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PANU

The Party of National Unity (PANU) was a Fijian political party founded in 1998 by Ratu Sairusi Nagagavoka to advocate for indigenous Fijian interests amid ethnic divisions in national politics, drawing primary support from the western Viti Levu region and promoting a moderate platform of ethnic paramountcy balanced with calls for broader unity.^[1]^[2] PANU participated in the 1999 general elections as part of the People's Coalition alongside the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) and Fijian Association Party (FAP), securing four seats in the House of Representatives and contributing to the short-lived multiethnic government led by FLP's Mahendra Chaudhry, which prioritized economic reforms but heightened indigenous Fijian anxieties over Indo-Fijian influence.^[3]^[4] The party's role exemplified Fiji's persistent ethnic cleavages, rooted in colonial-era demographics and post-independence power struggles, where indigenous Fijians—comprising about 50% of the population—sought to counterbalance the economic and electoral weight of the Indo-Fijian community through regionally based parties like PANU, often leading to alliances of convenience that fractured under coup pressures.^[1] Following the 2000 coup by George Speight, which explicitly targeted the coalition's perceived threat to indigenous paramountcy, PANU contested the 2001 elections independently but struggled amid military intervention and preferential voting systems favoring larger Fijian blocs, eventually fading by the 2006 coup that dissolved parliament and banned ethnic-based parties under interim decrees.^[5]^[6] While PANU achieved limited parliamentary representation and highlighted western Viti Levu's distinct grievances—such as resource disparities and autonomy demands—its trajectory underscored the causal inefficacy of purely ethnic unity appeals in Fiji's zero-sum political realism, where coups and constitutional rewrites repeatedly prioritized indigenous control over multicultural integration narratives promoted by international observers.^[7]^[8]

Personal name

Etymology and cultural significance

Panu is a masculine given name of Finnish origin, serving as a short form of the Latin Urbanus, which denotes "from the city" or urbanite.^[9] The name additionally evokes an archaic Finnish lexical item panu, signifying "flame" or "fire," linking it to elemental imagery in pre-Christian Finnish language and folklore.^[9] This dual etymological root underscores a blend of classical Latin influence via Christian naming practices and indigenous pagan connotations of vitality and peril associated with fire. In Finnish folklore, Panu embodies the personification of fire as a haltija (spirit), referenced in runic incantations where it appears as the "fire-child" or son of solar forces, invoked to control blazes or harness flames for forging and healing.^[10] Daughters of Panu, known as panutar, are depicted as flame spirits tied to hearths and wildfires, reflecting fire's dual role in sustaining life and inflicting destruction within animistic traditions preserved in the Kalevala epic's oral sources.^[11] The name's cultural prominence intensified through its adoption as the title and protagonist in Juhani Aho's 1897 novel Panu, where the character represents unyielding pagan fervor amid encroaching Christianity, symbolizing resistance to cultural assimilation in 19th-century rural Finland.^[9] This literary usage reinforced Panu's association with primal energy and ideological conflict, embedding it in discussions of Finnish national identity and the tension between ancient beliefs and modernization.^[12]

Usage as a given name

Panu is a masculine given name predominantly used in Finland, where it functions as a short form of the Latin name Urbanus, denoting a city dweller or urbanite.^[9] The name also evokes an archaic Finnish term for "flame" or "fire," though this association is secondary to its onomastic roots.^[9] ^[13] In Finland, Panu ranks as the 230th most common male given name, held by 2,364 individuals as a first name and an additional 160 as a middle name, according to data from February 2023.^[13] Its usage remains largely confined to Finnish-speaking populations, with negligible prevalence elsewhere based on available demographic records.^[14] The name's popularity has been stable but modest, reflecting its niche appeal within Finnish naming traditions rather than broader international adoption.^[15]

