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National Knowledge Network

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) is a multi-gigabit, pan-India high-speed infrastructure that interconnects over 1,800 universities, research institutions, libraries, laboratories, healthcare facilities, and agricultural organizations to enable seamless knowledge sharing, collaborative research, advanced , and applications. Approved by the Cabinet Committee on in March 2010 with an initial outlay of ₹5,990 for a 10-year implementation period, NKN represents a foundational step toward building a borderless in by bridging digital divides and fostering innovation across academic and scientific domains. Managed by the (NIC) under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), NKN operates on a robust architecture featuring a scalable backbone with gigabit connectivity, low-latency pathways, and redundant links to ensure , security, and . The network supports diverse services, including integration, virtual classrooms, domain name services, and platform-as-a-service offerings, while peering with international research networks such as GEANT (Europe), (USA), and regional counterparts like BdREN () and DrukREN () through points of presence in , , and (). As of 2025, NKN continues to expand, connecting institutions across categories like premier universities, (IITs), and national laboratories, thereby enhancing India's global research footprint and economic productivity through knowledge-driven initiatives.

Overview

Establishment and Objectives

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) was initially conceived as part of India's efforts to build a unified digital infrastructure for research and education. The initial phase of the project was inaugurated by then-President Pratibha Patil on April 9, 2009, focusing on connecting key academic and research entities. Full establishment was approved by the Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure (CCI) in March 2010 under the 11th Five Year Plan, with an outlay of Rs 5,990 crore to be implemented over 10 years by the National Informatics Centre (NIC). This approval marked a pivotal step in creating a national backbone for knowledge dissemination, aligning with the government's push for enhanced connectivity in higher education and research sectors. The primary objectives of NKN are to interconnect over 1,500 institutions across , including universities, (IITs), (IIMs), research laboratories, libraries, healthcare organizations, and agricultural bodies, through a high-speed . This interconnection aims to facilitate seamless knowledge sharing, enable collaborative research initiatives, and support applications by bridging gaps in information access and promoting innovation in academic and scientific domains. Strategically, NKN envisions establishing a robust, multi-gigabit backbone capable of secure and reliable , fostering national self-reliance in digital infrastructure. It forms an integral component of broader national programs like , launched in 2015, which seek to transform into a digitally empowered by enhancing collaboration and e-learning capabilities. Key milestones in NKN's development include the 2009 initial phase, which connected about major end-user organizations, followed by rapid expansion to over institutions by late 2011. By 2012, the network had linked more than 200 additional sites as part of its phased rollout, with further growth achieving connections to over 1,000 institutions by 2015 and surpassing 1,800 by the mid-2020s. These achievements underscore NKN's role in scaling India's research ecosystem.

Governance and Funding

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) is managed by the (NIC), a premier technology partner of the under the of and Information Technology (MeitY). NIC oversees the day-to-day implementation, maintenance, and expansion of the network through its Project Implementation Unit located in . Governance of NKN is directed by a High Level Committee (HLC) chaired by the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India, with Dr. Rajagopala Chidambaram serving in this capacity as a key champion during the network's inception and early development. The HLC provides strategic oversight and includes representatives from the National Knowledge Commission, educational institutions, research organizations, and government bodies to ensure multi-stakeholder collaboration. A Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), established by the HLC, offers expert guidance on technical architecture and policy, while the National Mission Directorate coordinates operational aspects, with Prof. S.V. Raghavan playing a pivotal role as chairman of the expert group that drafted the initial blueprint and as a member of the HLC. Technical leadership has been provided by figures such as Dr. B.K. Gairola, who served as Director General of NIC and contributed to the network's establishment and e-governance integration. Funding for NKN is primarily sourced from the Government of India's central budget, with the Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure approving an initial outlay of ₹5,990 in 2010 for a 10-year period to establish and operationalize the network. An initial allocation of ₹100 was provided in the 2008-09 to support planning and early setup under the Department of Information Technology. The project received multiple extensions, with the latest revising the total outlay to ₹6,548.20 through 2024, and further expansions allocated in the Union Budget 2025 to enhance digital infrastructure connectivity. Operations involve a dedicated team of engineers and networking experts at , supporting maintenance and expansion efforts across the country.

Network Architecture

Core Infrastructure

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) employs a hierarchical three-hop model to facilitate efficient data transmission across its vast user base. In this structure, user institutions initially connect to State Points of Presence (PoPs), which serve as the edge layer for local access. These State PoPs link to PoPs that aggregate regional , ultimately it to 7 Super Core PoPs forming the network's backbone, located in , , , , , , and . This layered approach minimizes latency while enabling scalable expansion to cover all states and union territories. The topology of the NKN consists of a multi-gigabit pan-India fiber optic backbone, leveraging a of national long-distance service providers to ensure nationwide coverage. The Super Core PoPs are interconnected in a fully or partially meshed configuration, supporting overlay networks for specialized applications, dedicated circuits for high-priority data flows, and virtual private networks (VPNs) for secure, isolated connectivity. This design allows for flexible and with existing institutional networks. Bandwidth capacities are tiered to match the , with links between Super Core and Distribution PoPs operating at 10 Gbit/s or higher, scalable to 40-100 Gbit/s in upgraded segments. Edge connections from State PoPs to users provide at least 1 Gbit/s, enabling high-throughput access for and educational activities. As of late , the network managed an average traffic volume of 1.68 Tbps, demonstrating its to handle substantial loads. The infrastructure's initial rollout spanned 2010 to 2012, focusing on establishing connections in major cities and state capitals through the (NIC). Subsequent phases included upgrades by 2020, introducing 100 Gbps+ links and dark fiber deployments in key metros to boost overall capacity and support emerging demands like and remote collaboration. Reliability is embedded in the design via features, including redundant paths across multiple bandwidth providers to avoid single points of failure and (QoS) protocols that prioritize traffic such as video and voice. Ring-based last-mile connectivity and protected optical links further enhance , ensuring near-continuous operation.

