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Old World

The Old World is a historical and geographical term referring to the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, which were the primary regions known to Europeans prior to the Age of Exploration.^[1] This designation contrasts with the "New World," encompassing North America, Central America, and South America, which were encountered by European explorers starting in 1492.^[1] The term "Old World" emerged in the early 16th century as Europeans grappled with the implications of transatlantic voyages, distinguishing the familiar Afro-Eurasian landmass from the newly discovered Americas.^[1] Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci first alluded to this distinction in a 1503 letter describing his voyages, while historian Peter Martyr d'Anghiera formalized it in his 1511 work De Orbe Novo (On the New World), which highlighted the Americas as a separate orb from the established world of Europe, Asia, and Africa.^[1] Rooted in classical Greek and Roman geography—where the inhabited world (oikoumene) was divided into three continents surrounding the Mediterranean Sea—the concept evolved to reflect expanding global knowledge.^[2] Beyond geography, the Old World holds profound historical significance as the cradle of major ancient civilizations, including those in Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, the Indus Valley, and the Mediterranean basin, which laid foundations for agriculture, writing, and urban societies.^[3] It also serves as a biogeographical division, delineating distinct ecosystems and species distributions: for instance, Old World crops like wheat, barley, and rice contrast with New World staples such as maize and potatoes, influencing global exchanges during the Columbian Exchange.^[1] Today, the term persists in fields like archaeology,^[4] ecology, and viticulture (e.g., Old World vs. New World wine regions), underscoring enduring cultural and scientific legacies.^[1]

Definition and Etymology

Core Concept

The Old World refers to the combined landmasses of the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively known as Afro-Eurasia, which exclude the Americas, Oceania, and Antarctica.^[5] This vast region forms the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, encompassing approximately 84 million square kilometers of land area.^[6] The concept of the Old World emerged as part of a binary dichotomy with the New World, a distinction rooted in the European perspective during the Age of Exploration, when the Americas were encountered and contrasted with the previously known territories of Europe, Africa, and Asia.^[5] This framework highlighted the Old World as the familiar domain of European knowledge and interaction prior to transoceanic voyages in the late 15th century, framing global geography through a lens of discovery and expansion from Europe.^[7]

Historical Origins of the Term

The concept of the "Old World" traces its origins to ancient Greek and Roman understandings of the inhabited earth, long before the specific term emerged in modern usage. In ancient Greece, the term oikoumene (οἰκουμένη), meaning "the inhabited [earth]," denoted the known world populated by Greek civilization and its neighbors, primarily encompassing Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa.^[8] Derived from oikos ("household"), oikoumene emphasized a unified, civilized domain in contrast to uninhabited or mythical regions beyond. The Romans translated and adapted this as orbis terrarum, literally "circle of the lands," referring to the spherical or circular extent of the known world as described in works by authors like Cicero and Pliny the Elder.^[9] Early historical divisions of this known world appear in classical texts, such as those of Herodotus in the 5th century BCE. In his Histories, Herodotus partitioned the oikoumene into three major landmasses—Europe, Asia, and Libya (the ancient Greek term for Africa)—separated by bodies of water like the Mediterranean, Nile, and Tanais (Don) River.^[10] He critiqued earlier maps for treating these divisions as equal, noting Asia's vastness and Europe's relative compactness, thus establishing a foundational tripartite framework that influenced subsequent geography.^[11] During the medieval period, European cartography further developed this concept through T-O mappa mundi, schematic world maps shaped like a T inscribed in an O, symbolizing the known world enclosed by the ocean (Oceanus). These maps, produced from the 7th to 13th centuries, centered Europe, Asia, and Africa around Jerusalem, with the T formed by the Mediterranean, Nile, and Don Rivers dividing the continents.^[12] Examples include the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon maps and the 13th-century Hereford Mappa Mundi, which reinforced the orbis terrarum as a divinely ordered, complete cosmos.^[13] The modern term "Old World" formalized in the early 16th century as a retrospective label for Afro-Eurasia, contrasting with the "New World" of the Americas. Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci introduced "Mundus Novus" in letters from his 1501–1502 voyages, published in 1503, arguing that the western lands constituted a distinct fourth continent beyond the traditional oikoumene.^[14] This distinction gained further traction through historian Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's 1511 work De Orbe Novo (On the New World), which formalized the Americas as a separate orb from the established world of Europe, Asia, and Africa.^[1] "Old World" appeared in English geographical contexts by the 1590s to denote the pre-Columbian known world.^[15]