Usage as a surname

The surname Panu is most prevalent in India, where it is held by approximately 40,369 individuals, representing about 82% of global bearers and concentrated primarily in Tamil Nadu (99% within the state).^[16] Worldwide, the name occurs in roughly 45,300 instances, with 89% of occurrences in Asia and the remainder scattered across Europe, Africa, and the Americas.^[16] In the United States, it remains rare, with only one recorded family in California as of the 1920 census.^[17] Etymological origins vary by region; in southern Albania, Panu derives from a shortened form of the personal name Panajot, itself from the Greek Panagiotis meaning "All Holy," potentially adapting into a hereditary surname.^[18] In South Asian contexts, particularly among Tamil populations, its roots are less clearly documented but align with regional naming patterns without evident Indo-European ties to the Albanian variant.^[16] Romanian historical records also feature the name, suggesting possible Balkan dissemination through migration or linguistic convergence.^[19] Notable bearers include Anastasie Panu (1810–?), a Romanian jurist and politician active in Iași during the early 19th century.^[19] Genealogical data indicate isolated Finnish and Congolese instances, but these do not constitute significant clusters.^[18] The surname's low incidence outside India and select Balkan areas underscores its localized usage, with no prominent concentrations in Western Europe or North America beyond early 20th-century immigration traces.^[17]

Notable individuals

Panu Aaltio (born January 29, 1982) is a Finnish composer based in Helsinki and Los Angeles, known for scoring over 30 feature films, television series, and video games, including documentaries like Tale of a Forest (2010) and horror films such as Lake Bodom (2016).^[20]^[21] Panu Vauhkonen (born 1972) is a Finnish actor and producer, appearing in several films by director Aki Kaurismäki, notably The Man Without a Past (2002) and The Other Side of Hope (2017).^[22] Panu Autio is a retired Finnish futsal player, regarded as a national legend after representing Finland at the UEFA Futsal EURO and announcing his retirement in March 2022 following strong international performances.^[23] Panu Kuusela (born April 2, 1979) is a former Finnish professional footballer who played as a defender for clubs including FC Viikingit and RoPS before retiring in 2007.^[24] As a surname, Panu is borne by George Panu (1848–1910), a Romanian politician, journalist, and memoirist from Iași who advocated modernization through speeches in the Senate from 1892 to 1895.^[25]

Literature and arts

Panu (novel by Juhani Aho)

Panu is a novel by the Finnish author Juhani Aho, first published in 1897.^[26]^[27] Set in a remote rural village near Kontojärvi in historical Finland, the work depicts the cultural and spiritual confrontation between indigenous pagan practices and encroaching Christianity.^[28] Aho, who shifted toward romantic nationalism in the 1890s, uses the narrative to examine the erosion of traditional folk beliefs under external religious and governmental pressures.^[27] The plot centers on Panu, a formidable tietäjä—a shaman-like figure versed in ancient rituals, healing, and incantations—who holds sway over the local Savolaxian and Karelian communities through superstition and perceived supernatural power.^[28] As a new church is established and Christian missionaries arrive, Panu's influence wanes amid growing skepticism and enforcement of orthodox faith, leading to interpersonal conflicts, accusations of sorcery, and broader communal strife.^[28] Key events unfold around village life by the river, pagan ceremonies clashing with sermons, and Panu's attempts to resist change, culminating in a portrayal of inevitable transformation.^[28] Central themes include the tension between pagan animism and monotheistic Christianity, the role of folklore in cultural identity, and human resistance to modernization.^[28] Aho illustrates how traditional magic, tied to nature and ancestral knowledge, competes with institutional religion's emphasis on doctrine and authority, often evoking fear, doubt, and emotional turmoil among characters.^[29] The novel critiques the loss of pre-Christian heritage while acknowledging the adaptive pressures of historical progress.^[27] In Finnish literary history, Panu signifies the transition from realist depictions of everyday life to neo-romanticism, prioritizing mythic elements and national folklore over social realism.^[27] Published amid Finland's cultural awakening under Russian rule, it reflects broader interests in Kalevala-inspired mythology and ethnic revival, influencing subsequent works in the national romantic tradition.^[30] Critics have noted its emotional depth and quantitative patterns of low-intensity sentiment, underscoring subdued yet pervasive anxiety in the face of cultural displacement.^[31]

