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Bender

Bender may refer to a slang term, a fictional character, a place name, musical works, or various other uses. For further details, see the relevant sections below.

Slang

Drinking binge

In slang usage, a "bender" refers to a prolonged episode of excessive alcohol consumption, typically lasting several days and involving repeated intoxication, in contrast to a single instance of heavy drinking known as a binge.^[1] This pattern often includes periods of passing out followed by resuming drinking upon waking, leading to a cycle of impaired judgment and physical depletion.^[2] The term originated in mid-19th-century American English, with the earliest recorded uses around 1846, deriving from a slang sense of the verb "bend" meaning to drink heavily or indulge in a spree.^[3] Its etymology is uncertain but commonly linked to the repetitive motion of bending the elbow to raise a glass, emphasizing the mechanical aspect of sustained imbibing.^[4] By the early 20th century, "bender" had become widespread in British and American vernacular to describe such extended sprees, often implying a temporary escape from reality.^[5] The slang appears in various works of literature and media depicting alcohol-fueled escapades, such as in Charles Dickens' The Pickwick Papers (1836), where characters engage in multi-day revelries akin to early uses of the term, though not explicitly named as such until later. In modern media, it features prominently in the 1945 film The Lost Weekend, which portrays a writer's desperate four-day drinking binge in New York City, highlighting the term's association with self-destructive excess.^[6] Benders carry significant health risks, including acute alcohol poisoning, severe hangovers, and dehydration, as well as long-term dangers like liver damage and increased susceptibility to addiction.^[7] Socially, they can lead to relationship breakdowns, job loss, and legal issues due to impaired decision-making.^[8] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as of 2024 binge drinking—a core component of benders—occurs among approximately 57 million U.S. adults monthly, contributing to over 178,000 annual deaths from excessive alcohol use.^[9]

Derogatory term

In British slang, "bender" functions as an offensive and derogatory term for a homosexual man, originating in mid-20th-century gay subculture. The word likely derives from "bent," an adjective recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary as early as 1959 to describe someone homosexual, implying moral corruption or deviation from heteronormative "straightness."^[10]^[11] This usage positioned "bender" as a noun form, evoking stereotypes of physical or behavioral "bending" associated with same-sex activity. From the 1960s through the 1980s, "bender" appeared in British media and comedy, often normalizing homophobia through casual insults in TV shows and stand-up routines. Slang lexicographer Tony Thorne recalls it as a common generational slur alongside "poofter," used in playground taunts and comedic sketches that perpetuated anti-gay sentiment during an era of widespread societal stigma.^[12] The term's prevalence waned in the 1990s amid rising LGBTQ+ rights activism, including decriminalization efforts and cultural shifts toward inclusivity, rendering it largely archaic and taboo today.^[12]^[13] Its lingering cultural impact manifests in contemporary backlash, such as the 2012 rebranding of the American indie band The Morning Benders to Pop Etc after UK fans highlighted the slur's offensiveness, sparking debates on global linguistic sensitivity.^[14] This incident underscores "bender's" role in broader patterns of English slang evolution, where outdated homophobic terms face scrutiny in diverse contexts.^[13]

Fictional characters

John Bender

John Bender is the archetypal "criminal" character in the 1985 coming-of-age film The Breakfast Club, portrayed by Judd Nelson as an arrogant, swaggering tough guy with a rebellious demeanor.^[15] He exhibits traits of sarcasm, defiance, and verbal aggression, often using his wit as a weapon to challenge authority and peers alike, while concealing a deeper vulnerability shaped by personal hardships.^[15] Iconic lines like "Does Barry Manilow know that you raid his wardrobe?" exemplify his sharp-tongued mockery, directed at the more affluent students during their shared detention.^[16] In the film's plot, Bender serves as a catalyst for group dynamics among the five detained high school students, breaking the initial silence through provocative interactions that force others to confront their stereotypes.^[15] His family background reveals a cycle of abuse, including physical punishment from his father—such as a cigar burn for spilling paint—which fuels his delinquent behavior and leads to his eight-week detention for vandalism. Throughout the detention, Bender's arc progresses from isolated antagonism to reluctant empathy; he shares his vulnerabilities, distracts the vice principal to aid the group, and forms a tentative romantic connection with Claire Standish, culminating in a symbolic fist pump that signifies budding self-acceptance.^[17]^[15] Created by writer-director John Hughes, Bender embodies 1980s teen stereotypes of the working-class rebel, drawing from Hughes' observations of suburban youth cliques to critique social divisions.^[18] Hughes encouraged improvisational collaboration on set, allowing Nelson's method acting to infuse the role with authentic edge, nearly leading to the actor's dismissal for staying in character off-camera.^[18] Bender's cultural legacy endures through his influence on portrayals of troubled antiheroes in media, with memorable quotes like his Christmas gift monologue about abuse echoed in parodies such as Family Guy's "The Breakfast Bunch" episode, where Tony the Tiger delivers a similar line.^[16] The character's name inspired the robot Bender in Futurama.^[16]

