ended inconclusively with heavy casualties on both sides. Following the capture and subsequent abandonment of , Platov mobilized his for the relentless pursuit of Napoleon's retreating during the harsh winter of 1812–1813. His irregular conducted ambushes, , and operations, capturing thousands of stragglers and prisoners—contributing to the overall Cossack effort that netted to captives across the campaign. These actions exacerbated the army's due to , , and constant , forcing Napoleon's forces to abandon vast quantities of supplies and . In the 1813–1814 campaigns, Platov continued to lead Cossack detachments in the Coalition's advance into Europe, harassing French flanks and rear guards to disrupt their maneuvers. At the Battle of Leipzig, known as the Battle of the Nations on October 16–19, 1813, his Cossacks supported assaults on the northern front, targeting French positions at Schönefeld and contributing to the decisive Allied victory that shattered Napoleon's forces. Platov's troops advanced with the Coalition into France the following year, culminating in his Cossacks' entry into Paris on March 31, 1814, alongside Russian and Allied units, marking the effective end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. For his valor in these campaigns, particularly the 1812 defense and subsequent pursuits, Platov received the (2nd Class) and the , among other honors. He had been promoted to general of cavalry in 1809, a rank that underscored his command authority during these wartime exploits.

Leadership as

Election and Administration

Following his imprisonment and exile by Emperor Paul I in 1797 for suspected involvement in a , Matvei Platov was rehabilitated upon Alexander I's accession to the throne in 1801. Platov was promptly appointed of the Don Cossack Host, succeeding Vasily P. Orlov, who had died earlier that year while leading the aborted Persian-Indian expedition. This appointment, though formally by imperial decree, reflected the Cossack tradition of communal selection through the Host's council (krug), adapted under increasing tsarist oversight since the , where candidates like Platov were chosen based on seniority and merit before confirmation. His prior military successes in the bolstered his selection, positioning him as a stabilizing figure for the Host amid recent upheavals. As , Platov directed 's administrative apparatus from Cherkassk, supervising a of subordinate atamans who governed individual stanitsas and regiments across the Don region. He coordinated these local leaders in routine , ensuring coordinated responses to directives while maintaining the Host's semi-autonomous . collection fell under his oversight, with the Host levying contributions from communal lands and fisheries to fund operations, often in exchange for exemptions from broader taxes granted to for their service obligations. Platov enforced quotas for , mobilizing thousands of annually to meet tsarist demands, drawing from the universal male service tradition that required one-third of the Host to be in active rotation. In managing internal affairs, Platov mediated disputes between stanitsas over land allocation and resources, escalating unresolved cases to the Host's council for adjudication to prevent factionalism. He upheld Cossack by enforcing traditional codes on conduct, family structures, and communal assemblies, while integrating them with laws to curb excesses like unauthorized raids. These efforts stabilized the Host's cohesion, allowing Platov to focus on broader military preparations without detailing urban relocations.

Reforms and Novocherkassk

During his tenure as Ataman of the Don Cossack Host from 1801, Matvei Platov initiated significant reforms aimed at modernizing the Cossack military and administrative structures, while also addressing longstanding vulnerabilities in their territorial organization. A key aspect of these efforts was the establishment of Novocherkassk as the new capital in 1805, marking a deliberate shift from the flood-prone Starocherkassk on the Don River to an inland location approximately 20 miles upstream on higher ground. This relocation was driven by the frequent inundations that had plagued the old settlement since its founding in the 16th century, rendering it increasingly untenable as a secure base for Cossack governance and defense. The planning of reflected Platov's vision for a fortified, centralized hub that could better support the Host's military and civil functions. Designed as a rectangular grid with three principal avenues intersecting at a central square, the city was divided into 76 quarters to facilitate orderly expansion, incorporating defensive fortifications, administrative buildings, and facilities for and . Construction emphasized strategic defensibility, with ramparts and to protect against potential incursions, transforming the site into a more resilient inland stronghold compared to the river-exposed Starocherkassk. This urban layout not only enhanced security but also positioned as an emerging trading center, encouraging economic activities beyond traditional Cossack raiding. Platov's broader reforms focused on professionalizing the Cossack forces and fostering . He standardized training protocols and upgraded armament for Don Cossack troops, ensuring greater readiness for imperial campaigns. To cultivate , Platov founded the first school on the Don dedicated to officer education, providing formal instruction in and to replace ad hoc traditions. These initiatives extended to , including the construction of hospitals and churches, which supported a gradual economic diversification by promoting settled , healthcare, and community stability alongside . Implementing these changes was not without obstacles, particularly the logistical and financial strains of relocating and building a new capital. Traditionalists among the expressed reluctance to abandon the historic Starocherkassk, viewing the move as a departure from their riverine heritage, though Platov's alignment with imperial priorities ultimately prevailed. Funding challenges were mitigated through grants from Tsar Alexander I, enabling the rapid erection of essential structures and solidifying Novocherkassk's role as the enduring seat of Cossack authority.