Geographical Scope

Included Regions

The Old World geographically comprises the full extents of the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively known as Afro-Eurasia, forming the largest contiguous landmass on Earth. This classification stems from historical and biogeographical perspectives that emphasize their interconnected ecosystems and human histories prior to European awareness of the Americas.^[16] Africa is included in its entirety, encompassing both Northern Africa—stretching from the Mediterranean coast southward to the Sahara Desert—and Sub-Saharan Africa, which includes diverse zones south of the desert such as Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Southern Africa, and Western Africa. Madagascar, located off the southeastern coast of the continent, is integrated as part of Africa due to its biogeographical ties and historical connectivity through Indian Ocean trade networks with East African and Arabian regions.^[17]^[18] Europe extends fully from the Atlantic Ocean to its eastern boundaries, divided into Western Europe (including countries like France, Germany, and the United Kingdom) and Eastern Europe (encompassing nations such as Poland, Russia west of the Urals, and Ukraine). The Ural Mountains in Russia serve as the conventional physiographic divide between Europe and Asia, a demarcation established in geographical science over centuries to separate the two continental portions despite their physical continuity.^[17]^[19] Asia is incorporated wholly, from the Ural Mountains eastward to the Pacific, including island nations like Japan in East Asia and the western portions of Indonesia in Southeast Asia. Subregions include the Middle East (often termed Western Asia, covering the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding areas), South Asia (such as India and Pakistan), East Asia (including China, Japan, and Korea), and Southeast Asia (encompassing mainland and archipelagic areas west of the Wallace Line). The Arabian Peninsula is a core component of the Middle East, linked historically through trade and migration routes that connected it to Africa and the broader Asian mainland. The Wallace Line, a biogeographical boundary running through Indonesia between Bali and Lombok and northward to Borneo and Sulawesi, delineates the western extent of Asia's inclusion by separating Old World (Asian) fauna from Australasian species, thus classifying islands west of this line—such as Sumatra, Java, and Borneo—as part of the Old World.^[17]^[18]^[20]

Defining Boundaries

The Old World, encompassing the contiguous landmass of Afro-Eurasia, is primarily defined by its natural oceanic boundaries, which historically isolated it from other major continental regions known to pre-modern Europeans. To the west, the Atlantic Ocean forms a formidable barrier separating Europe from the Americas, while the Arctic Ocean marks the northern limit, extending from the northern shores of Europe and Asia. In the east, the Pacific Ocean bounds Asia, though with nuances due to the proximity of the Bering Strait to North America, and the Indian Ocean delineates the southern extent across Africa and southern Asia. These marine frontiers not only shaped early human navigation but also reinforced the conceptual separation of the Old World from the "New World" following European explorations in the late 15th century.^[21]^[22] Arbitrary geographical divides further delineate the Old World's internal and external limits, often based on narrow land or water features that facilitated or hindered connectivity. The Bering Strait, a roughly 53-mile-wide waterway between eastern Siberia and Alaska, serves as the critical separation between Asia and North America, preventing routine overland or maritime exchange until modern times despite ancient human migrations across a now-submerged land bridge during the last Ice Age. Similarly, the Suez Canal and the adjacent Sinai Peninsula represent the conventional boundary between Africa and Asia, with the canal—completed in 1869—artificially linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas while underscoring the isthmus's role as a historical crossroads for Afro-Eurasian interactions. These features highlight how the Old World's boundaries blend natural geography with human-engineered modifications.^[23]^[24] A key exclusion from the Old World is the region of Australasia, demarcated by the biogeographical Wallace Line, established in the 19th century by naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace to explain stark faunal differences between Asian and Australian ecosystems. This imaginary line, running through Indonesia from the Lombok Strait to the Makassar Strait, separates the Oriental zoogeographic region (aligned with the Old World) from the Australasian, based on deep-water barriers that limited species dispersal over millions of years. The criteria for Old World inclusion emphasize historical human migration patterns—originating from Africa and spreading across Eurasia via land routes—and the extent of pre-15th century European knowledge, which encompassed Europe, Asia, and Africa but excluded isolated regions like Australia until later voyages. This framework prioritizes interconnected landmasses and cultural spheres familiar to ancient and medieval Eurasian civilizations.^[25]^[26]^[1]