Bender Bending Rodríguez

Bender Bending Rodríguez is a fictional robot character from the animated science fiction sitcom Futurama, designed as a Bending Unit 22 manufactured by Mom's Friendly Robot Company in Tijuana, Mexico, in the year 2996.^[19] Intended for industrial tasks such as bending girders and pipes into specified angles, Bender's primary function was quickly abandoned in favor of criminal activities, hedonistic pursuits, and comedic misadventures as a delivery crew member for Planet Express.^[20] His serial number is 2716057, and he lacks a standard backup unit, making him uniquely vulnerable to permanent data loss—a defect overlooked during quality inspection by bureaucrat Hermes Conrad.^[21] Bender exhibits a brash, misanthropic personality marked by kleptomania, alcoholism (with ethanol serving as his primary fuel source), and profound self-loathing, often expressing disdain for humanity while forming unlikely bonds.^[22] Voiced by actor John DiMaggio since the series' debut, his gravelly delivery amplifies these traits, delivering iconic catchphrases like "Bite my shiny metal ass!" as retorts to annoyance or defeat.^[23] Despite his abrasive demeanor, Bender occasionally reveals vulnerability, such as in moments of existential doubt about his purpose as a machine.^[24] In the show's lore, Bender's factory origins tie into his defective nature, revealed in episodes exploring his past, where he grapples with being an unintended creation without essential safeguards.^[19] He forms a central friendship with human delivery boy Philip J. Fry, whom he meets on December 31, 2999, while both wait in line for a suicide booth; their bond endures through shared escapades, with Fry providing Bender emotional support amid his self-destructive tendencies.^[25] Key adventures highlight this dynamic, such as in the episode "The Lesser of Two Evils," where Bender encounters his near-identical counterpart Flexo, leading to jealousy, mistaken identities, and a heist gone awry that tests their loyalty.^[26] Bender's character has driven significant cultural impact, inspiring merchandise like action figures, apparel, and collectibles that emphasize his cigar-chomping, bottle-wielding persona.^[27] He appears in video games, including the 2008 direct-to-video film Futurama: Bender's Game, a fantasy parody where he role-plays as a dwarf, and a 2023 Fortnite collaboration featuring Bender as a playable skin alongside Fry and Leela.^[28] The 2020s revival on Hulu, including seasons 11 and 12 (2023–2024) and the binge-released season 13 premiering September 15, 2025, further explores Bender's "humanity" through plots delving into his emotions and robot identity, with 20 additional episodes planned through 2026.^[29] His name pays homage to John Bender, the rebellious character from the 1985 film The Breakfast Club.^[30]

Ostap Bender

Ostap Bender is a charismatic con artist and antihero central to the satirical novels The Twelve Chairs (1928) and The Golden Calf (1931) by Soviet authors Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov.^[31] Portrayed as a witty, eloquent, and resourceful trickster, Bender embodies opportunism and disdain for bureaucratic constraints, pursuing wealth through elaborate scams in the chaotic landscape of 1920s Soviet Russia.^[32] In the first novel, he partners with the down-on-his-luck nobleman Ippolit Vorobyaninov to hunt for hidden diamonds; in the sequel, he assembles a ragtag crew including Shura Balaganov to target the underground millionaire Koreiko Koreiko, only to navigate a web of betrayals and absurdities.^[33] His sharp humor and disdain for ideological conformity make him a picaresque rogue, often compared briefly to figures like Ostap Veresayev in world literature for his blend of charm and cynicism.^[32] The character's literary origins lie in Ilf and Petrov's collaboration, drawing partial inspiration from real-life criminals encountered by Petrov during his stint as an investigator, infused with Odessan wit to critique Soviet society's hypocrisies.^[31] Bender's escapades satirize the New Economic Policy era's contradictions, exposing greed, inefficiency, and the clash between individual ambition and collectivist ideals through exaggerated, humorous vignettes that function as an "encyclopedia" of contemporary mores.^[33] Initially celebrated for their bold humor, the novels faced postwar bans as anti-Soviet libel before being rehabilitated during the Khrushchev Thaw as exemplars of permissible satire, though later critiques accused them of complicity with Stalinist conformity.^[33] Bender has inspired numerous adaptations across film, theater, and international translations, cementing his versatility as a cultural archetype. Key Soviet-era versions include Mikhail Shvaytser's 1968 The Golden Calf and Leonid Gaidai's 1971 The Twelve Chairs, both praised for capturing the novels' comedic timing and social commentary.^[34] More recent efforts feature the 2021 Russian prequel trilogy directed by Igor Zaytsev, beginning with Bender: The Beginning—set in 1919 and exploring Bender's formative years—and continuing with Bender: Gold of the Empire, which follows his pursuit of imperial treasure amid revolutionary turmoil, and concluding with Ostap Bender: The Final Hustle, in which young Ostap and Ibrahim Bender seek a golden rod hidden in one of three coffins while facing rivals.^[35]^[35]^[36] Bender endures as an icon of Russian satirical humor, with his catchphrases like "the millionaire Koreiko" embedded in everyday language and folklore, influencing modern media from literature to cuisine branding.^[31] Monuments to the character dot Russian cities, symbolizing his status as a quintessential Soviet trickster, while his legacy persists in 2025 amid geopolitical tensions, such as Ukrainian efforts to deem references to novel elements like Lieutenant Schmidt as Russian imperial propaganda.^[37]

Places

Bender, Moldova

Bender, also known as Tighina, is a city situated on the right bank of the Dniester River in the eastern part of Moldova, within the internationally recognized territory of the country but under the de facto control of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria).^[38] The city serves as a major urban center in the region, with a population of approximately 91,000 as of the 2015 census. Its demographics reflect the multi-ethnic character of Transnistria, featuring a mix of Moldovans, Russians, and Ukrainians, shaped by historical migrations and Soviet-era policies.^[39] The city's origins trace back to a medieval Genoese settlement, but it was significantly developed in 1538 when Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the area from the Principality of Moldavia and rebuilt the local fortress in stone, renaming the town Bender.^[40] Bender played a pivotal role in the Russo-Turkish Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries, enduring multiple sieges, including the notable 1770 assault by Russian forces under Count Petr Ivanovich Panin, which highlighted its strategic importance as a fortress town. During the Soviet era, as part of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Bender grew as an industrial hub with a diverse population, benefiting from centralized planning and Russification efforts that increased the presence of Russian and Ukrainian communities.^[41] The 1992 Transnistria War marked a turning point, with intense fighting in Bender from June 19 to 21, where Russian intervention on the side of Transnistrian forces led to a Moldovan withdrawal and the city's effective incorporation into the breakaway entity, culminating in a ceasefire that established de facto separation.^[41] Today, Bender functions as a key administrative and economic hub in Transnistria, second only to the capital Tiraspol, with its economy heavily reliant on Russian subsidies, particularly for energy supplies. The cutoff of Russian natural gas deliveries effective January 1, 2025—following the expiration of the Ukraine transit deal on December 31, 2024—has triggered an ongoing energy crisis, leading to industrial shutdowns, an economic emergency declaration in June 2025, and heightened budgetary shortfalls.^[42]^[43] This has prompted appeals for financial aid from Moscow and strained local resources, while the EU has provided a €250 million aid package to Moldova in 2025 to counter the crisis and support reintegration efforts. Moldova's progress toward EU integration, including candidate status in 2022 and accession negotiations starting on June 25, 2024, has indirectly pressured the region through enhanced Western aid to Chisinau—totaling €1.9 billion planned for 2025-2027—and diplomatic efforts to resolve the frozen conflict, though Russian hybrid threats continue to complicate reintegration prospects.^[38] This broader Moldova-Transnistria dispute underscores Bender's precarious geopolitical position.^[38] Bender is renowned for its cultural and historical sites, most prominently the Bender Fortress, a well-preserved 16th-century Ottoman structure designed by architect Mimar Sinan, featuring robust ramparts, towers, and casemates that once defended against invasions.^[40] The fortress now houses a historical museum showcasing artifacts from its Genoese, Ottoman, and Russian periods, alongside a museum of medieval torture instruments that illustrates the site's role in regional conflicts.^[44] These attractions, combined with memorials to the 1992 war, emphasize Bender's enduring significance as a symbol of contested heritage in Eastern Europe.^[39]

