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Novi Ligure

Novi Ligure is a (municipality) in the , within the region of northwestern , situated at an elevation of 197 meters above sea level and covering an area of 55.19 square kilometers. With a population of 27,449 as of the and an estimated 27,389 in 2025, it serves as a key transportation hub between and the , featuring , traditional earthen houses known as trunere, and painted palaces from Genoese noble families. Historically, Novi Ligure originated as Curtis Nova in the , evolving into a free commune by the before falling under Genoese rule in 1529; it gained prominence as a commercial center hosting international exchange fairs from 1621 to 1692 and was the site of the decisive Battle of Novi on August 15, 1799, where Austro-Russian forces under defeated the French army during the . The suffix "Ligure" was added to its name in 1863, reflecting its Ligurian influences, and post-1815 it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In modern times, Novi Ligure is renowned for its cycling heritage, as the hometown and honorary citizenship site of legendary cyclist , who worked there as a teenager and is commemorated at the Museo dei Campionissimi, Europe's largest cycling museum opened in 2003. The town also boasts a strong confectionery tradition, exemplified by Pernigotti, founded in 1860 and famous for gianduiotto chocolates made with Piedmontese hazelnuts. Its economy includes food processing, textiles, and light industry, supported by rail and road connections, while cultural landmarks such as the Collegiate Church of St. Mary of the Assumption (consecrated 1684) and the Romualdo Marenco Theater (opened 1839) highlight its artistic legacy.

Geography

Location and terrain

Novi Ligure is situated in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, within the province of Alessandria, approximately 45 km north of Genoa and serving as a key connection point between the Piedmont plains and the Ligurian territories. The municipality lies at the coordinates 44°45′42″N 08°47′26″E, with an elevation of 197 meters above sea level and a total area of 55.2 km². It is positioned about 24 km southeast of Alessandria and roughly 100 km southeast of Milan, placing it in close proximity to major urban centers and transportation networks. The town occupies a strategic in the Scrivia River valley, near the Ligurian Apennines, where the landscape transitions from the flat expanses of the to the rolling foothills of the Apennine range. This positioning has historically made Novi Ligure a vital crossroads for trade and travel routes linking with . The surrounding terrain features a hilly profile with gentle elevations, characterized by undulating hills that rise gradually from the river valley, fostering a mix of agricultural lands and natural corridors. These geographical features, including the Scrivia River's path and the proximity to the Apennine slopes, contribute to the area's role in regional connectivity, with the hilly terrain shaping both local pathways and scenic vistas.

Climate

Novi Ligure features a classified as Cfa under the Köppen system, marked by mild winters and warm, humid summers. The annual average temperature hovers between 13°C and 15°C, with recording an average high of 28.3°C (83°F) and January lows typically around 1°C (34°F). Annual amounts to approximately 945 mm, concentrated in autumn months, where sees an average of 156 mm; summers remain relatively dry with minimal rainfall. Winters often bring persistent due to the Po Valley's enclosed topography, which traps moisture and cool air, leading to hazy conditions from late fall through early spring. Summers occasionally experience thunderstorms, triggered by from the nearby Apennines. These patterns support local through consistent mild conditions ideal for grape ripening and aid confectionery production by minimizing weather disruptions during processing seasons. The surrounding hills provide partial shelter from northerly winds, further moderating temperature extremes.

History

Origins and medieval period

The origins of Novi Ligure trace back to Roman-era settlements in the Scrivia Valley, emerging from the gradual abandonment of the nearby ancient city of Libarna following barbarian invasions, as populations relocated to form new rural communities in the surrounding hills. The area's first documented mention occurs in 981 as part of lands donated by Emperor Otto II to the Monastery of San Salvatore in , with "Noue" referenced in a donation by , which laid the for its early medieval development as a cluster of nine monastic-founded settlements that evolved into a unified village around the year 1000. By 1157, Novi Ligure had emerged as a free , navigating a delicate balance of influences from the neighboring powers of , , and through strategic alliances, including a protective treaty with Genoa that committed the town to providing five soldiers annually while maintaining neutrality toward Pavia. This autonomy, however, proved short-lived amid regional conflicts; following the defeat of at the in 1176, Novi faced mounting pressures, culminating in its subjugation by in 1192, after which it oscillated between local diocesan control under and broader Milanese oversight. Medieval fortifications underscored Novi's strategic importance, with a castle and prominent tower constructed around 1233 under Tortona's auspices to bolster defenses, as recorded in the Chartarium Derthonense, enclosing the growing settlement and facilitating its role as a defensive in the Oltregiogo . Prominent noble families, such as the Genoese and Spinola, rose to influence, contributing to local governance and commissioning early palaces and churches that reflected the town's burgeoning communal identity amid feudal transitions. Economically, Novi Ligure flourished along medieval trade routes traversing the Appennines, linking the ports of to the plains of and serving as a vital conduit for goods exchange under Genoese commercial alliances established since 1135. This position spurred along trade routes, linking Ligurian ports to plains through Genoese alliances established since 1135.