Historical Context

Pre-Colonial Usage

In ancient Chinese cosmology, the concept of tianxia ("all under heaven") represented a holistic worldview that encompassed the known civilized world, primarily centered on East Asia but extending to tributary states and nomadic regions through cultural and political influence under the Mandate of Heaven. This pre-modern framework, dating back to the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE) and elaborated in classical texts like the Zuo Zhuan, viewed the world as a hierarchical yet interconnected order governed by moral and ritual authority from the Chinese imperial center, without a rigid separation between core and peripheral lands.^[27] These non-European cosmologies illustrate parallel conceptions of a unified known world within Afro-Eurasia, predating the European "Old World" terminology. Similarly, in Hindu cosmology, Jambudvipa (the "Rose-Apple Island") served as the central terrestrial continent in Puranic literature, such as the Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana (composed between the 4th and 10th centuries CE), symbolizing the known inhabitable world that included the Indian subcontinent as its heartland surrounded by concentric oceans and mountains. This mythical geography emphasized a unified cosmic structure where human civilization flourished under divine order, integrating diverse regions like the Himalayas and the Ganges plain into a singular, sacred domain.^[28] Ancient Egyptian and later Islamic perspectives further illustrated Afro-Eurasia's interconnectedness, with trade networks fostering a shared sense of the known world long before European expansion. In Egyptian cosmology from the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE), the world was envisioned as the Nile Valley extending northward to the Mediterranean and southward into Nubia, connected through maritime and overland routes to Levantine and Mesopotamian cultures, as evidenced by artifacts from sites like Byblos and Punt.^[29] By the Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th centuries CE), scholars and traders under the Abbasid Caliphate perceived Dar al-Islam as a vast, unified realm spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia, facilitated by the Silk Road's exchange of goods, knowledge, and ideas, which blurred boundaries across Afro-Eurasia.^[30] The Roman Empire's orbis terrarum ("circle of the lands") by the 1st century CE exemplified this integrative view, portraying the Mediterranean basin, Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia as a cohesive inhabited world under imperial administration, as mapped by Agrippa around 20 CE and later refined in Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century CE). This conceptualization, displayed in public spaces like the Porticus Vipsania in Rome, emphasized internal connectivity via roads and seas rather than external unknowns.^[31] Prior to 1492, these diverse worldviews lacked a strict "New World" contrast, as the Americas remained beyond the scope of Afro-Eurasian knowledge, with emphasis instead on internal divisions such as civilized/barbarian or sacred/profane within the perceived global order.^[32]

Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration, spanning the 15th to 18th centuries, marked a pivotal era in which European maritime voyages expanded geographical knowledge and solidified the conceptual divide between the Old World—encompassing Europe, Asia, and Africa—and the newly discovered lands of the Americas and beyond. Driven by ambitions for trade routes to Asia, wealth accumulation, and religious propagation, these expeditions transformed global perceptions, shifting Europe from a peripheral actor in ancient trade networks to the center of an emerging world system. Portuguese and Spanish navigators led the charge, leveraging advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, and astronomy to venture into uncharted waters.^[33]^[34] Key events underscored this transformation. Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage, sponsored by Spain, aimed to reach Asia westward but instead encountered the Caribbean islands, initiating sustained European contact with the Americas and prompting the initial application of "New World" to these territories to distinguish them from the known Old World.^[35] Following this, Vasco da Gama's 1498 expedition successfully navigated around the Cape of Good Hope to establish a direct sea route from Europe to India, enhancing Portuguese dominance in Asian trade and reinforcing the Old World's interconnected economic sphere without venturing into the western hemisphere.^[36] Ferdinand Magellan's 1519–1522 circumnavigation, though he perished en route, confirmed the Earth's spherical shape through practical demonstration and revealed the vastness of the Pacific Ocean, further delineating the Old World's boundaries by confirming the separation of eastern and western routes.^[37]^[38]^[39] Cartographic innovations played a crucial role in embedding Old World centrality. Gerardus Mercator's 1569 projection, designed for navigational accuracy by preserving angles, inadvertently enlarged high-latitude regions like Europe and Greenland relative to equatorial lands, visually prioritizing the Old World in global representations and influencing subsequent maps used by explorers.^[40] This era's geopolitical framework was formalized by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, mediated by Pope Alexander VI, which drew a line of demarcation 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, allocating undiscovered territories east of it to Portugal and west to Spain, thereby excluding the Old World from division while partitioning the rest of the globe.^[41]^[42] These voyages catalyzed a terminological evolution, moving from Columbus's misnomer of the Americas as the "Indies"—an extension of Asian lands—to their recognition as a distinct continent by the early 16th century, as evidenced by cartographers like Martin Waldseemüller naming it "America" in 1507 to reflect Amerigo Vespucci's accounts of its separation from Asia.^[43] This shift encapsulated the broader intellectual reconfiguration of world geography, emphasizing the Old World's historical continuity against the novelty of the New.^[35]