Bender in the United States

Bender, Georgia, is a ghost town located in Laurens County in central Georgia. It originated as a rural settlement in the late 19th century, with a post office established on November 18, 1891, and discontinued on August 31, 1905, after which mail was redirected to the nearby town of Dudley.^[45] The community likely derived its name from local settlers bearing the surname Bender, a common German-American family name brought by 19th-century immigrants to the American South during waves of European migration seeking agricultural opportunities. In Oklahoma, Bender refers to an unincorporated community in Kay County, situated near the town of Newkirk in the northern part of the state. This small rural locale emerged amid 19th-century pioneer expansion into the Great Plains, again tied to Bender family homesteads established by German descendants migrating westward via land grants and railroad development.^[46] Local landmarks may include remnants of early Bender family farms, reflecting the agrarian roots of such settlements. Historical Bender in Harris County, Texas, was a defunct community associated with early industrial development in the Houston area during the late 1800s. Named for Charles Bender, a German immigrant who acquired a sawmill and townsite around 1886 to support lumber operations, it functioned as a company town with a commissary and worker housing before fading into obscurity as nearby Humble grew with the oil boom.^[47] These U.S. places named Bender typically arose from 19th-century settler activities, embodying pioneer history through farming, milling, and community building in rural frontiers. As of 2025, all these Bender locations remain rural or entirely vanished, with negligible populations—Bender, Georgia, and Bender, Texas, having no recorded residents, while Bender, Oklahoma, supports only a handful of households amid Kay County's sparse density of under 50 people per square mile. Their cultural significance lies in illustrating American pioneer settlements, where immigrant families like the Benders contributed to westward expansion, land cultivation, and early economic ventures such as timber and agriculture.

Music

Artists and bands

DJ Bender, an electronic music artist based in New York City, rose to prominence in the 2010s through his residency at Pacha NY, where he performed alongside international DJs and built a reputation for high-energy sets blending house and funk influences.^[48] By 2016, he had amassed a substantial catalog of tracks emphasizing groovy basslines and eclectic sampling, contributing to the evolution of underground electronic scenes in the U.S.^[48] In 2025, Bender expanded his reach with a residency at UNVRS, delivering extended six-hour performances that explored immersive soundscapes, further solidifying his impact on live electronic music experiences.^[49] Bender, the Milwaukee-based alternative rock band active from the mid-1990s to early 2000s, emerged from the local metal and grunge scenes, with founding members Matt Scerpella on guitar and Tim Cook on bass meeting in the late 1980s before forming the group around 1994.^[50] Signed to TVT Records, they released their debut album Joe in 1995, followed by Jehovah's Hitlist in 2000, tracks from which like "Isolate" garnered significant streams on Spotify, highlighting their fusion of heavy riffs, rap elements, and post-grunge aggression that influenced midwestern rock acts.^[51]^[52] The band's raw, groove-oriented sound earned cult status, with Jehovah's Hitlist achieving niche acclaim for its experimental edge in the nu-metal-adjacent landscape.^[53] Other notable groups include a Chicago indie-punk-rock outfit named Bender from the early 1990s, featuring members like cartoonist Jessica Abel, which contributed to the city's vibrant DIY scene through raw, energetic performances.^[54] Similarly, a Sydney-based Bender active in the mid-1990s delivered guitar-driven rock with vocalist Ron and bassist Mark, adding to Australia's alternative circuit.^[55] The Bender Jamboree, an annual jam band festival held in Las Vegas since the 2010s, has become a key event for improvisational music, relocating to the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino for its 2024 and 2025 editions.^[56] The 2025 lineup features headliners like The String Cheese Incident for three nights, alongside moe., The Wood Brothers, Leftover Salmon, and Daniel Donato's Cosmic Country, drawing thousands for multi-day sets that emphasize bluegrass, funk, and psychedelic rock fusions.^[57]^[58] Institutions like the Bender School of Music in Elkton, Maryland, founded in 1996, support performing artists by offering instruction in instruments such as guitar, drums, piano, and voice, fostering local talent in rock and electronic genres through private lessons and community coaching.^[59] Similarly, the Bender Conservatory in Williamsburg, Virginia, provides foundational private music education for over nine years, emphasizing performance skills for aspiring musicians across styles including rock and electronic production.^[60] Collectively, these artists and events have shaped niche influences in electronic and rock music, with Bender-related streaming exceeding 12 million plays across platforms, underscoring their enduring appeal in underground and festival circuits.^[61]

