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Michael Harner

Michael James Harner (April 27, 1929 – February 3, 2018) was an American anthropologist recognized for developing core shamanism, a framework distilling universal shamanic techniques from cross-cultural fieldwork to enable contemporary practice, and for founding the Foundation for Shamanic Studies to disseminate these methods.^[1]^[2]
Born in Washington, D.C., Harner earned a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1963, after which he conducted ethnographic research among Amazonian indigenous groups, including the Shuar in Ecuador (1956–1957) and the Conibo in Peru (1960–1961), where personal shamanic initiations informed his understanding of trance states and spirit interactions.^[1]^[2] He later expanded studies to include Sami, Tuvans, and Native American peoples, identifying common elements like drumming-induced journeying to access non-ordinary reality for healing and divination.^[1]
Harner's influential book The Way of the Shaman (1980) outlined these practices, emphasizing experiential access over cultural dogma, and sold widely, training thousands through workshops until his academic career at institutions like Columbia and Yale ended in 1987 to focus on shamanic outreach.^[2] In 1979, with his wife Sandra, a psychologist, he co-founded the Center for Shamanic Studies, evolving into the Foundation for Shamanic Studies in 1985, which preserved shamanic traditions amid indigenous losses and promoted techniques like power animal retrieval.^[1]^[2] While praised for bridging anthropology and practical spirituality, core shamanism elicited criticism from some scholars for abstracting rituals from their sociocultural contexts, potentially fostering a commodified "neoshamanism" detached from original causal ecologies.^[3]

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Formative Influences

Michael Harner was born in Washington, D.C., in 1929.^[2]^[4] Limited public records detail his childhood experiences, but Harner's initial pursuits in archaeology, including fieldwork examining sites along the Lower Colorado River, cultivated a rigorous empirical approach that later informed his anthropological methodology and openness to indigenous spiritual practices.^[5]

Academic Background and Degrees

Harner began his higher education as an undergraduate at the University of Illinois at Champaign, where in 1948 he participated in the University of New Mexico's archaeological field school in southwestern archaeology.^[5] He obtained his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963.^[1] His doctoral dissertation, titled Machetes, Shotguns, and Society: An Inquiry into the Social Impact of Technological Change Among the Jívaro Indians, examined the effects of introduced Western technologies on Jívaro (Shuar) society in the Ecuadorian Amazon.^[6] In addition to his earned doctorate, Harner received an honorary doctorate in shamanic studies in 2003 from the California Institute of Integral Studies.^[4]

Anthropological Fieldwork

Initial Expeditions in the Amazon

Harner's initial anthropological fieldwork in the Amazon commenced in 1956–1957, when he conducted doctoral dissertation research among the Jívaro (now known as Shuar) people in eastern Ecuador's Amazonian lowlands. Living among the Shuar, he documented their cultural practices, including shamanism, through extensive interviews with local shamans who emphasized supernatural elements in their worldview. This expedition involved navigating remote forest environments east of the Andes, where the Shuar maintained autonomy despite historical Spanish incursions since 1599.^[7]^[8] During this period, Harner planned a vision quest involving ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew central to Shuar shamanic rituals, but postponed it due to perilous conditions, including the group's historical headhunting traditions and environmental hazards. His observations highlighted the Shuar's reliance on shamanic power for hunting, warfare, and healing, derived from spirit interactions accessed via altered states. These experiences laid groundwork for his later book The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls (1972), which detailed their ethnology based on this and subsequent field stays.^[7]^[9] In 1960–1961, Harner shifted to the Peruvian Amazon, studying the Conibo (also spelled Conibo) along the Río Ucayali, a major Amazon tributary in eastern Peru. This expedition focused on their shamanic systems, during which he ingested ayahuasca for the first time under Conibo guidance to comprehend their perceptual framework, reporting encounters with non-ordinary realities. The Conibo emphasized direct experiential learning, stating that intellectual study alone was insufficient. This fieldwork, conducted amid riverine settlements, provided comparative data on Amazonian shamanism and contributed to his evolving understanding of hallucinogens' role in indigenous practices.^[7]^[10]