Early modern and contemporary history

In the , Novi Ligure remained under the control of the , which dominated the Ligurian region through the 16th and 17th centuries as a key maritime power allied with , influencing local trade and governance. From 1621 to 1692, Novi hosted international exchange fairs, enhancing its status as a commercial hub under Genoese influence. By the 18th century, shifting alliances brought the area under the increasing influence of the , particularly after Genoa's weakening during the . The disrupted this stability, with French forces occupying the region in 1797 following the annexation of the . A pivotal event occurred during the with the Battle of Novi on August 15, 1799, where an Austro-Russian army under Field Marshal decisively defeated the Army of commanded by General , who was mortally wounded in the engagement; this victory marked a turning point in the by halting advances in . control persisted intermittently until Napoleon's defeat, after which the in 1815 restored Savoyard authority, annexing Novi Ligure and surrounding Ligurian territories to the Kingdom of Sardinia as part of the reconstituted Piedmont-Sardinian state. As part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Novi Ligure was integrated into the Risorgimento efforts leading to Italian unification in 1861 following the annexation of Lombardy and central Italian states. In the 20th century, brought significant disruptions to the region, with the area seeing partisan resistance activity as part of the broader Italian Campaign. Post-war reconstruction spurred industrialization in Novi Ligure, transforming it into a key junction for rail and road networks while developing sectors like and . In contemporary times, the city has navigated economic transitions in its industrial base.

Demographics and administration

Population trends

As of July 31, 2025, Novi Ligure's population stands at 27,426 residents, reflecting an overall gradual depopulation over the past decade from the 2021 census figure of 27,449, but with recent stabilization including a slight increase of approximately 74 residents (+0.27%) in 2024. This trend is driven by a negative natural balance and modest net migration outflows, though 2024 saw positive migration contributing to growth. The 2025 ISTAT census is currently underway (October-December 2025), expected to provide refined data. The population density stands at 497 inhabitants per square kilometer across the municipality's 55.19 km² area. Demographically, the residents are composed of 48.2% males and 51.8% females, with an aging profile marked by a age of approximately 47 years and an old-age of 38.6%. Historical migration patterns feature a significant post-World War II influx from to support industrial growth in the region, contributing to population peaks in the late . More recently, has directed outflows toward the nearby city of for employment opportunities. Foreign residents account for approximately 15% of the total as of late 2024, primarily from Eastern European countries like (23.4% of foreigners) and (16.9%), alongside communities from such as ; the foreign population increased by 234 in 2024 to 4,176. The local is Novese. Family structures are characterized by an average household size of 2.0 persons, encompassing 13,438 families.