Songs and albums

Several songs titled "Bender" or "The Bender" have been released across genres, frequently centering on themes of wild nights out, drinking, and revelry. One prominent example is "The Bender" by Norwegian DJ Matoma and American singer Brando, released in April 2020 as the lead single from Matoma's EP Rytme. The track interpolates the iconic bassline and chorus from Earth, Wind & Fire's 1978 hit "September," transforming it into an upbeat dance-pop anthem about losing oneself in a euphoric party atmosphere, with lyrics like "Do you remember the 21st night of September?" recontextualized for a modern club vibe. It peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Songs chart and garnered over 28 million streams on Spotify as of November 2025.^[62]^[63]^[64] In the pop-punk realm, "Bender" by The Paradox featuring Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker emerged as a breakout hit in 2025, released on July 25 via Virgin Music Group. The high-energy track depicts a chaotic night of excess and camaraderie, with driving guitars and Barker's signature fast-paced drumming propelling lyrics about blacking out and waking up to unexpected adventures. It quickly went viral on TikTok, amassing millions of views through user-generated content tying into party challenges and Warped Tour footage, and was performed live with Barker at the 2025 Vans Warped Tour in Long Beach, California. The song's infectious hook and nostalgic nod to early 2000s punk helped it climb alternative rock playlists, emphasizing themes of youthful indulgence.^[65] Ska-punk outfit Big D and the Kids Table contributed to the theme with their 2004 track "Bender" from the album How It Goes on SideOneDummy Records. This rowdy number humorously chronicles a multi-day drinking spree, blending horns, rapid-fire vocals, and lyrics poking fun at the physical toll of overindulgence, such as stumbling home after endless rounds. It became a staple in the band's live sets, resonating with fans for its raw portrayal of party culture without romanticizing the aftermath.^[66] Albums titled Bender are rarer but include the self-titled debut EP by British alternative rock band Grave Waves, released in 2024. The six-track release mixes shoegaze and post-punk influences, with the titular song "Bender" serving as a fuzzy, riff-driven closer evoking disorientation and hedonism through swirling guitars and hazy vocals. Critics praised its cheeky energy, likening it to a blend of Sonic Youth and modern indie rock, and it received positive reviews for capturing the blurred edges of a night gone awry.^[67] Another example is the self-titled album by American mountain rock band 6 Day Bender, issued in 2008 on Eastham Music. This 10-track effort draws from Southern rock and bluegrass roots, featuring twangy guitars and banjo on songs about rural escapism and hard-living, with tracks like "Gettin' Gone" echoing themes of temporary relief through revelry. The album's raw production and storytelling earned it a cult following in regional scenes, highlighting excess as a fleeting escape from everyday struggles.^[68] Overall, these works reflect a recurring motif in music where "bender" symbolizes uninhibited partying, often with a mix of celebration and cautionary undertones, and in 2025, The Paradox's track amplified this through social media virality on platforms like TikTok.

Other uses

Surname

The surname Bender is primarily of German origin, deriving from the occupational name for a cooper or barrel maker, a shortened form of Fassbender.^[69] It also appears as an English variant, functioning as a metonymic occupational name for an archer or bow maker, stemming from Middle English bender, an agent derivative of benden meaning "to bend."^[69] Among Jewish Ashkenazi communities, Bender is adopted as a variant of Bander or a habitational name from the town of Bendery (now Bender, Moldova).^[69] Bender is most prevalent in the United States, where it ranks 881st among surnames and is borne by 39,551 individuals according to the 2010 United States Census, placing it among the top 1,000 American surnames.^[70] In Germany, it remains common, particularly in regions like Baden-Baden and Siegen, reflecting its historical roots in the country's southwestern and western areas.^[71] The surname's spread to North America and other diaspora communities largely traces to 19th-century German migration, including waves following the failed revolutions of 1848, when many artisans and families sought economic opportunities abroad.^[72] Notable bearers include Lawrence Bender (born 1957), an American film producer renowned for collaborating with Quentin Tarantino on films such as Reservoir Dogs (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994)—which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture—and Inglourious Basterds (2009); his productions have collectively garnered multiple Oscar nominations. Aimee Bender (born 1969) is an acclaimed American author of surreal fiction, best known for novels like The Particular Sadness of Lemon Cake (2010) and short story collections such as The Girl in the Flammable Skirt (1998), which was named a New York Times Notable Book. Historically, Charles Albert "Chief" Bender (1884–1954) was a Hall of Fame Major League Baseball pitcher of Ojibwe descent, who played for the Philadelphia Athletics and contributed to their 1911 World Series victory with a career record of 212 wins. Variations of the surname include Bander, Bennder, Bendder, and occasionally Benders or Benderr, often arising from regional phonetic adaptations or anglicization during immigration.^[73]

Tools and devices

A bender, in the context of mechanical and industrial tools, refers to a device designed to shape pipes, tubes, bars, or other materials by applying controlled force to curve them without causing excessive deformation or weakening. These machines are essential in manufacturing and construction for creating precise bends in metals and alloys. Common types include pipe and tube benders, which come in manual, hydraulic, and computer numerical control (CNC) variants, often used in plumbing and fabrication to handle materials like copper, steel, or aluminum tubing.^[74] Manual versions rely on human force via levers or ratchets for small-scale work, while hydraulic models use fluid pressure for greater power in bending larger diameters, and CNC types automate the process for repeatability.^[75] Bar benders, particularly for reinforcing bar (rebar) in construction, include manual, electric, hydraulic, and automatic models that bend steel rods up to several inches in diameter to form structural elements like hooks or stirrups.^[76] The development of industrial benders traces back to the late 19th century, coinciding with the rise of mechanized manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution, when early sheet metal bending brakes—also known as folding benches—emerged around 1875 to replace labor-intensive hammering techniques.^[77] As steam power and early hydraulic systems proliferated in the 1800s, these machines evolved to handle heavier workloads, enabling efficient shaping of wrought iron and steel plates for boilers and machinery.^[78] By the early 20th century, electrification improved control over clamping and bending operations, setting the stage for precision tools. Modern CNC benders, introduced in the 1970s with numerical control advancements and fully realized in bending applications by the 1990s, incorporate computer systems for programmable angles, radii, and sequences, achieving tolerances as fine as 0.1 degrees.^[79]^[77] In applications, benders are widely used in the automotive industry to fabricate exhaust systems, where rotary draw or roll bending shapes stainless steel tubing into complex manifolds and pipes to optimize engine performance and emissions control.^[80] In aerospace, CNC mandrel benders form high-strength titanium or aluminum tubes for fuel lines, hydraulic systems, and structural frames in aircraft, ensuring lightweight yet durable components that withstand extreme pressures and vibrations.^[81]^[82] Safety standards govern their operation to mitigate risks like pinch points and flying debris; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) incorporates ANSI B11.15 guidelines for pipe, tube, and shape bending machines, requiring guards, emergency stops, and operator training to prevent injuries.^[83] As of 2025, advancements in electric benders emphasize energy efficiency and smart integration, with AI-driven systems optimizing bend parameters in real-time based on material properties and sensor data, reducing setup times by up to 30% and minimizing waste in high-volume production.^[84] These fully electric CNC models, powered by servo motors rather than hydraulics, offer quieter operation and precise control, particularly in aerospace and automotive sectors where sustainability and automation demands are increasing.^[85]