Key Experiences with Indigenous Groups

Harner's foundational fieldwork with indigenous groups centered on the Amazon basin, beginning with the Shuar (also known as Jívaro) people in eastern Ecuador from 1956 to 1957. During this expedition, he documented their sociocultural practices, including shamanic rituals, headhunting traditions involving tsantsa (shrunken heads), and the use of natem, a hallucinogenic brew central to spiritual healing and warfare preparations.^[11]^[12] These observations laid the groundwork for his later immersive participation, though initial engagement remained observational rather than initiatory.^[9] In 1960–1961, Harner shifted to deeper involvement with the Conibo (a Panoan group) along the Río Ucayali in eastern Peru, where he underwent shamanic apprenticeship under local practitioners. This period marked his transition to active practice, including ingestion of ayahuasca in ceremonial contexts to access altered states for healing and divination, leading to his recognition as a shaman by Conibo elders.^[1]^[10] Returning to the Shuar in 1964, Harner participated in natem rituals, reporting visionary encounters with spirit entities—such as serpentine beings and cosmic realms—that he interpreted as revealing the ecological and supernatural foundations of indigenous cosmology.^[13]^[9] He revisited the Shuar in 1969, further refining his techniques through guided journeys emphasizing soul retrieval and power animal alliances.^[11] Subsequent engagements expanded beyond the Amazon, including work with the Yaminahua in the Upper Amazon during 1961 trips, where ayahuasca facilitated comparative insights into cross-cultural shamanic universals.^[13] Harner also interacted with North American groups such as the Coast Salish, Pomo, and Northern Paiute, as well as Arctic peoples like the Inland Inuit and Sami, earning shamanic acknowledgment for demonstrating compatible healing methods without reliance on local plants.^[1] These experiences, spanning over a decade of direct immersion, totaled extensive field time—estimated at several years across sites—and informed his empirical emphasis on non-psychedelic drumming as a portable analogue to indigenous trance induction.^[13]

Theoretical Contributions to Shamanism

Formulation of Core Shamanism

Michael Harner formulated Core Shamanism in the late 1970s through a synthesis of his cross-cultural anthropological research and personal shamanic experiences, identifying practices common across indigenous traditions worldwide while adapting them for contemporary, non-indigenous practitioners. Drawing from fieldwork among groups such as the Shuar and Conibo in the Amazon during the 1950s and 1960s, Harner emphasized universal elements like shamanic journeying to non-ordinary reality, achieved without reliance on psychoactive plants but through sonic driving via repetitive drumming at 4 to 7 beats per second.^[14]^[13] This approach stemmed from his late-1960s experiments substituting percussion for entheogens, enabling accessible entry into the shamanic state of consciousness.^[13] Central to Core Shamanism are principles distilled from comparative studies of shamanic systems, including the division of reality into three worlds—Upper, Middle, and Lower—and interactions with helping spirits such as power animals for healing and guidance.^[14] Harner defined it as comprising universal (e.g., ecstatic trance for otherworld travel), near-universal (e.g., rhythmic sound induction), and common features of shamanism, excluding culture-specific rituals to focus on experiential efficacy rather than belief systems.^[14]^[13] He articulated these in his 1980 book The Way of the Shaman, which served as a practical guide, promoting techniques like the shamanic journey for personal power retrieval and soul healing, tested through workshops he began offering in the early 1970s.^[15]^[13] The formulation prioritized direct, verifiable shamanic experiences over doctrinal adherence, with Harner asserting that such practices confirm the reality of spirits through repeated practitioner outcomes, independent of cultural origin.^[14] By 1979, this led to the establishment of the Center for Shamanic Studies (later evolving into the Foundation for Shamanic Studies in 1985), institutionalizing training in these methods while cautioning against eclectic "neo-shamanism" that mixes unverified elements.^[13] Harner's shift from academia—resigning from university positions by 1987—reflected his commitment to disseminating Core Shamanism as a pragmatic revival of humanity's primordial spiritual technology, grounded in over five decades of fieldwork rather than theoretical abstraction.^[1]^[13]

Core Techniques and Practices

Core Shamanism, as developed by Michael Harner, emphasizes universal shamanic methods distilled from indigenous practices worldwide, focusing on direct experience in non-ordinary reality without reliance on cultural specifics or entheogens.^[14] The foundational technique is shamanic journeying, which involves rhythmic drumming at approximately 4 to 7 beats per second—known as sonic driving—to induce an altered state of consciousness, enabling practitioners to voluntarily enter trance and navigate spiritual realms such as the Lower World, Upper World, or Middle World.^[14] This drumming mimics the shaman's "horse" for travel, typically lasting 15 to 30 minutes per journey, with a callback signal of irregular beats to return to ordinary reality.^[14] A primary goal of journeying is to connect with helping spirits, particularly power animals or guardian spirits, which provide guidance, protection, and power for the practitioner.^[16] Harner taught that power animal retrieval involves journeying to locate and retrieve an appropriate spirit ally for oneself or a client, often visualized as an animal form, to restore personal strength diminished by illness, trauma, or life challenges.^[17] These spirits are not anthropomorphized deities but pragmatic allies accessed through ecstatic trance, with practitioners encouraged to maintain ongoing relationships via repeated journeys.^[14] Healing practices in Core Shamanism build on journeying to address spiritual causes of imbalance. Extraction healing targets the removal of intrusive energies or "spirit darts" causing physical or emotional distress, performed by journeying to identify and extract them using intention, rattle, or hands, followed by cleansing with smoke or song.^[16] Power soul retrieval, a method Harner refined, recovers fragmented soul essences lost due to trauma, returning them via journey to reintegrate wholeness, distinct from psychological therapy by focusing on spiritual restitution rather than cognitive analysis.^[17] Additional techniques include psychopomp work, guiding lost souls of the deceased to their proper realm to prevent interference with the living, and divination for problem-solving through spirit consultation.^[16] All methods prioritize ethical boundaries, such as obtaining permission for healing and avoiding dependency on the shaman, with training emphasizing personal power development over rote ritual.^[14]