Novi Ligure is a in the within the region of , functioning as the primary unit of local under the municipal system. It is governed by a directly elected (sindaco), who holds executive powers, and a city council (consiglio comunale) composed of 24 members elected every five years, responsible for legislative oversight and policy approval. The current operates from the municipal headquarters at Via Giacometti 22, coordinating with provincial and regional authorities on matters such as budgeting and public services. As of 2025, the is Rocchino Muliere, a 68-year-old member of the center-left coalition including the (Partito Democratico), elected on May 14, 2023, with 50.4% of the vote in a runoff. Muliere, who previously served as a regional councilor in from 2010 to 2023, continues to engage in regional networks, including advocacy for EU-funded infrastructure projects like the Terzo Valico line connecting to Novi Ligure, which received significant allocations from the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) to enhance regional connectivity. The city council, reflecting a coalition majority of 15 seats held by progressive groups alongside opposition from center-right parties like Fratelli d'Italia and Lega, focuses on balancing local priorities with broader . The comune is divided into 11 frazioni, or hamlets, including Barbellotta, Merella, Cascinotti Contardino, Cascinotti di Giacomo, Fornace Nuova, Località Quattrella, and Località San Bovo, which extend across the municipality's 55.2 square kilometers and support rural and semi-urban communities. These divisions receive such as public utilities—managed in partnership with regional providers for water, energy, and sanitation—and , primarily handled by ACOS S.p.A., a local multi-utility that oversees collection, transportation, and disposal of urban solid waste for Novi Ligure and 30 surrounding municipalities. The administration ensures equitable service delivery, with recent investments in sustainable waste practices aligned with environmental standards. In November 2025, the city council passed a unanimous resolution supporting workers at the former Ilva steel plant, urging to safeguard approximately 550 local jobs amid disruptions and economic pressures, highlighting ongoing tensions in and within the comune's governance framework.

Economy

Key industries

Novi Ligure's industrial sector is anchored in metal processing, particularly , with operating a key facility for cold-rolled and galvanized coated products. This plant processes semi-finished from other sites, serving automotive and markets, and remains a despite broader challenges in the industry. also includes niche producers like Garlando S.r.l., which specializes in high-quality table soccer tables and other leisure equipment from its 10,000-square-meter facility in the area. Smaller operations in textiles, such as Atecma S.r.l., contribute to the sector by producing felt and specialized articles, employing 20 to 49 workers. Food processing forms another vital pillar, led by the Elah-Dufour Novi group, which maintains a major plant in Novi Ligure dedicated to and production using premium and local hazelnuts. The facility supports brands like Novi, emphasizing sustainable sourcing without hydrogenated fats or , and recently expanded with a dedicated store in the city center. Additionally, Campari Group's production site in Novi Ligure employs over 300 people in bottling and operations, bolstering the area's non-agricultural . The services sector thrives on Novi Ligure's strategic position as a transport hub, intersected by the A7 motorway linking and , and the electrified - railway line. This infrastructure supports warehousing, distribution, and commerce, with ongoing enhancements like the Terzo Valico rail project improving freight connectivity to and . Local firms leverage these assets for services, facilitating efficient goods movement for regional industries. As of the 2011 census, 31.6% of the local workforce was employed in , while 66.1% worked in services, reflecting a balanced economic structure dominated by and tertiary activities. However, and sector-specific pressures pose challenges, including 2025 job concerns at the former Ilva (now ) facilities, where strikes and local council debates highlight uncertainties for hundreds of steel workers amid and redundancy risks. As of late 2024, a led by expressed intent to acquire the Novi Ligure plant as part of Acciaierie d'Italia's , with outcomes pending into 2025.

Agriculture and food production

Novi Ligure's agricultural landscape is shaped by its position in the Piedmontese hills and the Scrivia Valley, where the mild supports a variety of crops suited to the region's . Primary agricultural activities center on , with vineyards dedicated to the production of DOCG wines from the grape variety. The area encompasses approximately 1,000 hectares of vineyards across 11 municipalities, including Novi Ligure, contributing to the renowned white wines of the appellation. Olives are cultivated on a smaller scale in the surrounding hilly terrain, yielding extra virgin olive oil that reflects the Ligurian-Piedmont border influences, while grains such as are grown in the fertile Scrivia Valley plains. Livestock farming includes cattle for dairy production, supporting local cheese-making, and pigs raised for cured meats like coppa, , and testa in cassetta from the nearby Val Borbera, which has been recognized as a . Food production in Novi Ligure has deep roots in traditional , exemplified by the historic Pernigotti company, founded in 1860 as a specializing in sweets and later renowned for gianduiotti, , and other products. The city's confectionery heritage also features amaretti cookies, almond-based treats with a soft, chewy texture typical of the Piedmont-Liguria border region, and novese scallops—ring-shaped biscuits often incorporating local Gavi wine for a unique flavor profile. Local preserves, such as those made from seasonal fruits and legumes like the heirloom cece di Merella chickpeas, tie into the area's traditions, preserving the bounty of the valley's harvests. Sustainable practices have gained prominence in Novi Ligure's agriculture since the early 2000s, driven by the rise of and biodynamic farming methods. Farms like La Raia, a Demeter-certified biodynamic estate spanning 180 hectares with 50 hectares of vineyards, exemplify this shift, achieving in 2018 and emphasizing through integrated crop-livestock systems and natural pest management. These initiatives receive support from subsidies under the , which allocate funds for eco-friendly conversions and maintenance, fostering resilience in the face of climate challenges. Local market integration bolsters the agricultural economy, with weekly farmers' markets in Novi Ligure's historic center offering fresh produce, wines, and artisanal goods directly from regional growers. Exports, particularly of wines and olive oil, leverage the proximity to the , Italy's largest cargo hub, facilitating shipments to international markets and enhancing the area's global visibility.