Psychological assessment

The Bender-Gestalt Test, developed by child psychiatrist Lauretta Bender in 1938, serves as a projective psychological assessment instrument designed to evaluate visual-motor integration, perceptual organization, and developmental maturity through the reproduction of geometric figures.^[86] The test draws its figures from Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer's work on perceptual principles, adapting nine all-white card designs to assess neurological integrity and cognitive processing without reliance on verbal instructions, making it suitable for diverse age groups and those with language barriers.^[87] Originally published as a monograph, it has become a staple in clinical psychology for identifying deviations in gestalt formation that may signal underlying brain dysfunction or developmental delays.^[88] The procedure involves presenting the examinee with nine stimulus cards, each featuring a simple geometric shape such as lines, circles, or dots, which they copy freehand onto plain paper using a pencil, typically in a quiet setting without time limits to minimize anxiety.^[89] Scoring focuses on qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reproductions, penalizing distortions like rotation (e.g., 80–180 degrees from the original axis), fragmentation, perseveration, or addition/omission of elements, which can indicate impaired brain function, perceptual immaturity, or specific disorders such as schizophrenia through patterns of regression or motor overflow.^[90] The second edition (Bender-Gestalt II, 2003) expands to 16 cards and includes supplemental motor and recall tasks for enhanced reliability, but the core copying method remains unchanged.^[91] In child psychology, the test is applied to screen for learning disabilities and developmental disorders by measuring visual-motor skills essential for academic tasks like writing and reading, with error patterns correlating to conditions such as dyslexia or ADHD.^[92] For adults, it aids in diagnosing neurological impairments, including dementia and brain injury, where increased errors reflect cognitive decline or visuospatial deficits.^[93] Validity studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses through 2025, affirm its moderate to high sensitivity (e.g., 70–85% for detecting organic brain damage) and utility as a screening tool when combined with other assessments, though it performs best in non-verbal contexts.^[94]^[95] Despite its longevity, the test faces limitations including subjective scoring variability among examiners and cultural biases, as norms derived primarily from Western samples may overestimate errors in non-Western or low-socioeconomic groups due to differences in perceptual experiences or educational exposure.^[93]^[96] To address these, contemporary applications increasingly incorporate digital adaptations, such as tablet-based versions with automated image analysis for objective scoring of distortions, enhancing reliability and reducing bias in multicultural settings.^[97]