Institutional Efforts

Founding the Foundation for Shamanic Studies

In 1979, Michael Harner established the Center for Shamanic Studies in Norwalk, Connecticut, alongside his wife, psychologist Sandra Harner, as an initial organizational base for developing and disseminating core shamanism derived from his anthropological research and personal practices.^[18]^[2] This center served as a precursor, focusing on training Western participants in shamanic techniques such as drumming-induced journeys, while emphasizing non-psychedelic methods to access altered states of consciousness.^[13] The Foundation for Shamanic Studies was formally created in 1985, evolving from the center to provide a structured nonprofit framework for the preservation, study, and teaching of shamanic knowledge worldwide.^[2] Harner's primary objectives included reacquiring spiritual practices lost to Westerners through historical religious suppression, supporting indigenous shamans as "Living Treasures" via the Shamanic Knowledge Conservatory, and promoting empirical approaches to shamanism through workshops and research initiatives.^[18]^[13] The foundation prioritized core shamanic methods—universal elements like power animal retrieval and soul retrieval—over culture-specific rituals, aiming to foster direct spiritual experiences for healing and ecological awareness.^[13] By 1987, Harner resigned his university professorship to dedicate himself full-time to the foundation, which then integrated prior efforts and expanded internationally, including early programs to assist missionized Inuit communities in recovering shamanic traditions and initiating cross-cultural exchanges, such as Soviet-American shamanism initiatives.^[13] Funding came from donations, memberships, and workshop fees, enabling the delivery of over 10,000 training sessions globally by the organization's later years, with a focus on verifiable shamanic efficacy through participant-reported outcomes rather than doctrinal adherence.^[13]

Training Programs and Workshops

Harner developed and oversaw a range of experiential workshops and training programs through the Foundation for Shamanic Studies, which he co-founded in 1979 as the Center for Shamanic Studies (renamed in 1987), emphasizing hands-on practice in Core Shamanism derived from his anthropological research.^[18]^[2] These programs taught participants to enter altered states of consciousness using non-ordinary techniques such as repetitive drumming (sonic driving) for shamanic journeying, without reliance on entheogens, focusing on universal shamanic methods applicable across cultures.^[19]^[1] The foundational workshop, The Way of the Shaman, introduced basic shamanic journeying to access spiritual guidance and power animals, serving as the entry point for subsequent trainings and drawing from Harner's formulation of Core Shamanism.^[19] Advanced programs built on this, including shamanic healing trainings that covered techniques like power animal retrieval, extraction healing to remove spiritual intrusions, psychopomp work for guiding souls, and divination for insight.^[19] Harner and his trained faculty delivered these internationally, teaching thousands of students annually in the final quarter-century of his life (approximately 1993–2018), with participants often progressing to facilitate further sessions.^[1] Specialized intensives, such as the Two-Week Shamanic Healing Intensive originated by Harner over nearly 50 years of refinement, provided immersive practice in multiple healing modalities, including soul retrieval and advanced divination, to equip practitioners for ethical application.^[20] Longer-term commitments included the 3-Year Program of Advanced Shamanic Initiations, offering progressive deepening of shamanic knowledge and healing skills through annual modules.^[21] Additionally, Harner Shamanic Counseling training emphasized high ethical standards in applying these methods for client healing.^[22] Post-2018, the Foundation has sustained these programs via certified instructors, maintaining Harner's experiential, research-based curriculum without recordings to preserve the oral tradition's integrity.^[19]^[1]