Personal Life

Family and Relationships

Matvei Platov entered into his first marriage on 12 February 1777 with Nadezhda Stepanovna Efremova, the daughter of prominent Cossack Stepan Efremov and granddaughter of General-Major Daniil Efremov, thereby forging ties within the Cossack elite. Nadezhda, aged 20 at the time, came from a family deeply embedded in Cossack and administrative traditions, and their union exemplified the cultural norms of arranged marriages among Cossack nobility to strengthen alliances and social standing. The couple had one son, Ivan Matveevich Platov (1777–1806), who pursued a career in the Russian army but died young without issue. Nadezhda passed away on 15 November 1783 and was buried in Starocherkassk, leaving Platov a widower at age 30. Following Nadezhda's death, Platov remarried in 1785 to Marfa Dmitrievna Martynova (c. 1764–1812), the widow of Colonel Pavel Sivers and daughter of Brigadier (later General-Major) Dmitry Martynov, another influential Cossack figure whose family held significant land and military roles in the Don Host. Marfa, who was about seven years younger than Platov, supported his demanding career by managing household affairs during his frequent campaigns, embodying the resilient role of Cossack women in sustaining family and community structures amid wartime absences. She died in December 1812 while Platov was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. From this marriage, Platov had six children: sons Matvey Matveevich (who died young without issue) and Ivan Matveevich (a colonel who participated in the 1812 Patriotic War against Napoleon before retiring to estate management); and daughters Marfa Matveevna (married to Colonel Stepan D. Ilovaisky, linking the families through Cossack nobility), Anna Matveevna, Maria Matveevna (married to General-Major Timofey Grekov), and Alexandra Matveevna (unmarried). Platov's familial connections extended into broader social and political networks, particularly through patronage ties with key Russian military leaders. He served under Field Marshal during campaigns in the Kuban Valley, Chechnya, and Dagestan in 1782, earning promotions and establishing a mentor-protégé relationship that influenced his tactical development as a Cossack commander. Upon Tsar Alexander I's ascension in 1801, Platov was appointed Ataman of the Don Cossacks, reflecting the emperor's personal trust and reliance on him for irregular cavalry operations, which solidified Platov's position within imperial circles. Additionally, his marriages and children's unions fostered enduring friendships and alliances among Cossack leaders, such as the Ilovaisky and Grekov families, who shared military commands and administrative duties in the Don Host. These relationships not only bolstered Platov's influence but also ensured his descendants' integration into , with his grandson Matvey inheriting the countship and producing further heirs in military service.

Exile and Death

In the late 1790s, during the early years of Emperor Paul I's reign, Matvei Platov fell under suspicion of disloyalty due to slanderous accusations of abuse and disrespect toward the throne, leading to his exile to in 1797. He was subsequently transferred to imprisonment in the in , where he remained until early 1801. Platov's confinement stemmed from court intrigues and rumors of conspiracy, though no formal charges were substantiated; his family provided support during this period of disgrace. Following Paul I's assassination on March 23, 1801 (O.S.), Platov was released and fully exonerated by a court, which also awarded him the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. After the concluded in 1815, Platov retired to his estates near , the Don Cossack capital he had helped establish in , where he devoted his remaining years to local administration, education initiatives, and Cossack welfare programs. His health had begun to decline following wounds sustained during earlier campaigns, particularly after the 1806–1812 conflicts, exacerbating long-term effects from battlefield injuries accumulated since the of the 1770s and 1780s. By 1817, a serious illness confined him for several months, leading to his death on January 3, 1818 (O.S.; January 15, N.S.), at the age of 66, in his estate at Elanchitskaya near . His body was transported to , where he was buried in the family crypt of the .