References

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Jun 18, 2010 · Bender and the Planet Express crew – and the original voice cast – are blasting off for more misadventures as the animated sci-fi spoof returns.
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Jun 23, 2024 · Futurama's Matt Groening Thinks Bender Is The Homer Of The Show - Not Fry ... For instance, as the main character of "Futurama," shouldn't Philip ...
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Jan 12, 2021 · “To go on a bender” is short for “elbow bender,” and it is slang for getting very drunk. The phrase comes from the act of bending the elbow ...What is the origin of the term 'binge drinking' and what does it mean ...What's a bender in British slang? - QuoraMore results from www.quora.comMissing: media | Show results with:media
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See also: Bender. English. Etymology. Hypotheses: bend +‎ -er. In sense of “heavy drinking”, originally generally “spree”, from 1846, of uncertain origin ...English · Etymology · Noun · Interjection
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Aug 12, 2025 · According to the 2024 NSDUH, 57.0 million adults ages 18 and older (21.7% in this age group) reported binge drinking in the past month (see ...
[18]
bent, adj. & n.³ meanings, etymology and more
slang (frequently derogatory and offensive). A homosexual man. bender1965–. slang (originally U.S., now chiefly British). Originally (esp. among gay men): a ...
[19]
The twisted history of 'bent' - The Grammarphobia Blog
Jan 10, 2022 · The adjective “bent” has a winding history, dating from the Middle English of the 14th century when it was derived from the verb “bend.”
[20]
Magazine | How 'gay' became children's insult of choice - BBC NEWS
Mar 18, 2008 · "Every generation grows up with a whole lexicon of homosexual insults, in my day it was 'poofter' or 'bender'," says slang lexicographer Tony ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin<|control11|><|separator|>
[21]
On the radar: “Bent” - Not One-Off Britishisms
Mar 14, 2012 · 'Bent' meaning 'homosexual' has dropped out of British use in ... Bender rather than “He's Bent” was also a more common turn of phrase ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[22]
Morning Benders Change Name from Unintentional Gay Slur
Mar 26, 2012 · ... meaning of the name. In England, the term “bender” is slang for “homosexual.” Trending Stories. Jon Stewart Tears Into Democrats for Caving ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[23]
The Breakfast Club movie review (1985) | Roger Ebert
### Summary of John Bender in "The Breakfast Club" (1985) - Roger Ebert Review
[24]
10 Best Pop Culture References Created By The Breakfast Club
May 17, 2019 · Many of us reference it regularly in our everyday lives. Today, we list the ten best pop culture references created by The Breakfast Club.
[25]
The Breakfast Club
### Summary of John Bender's Character in *The Breakfast Club*
[26]
“He Wanted Us To Be Collaborators”: 'The Breakfast Club' Stars ...
Feb 8, 2025 · Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson reflected on their time with The Breakfast Club and what made John Hughes so special to them.
[27]
Bender Bending Rodriguez - The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
Sep 30, 2024 · Bender Bending Rodriguez (Model: bending unit 22) is a bending unit (serial number: 2716057), who works at Planet Express as Assistant Manager of Sales.<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
Bender's Origins In Futurama Explained: Robot Species ...
Jul 31, 2024 · Bender is set up in season 4's "Crimes of the Hot" to be a descendant of the robots invented by Professor Farnsworth, who designed them while working for Mom.
[29]
What is the true story of Bender's origins? - Sci-Fi Stack Exchange
Jun 28, 2012 · In the episode "Lethal Inspection" it is shown that Bender was made in a factory in Mexico and approved by Hermes Conrad.Missing: friendship | Show results with:friendship
[30]
Characters in Futurama: Bender Bending Rodriguez - TV Tropes
A loudmouthed, kleptomaniac, misanthropic robot who also happens to be Fry's best friend. Despite his abrasive personality, he's been known to Pet the Dog ...
[31]
Bender Voice - Futurama (TV Show) - Behind The Voice Actors
John DiMaggio is the voice of Bender in Futurama. TV Show: Futurama Franchise: Futurama Incarnations View all 9 versions of Bender on BTVA.
[32]
https://www.pyrarebooks.com/rare-book/ilf-petrov-ostap-bender-1931-2082/
[33]
Fry-Bender relationship - The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
Jun 13, 2017 · Fry and Bender met in line for a suicide booth on 31 December 2999. Fry moved in with Bender to his place in Robot Arms Apartments in the year ...
[34]
"Futurama" The Lesser of Two Evils (TV Episode 2000) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (3,144) The Lesser of Two Evils: Directed by Bret Haaland, Rich Moore, Chris Sauve. With Billy West, Katey Sagal, John DiMaggio, Tress MacNeille.
[35]
The Future is Now: The Story of Futurama - Animated
May 4, 2025 · Despite never spawning a direct spin-off series, Futurama lives on through an impressive range of merchandise. From collectible figures and DVDs ...
[36]
Futurama Animators Roll 20-Sided Die With Bender's Game | WIRED
Nov 4, 2008 · After one too many games of Dungeons and Dragons, surly robot Bender goes on a fantasy-fueled bender in the latest Futurama movie.Missing: merchandise | Show results with:merchandise
[37]
Hulu Switches 'Futurama' Season 13 From Weekly to Binge Release
Jul 21, 2025 · The show was created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen. Executive producers include Groening, Cohen, Ken Keeler ...
[38]
Is there behind-the-scenes information on which came first, Bender's ...
Aug 11, 2015 · Bender's name is an homage to Breakfast Club character John Bender. The name of course makes sense given the robot's alcoholism.
[39]
Prominent Russians: Ilya Ilf & Evgeny Petrov - Russiapedia - RT
It's thought Bender's character was created partially basing on real people whom Petrov came across during his time working as a criminal investigator. A mix ...Missing: analysis | Show results with:analysis
[40]
ILF i PETROV [ie. Ilya ILF and Evgeny PETROV] - PY Rare Books
Together, Ilf and Petrov created the character Ostap Bender, a picaresque rogue con man whose witty pronouncements were so popular that they are still casually ...Missing: analysis | Show results with:analysis
[41]
I. Il'f and E. Petrov's Ostap Bender novels: The (re)production of anti
Abstract. The status and function of reading in Russia gave it a power which the Soviet government tried hard to control, in part through the medium of the ...Missing: criticism | Show results with:criticism
[42]
The Golden Calf (Золотой теленок) 1968 with English subtitles
The Golden Calf with English and Russian subtitles is a 1968 Soviet comedy directed by Mikhail Shveitser. Ostap Bender, the cunning and witty swindler, ...