Security and Technical Features

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) employs dedicated resources allocated by the Network Information Centre () to support its operations and connectivity for member institutions. These include IPv4 address blocks such as 14.139.0.0/16 and 180.149.48.0/20, which enable scalable addressing for and entities across . Additionally, /48 subnets are provided to members, facilitating configurations that enhance redundancy and performance in network arrangements. For addressing, NKN has received allocations including 2405:8A00::/32 and 2409::/28 from , allowing the distribution of /48 subnets to connected institutions for robust end-to-end addressing. Full native support has been implemented since March 2013, providing seamless connectivity and mitigating risks associated with while preparing the network for future expansions in data-intensive applications. NKN operates under multiple Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) assigned by , with AS9885 serving as the primary for core routing, alongside AS55824 and AS55847 dedicated to peering and edge network functions, ensuring efficient traffic management and interconnection with domestic and international networks. To bolster integrity, DNSSEC is enabled across NKN's domain infrastructure, validating DNS responses to prevent spoofing attacks and foster greater trust in the secure dissemination of resources among users. Further technical safeguards include secure intra-network communication facilitated by Layer 2 (Virtual Private Wire/LAN Service) and Layer 3 VPN protocols, which encrypt and isolate traffic between points of presence (PoPs) and member sites. protections are deployed at network boundaries to monitor and filter inbound/outbound traffic, mitigating unauthorized access and potential threats. NKN maintains compliance with national cybersecurity standards, including guidelines from the (CERT-In), to align with broader government mandates for protection.

Connectivity and Expansion

Domestic Institutions

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) connects 1,807 domestic institutions across , encompassing more than 100 universities, all (IITs) and (IIMs), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and (ICMR) laboratories, agricultural universities, and healthcare facilities such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). Institutions seeking connection to NKN apply through the (NIC) portal, after which they receive dedicated last-mile connectivity via fiber optic or leased lines, integrating into the network through edge routers managed by NIC. NKN provides nationwide coverage, with particularly dense connections in states such as , , and , while extending rural outreach through integration with state-wide area networks to support remote institutions. The network has grown significantly, from approximately 670 institutions connected in 2012—including universities, IITs, IIMs, and CSIR labs—to 1,807 as of 2025, incorporating additional and e-learning centers. Member institutions benefit from free high-speed access to the multi-gigabit , along with priority allocation for data transfer, enabling seamless and resource sharing.

International Links

The National Knowledge (NKN) maintains peering arrangements with major international and education networks, including GÉANT in , in the United States, APAN in the Asia-Pacific region, and SINET in via the Asi@Connect initiative. These connections are primarily established through submarine cables and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), facilitating seamless high-speed data transfer for global collaborations. Additional peering includes SingAREN in , with international Points of Presence (PoPs) located in , Amsterdam, and Geneva at . Key collaborations encompass joint projects with Bhutan's DrukREN, initiated in 2012 and formalized with a 1 Gbps peering link in 2022, renewed in 2024 to further enhance academic and scholarly exchanges. NKN extends connectivity to other SAARC nations, such as BdREN in Bangladesh, LEARN in Sri Lanka, and HNM in the Maldives, promoting regional knowledge sharing. Further partnerships involve for scientific computing, NORDUnet in the Nordic region, and in South Africa, supporting participation in global initiatives like those under GÉANT for cross-border virtual laboratories and data exchange. International bandwidth is provisioned through dedicated links operating at speeds of 10 Gbps or higher, enabling efficient resource sharing and collaborative applications such as remote and conferencing. Significant milestones include the establishment of initial international peering with networks like TEIN and GÉANT around 2011-2014, the 2014 agreement with to scale U.S.- research collaborations, and expansion to over 10 global NRENs by the early 2020s. These developments have addressed challenges such as through optimized protocols and secure VPN implementations for protected cross-border access.