Modern Interpretations

In the 19th century, amid the peak of European imperialism, British and French imperial ideologies framed the Old World—primarily Europe—as the civilized core embodying advanced governance, culture, and technology, in stark contrast to colonial peripheries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas viewed as backward regions requiring tutelage and exploitation. British discourse, for instance, emphasized migration from the "old" world to the "new" as a mechanism for extending European superiority and economic dominance, reinforcing hierarchies where the metropole dictated terms to distant territories. Similarly, French imperial thought positioned Europe as the vanguard of republican progress, justifying expansions in North Africa and Indochina as civilizing missions that elevated peripheral societies under Old World guidance.^[44]^[45] The 20th-century decolonization movements, particularly post-1945 in Africa and Asia, marked a profound shift in the Old World concept, as newly independent nations challenged its Eurocentric connotations and reframed global relations toward equality rather than hierarchy. Independence struggles, fueled by anti-colonial networks spanning empires, diminished the Old World's perceived centrality, transforming it from a symbol of imperial authority to one critiqued in discourses of sovereignty and self-determination. This evolution was evident in the erosion of imperial ties, where terminology once denoting European primacy gave way to narratives emphasizing multipolar world orders amid the Cold War.^[46]^[44] The formation of the United Nations in 1945 exemplified this transitional role, with Old World nations such as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, China, India, and numerous European and African states among the 51 founding members whose ratification brought the Charter into force, positioning them as foundational architects of the postwar international system.^[47] In contemporary academic debates, the Old World concept faces sharp critiques for perpetuating Eurocentrism in global history narratives, where European experiences are often universalized as the norm, marginalizing non-Western contributions and linear progress models tied to imperialism. Scholars argue that such framings, rooted in 19th-century historiographical biases, impose Western categories like nationhood and modernity on diverse global trajectories, obscuring connected histories and subaltern perspectives. These critiques advocate for de-centered approaches that provincialize Europe within broader Old World dynamics, highlighting how Eurocentric lenses distort understandings of interconnected intellectual and political developments.^[48]^[49]

Cultural and Biological Impact

Biological Exchanges

The Columbian Exchange, initiated by European voyages after 1492, facilitated the widespread transfer of plants, animals, and pathogens between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (the Americas), profoundly altering ecosystems on both sides. Among the key introductions from the Old World to the Americas were staple crops such as wheat, rice, and sugarcane, which were cultivated extensively in colonial plantations and integrated into indigenous agricultural systems, often displacing native varieties. Similarly, domesticated animals including horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep were brought to the New World, where they proliferated rapidly; horses, for instance, transformed transportation and warfare among indigenous groups, while cattle supported emerging ranching economies. These transfers not only boosted European colonial productivity but also reshaped landscapes through grazing and monoculture farming.^[50]^[33]^[51] The most devastating aspect of these exchanges involved the introduction of Old World diseases to immunologically vulnerable New World populations. Pathogens such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus, carried inadvertently by Europeans, spread rapidly through dense indigenous communities lacking prior exposure or herd immunity. These epidemics caused catastrophic mortality, with estimates indicating a 90% decline in Native American populations across the Americas between 1492 and 1600, totaling tens of millions of deaths and facilitating European conquest and settlement. This depopulation, known as the "Great Dying," also triggered widespread reforestation in the Americas, contributing to a temporary global cooling of about 0.15°C in the 16th-17th centuries due to carbon sequestration. Smallpox alone halved populations in regions like Mexico within decades of contact, underscoring the biological asymmetry of the exchange.^[52]^[53]^[54] In the reverse direction, New World crops like the potato and maize profoundly influenced Old World agriculture and demographics by the 18th century. Originating from the Andes and Mesoamerica, respectively, potatoes provided high caloric yields in poor soils across Europe, contributing to population growth and urbanization; their adoption is credited with sustaining up to 25% of Europe's population increase from 1700 to 1900. Maize, adaptable to diverse climates, revolutionized farming in southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, enhancing food security and enabling surplus production that supported industrializing economies. These crops diversified Old World diets and agricultural practices, reducing famine risks in regions previously reliant on grains like wheat.^[50]^[51] Over the long term, the Columbian Exchange promoted genetic diversification in Old World ecosystems through the integration of New World species, fostering hybrid varieties and broader biodiversity in farmlands and wild areas. This influx of genetic material not only enriched Old World flora but also laid the groundwork for modern crop breeding, though it sometimes led to invasive species challenges.^[50]