Major Publications

Seminal Books and Articles

Michael Harner's ethnographic monograph The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls, published in 1972 by the University of California Press, provided a detailed account of the Shuar (Jívaro) people's social structure, warfare, and shamanic practices, derived from his extensive fieldwork in the Ecuadorian Amazon during the 1950s and 1960s.^[23] The book emphasized the role of hallucinogenic substances like natema (ayahuasca) in shamanic power acquisition and healing, marking an early scholarly bridge between anthropology and indigenous spiritual systems.^[9] In 1973, Harner edited Hallucinogens and Shamanism, published by Oxford University Press, compiling essays on the psychological and cultural functions of psychoactive plants in shamanic rituals across Amazonian and other indigenous groups.^[24] Drawing from his direct participation in Jívaro ceremonies, Harner argued that such substances facilitated access to non-ordinary reality, influencing subsequent ethnographic and psychological studies of altered states.^[9] The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing, released in 1980 by Harper & Row, stands as Harner's most cited work, outlining "core shamanism" as a distilled set of techniques—such as drumming-induced journeying—extracted from global indigenous traditions for Western practitioners, eschewing cultural specifics and reliance on entheogens.^[15] Over 100,000 copies sold by the early 2000s, it catalyzed the neoshamanic movement by presenting shamanism as a pragmatic technology for personal empowerment and healing.^[25] Harner's later publication, Cave and Cosmos: Shamanic Encounters with Another Reality (2013, North Atlantic Books), built on his prior framework by exploring shamanic cosmologies, including journeys to upper, middle, and lower worlds, based on decades of practitioner reports from Foundation for Shamanic Studies workshops. The book reported consistent cross-cultural motifs in these experiences, such as spirit helpers and cosmic navigation, positioning shamanism as a universal perceptual method rather than cultural artifact.^[26] Among Harner's articles, "The Ecological Basis for Aztec Sacrifice" (1977, American Ethnologist) applied ecological materialism to interpret Mesoamerican rituals, positing resource scarcity as a causal driver for human sacrifice to sustain societal stability, though this functionalist view drew critiques for oversimplifying symbolic dimensions.^[27] His reflective piece "My Path in Shamanism" (2012, International Journal of Transpersonal Studies) chronicled his shift from academic anthropology to experiential shamanism, underscoring the primacy of direct practice over theoretical abstraction.^[28] These writings, while less popularized than his books, informed his broader corpus by integrating empirical fieldwork with interpretive analysis.

Evolution of Written Works

Harner's initial publications focused on ethnographic documentation of indigenous Amazonian cultures, reflecting his anthropological training and fieldwork. His debut book, The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls, published in 1972 by the University of California Press, provided a detailed account of Shuar (Jívaro) society, economy, and spiritual practices based on his 1956–1957 and 1960–1961 expeditions.^[2] This work emphasized headhunting rituals and worldview without delving into participatory shamanic methods.^[2] In 1973, Harner extended this to psychoactive substances in Hallucinogens and Shamanism, published by Oxford University Press, analyzing their role in facilitating shamanic visions among indigenous groups like the Conibo and Jívaro, drawing from his own ayahuasca experiences.^[2] The book positioned entheogens as tools for accessing non-ordinary reality but highlighted cultural contexts over universal application.^[2] A significant shift occurred with The Way of the Shaman in 1980, published by Harper & Row (later editions by Shamanic Studies), which synthesized global shamanic elements into "core shamanism"—a decontextualized, drug-free framework using drumming for altered states, aimed at Western practitioners.^[2] Unlike prior descriptive works, it offered step-by-step techniques for soul flight and power animal retrieval, prioritizing empirical personal verification over cultural specificity.^[2] This publication bridged academia and popular spirituality, influencing the shamanic renaissance.^[2] From 1980 to 2013, Harner produced few authored books, instead editing anthologies like Shamans Through Time: 500 Years on the Path to Knowledge (2001, with Jeremy Narby and Francis Huxley, Tarcher/Putnam), compiling historical texts on shamanism to contextualize core practices historically.^[29] He emphasized oral transmission through Foundation for Shamanic Studies workshops, viewing writing as secondary to experiential teaching.^[2] His final major work, Cave and Cosmos: Shamanic Encounters with Another Reality (2013, North Atlantic Books), built on decades of seminar data from over 2,500 participants, detailing upper-world spirits and multiverse cosmologies accessed via core methods.^[2] This evolved from early substance-centric views to a mature, evidence-based (via practitioner reports) ontology of shamanic realities, underscoring non-local consciousness without indigenous appropriation.^[2] Overall, Harner's oeuvre transitioned from objective cultural reportage to pragmatic, universalist guides fostering direct shamanic engagement.^[2]