Applications and Impact

Research and Education Services

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) delivers core services essential for academic and scientific collaboration in , including high-speed video conferencing through dedicated Multipoint (MCU) infrastructure that supports real-time interactions among dispersed researchers and educators. E-learning platforms benefit from NKN's multi-gigabit bandwidth, enabling reliable delivery of online courses and interactive modules to remote users. capabilities facilitate resource-intensive simulations by interconnecting computational assets across institutions, as seen in partnerships with initiatives like for shared processing power. Data repositories on the network provide centralized, shared access to datasets and publications, promoting efficient knowledge exchange without geographical barriers. In research facilitation, NKN supports through high-capacity links for bulk transfer, allowing institutions to handle large-scale datasets in fields like climate modeling and . Remote services enable virtual access to specialized , such as high-energy physics tools at facilities, reducing the need for physical relocation of researchers. Collaborative platforms, including e-Science portals, integrate with global networks like TEIN3 and , streamlining joint experiments and sharing among multidisciplinary teams. For education, NKN powers classrooms that link multiple campuses in synchronized sessions, enhancing consistency across regions. It provides seamless access to global (MOOCs) via international peering, broadening course offerings for Indian students. The network's robust also underpins digital libraries, ensuring low-latency retrieval of e-books, journals, and archival materials for scholarly work. NKN's impact is evident in its role in enabling numerous collaborative projects; by 2025, it connects over 1,800 institutions, including access to supercomputing resources through PARAM grids for advanced simulations. For instance, as of 2025, NKN has facilitated over 1 compute jobs and more than 1,500 research papers via 34 supercomputers under the National Supercomputing Mission. This connectivity has fostered a supporting thousands of researchers and educators in joint initiatives. Furthermore, NKN integrates with national programs like , delivering high-speed support for its online courses to millions of learners, and e-Yantra, facilitating networked training and competitions across colleges.

Sector-Specific Uses

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) has enabled tailored applications in healthcare by providing high-speed connectivity for telemedicine initiatives, connecting 150 government medical colleges to facilitate real-time consultations, , and collaborative . This infrastructure supports the National Medical College Network (NMCN), allowing seamless data sharing among institutions for specialized care and tracking, including during crises like COVID-19. In agriculture, NKN interconnects institutions under the (ICAR), promoting the exchange of scientific databases and remote access to research facilities for precision farming practices. This connectivity aids advisory systems by enabling collaborative in management and resource optimization across ICAR's network of centers. For governance, NKN serves as an ultra-high-speed backbone for platforms, integrating with the National Informatics Centre's (NIC) national and state-level data centers to support secure policy research and bulk data transfer. It enhances efficiency in connecting State Wide Area Networks (SWANs) and facilitates inter-departmental collaboration for administrative services. In science and environmental fields, NKN supports bioinformatics grids by linking research institutions for genomic and collaborative projects. It also enables modeling through connections to the (IMD) and Indian Space Research Organisation (), allowing for weather monitoring and environmental simulations. These sector-specific implementations have reduced research silos by fostering multi-institutional interactions.

Events and Outreach

Workshops and Conferences

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) organized annual workshops from 2012 to 2016 to facilitate knowledge sharing, technical discussions, and collaboration among academic and research institutions across . These events emphasized the role of high-speed networking in advancing and , with sessions on , collaborative tools, and . The inaugural NKN Annual Workshop was held from 31 October to 2 November 2012 at the in , jointly organized by the and . The event focused on building e-infrastructure for research and education, drawing participants from various institutions to explore NKN's foundational capabilities. The second annual workshop took place from 17 to 19 October 2013 at the in , under the theme "Enhancing Research Collaboration through NKN." It highlighted NKN's products and services for inter-institutional partnerships, including launches of new tools for knowledge sharing. The third workshop was hosted from 15 to 17 December 2014 at , jointly organized by and , with discussions on next-generation network applications for research. The fourth annual workshop occurred on 21-22 January 2016 at (JNTU Hyderabad), themed "NKN at the Core of Cyber Space." The event addressed NKN's integration into cybersecurity frameworks and digital ecosystems. In parallel, the GARUDA-NKN Partners Meet, focusing on partnerships between NKN and the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), was held annually from to 2016 in . These meetings, such as the edition at C-DAC Knowledge Park, emphasized effective utilization of grid resources over NKN for compute-intensive applications and shared case studies from the . NKN workshops and conferences typically lasted 2-3 days and included technical sessions, live demonstrations of network tools, and policy roundtables, attracting hundreds of researchers, educators, and policymakers. These gatherings strengthened inter-institutional ties and advanced NKN's objectives for dissemination. Following the , NKN events shifted to hybrid formats post-2020, though no annual workshops are documented after 2016.

Public Engagement Activities

The National Knowledge Network (NKN) conducted public engagement activities through its Public Lecture Series, designed to demonstrate the network's capabilities in diverse audiences and to highlight its contributions to access to across . These efforts targeted students, educators, and the broader public, emphasizing themes such as digital inclusion and to underscore NKN's role in national . The inaugural event in this series took place on January 23, 2013, at in , under the theme "Democratizing , justice, equality and the ." It featured prominent guest speakers, including professor , who delivered a talk on moral and justice issues in the , and Dr. Sam Pitroda, advisor to the on public and innovations. This lecture was broadcast live over the NKN, linking with 500 institutions of higher learning across the country through video conferencing, enabling real-time participation and interaction from remote locations. The format allowed for widespread virtual attendance, fostering discussions on how can bridge gaps in information access and promote societal equity. No subsequent events in the Public Lecture Series are documented after the 2013 inaugural.

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