Cultural Exchanges

The cultural exchanges initiated by European contact with the Americas after 1492 involved profound transfers of technologies, ideas, religions, languages, and social structures, reshaping societies on both sides of the Atlantic and Pacific. These interactions, often facilitated by colonial trade routes and missionary efforts, integrated indigenous knowledge with Old World traditions, fostering hybrid cultures while imposing asymmetrical power dynamics. Unlike biological exchanges, which centered on plants, animals, and diseases, cultural transfers emphasized intangible elements such as innovations and institutions that influenced daily life, governance, and worldview. Technological diffusion flowed bidirectionally, with Europeans introducing iron and steel implements—essential for agriculture and warfare—along with the wheel for wheeled vehicles, technologies not utilized for practical transport in pre-Columbian Americas due to terrain and lack of draft animals. This transfer accelerated colonial infrastructure development, enabling efficient mining and farming operations in regions like Mexico and Peru. In the opposite direction, New World exports like cacao (for chocolate) and tobacco profoundly impacted Old World economies; by the late 16th century, tobacco had become a staple commodity in Europe, used as currency in colonial Virginia (valued at 3 shillings per pound in 1619) and driving global trade networks, while chocolate's adoption in Spain by 1590 spurred cultivation and consumption patterns that boosted demand for tropical goods across the continent. These innovations not only diversified European diets and habits but also generated significant revenue through taxation and monopolies. Religious propagation formed a cornerstone of these exchanges, as Christianity, particularly Catholicism, spread from the Old World to indigenous American populations through missionary orders and colonial policies. The 1493 papal bull Inter Caetera, known as the Doctrine of Discovery, explicitly authorized Spain to claim non-Christian lands and convert their inhabitants, appointing learned missionaries to instruct natives in the faith and integrate them into Christian society. This led to the establishment of missions across Latin America, blending European rituals with local customs. Linguistically, the influx of indigenous terms enriched colonial languages; Spanish, as the dominant Old World tongue in the Andes, incorporated numerous Quechua loanwords post-conquest, particularly for flora, fauna, and toponyms (e.g., papa for potato, llama for the animal), reflecting the necessity of adapting to New World environments and embedding native concepts into everyday vocabulary in rural Andean varieties. The Manila galleon trade, operating from 1565 to 1815, exemplified trans-Pacific cultural linkages by connecting Asian ports (via the Philippines) with Acapulco in New Spain, transporting Chinese silks, porcelains, and spices to the Americas in exchange for silver. This route not only disseminated Asian artistic motifs—evident in Mexican ceramics mimicking Chinese blue-and-white porcelain and Guatemalan sculptures incorporating silk-inspired designs—but also fostered multicultural artisan communities in Mexico, where indigenous, European, and Asian influences merged in crafts like ivory carving. Socially, these exchanges extended to labor systems, where enslavement practices in the Americas built on Old World Iberian precedents of coerced, hereditary bondage for non-Christians, evolving into rigid, race-based plantation regimes in the Caribbean and North America by the late 17th century, with slave codes modeled on earlier colonial models to enforce perpetual servitude.

Contemporary Relevance

In Science and Ecology

In biogeography, the Old World serves as a fundamental division contrasting with the New World realms, particularly the Nearctic (North America) and Neotropical (Central and South America) regions, as outlined in Alfred Russel Wallace's foundational system of zoogeographical classification. This framework emphasizes the Old World's distinct faunal and floral assemblages, resulting from long-term isolation and shared geological histories across Afro-Eurasia and associated islands, separate from the Americas' evolutionary trajectories.^[55] Modern refinements, such as Miklos Udvardy's 1975 IUCN classification, subdivide the Old World into realms like the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Oceanian, each characterized by unique biotic exchanges and endemism patterns that underscore their collective divergence from New World biota.^[16] Genetic research further illustrates the Old World's centrality in human evolutionary history, with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses confirming modern humans' origins in Africa and a major migration event out of the continent approximately 60,000–70,000 years ago. This "Out of Africa" dispersal, traced through non-African mtDNA lineages coalescing to a common African ancestor, populated the rest of the Old World, including Eurasia and Australasia, and reflects adaptations to diverse Old World environments.^[56] Subsequent genomic studies reinforce this timeline, showing limited earlier dispersals but a primary wave around 70,000 years ago that established global human diversity rooted in Old World populations.^[57] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) incorporates Old World biogeographic distinctions into its Red List assessments, categorizing species within specific realms to account for their unique evolutionary histories and conservation needs. For instance, Old World taxa in the Afrotropical or Palearctic realms are evaluated separately from New World counterparts due to differing threats and phylogenetic isolation, enabling targeted regional priorities that preserve lineage-specific biodiversity.^[16] This approach highlights how evolutionary divergence—such as Gondwanan legacies in Old World primates or avifauna—necessitates realm-based strategies to mitigate extinction risks. Contemporary ecological studies underscore the Old World's vulnerability to climate change, particularly in Afro-Eurasian biodiversity hotspots like the Mediterranean Basin, Caucasus, and Eastern Afromontane regions, where shifting temperatures and precipitation are projected to reduce suitable habitats for up to 80% of assessed species. These hotspots, encompassing ancient lineages adapted to stable Pleistocene climates, face amplified risks from habitat fragmentation and range contractions, with models predicting significant biodiversity loss under 1.5–2°C warming scenarios.^[58] In the Afro-Arabian zone, for example, climate-driven aridity could lead to ecosystem collapse for endemic flora and fauna, emphasizing the need for adaptive conservation across the Old World's interconnected bioregions.^[59]