Political organizations

Party of National Unity (Fiji)

The Party of National Unity (PANU) was a regionally focused political party in Fiji, established on October 10, 1998, by Ratu Sairusi Nagagavoka, the Tui Ba (paramount chief) of Ba Province in western Viti Levu.^[32]^[33] Nagagavoka, born in 1920 and a longstanding advocate for indigenous Fijian interests, formed PANU to promote unity among Fijians amid ethnic tensions and to address grievances specific to the western division, including land rights and regional development disparities.^[34]^[35] The party positioned itself as moderate within the spectrum of indigenous Fijian parties, emphasizing communal harmony without the ethno-nationalist extremes of groups like the Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party.^[1] In the May 1999 general elections, Fiji's first under the 1997 Constitution's alternative vote system with open and communal seats, PANU garnered about 4% of the national vote share, primarily from indigenous Fijian voters in western Viti Levu.^[36] It secured representation through communal seats and entered a coalition government with the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) led by Mahendra Chaudhry, contributing Fijian MPs to the cabinet and helping form Fiji's first post-independence Indo-Fijian-majority administration.^[37]^[38] This alliance reflected strategic multiracial partnering encouraged by the electoral system, though it faced immediate challenges from indigenous Fijian opposition to perceived loss of paramountcy. The coalition collapsed following the May 19, 2000, coup led by George Speight, which targeted Chaudhry's government and exacerbated ethnic divisions; PANU's western base aligned with broader Fijian resistance to the ousted regime.^[39]^[40] Post-2000, PANU participated in the 2001 elections under the interim government of Laisenia Qarase but struggled amid fragmented Fijian votes and the rise of the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL). Nagagavoka departed the party leadership prior to the 2006 elections, amid internal shifts and waning influence. The December 2006 military coup by Commodore Frank Bainimarama dismantled much of Fiji's multiparty democracy, imposing restrictions on political activities and deregistering or sidelining numerous parties; PANU ceased operations thereafter, with no recorded revival under the interim regime or subsequent constitutions.^[41] By the time of Nagagavoka's death in 2014, the party was defunct, its legacy tied to brief coalition experiments and regional advocacy in Fiji's volatile ethnic politics.^[32]

New Corrientes Party (Argentina)

The New Party (Spanish: Partido Nuevo, acronym PANU or PaNu) is a provincial political party operating exclusively in Corrientes Province, Argentina. It was founded on August 8, 1996, by former Governor Raúl Rolando "Tato" Romero Feris, who sought to create a new political vehicle amid dissatisfaction with established autonomist and peronist forces in the province. The party's organic charter emphasizes adapting to contemporary political demands through principles of participatory democracy, individual freedoms, social justice, and economic development tailored to local needs, positioning it as a response to perceived rigidities in Corrientes' traditional party structures.^[42]^[43] Historically, PANU emerged as a short-lived but influential third force in Corrientes' conservative politics during the late 1990s, leveraging Romero Feris's gubernatorial experience from 1993–1997 under the broader Autonomist Party umbrella. The party achieved early success in provincial elections, including municipal governorships, but faced challenges from dominant alliances between radicals and autonomists. By the 2000s, its influence waned as it struggled against peronist opposition and internal provincial fragmentation, though it maintained a niche presence in local governance. PANU has governed several municipalities, such as Pueblo Libre and San Roque, focusing on regional issues like agriculture, infrastructure, and anti-flooding measures in the Paraná River basin.^[44] Ideologically, PANU aligns with center-right conservatism, advocating for provincial autonomy, market-oriented policies, and social welfare within a liberal framework, though it lacks a formalized national platform due to its regional scope. In recent years, it has prioritized alliances over independent runs, joining the Vamos Corrientes coalition—a broad anti-peronist front led by Radical Civic Union figures and Governor Gustavo Valdés—to counter peronist advances. On June 26, 2025, PANU's party assembly unanimously ratified its continued participation in Vamos Corrientes ahead of provincial elections, with leaders emphasizing contributions to the alliance's pro-development agenda. Provincial deputy Mario Branz, a key PANU figure, described the party as "solid and organized" in April 2025, highlighting its role in coalition decision-making.^[45]^[46]^[47] In the August 31, 2025, municipal elections, PANU campaigned to retain control of incumbencies in at least three municipalities while expanding into others, aligning with Vamos Corrientes' strategy to consolidate power against fragmented opposition. The party counts on figures like Branz for legislative representation and maintains grassroots committees across Corrientes, including in La Cruz and the capital. Despite its limited national footprint, PANU's endurance reflects Corrientes' multiparty dynamics, where local loyalties often supersede ideological purity.^[44]^[48]