Culture and heritage

Main sights

Novi Ligure boasts several notable historical and architectural landmarks that reflect its medieval origins and later influences. Among these, Palazzo Dellepiane stands as a prominent 17th-century noble residence in the heart of the historic center, originally tied to the influential Dellepiane family and later associated with industrialist Mariano Dellepiane. The palace features elegant frescoed interiors and surrounding gardens, exemplifying the Genoese aristocracy's impact on the town's development as a for wealthy families in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Pieve di Santa Maria, one of the town's oldest structures, is a Romanesque church constructed between the 12th and 13th centuries on the outskirts of the medieval settlement. It preserves medieval frescoes within its simple stone facade, though it underwent significant renovations in 1678 that altered some original elements. This pieve represents the early Christian heritage of the area, serving as a key example of pre-Renaissance religious architecture in . The (also known as ), a built in the 15th-16th centuries adjacent to walls, was created following the passage of the Campagnia dei Disciplinati and houses ornate altars with polychrome terracotta sculptures depicting a dramatic Lamentation over Christ. Its interior features a scenic group created by artists in the late , comprising 21 life-sized figures and two horses, underscoring the confraternity's role in popular devotion. Nearby, the Parrocchia di San Nicolò exemplifies late design, constructed at the end of the under Genoese architect Gio Antonio Ricca with an elliptical plan and terracotta facade. The church retains a pre-existing late Gothic with an octagonal spire, integrating medieval remnants into its otherwise opulent interior. The of St. Mary of the , consecrated in 1684, is a prominent church in the historic center featuring a richly decorated interior and serving as a central religious site. Dedicated to the town's heritage, the Museo dei Campionissimi occupies a renovated 3,000-square-meter industrial site and serves as Europe's largest museum, focusing on local champions like Costante Girardengo and . It houses an extensive collection of bicycles—from early 19th-century prototypes to modern racing models—alongside memorabilia, photographs, and interactive exhibits tracing the sport's evolution and cultural impact in Novi Ligure. The Romualdo Marenco Theater, opened in 1839, is a historic venue known for its and role in local .

Traditions and cuisine

Novi Ligure's traditions reflect its position as a cultural crossroads between and , blending noble Genoese influences with local Piedmontese customs. The town's historic noble palaces, such as Palazzo Negroni and Palazzo Durazzo, feature 17th-century frescoes that embody Genoese artistic traditions, often serving as backdrops for community events that celebrate this heritage. The local dialect, a variant of Piedmontese, incorporates subtle Ligurian elements due to the area's proximity to and historical trade ties, resulting in a linguistic hybrid that mirrors the region's blended identity. Annual festivals highlight these traditions, including the Festa della Trebbiatura, a three-day event in early July at the Merella locality that reenacts historical practices with machinery displays, , and communal meals, drawing locals to honor rural Piedmontese roots. The Teatro Romualdo Marenco hosts a vibrant theater season, with the 2025-2026 program titled "Un Palcoscenico, Infiniti Viaggi" featuring a mix of , , and concerts from November 2025 to May 2026, supported by Fondazione Piemonte dal Vivo. Modern initiatives like the 2024 Hunt for the Treasures of the Oltregiogo, held on June 15 in the historic center, promote through team-based scavenger hunts that explore local landmarks and . The cuisine of Novi Ligure embodies its hybrid Piedmont-Ligurian identity, with signature sweets like amaretti di Novi—crisp almond biscuits made from sweet almonds, egg whites, sugar, and a touch of bitter apricot kernels—earning De.co. (Denominazione Comunale) recognition for their artisanal preparation. Savory staples include , a Ligurian-style , and , often paired with local , reflecting Genoese maritime influences alongside hearty Piedmontese fare. Wine pairings typically feature robust reds and crisp whites from nearby vineyards, such as those at La Raia estate, which cultivate both varieties in calcareous-clay soils to complement these dishes. Events like Dolci Terre di Novi further showcase this gastronomic heritage through food and wine tastings that unite producers and artisans.