In Global Discourse

In contemporary international relations and economics, the Old World—comprising Europe, Asia, and Africa—continues to exert significant influence, with its nations accounting for approximately 60% of global nominal GDP in 2023 (updated estimates for 2024 show a similar share around 62%).^[60] This economic dominance is exemplified by major players such as the European Union, with a GDP of about $18.35 trillion in 2023 (projected $19 trillion in 2024), China at $17.7 trillion ($18.5 trillion projected for 2024), and India at $3.73 trillion ($4.1 trillion projected for 2024), highlighting the region's outsized role in driving worldwide production and trade.^[61] These figures underscore how historical centers of commerce and innovation in the Old World sustain modern global supply chains and financial systems. Political alliances further reflect this weighting, as seen in the composition of the G20, the primary forum for coordinating international economic policy, where 13 of the 19 country members are situated in the Old World, alongside the European Union and the African Union (added as a full member in 2023) as collective participants.^[62] This structure ensures that discussions on global challenges, from climate change to financial stability, are predominantly shaped by Old World perspectives and interests. A notable initiative illustrating this interconnectedness is China's Belt and Road Initiative, launched in 2013, which revives ancient Silk Road trade routes by investing in infrastructure across more than 150 countries, primarily in Asia, Europe, and Africa, to enhance economic ties and regional development.^[63] Culturally, the Old World occupies a central place in global narratives, often portrayed in Western media as the cradle of human achievement and epic history. Hollywood productions, such as Gladiator (2000) and Kingdom of Heaven (2005), frequently romanticize ancient and medieval Old World settings—drawing from Roman, Crusader, and other European legacies—to emphasize themes of empire, conflict, and heroism, thereby reinforcing its status as the foundational epicenter of Western civilization in popular imagination.^[64] These depictions, while sometimes dramatized, contribute to a broader discourse that positions the Old World as a reference point for understanding contemporary geopolitical dynamics.

Alternative Designations

Common Synonyms

The Old World, referring to the landmasses of Africa, Europe, and Asia known to Europeans before the Age of Exploration, is frequently denoted by several synonyms in geographical, historical, and educational contexts. A primary synonym is Afro-Eurasia, a term that underscores the physical and historical connectivity of these continents as a single vast landmass, often contrasted with the "New World" of the Americas. This designation is commonly employed in academic and geographical analyses to facilitate discussions of transcontinental interactions, such as trade routes and cultural exchanges spanning the region.^[65] Another widely used synonym is Eurasia, which encompasses Europe and Asia as a combined supercontinent. This term appears in contexts emphasizing Eurasian land connections, though it typically excludes Africa, leading to a narrower scope than Afro-Eurasia.^[66] The Eastern Hemisphere serves as a further synonym, denoting the half of Earth east of the prime meridian and encompassing Afro-Eurasia along with parts of Oceania, and is particularly utilized in global geography to distinguish pre-Columbian known lands from the Western Hemisphere.^[67] The Latin term Mundus Vetus (Old World) is the classical antecedent, referring to the known inhabited world of Europe, Asia, and Africa. In more informal or Europe-centric usages, the Old Continent is a casual synonym often applied specifically to Europe, evoking its ancient historical and cultural legacy within the broader Old World framework. This phrase is prevalent in European discourse to highlight the continent's longstanding role as the cradle of Western civilization.^[68] These synonyms differ in their inclusivity: for instance, Eurasia omits Africa to focus on the Euro-Asian expanse, whereas Afro-Eurasia and the Eastern Hemisphere incorporate it to better represent the unified ecological and human geography of the pre-1492 world.^[66]

Regional and Linguistic Variations

The concept of the Old World manifests in diverse linguistic forms across Europe, Asia, and Africa, reflecting local historical and cultural emphases. In French, particularly within viticulture, "Vieux Monde" denotes the traditional wine-producing regions of Europe, contrasting with New World innovations in viticulture and winemaking practices. This usage underscores the historical depth of European terroirs and techniques, as explored in studies of global wine landscapes. Similarly, in Arabic, "Al-ʿĀlam al-Qadīm" translates to "the ancient world," often evoking the cradle of early civilizations in the Afro-Eurasian expanse, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley, where foundational human advancements in agriculture, writing, and governance originated. Regional adaptations further highlight Eurasian perspectives on the Old World. In Russian, "Старый Свет" (Starý Svet) emphasizes the continuity of Eurasian landmasses, aligning with geopolitical views that position Russia as a bridge between Europe and Asia, integral to the historical narrative of continental unity and expansion. This term appears in scholarly discussions of cultural dichotomies between Old and New Worlds, reinforcing Eurasia's role as the historical core. In Hindi, "Purana Vishwa" connects to ancient Indian history, invoking the subcontinent's Vedic and Indus Valley legacies as part of a broader tapestry of enduring civilizations that predated colonial encounters with the Americas. A specific example from East Asia illustrates isolationist historical framing: in Japanese texts prior to the Meiji Restoration (1868), "Kyūsekai" (旧世界) referred to the familiar Afro-Eurasian realms known through Sino-Japanese interactions, embodying a worldview that prioritized continental Asia and its tributaries over distant oceanic discoveries, as noted in linguistic analyses of pre-modern geography.