Reception and Controversies

Scientific and Empirical Critiques

Anthropologist Alice Beck Kehoe critiqued Harner's formulation of core shamanism as a decontextualized construct that selectively extracts techniques from diverse indigenous traditions, such as Amazonian and Siberian practices, while discarding cultural, social, and ritual specifics to create a purportedly universal system.^[30] In her 2000 analysis, Kehoe contended that this approach rests on primitivist assumptions positing shamanism as an archetypal "core" human spirituality, unsupported by comprehensive ethnographic data, and argued it echoes imperial Western projections rather than empirical observation of shamanic roles, which vary markedly by society.^[30] She highlighted how Harner's emphasis on techniques like drumming-induced journeys ignores evidence that such practices in original contexts often involve community validation, power dynamics, and localized cosmologies, not individualistic access to a shared spirit world.^[31] Empirically, Harner's assertions of literal spirit helpers, soul flight, and otherworldly realms lack verifiable evidence, as shamanic journeying produces subjective experiences explainable through neurophysiological mechanisms. Studies on repetitive drumming at 4-7 Hz, central to Harner's method, demonstrate entrainment of brain activity to theta rhythms, fostering dissociative states and hypnagogic imagery akin to those in meditation or hypnosis, without indicating interaction with external entities.^[32] Functional MRI research on practitioners during such trances reveals heightened activity in default mode and sensory integration networks, consistent with internally generated hallucinations rather than objective perception of supernatural domains.^[32] No controlled experiments have replicated claims of diagnostic or healing information from spirit guides beyond what expectation and suggestion could yield, rendering these elements unfalsifiable and pseudoscientific by standards requiring testable predictions.^[33] Reported healing effects in core shamanism, such as soul retrieval or power animal retrieval, align more closely with placebo responses, therapeutic rapport, and cathartic release than causal intervention by discarnate beings. Preliminary trials on drumming-based interventions show reductions in anxiety and cortisol levels, attributable to autonomic nervous system modulation and endorphin release, but these outcomes mirror those from secular relaxation techniques without invoking metaphysics.^[34] Critics note the absence of double-blind studies isolating shamanic claims from nonspecific factors like ritual expectation, with ethnographic reviews underscoring that Harner's fieldwork-derived techniques, drawn primarily from 1960s Jivaro observations, overgeneralize without longitudinal data on efficacy or cultural fidelity.^[35] While some transpersonal psychology research explores subjective benefits, mainstream scientific consensus attributes shamanic phenomena to evolved cognitive capacities for symbolism and trance, not empirical proof of animistic ontologies.^[36]

Cultural Appropriation and Ethical Debates

Harner's formulation of core shamanism, which distills shamanic techniques such as drumming-induced journeying from indigenous traditions including those of the Amazonian Conibo and Shuar peoples encountered during his 1956–1957 fieldwork, has drawn accusations of cultural appropriation for decontextualizing and commodifying sacred practices without regard for their embedded cultural, linguistic, and social frameworks.^[37] Anthropologist Alice Kehoe, in her analysis of ecstatic religious experiences, critiqued such universalist models—including Harner's—as inventions that homogenize diverse indigenous spiritualities into a romanticized, ahistorical archetype, potentially perpetuating colonial-era distortions by prioritizing Western accessibility over cultural specificity.^[38] This perspective aligns with broader academic concerns that core shamanism extracts "powerful" elements like soul retrieval while discarding lineage, cosmology, and ethical protocols unique to originating communities, rendering the practices rootless and prone to misuse in commercial Western settings.^[39] Indigenous and Native American commentators have similarly raised ethical objections, arguing that Harner's adaptation promotes a form of spiritual tourism that undermines tribal sovereignty by allowing non-indigenous practitioners to claim authority over techniques derived from marginalized cultures, often without reciprocity or acknowledgment of ongoing colonial harms.^[40] For instance, critiques highlight how core shamanism's emphasis on individual empowerment via altered states ignores communal responsibilities and prohibitions in source traditions, fostering a market-driven spirituality that dilutes authenticity and exploits indigenous intellectual property.^[41] These debates intensified with the Foundation for Shamanic Studies' (FSS) expansion of workshops post-1980, where techniques were taught globally without requiring cultural immersion, prompting claims of ethical negligence in preserving source integrity. In response, Harner and FSS proponents maintained that shamanism constitutes a pre-cultural, universal human capacity rooted in neurobiological responses to rhythmic sound, evidenced by cross-cultural ethnographic parallels, rather than proprietary cultural property subject to exclusive ownership.^[42] They positioned core shamanism as a revival tool aiding both Western seekers and indigenous groups facing suppression, citing FSS initiatives since the 1980s to fund shamanic restoration in communities like the Siberian Evenki and Amazonian groups, thereby framing appropriation charges as misunderstandings of shamanism's adaptive, non-static nature.^[43] However, skeptics counter that such universality lacks rigorous empirical validation beyond Harner's interpretive synthesis, with no controlled studies demonstrating innate, acultural shamanic efficacy independent of learned contexts.^[44] Ethical debates persist on practitioner accountability, with some advocating for "decolonized" approaches that mandate cultural humility, direct indigenous consultation, or avoidance of appropriated terms, while others defend Harner's model as pragmatically enabling personal healing without necessitating gatekeeping.^[45] These tensions underscore a core contention: whether extracting functional techniques from ethnographic records constitutes innovative synthesis or unethical borrowing, particularly given the absence of formal intellectual property frameworks for oral traditions.^[3]