[43]
Bender: The Beginning (2021) - IMDb
Rating 4.6/10 (463) 1919 year. Fate confronts the young idealist Osya with the Turkish swindler Ibrahim Bender. And the honest Osya would never have contacted such a shameless and ...
[44]
Kiev has declared the mention of Lieutenant Schmidt from Ilf and ...
Oct 17, 2025 · With this expression, the authors' hero Ostap Bender calls the gang of swindlers he leads. The renaming of streets and the removal of ...
[45]
What's in a Name? Everything if Your Blinis are Called 'Benderiki'
Apr 26, 2025 · Actually, the name Ostap Bender, the loveable conman in the famous Ilf and Petrov novels “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf,” is much more ...Missing: legacy | Show results with:legacy
[46]
Moldova: Background and U.S. Policy - EveryCRSReport.com
Aug 28, 2025 · Moldova's 1991 independence was accompanied by a brief armed conflict with the self-declared, Russia-backed Transnistria region (in Russian, ...
[47]
Moldova Cities by Population 2025
Moldova Cities by Population 2025 ; Chisinau. 484,352 ; Tiraspol. 157,000 ; Balti. 125,000 ; Bender. 110,175 ; Ribnita. 55,455.
[48]
Transnistria: The History Behind the Russian-backed Region | Origins
Jul 13, 2022 · Transnistria, between Ukraine and Moldova, is a self-proclaimed state with de facto independence since 1992, now a Russian pawn, and was ...
[49]
Moldova's 'forgotten' Sinan masterpiece - Arab News
Mar 3, 2017 · The Bender fortress in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic was designed by the famed architect Koca Mimar Sinan, the Ottoman master.
[50]
[PDF] Chapter 4 Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict
The principal and decisive battle took place in Bender (Tighina) on June 19-21, and ended as Russian forces intervened and Moldovan forces were driven out of ...
[51]
Moldova's separatist Transnistria faces deepening budget crisis after ...
Oct 9, 2025 · The measures follow a sharp fall in gas volumes from Russia since January 2025, which has triggered a growing budgetary shortfall despite the ...
[52]
Bendery Fortress | Pridnestrovie
Bendery Fortress is an old structure built by Genoese, rebuilt by Turks, and was a Russian stronghold. It has a historical museum and a museum of torture.
[53]
PIECES OF OUR PAST - POSTOFFICES AND POSTMASTERS OF ...
Sep 7, 2018 · BENDER - Established on Nov. 18, 1891. Discontinued on Aug. 31, 1905. Mail was ordered sent to Dudley. Postmasters:.
[54]
Bender Populated Place Profile / Kay County, Oklahoma Data
Bender is a populated place located in Kay County at latitude 36.933 and longitude -97.138. Bender appears on the Peckham U.S. Geological Survey Map. Kay County ...
[55]
Humble, TX (Harris County) - Texas State Historical Association
Sep 16, 2020 · Mill owner Charles Bender purchased the townsite, established a commissary where workers traded tokens for merchandise, and took over management ...
[56]
Bender | Spotify
Born in New York City, Bender's career began as a resident DJ for Pacha NY, performing alongside some of the world's biggest artists. By 2016, his catalog ...
[57]
Bender on UNVRS Residency, New Single "Stomp," Burning Man ...
Jul 30, 2025 · With recent releases "WTF?" and "STOMP" showcasing his range, and his UNVRS residency offering six-hour journeys through sound, Bender is ...Missing: Pacha NY
[58]
Biography | BenderOfficial.com
The origins of Bender begin with guitarist Matt Scerpella and bassist Tim Cook. Matt and Tim were part of Milwaukee's metal scene and met in the late 80's.
[59]
BenderOfficial.com | the official bender website
Aug 23, 2013 · Welcome to the official website of the Milwaukee rock band Bender! Bender were together from 1994 to 2002 and released two albums: Joe (1995) and Jehovah's ...Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
[60]
Bender - Spotify
Isolate. 5,526,954. Superfly. 466,170. Angel Dust. 278,230 ... 85,147. Popular releases. Jehovah's Hitlist2000 • Album. Albums. Jehovah's Hitlist. Album • 2000 ...
[61]
The Greatest Band You've Never Heard Of: The Story of Bender
Aug 16, 2013 · Here's a new editorial I wrote on the obscure 90's/early 2000's band Bender who released Jehovah's Hitlist in 2000. Really a great band, enjoyed ...
[62]
Bender - Sweet Pea Records
Bender was a Chicago indie/punk/rock band in the early 1990s. Members included cartoonist Jessica Abel and Sharon Maloy, who played bass in The Dishes.
[63]
Bender biography | Last.fm
Mar 18, 2023 · 6. Bender is also a band that played and recorded in Sydney in the mid 1990s. The lineup featured Ron (Guitars and Vocals), Mark (Bass) ...
[64]
Bender Jamboree – Everything, An Elevator Ride Away!
THE JAMBOREE SHALL RISE AGAIN! 2018 & 2019 : Plaza Hotel & Casino Las Vegas. 2024 & 2025 : Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino. Previous; Next ...<|separator|>
[65]
2025 Lineup – Bender Jamboree
Lineup. The String Cheese Incident (3 Nights) · moe. The Wood Brothers · Leftover Salmon · Railroad Earth · Daniel Donato's Cosmic Country · Dogs ...
[66]
Bender Jamboree Reveals 2025 Artist Lineup - Relix
Nov 13, 2024 · The String Cheese Incident, moe., Eggy, Daniel Donato's Cosmic Country, and The Wood Brothers are all set to perform throughout the four-day ...
[67]
BENDER MUSIC | Elkton MD - Facebook
Call 410-392-0929 today to arrange Your lessons!! Bender School of Music offers instruction and coaching for: Bass, Drums, Guitar, Mandolin, Piano, Ukulele, ...
[68]
About - Bender
We love music and we love teaching. We have been teaching exclusively private music lessons full time for nine years. We teach with a Foundational approach.
[69]
Bender | Collaborator Analytics - Songstats
Followers. 52.7K ; Streams. 12.7M ; Playlists. 362 ; Playlist Reach. 6.05M ; Charts. 51.
[70]
Matoma & brando – The Bender Lyrics - Genius
Apr 24, 2020 · “The Bender” is the opening song off Matoma's Rytme EP and is the first collaboration between Matoma and Brando. The song interpolates the ...Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[71]
Matoma and Brando's 'The Bender' sample of Earth, Wind & Fire's ...
"The Bender" by Matoma and Brando sampled Earth, Wind & Fire's "September". Listen to both songs on WhoSampled.
[72]
The Paradox - Bender ft Travis Barker (Official Music Video)
May 3, 2025 · The Paradox – Bender ft Travis Barker (Official Music Video) Listen/Download: https://bendertheparadox.lnk.to/4PODH0. Subscribe for more official content ...
[73]
Big D and the Kids Table - Bender - YouTube
Oct 20, 2009 · Big D and the Kids Table's song "Bender" from the album, How It Goes - available now on SideOneDummy Records (A David McWane Happening).
[74]
Grave Waves – “Bender” - buffaBLOG
Sep 3, 2024 · “Bender” is their latest off of their self titled EP, a cheeky alternative rock album that, at least for me, answers the question of what happens if Sonic ...<|separator|>
[75]
Self Titled (CD, 2008 Eastham Music) Mountain Rock & Roll, New