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### Subregions for Africa, Europe, and Asia from the UN Geoscheme
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Did You Know? Madagascar on the Maritime Silk Roads - UNESCO
The first literary references to Madagascar date from the 7th century CE when the Island was discovered by traders from the Arabian Peninsula, these earliest ...
[18]
The Urals – The Border of Europe and Asia
Sep 2, 2014 · In the course of three centuries the Ural Mountains have been identified by world science and culture as the border of two parts of the world.Missing: boundary | Show results with:boundary
[19]
Invisible barrier that runs through Indonesia finally explained by ...
Jul 24, 2023 · The boundary, known as the Wallace Line or Wallace's Line, is a biogeographical barrier first mapped out in 1863 by British naturalist and ...
[20]
https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/evolution/invisible-barrier-that-runs-through-indonesia-finally-explained-by-scientists
[21]
Eurasia | Definition, Meaning, & Countries - Britannica
Oct 29, 2025 · West of the Caspian Sea, the boundary follows the Kuma-Manych Depression to the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait of the Black Sea. Thus, the ...Missing: Afro- | Show results with:Afro-
[22]
The Bering Land Bridge Theory - National Park Service
Apr 3, 2025 · In 1590, the Spanish missionary Fray Jose de Acosta produced the first written record to suggest a land bridge connecting Asia to North America.
[23]
What Was the Impact of the Suez Canal and Why Is It so Important?
Mar 24, 2021 · ... Suez in Egypt – a 75 mile-wide strip of land that is the boundary between the continents of Africa and Asia. Today it is one of the world's ...
[24]
Wallace Line | Description, Location, & Facts | Britannica
The line extends from the Indian Ocean through the Lombok Strait (between the islands of Bali and Lombok), northward through the Makassar Strait (between Borneo ...
[25]
Biogeography: Wallace and Wegener - Understanding Evolution
Wallace helped found biogeography, studying how species are scattered, and how geography affects their ranges. Wegener proposed continents were once connected.
[26]
All under heaven (tianxia) : Cosmological perspectives and political ...
This essay examines historical transformations of the Chinese concept of tianxia (“all under heaven”) in pre-modern periods. More specifically, it attends ...
[27]
Jambudvipa: Significance and symbolism
Explore Jambudvipa, a significant mythical continent central to ancient cosmology, embodying the earthly realm and rich in spiritual narratives.
[28]
Connecting the ancient Afro-Eurasian world | Journal of Global History
Oct 9, 2023 · This introductory article sets out the global historical approach adopted by the articles in this special issue, focusing on the circulations of goods, peoples ...
[29]
[PDF] The Silk Roads: Afro-Eurasian Connectivity Across the Ages
Long before the advent of a global “world system,” the Silk Road served as a major medium for economic and cultural exchange, and constituted a true Afro-.
[30]
ORBIS: The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World
ORBIS is a model simulating Roman travel costs, revealing the true shape of the Roman world, and providing a unique resource for understanding premodern ...
[31]
Old World vs. New World: Time to Abolish These Outdated Concepts?
May 31, 2025 · The terms “Old World” and “New World” have been used to conceptualize the global landscape since Columbus “discovered” the Americas.
[32]
Overview of the Colonial Era - Digital History
The 15th and 16th century voyages of discovery brought Europe, Africa, and the Americas into direct contact, producing an exchange of foods, animals, and ...
[33]
European Exploration and Colonization – He Huaka'i Honua
The age of European expansion was a revolutionary turning point in history as continents, islands and peoples that had existed for millennia in isolation ...Introduction · South America · The 'old World'Missing: dichotomy | Show results with:dichotomy<|separator|>
[34]
Explorers and Settlers (Historical Background) - National Park Service
Columbus's voyage, European expansion, the New World's wealth, and the first permanent settlement in the US at St. Augustine in 1565 are key events.Missing: distinction | Show results with:distinction
[35]
Vasco da Gama - Ages of Exploration
Vasco De Gama was the first European to find an ocean trading route to India. ... Vasco da Gama opened a new world of riches by opening up an Indian Ocean route.
[36]
Magellan's Circumnavigation of the Earth | Origins
Sep 16, 2019 · Led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan, the armada's goal was to reach the Spice Islands of Maluku (in the Indonesian archipelago) and open a new trading route for ...
[37]
First Voyage of Circumnavigation by Fernãõ de Magalhães and Juan
This voyage had a significant impact in humankind's general knowledge, as it made it possible to grasp the vastness of South America and how wide the Pacific ...
[38]
Analyzing Maps - World History Commons
The second is a Mercator projection that has been altered. Instead of placing North America in the center, the Eurasian land mass is in the middle. These two ...Missing: reinforcing | Show results with:reinforcing<|separator|>
[39]
Treaty of Tordesillas - National Geographic Education
Nov 22, 2024 · The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the "New World" into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal. The red vertical ...Missing: Old | Show results with:Old
[40]
Treaty of Tordesillas - Memory of the World - UNESCO
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 7 June 1494 involves agreements between King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and King John II of PortugalMissing: Old | Show results with:Old
[41]
Digital History