Endorsements from Practitioners and Supporters

Numerous shamanic practitioners and supporters have credited Michael Harner with revitalizing accessible shamanic practices in the West, emphasizing the practical benefits of his core shamanism methods for personal healing and spiritual growth. Hank Wesselman, an anthropologist, author, and shamanic practitioner, described Harner as "a great visionary and teacher who helped set my feet back onto the ancient shamanist path almost 40 years ago," highlighting his role in guiding individuals back to shamanic traditions through experiential training.^[46] Similarly, Sandra Ingerman, a shamanic teacher who served as Educational Director for the Foundation for Shamanic Studies and co-taught workshops with Harner, integrated his foundational techniques into her healing practices, such as soul retrieval, underscoring their efficacy in modern contexts.^[13]^[43] The Society for Shamanic Practice's board of directors, in a 2019 tribute, affirmed Harner's influence by noting that his workshops provided leadership and experiences that "deepened my shamanic practice to the point where I quit my job and became a full-time shamanic practitioner," attributing to him the preservation and dissemination of shamanic knowledge worldwide.^[43] Participants in Foundation for Shamanic Studies programs have echoed this, with one practitioner stating that "the shamanic magic he brought to the West changed my life... I will continue to carry the torch" after three decades of engagement, while another credited Harner with saving their "sanity" and deemed him "the most spiritually significant human of the 20th century" for awakening divine connections.^[46] Supporters like John Beckett, a Druid priest and blogger, have endorsed Harner's techniques for raising awareness of shamanism's benefits, stating they "have been helpful to many people" in fostering direct spiritual experiences without reliance on cultural specifics.^[39] These endorsements, drawn from trained practitioners and organizations aligned with core shamanism, consistently praise Harner's empirical approach—rooted in his anthropological fieldwork among indigenous groups like the Shuar and Conibo since 1956—for enabling repeatable, non-ordinary reality journeys that empower healing and self-reliance.^[43]^[46]

Legacy and Influence

Impact on Contemporary Spirituality

Harner's development of core shamanism, distilled from cross-cultural indigenous practices into drug-free techniques such as rhythmic drumming-induced journeying to access spiritual realms, provided Western seekers with accessible methods for direct interaction with helping spirits, fundamentally shaping neoshamanic practices in contemporary spirituality.^[1] This approach emphasized universal elements like power animals and soul retrieval, bypassing cultural specifics to prioritize personal efficacy, and gained traction amid growing disillusionment with institutional religion in the late 20th century.^[13] By 1980, his publication of The Way of the Shaman introduced these methods to a broad audience, including accompanying audio recordings for solo practice, which facilitated widespread adoption outside traditional apprenticeships.^[13] The Foundation for Shamanic Studies, established by Harner in 1979, amplified this impact through standardized workshops, training approximately 5,000 individuals annually across 203 courses by the early 21st century, with faculty operating in North America, Europe, Latin America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.^[13] These programs fostered a global network of practitioners who integrated shamanic journeying into therapeutic modalities, personal healing, and alternative spiritual communities, influencing fields like transpersonal psychology and holistic wellness.^[1] Endorsements from participants highlight experiential validation, with thousands reporting transformative encounters that reinforced a worldview of animistic interconnectedness, though empirical validation remains anecdotal and contested in scientific circles.^[13] In broader contemporary spirituality, Harner's work contributed to the neoshamanic strand within the New Age movement, bridging indigenous-inspired ecstasy with modern individualism and enabling practices like ecstatic dance and spirit communication in urban settings.^[47] This influence extended to pagan and eclectic groups, where core techniques informed rituals and self-empowerment narratives, while the Foundation's preservation efforts, including support for 54 Native American tribes and endangered traditions like those of the Sami and Tuva, underscored a dual role in revival and adaptation.^[13] Despite critiques of diluting cultural contexts, the causal chain from Harner's fieldwork—spanning the Amazon in 1961–1964 to global dissemination—demonstrably expanded participatory spirituality, prioritizing direct empirical experience over doctrinal authority.^[39]