In stock Free delivery6 Day Bender: Self Titled (CD, 2008 Eastham Music) Mountain Rock & Roll, New New and sealed. See full description.Missing: band | Show results with:band
[76]
Bender Surname Meaning & Bender Family History at Ancestry.com®
Bender Surname Meaning. German: occupational name for a cooper, a short form of Fassbender. Compare Bainter and Painter. English (London): metonymic ...
[77]
Bender Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This last name is predominantly found in The Americas, where 55 percent of Bender are found; 47 percent are found in North America and 47 percent are found in ...
[78]
Last name BENDER: origin and meaning - Geneanet
Bender : 1: German: occupational name for a cooper a short form of Fassbender. Compare Bainter and Painter.2: English (London): metonymic occupational name ...
[79]
Bender Name Meaning and Bender Family History at FamilySearch
English (London): metonymic occupational name for an archer or bow maker, from Middle English bender, an agent derivative of benden 'to bend' ( ...
[80]
Lawrence Bender - Wikipedia
Bender rose to fame by producing Reservoir Dogs in 1992 and has since produced several of Quentin Tarantino's films, including Pulp Fiction, Jackie Brown, Kill ...
[81]
Aimee Bender - Wikipedia
Aimee Bender (born June 28, 1969) is an American novelist and short story writer, known for her surreal stories and characters. She is a 2011 recipient of ...
[82]
Chief Bender - Wikipedia
Charles Albert "Chief" Bender was a Native American professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball during the 1900s and 1910s.
[83]
Bender History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - HouseOfNames
The surname Bender was first found in Baden, where the name Bender came from humble beginnings but gained a significant reputation for its contribution to the ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[84]
Tube & Pipe Benders Explained: A Look at All Machine Types
Understanding the Four Core Types of Tube / Pipe Benders. Type, Manual, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, CNC (Computer Numerical Control). Power Source, Human force ...
[85]
https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/6140125/electric-cnc-tube-benders-market-global
[86]
5 types of Rebar Bender Used in Construction
5 types of Rebar Bender Used in Construction · Manual Rebar Bender · Portable Rebar Bender · Electric Rebar Bender · Hydraulic Rebar Bender · Automatic Rebar Bender.
[87]
A short history of the bending machine – Part 2 - Jorns AG
The first bending machines were called “sheet metal bending brakes” or “folding benches” around 1875. They were real heavyweights, but they certainly made work ...
[88]
The Evolution of Metal Bending: From Tradition to Technology
Mar 20, 2024 · As industrialization took hold in the 19th century, hydraulic and mechanical presses were introduced, enabling faster and more efficient metal ...Missing: steam | Show results with:steam
[89]
A Brief History of Metal Bending Machines
Sep 27, 2022 · Starting in the 1900s, bending systems became increasingly electrified. The first control systems operated clamping, bending, and cutting.
[90]
Tube benders help keep aircraft parts flying well - The Fabricator
Nov 9, 2023 · For the demanding production of tube systems for hydraulic lines—as well as cooling water, wastewater, and brake lines—in aircraft, they were ...
[91]
Aviation & Aerospace Bending Applications | CML USA, Inc. Ercolina
Fabricating complex shapes for aviation & aerospace using difficult to bend tubing materials is easy for Ercolina's fully automated CNC mandrel benders.
[92]
Common Aerospace Applications for Tube Bending - Woolf Aircraft
Oct 1, 2020 · Common Aerospace Tubing Applications · Tube assemblies. Tube bending can create tubing components in assemblies for fuel distribution, cooling, ...
[93]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12022457/
[94]
Pipe and Tube Bending Machine Market Trends and Future ...
Apr 10, 2025 · In September 2023, AMOB introduced a next-generation CNC tube bender with AI-powered automation, reducing manual input and improving operational ...
[95]
https://f1000research.com/articles/14-848
[96]
A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use - Google Books
Bibliographic information ; Author, Lauretta Bender ; Publisher, American Orthopsychiatric Association, 1938 ; Length, 176 pages ; Export Citation, BiBTeX EndNote ...
[97]
Bender Gestalt Test - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The Bender Gestalt Test, developed by child psychiatrist Lauretta Bender (1938). She used designs taken from the work of Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer.
[98]
Bender Visual‐Motor Gestalt Test - ResearchGate
In 1938, Lauretta Bender published her groundbreaking monograph, A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use. Over time, the Visual-Motor Gestalt Test ...
[99]
Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test - PsychPage
It was developed by Lauretta Bender in 1938. The test involves giving an 8.5 wide by 11 high piece of paper, and 9 cards with designs A and 1-8 for the client ...
[100]
[PDF] Bender Gestalt Test Scoring
Bender Gestalt Test. Scoring. Page 2. Rotation. ▫. Score if there is a rotation of 80º to 180º (including mirror-imaging) of the major axis of the whole figure.
[101]
(Bender-Gestalt II) Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, Second Edition
In stockOriginally published in 1938 by Lauretta Bender, MD, the Bender Visual–Motor Gestalt Test is one of the most widely used psychological tests. The second ...
[102]
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test Overview and Applications - Quizlet
Mar 11, 2025 · The BGT is primarily used to assess visual-motor integration, which is crucial for understanding developmental delays and visual-spatial ...
[103]
The Bender-Gestalt Test: A Systematic Review - PMC
Mar 24, 2025 · The Bender-Gestalt test (Bender test), since its appearance, has been widely used to analyze visuomotor functions, perception and cognitive processes.
[104]
[PDF] The Bender-Gestalt Test: A Systematic Review
Mar 24, 2025 · It provides a comprehensive analysis of the. Bender test in various clinical settings, including neurological disorders and cognitive deficits.
[105]
Evaluation of the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test in young subjects
Sep 2, 2025 · Introduction. The Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test (BGT) is a widely used tool for assessing visual-motor skills in children.
[106]
[PDF] An Analysis of the Cultural Invariance of a Visual-Motor Integration ...
Dec 15, 2014 · Additionally, individuals with lower socioeconomic status were found to make more errors on the Bender Gestalt Test than individuals from higher ...
[107]
OBGESS: Automating Original Bender Gestalt Test Based on One ...
Nov 13, 2023 · The Original Bender Gestalt Test is a psychology test based on hand-sketched patterns. Mental disorders require an automated scoring system.