Sports

Cycling

Novi Ligure is renowned as the "City of Cycling Legends" for its deep ties to Italian cycling history, particularly through the birth of Costante Girardengo (1893–1978), the first great Italian cyclist who won the in 1919 and 1923, and the strong association with , the "Campionissimo" who became an honorary citizen and spent significant time in the area training and living. The town's legacy is celebrated annually through the Giro dell'Appennino, a prestigious one-day professional race that has frequently started from Novi Ligure in recent years, including the 2025 edition covering 198.5 km to . The infrastructure supporting includes extensive paths winding through the Apennine foothills, ideal for road and gravel routes that leverage the area's hilly terrain for training and tours. At the heart of this is the Museo dei Campionissimi, Europe's largest museum, housed in a renovated 3,000-square-meter industrial space and dedicated to the sport's evolution, with exhibits on Girardengo, Coppi, and over 100 years of artifacts like bicycles, jerseys, and trophies. Novi Ligure hosts major events such as the Stage 11, a 221 km flat route ending in the town as a tribute to Coppi's centenary, and the 2023 Giro-E Stage 11, an electric bike stage from Novi Ligure to nearby . Local youth development is fostered through initiatives like the Scuola di Ciclismo dei Campionissimi, offering training for children aged 8–11, and the Overall Tre Colli Cycling Team, a Novi Ligure-based club competing in national events. These events drive economic benefits by attracting cyclists and tourists, boosting the local hospitality sector through increased stays, dining, and visits tied to the d'Italia's overall €2.1 billion national impact in 2024, with stages like those in Novi Ligure contributing to regional growth.

Other sports

Football is a prominent sport in Novi Ligure, with the local club Unione Sportiva Dilettantistica Novese (USD Novese), founded in 1919, competing in Serie D Girone A. The team plays its home matches at the Stadio Costante Girardengo, a municipal facility built in 1966 with a capacity of 3,500 spectators, which also supports the club's extensive youth academy programs including categories from Piccoli Amici to Juniores. These initiatives emphasize grassroots development, with over a dozen youth teams participating in regional competitions and focusing on skill-building and community engagement. Beyond , Novi Ligure offers diverse athletic facilities supporting , , , , and , often hosting regional events that draw participants from . The Atletica Novese club, established in 1972 and affiliated with the Italian Athletics Federation (FIDAL), utilizes the six-lane synthetic track at Stadio Girardengo for training and competitions in disciplines such as sprints, jumps, and . is facilitated through the A.S.D. Pallacanestro Novi 1980, which runs youth and adult programs at local gyms including outdoor courts like Campetto Zona G3 and indoor venues. Swimming activities are centered at the Piscina Aquarium, featuring both indoor and outdoor pools that host lessons, aquagym sessions, and competitive meets for all ages. thrives via A.S. Novi Pallavolo, which competes in Serie C and organizes tournaments at the , a multi-purpose arena in Viale Pinan Cichero accommodating up to several hundred spectators. enthusiasts access four red-clay courts at Nuovo Circolo Ilva, where regional matches and clinics promote the sport among residents. Community involvement in sports is strong, with facilities like the serving as hubs for various events and the annual La Dieci d'Autunno 10 km road race, organized by Atletica Novese since 2023, attracting hundreds of runners along urban and scenic routes near the Apennine foothills. This event fosters local participation and ties into broader opportunities in the surrounding Piedmontese landscape. Post-2020 developments include municipal investments exceeding €500,000 for facility upgrades, such as planned repaving of the athletics track at Stadio Girardengo in 2026 and renovations to the to enhance . These efforts, supported by regional funds and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), prioritize inclusive sports programs for diverse demographics, including youth, seniors, and individuals with disabilities, including a €300,000 PNRR grant in 2025 for the Museo dei Campionissimi's "Campionissimi Experience" to promote social inclusion through enhanced and cultural .