Posthumous Developments and Assessments

Following Harner's death on February 3, 2018, the Foundation for Shamanic Studies, which he founded in 1979, has sustained its mission under new leadership, including President Susan Mokelke and honorary board member Sandra Harner, his widow and collaborator.^[18] The organization continues to deliver core shamanism training worldwide, with programs such as "The Way of the Shaman" introductory workshops offered both online and in-person as of 2025, emphasizing journeying, healing, and divination methods derived from Harner's research.^[19] Posthumously, the Foundation released free shamanic drumming recordings by Harner on YouTube to facilitate practitioner access to non-ordinary reality, alongside a documentary chronicling the work of Michael and Sandra Harner.^[48] Advanced trainings, including the Two-Week Shamanic Healing Intensive covering extraction healing, soul retrieval, and psychopomp work, remain available, attracting participants seeking empirical applications of shamanic techniques for personal and communal issues.^[20] The Shamanic Knowledge Conservatory persists in archiving Harner's ethnographic materials and supporting "Living Treasures" initiatives for indigenous shamans, reflecting ongoing efforts to preserve practices Harner documented in the Amazon and beyond.^[49] Assessments of Harner's legacy post-2018 highlight its dual reception: practitioners and organizations like the Society for Shamanic Practice credit core shamanism with democratizing shamanic tools for Western healing, citing its role in fostering experiential knowledge over doctrinal faith.^[43] However, anthropological critiques, evident in discussions of neoshamanism, argue that Harner's acultural framework oversimplifies and commodifies indigenous traditions, potentially eroding cultural specificity despite his anthropological training.^[50] Recent neuroscientific studies on shamanic trance states, such as 2021 EEG research on practitioners, indirectly validate experiential claims by identifying distinct brain patterns during altered consciousness, though they do not endorse Harner's interpretive models.^[32] A 2024 scoping review of trance practices similarly documents shamanism's persistence without resolving debates over its Western adaptations.^[34] These evaluations underscore Harner's influence on contemporary spirituality while questioning the universality of core shamanism amid ethical concerns over appropriation.^[51]