From this perspective, Columbus's voyage was a vehicle of discovery and progress, which forged a lasting link between the civilizations of the Old World and the ...
[42]
Empire and Globalisation: from 'High Imperialism' to Decolonisation
Dec 10, 2013 · Nor was the tenacity of these 'old' world social ties confined to the British imperial world. ... in the late nineteenth-century British ...
[43]
A Velvet Empire: French Informal Imperialism in the Nineteenth ...
... French entrepreneurs and artisans would revive the progress of civilization there.95 In the Old World, France should similarly aim at “encouraging the ...
[44]
Waves of decolonization - Oxford Academic
Old World decolonization. Why was there a hundred-year time lag between this first wave of decolonization and the second? It certainly cannot be ...Missing: shift | Show results with:shift
[45]
UN Founding Members - UN Membership
There were 51 Founding Members in 1945. The founding members of the United Nations are the countries that were invited to participate in the 1945 San ...
[46]
Centrisms (Chapter 11) - Rethinking Global History
Nov 14, 2024 · Critiques of Eurocentrism in history departments around the world have been mounting for several decades and many scholars have come to agree ...
[47]
Eurocentrism and Global Intellectual History
Oct 18, 2024 · Eurocentrism in GIH is a concern, as it often narrates history through Western modernity, obscuring non-Eurocentric currents and focusing on ...
[48]
[PDF] The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas
The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World.<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
The Global Exchange of Cultures, Plants, Animals and Disease
Oct 31, 2023 · The people living on the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe, known as the Old World, already had access to each other, but broadened ...Missing: boundaries | Show results with:boundaries
[50]
[PDF] The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas
The list of infectious diseases that spread from the Old World to the New is long; the major killers include smallpox, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox,.
[51]
[PDF] The Columbian Exchange By Alfred Crosby
This exchange was not merely about trade in goods; it was a complex web of interactions that included the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures.
[52]
The Columbian Exchange as a source of adaptive introgression in ...
Apr 2, 2016 · The term “Columbian Exchange” refers to the massive transfer of life between the Afro-Eurasian and American hemispheres that was precipitated by ...
[53]
World's Zoogeographical Regions Confirmed by Cross-Taxon ...
Mar 1, 2012 · The world's terrestrial zoogeographical regions were originally outlined by Sclater (1858) and Wallace (1876), primarily on the basis of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[54]
Article The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity - ScienceDirect.com
... the period of modern human dispersal out of Africa approximately 60,000–70,000 ybp. ... the entire wealth of mtDNA diversity outside of Africa.5, 8 ...
[55]
Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca ... - PNAS
60,000 to 80,000 years ago, i.e., some 100,000 years after the inferred most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of mitochondrially modern populations in Africa.<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Cross-Chapter Paper 1: Biodiversity Hotspots | Climate Change 2022
In African biodiversity hotspots, about 80% of projections for assessed species showed a negative impact of climate change, with ~10% at very high risk of ...Missing: Afro- | Show results with:Afro-
[57]
Risk of biodiversity collapse under climate change in the Afro ...
Jan 30, 2019 · Our results, together with other studies all show that biodiversity in the Afro-Arabian region is highly vulnerable to projected climate change.Missing: Eurasian | Show results with:Eurasian
[58]
World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024
Use this database to find data on national accounts, inflation, unemployment rates, balance of payments, fiscal indicators, trade for countries and country ...World Economic Outlook... · Download Weo Data: April... · Have A Weo Data Question?...Missing: India total
[59]
G20 South Africa – Solidarity, Equality and Sustainability
The G20 comprises 19 countries including: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, ...G20 Members · Engagement Groups · G20 Presidency · How G20 works
[60]
China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative
Launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping, the vast collection of development and investment initiatives was originally devised to link East Asia and Europe ...Introduction · What was the original Silk Road? · What are China's plans for its...
[61]
10 great films set in the ancient world | BFI
May 20, 2021 · With The Ten Commandments (1956) and Cleopatra (1963), Hollywood pushed the limits of feature-film duration to bring mammoth visions of ancient ...
[62]
Vol. 5 No. 2 | David Christian: Afroeurasia in Geological Time
0.4 m square kilometers. Afroeurasia has also been the most populous of the world zones in all eras of human history. This is where most humans have lived ...
[63]
Old World Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary
Synonyms: the cradle of civilization; the Fertile Crescent; the Hither-East; and Africa; Eurasia; asia; Europe; Eastern Hemisphere; Europe. Old World Sentence ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[64]
Hemisphere - National Geographic Education
Mar 6, 2024 · In this context, the Eastern Hemisphere is sometimes called the "Old World," and the Western Hemisphere is called the "New World." However ...<|separator|>
[65]
Europe, the Oldest-Old Continent - SpringerLink
Apr 23, 2013 · As the oldest-old continent of the world, Europe will continue setting the pace in population aging in the near future. In 2005, between 15 and ...