Legacy

Honors and Memorials

Platov received numerous military honors for his service in various campaigns. He was awarded the , 3rd Class, for his role in the capture of Ismail during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. For his contributions in the Battle of Tataritsa in 1809 during operations along the , he received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st Class. Additionally, Platov was decorated with the Order of St. Anna, as evidenced by contemporary portraits depicting him with its insignia. In recognition of his leadership against Napoleonic forces, he was granted the title of count in 1812 at the request of General Kutuzov. For his contributions to the Allied victory, he received international honors, including a golden sword from the and an honorary doctorate from the . Several monuments commemorate Platov's legacy. An in , which he founded as the Cossack capital, was originally erected in 1853 but removed in 1923 and restored to its pedestal in 1993. A monument was unveiled in the same city in 2003 on Platovsky Prospekt near the Ascension Cathedral. In , a monument depicting Platov as a participant in the was installed in Lefortovo Park and opened on , 2013. Another stands in , unveiled on August 24, 2015, at the intersection of Universitetsky Pereulok and Bolshaya Sadovaya Street. Modern infrastructure also honors Platov. near , which replaced the old city airport, opened for passenger flights on December 7, 2017, and was named in his honor as a hero of the 1812 Patriotic War. Various places bear Platov's name. Numerous streets in cities, such as those in and , are named after him to recognize his role as Don Cossack . In , Platoff Street in , , commemorates the general for his contributions to the defeat of . naval vessels have also carried his name, including the Ataman Platov, a Project 21820 commissioned into the in 2010.

Cultural Impact

Matvei Platov has been portrayed in as a symbol of Cossack valor during the , particularly in Leo Tolstoy's (1869), where he appears as the leading Cossack and guerrilla actions against the invaders in 1812, emphasizing his tactical acumen and role in the partisan warfare that contributed to the enemy's retreat. In the novel's Book Ten, Chapter XXV, Platov commands irregular forces in daring raids, embodying the fierce independence of the as a counter to Napoleon's disciplined army. In 19th-century art, Platov was frequently depicted in portraits that romanticized his prowess and Cossack heritage, such as Alexander Orlovsky's works from 1812–1813, which show him as a dynamic leader amid the Patriotic victories. These images, including etched copies by Solomon Cardelli, were part of broader series commemorating the 1812 campaign, portraying Platov alongside figures like Kutuzov to evoke national triumph and the exotic allure of Cossack warriors. ' 1814 oil in the further captures his stern, authoritative presence, reinforcing his image as a heroic defender of . Soviet-era cinema romanticized Cossack atamans like Platov as embodiments of patriotic resistance, featuring him in historical dramas that highlighted collective heroism during wartime. In the 1941 film Suvorov, directed by and Mikhail Doller, Platov appears as a key subordinate in the campaigns against forces, underscoring themes of disciplined valor and imperial loyalty. Similarly, the 1943 film Kutuzov, directed by Vladimir Petrov, depicts Platov as the coordinating Cossack pursuits of the retreating , blending historical accuracy with propagandistic glorification of the 1812 victory. In contemporary Russian nationalist narratives, Platov serves as a mythic icon of Don Cossack identity and martial tradition, often invoked to foster regional pride and cultural revival in the post-Soviet era. His legacy endures through annual commemorations in the Don region, including exhibitions marking his birth and death anniversaries. Note that while the article states his birth year as 1751, some sources cite 1753, aligning with a 270th birth anniversary event at the Museum in 2023. In 2023, the Rostov region declared it the Year of Matvei Platov, featuring various events honoring his contributions. Re-enactments of his 1814 march on by Cossack groups continue, as do events like the 2025 commemoration involving the 4th Cossack named after him. These events, organized by Cossack organizations like the Union of Cossacks of , reinforce his status as a symbol of enduring .

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