Notable people

Figures in arts and music

Romualdo Marenco (1841–1907), born in Novi Ligure, was an Italian composer celebrated for his contributions to ballet music, operettas, and marches. He began his career as a violinist and orchestral musician in local theaters, including the Teatro Carlo Alberto in Novi Ligure, before gaining prominence in Milan at La Scala, where he served as concertmaster and composed works blending dramatic and light genres. Among his notable operettas is Lorenzino de’ Medici (1874), while marches like Marcia dei ginnasti (1906) reflect his versatility in festive and ceremonial compositions. The Teatro Romualdo Marenco in Novi Ligure honors his legacy through ongoing performances and an international composition competition named after him. Paolo Giacometti (1841–1892), born in Novi Ligure, was an Italian dramatist who achieved success with plays like La Dama delle Camelie adaptation and other works staged in and beyond. The Delle Piane family, a historic Genoese noble lineage with ties to Novi Ligure since the medieval period, acted as patrons of the arts by commissioning architectural and decorative works. Their Palazzo Delle Piane, located in the town's central piazza, features 19th-century frescoes imitating stone and marble, exemplifying their support for local artistic embellishment of noble residences. In contemporary times, Novi Ligure's arts scene includes artists engaged in fresco restoration and theater production, preserving the town's . Restoration efforts have focused on historic sites like Palazzo Brignole, involving techniques for contemporary wall paintings and traditional . Theater production at the renovated Teatro Marenco features modern works by local and regional creators, alongside exhibitions of contemporary painting that highlight evolving artistic traditions.

Athletes and professionals

Costante Girardengo (1893–1978), born in Novi Ligure, was a pioneering professional cyclist who turned pro in 1913 and became Italy's first winner of the in 1919, securing eight of the ten stages in that edition. He repeated as Giro champion in 1923, winning seven stages, and claimed a record six titles between 1918 and 1928, earning the moniker "Campionissimo." Girardengo's career included over 100 victories, solidifying his status as an icon of early 20th-century Italian cycling. Novi Ligure has produced other notable cyclists, including the nearby-born Luigi Giacobbe (1907–1995), who lived and died in the town; he was a professional from 1926 to 1937 who competed in multiple d'Italia. The town's hilly terrain served as key training grounds for (1919–1960), who moved there as a teenager in 1932 to work and began his cycling career under local coach Biagio Cavanna; Coppi later won five d'Italia and two titles. Modern professionals have emerged from Novi Ligure's cycling academies, such as those linked to the historic Velodromo Girardengo, fostering talents who compete in regional and national races. Beyond sports, Novi Ligure is home to influential professionals in industry and politics. The confectionery firm Pernigotti was founded in 1860 by Stefano Pernigotti, who opened a grocery specializing in sweets that evolved into a renowned producer of torrone and chocolate, becoming a cornerstone of Piedmontese food heritage. In politics, Nicola Pavese (1808–1894), born in Novi Ligure, served as a senator in the Kingdom of from 1862 until his death, contributing to post-unification governance. Enrico Bovone (1922–1998), born in Novi Ligure, was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal who served in the , including as secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith from 1994 to 1998. The town's athletic legacy is commemorated through landmarks like the Stadio Costante Girardengo, a multi-sport venue named for the cyclist, and a monument at Piano delle Cinquemiglia honoring his 1921 Giro stage victory there. The Museo dei Campionissimi in Novi Ligure features exhibits on Girardengo and Coppi, including bicycles and trophies, while annual awards and events recognize ongoing contributions from local athletes.

International relations

Twin towns

Novi Ligure has established twin town partnerships with international municipalities to encourage cross-border cooperation and mutual understanding. A confirmed partnership is with Sorbiers in , formalized in 2008. The partnerships serve broader purposes of fostering , and exchanges, and business ties between the communities. Annual joint events, such as cultural festivals and exchange programs, help strengthen these connections by facilitating direct interactions among residents. Following the in 2020, the twin towns have adapted to include virtual collaborations for ongoing dialogue and shared projects. These agreements form part of Italy's extensive municipal twinning network, which supports integration by building grassroots relationships across borders and promoting shared values of and .

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