References

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Harner, Michael. 1963. Machetes, shotguns and society: An inquiry into the social impact of technological change among the Jivaro Indians. University of ...
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[19]
Workshops and Training Programs | The Foundation for Shamanic ...
Foundation workshops are taught by highly qualified faculty who have completed rigorous training in Core Shamanism and have years of experience in shamanic ...The Way of the Shaman · Core Shamanism Healing... · Shamanism & the spirits of...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[20]
Two Week Shamanic Healing Intensive
Our workshops are widely recognized as unparalleled in the world. Originated, researched and developed over nearly 50 years by anthropologist Michael Harner, ...
[21]
3-Year Program of Advanced Shamanic Initiations
Michael Harner's 3-Year Program of Advanced Shamanic Initiations. Bali, Indonesia: 10-21 May 2026~2028. Taught by the FSS Director for Asia, Kevin B. Turner.
[22]
Harner Shamanic Counseling
The ordinary reality HSC counselors, in contrast, provide instruction, orientation, and methodological advice based upon core shamanism and shamanic journeying.Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[23]
https://www.shamanism.org/shop-online/book-the-jivaro/
[24]
https://www.shamanism.org/shop-online/book-hallucinogens-and-shamanism/
[25]
Michael Harner: books, biography, latest update - Amazon.com
In his half century of anthropological fieldwork, cross-cultural studies, experimental research, and firsthand experience, Michael Harner arrived at the ...Missing: 1950s | Show results with:1950s
[26]
Cave and Cosmos by Michael Harner
In 1980, Michael Harner blazed the trail for the worldwide revival of shamanism with his seminal classic The Way of the Shaman. In this long-awaited sequel ...
[27]
The Ecological Basis for Aztec Sacrifice - jstor
This paper proposes an ecological and evolutionary theory to explain why the peculiar development of the Aztec sacrificial complex was a natural consequence of ...
[28]
"My Path in Shamanism" by Michael Harner - Digital Commons @ CIIS
Recommended Citation. Harner, M. (2012). Harner, M. (2012). My path in shamanism. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31(2), 80–90.Missing: key | Show results with:key
[29]
Books by Michael Harner (Author of The Way of the Shaman)
The Way of the Shaman by Michael Harner · Cave and Cosmos by Michael Harner · Shamans Through Time by Jeremy Narby · Hallucinogens and Shamanism by Michael Harner ...Missing: chronology | Show results with:chronology
[30]
(PDF) Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in ...
Alice Kehoe's (2000) Shamans and religion: An anthropological exploration in critical thinking has come to be a much-cited critique of the widespread use of ...
[31]
Book Review - Shamans and Religions - ICSA Reviews
Kehoe examines how her predecessors tagged shamans as living “fossils” in the progressive evolution of religious behavior that has culminated in modern European ...
[32]
Neural Correlates of the Shamanic State of Consciousness - PMC
We investigated the neural correlates of shamanic trance using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) in 24 shamanic practitioners and 24 healthy controls.<|separator|>
[33]
Shamanic Healing Ceremonies, Hypnosis and the Survival of the ...
Dec 10, 2019 · Shamanic rituals typically consist of induction, deepening, suggestion, and enactment, the same stages that characterize most forms of contemporary hypnosis.
[34]
Scoping review on shamanistic trances practices - PubMed Central
Nov 4, 2024 · While Harner and Sombrun are among the most known involved in the development of Western practices derived from shamanic practices, many other ...
[35]
(PDF) Conflicting Perspectives on Shamans and Shamanism
Aug 6, 2025 · Western interpretations of shamanism often reveal more about the observer than they do about the observed; in addressing this challenge, the ...
[36]
[PDF] International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
Jan 1, 2006 · Indeed, visual mental imagery encountered during “shamanic journeying” remains a phenomenon that is rather neglected by scientific inquiry ...Missing: criticism evidence
[37]
[PDF] A STUDY OF NEO-SHAMANIC PRACTICE - Whitman College
Developed by anthropologist “gone native” Michael Harner, core shamanism draws from multicultural techniques—such as drumming to attain an altered state of ...<|separator|>
[38]
Shamanism: An Invention of Anthropologists and New Age Teachers
From Mircea Eliade to Carlos Castaneda and Michael Harner, there's been a whole lot of confusion and fabrication going on in the history of "shamanism."
[39]
Michael Harner And The Need For Context | John Beckett - Patheos
Feb 15, 2018 · There is no question Michael Harner was highly influential in the Pagan community and beyond. Many people benefitted from his work.Missing: background | Show results with:background
[40]
Shamanism and Racism | Therioshamanism
Mar 9, 2010 · It is Michael Harner's “own personal distillation and interpretation of some of the millennia-old shamanic methods.” adapted to Western people, ...
[41]
Neo-shamanism as Cultural Appropriation by Rebecca Lockyer
Jun 13, 2009 · These arguments will be contextualized using the framework of neo-shamanistic teachings of Michael Harner (1990) and Robert Lawlor (1991). The ...
[42]
A Defense of Contemporary Shamanism and Michael Harner
For a book that purports to examine the soul of today's shamanic movement, it fails to adequately address the breadth, depth, and variety of contemporary ...
[43]
The Legacy of Michael Harner: A Tribute from the SSP Board of ...
Mar 1, 2019 · Michael Harner began his personal journey into shamanism in 1956-57 working as an anthropologist among the Shuar (Jívaro) and Conibo peoples of the Amazon.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[44]
[PDF] Neo-Shamanism - DukeSpace
Harner's work positioned shamanism as a transcultural technology for healing and spiritual development rather than one relating to sorcery and the exploration ...
[45]
How Can I Access Shamanic Practices & Healing Without Culturally ...
Jan 31, 2022 · How can you engage in shamanic work while NOT culturally appropriating? What types of shamanic practices can you ethically immerse yourself ...
[46]
In Memoriam: Michael J. Harner (1929 – 2018)
Remembering Michael Harner: A memorial celebration of the life and work of Michael Harner, 1929 - 2018, recorded live on April 14, 2018 in northern California.
[47]
The New Age Embraces Shamanism | Christian Research Institute
Jun 10, 2009 · His books about his spiritual journey and Don Juan ignited interest in shamanism and became a seminal influence in the rise of neoshamanism. The ...
[48]
The Foundation for Shamanic Studies | Dedicated to the ...
Based on Michael Harner's years of research and experimentation, Core Shamanism consists of the universal, near-universal, and common features of shamanism, ...Our FacultyThe History and Work of the ...ResidentialShop OnlineShamanic Healing
[49]
Shamanic Knowledge Conservatory
The Foundation studies the effectiveness of shamanic healing methods to help deal with illness and other problems of daily life.Missing: current activities
[50]
[PDF] The change in the researcher's position in the study of shamanism
Mar 8, 2022 · teachings of Michael Harner, the anthro- pologist and founder of core shamanism, in some perspectives.1 Elina Hytönen-Ng, an. 1 Two of Harner's colleagues ...
[51]
Return of the Shaman - The Atlantic
May 17, 2025 · Michael Harner's The Way of the Shaman arrived in 1980: a how-to guide for apprentice shamans in which the harrowing shamanic voyages relayed by Eliade—with ...