Technical and other uses

Personal Area Network User (computing)

The Personal Area Network User (PANU) is a device role specified in the Bluetooth Personal Area Network (PAN) profile, which enables Bluetooth-enabled devices to establish network connections emulating Ethernet functionality at the application layer.^[49] This profile, adopted by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), utilizes the Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol (BNEP) over the Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) to encapsulate IP packets, providing Layer 3 networking capabilities across short-range Bluetooth links typically limited to 10 meters.^[50] The PANU role positions the device as an endpoint or client in the network topology, allowing it to participate in data exchange without assuming gateway responsibilities.^[51] In operation, a PANU device connects to other PAN roles such as the Network Access Point (NAP), which acts as a gateway to broader networks like the internet, or the Group Ad-hoc Network (GN), which forms a peer-to-peer cluster.^[52] Alternatively, two PANU devices can establish a direct point-to-point link for tasks like file transfer or data synchronization, bypassing intermediate roles.^[53] This configuration supports up to seven simultaneous connections in a GN setup, with the PANU handling standard Ethernet frame formats (IEEE 802.3) for compatibility with existing IP-based applications.^[51] Bandwidth in PANU connections is constrained by Bluetooth's inherent limitations, often achieving effective throughputs of 100-200 kbps in classic Bluetooth implementations, though enhanced data rates can improve this to around 2 Mbps under optimal conditions.^[54] The PANU role finds application in scenarios requiring mobile networking, such as tethering a smartphone's internet access to a laptop via Bluetooth or enabling ad-hoc collaboration between peripherals like printers and handheld devices.^[55] Defined in the Bluetooth PAN Profile 1.0 specification released by the Bluetooth SIG in 2003, it has been implemented in operating systems including Windows and embedded systems, though adoption has waned with the rise of Wi-Fi Direct and higher-speed alternatives.^[56] Driver support for PANU, often appearing as virtual network adapters, is provided by chipset vendors like Broadcom and Texas Instruments for compatibility in legacy Bluetooth stacks.^[57] Despite its utility for low-power, short-range use cases, PANU's reliance on classic Bluetooth profiles limits its relevance in modern Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) ecosystems, where alternative profiles like GATT handle data exchange more efficiently.^[58]

Nulato Airport (aviation)

Nulato Airport (ICAO: PANU, FAA LID: NUL) is a state-owned, public-use airport situated one nautical mile northeast of Nulato, a remote village on the Yukon River in west-central Alaska.^[59] The airport covers 146 acres and serves as a vital link for the community, which lacks road access and relies on aviation for passenger, cargo, and emergency transport in the Alaskan bush.^[60] Activated in September 1947, it supports general aviation operations in a region characterized by harsh weather and limited infrastructure.^[59] The airport features a single runway, designated 03/21, measuring 4,011 feet in length by 100 feet in width, with a gravel surface in good condition.^[59] Runway elevations range from 362.8 feet at the 03 threshold to 405.9 feet at the 21 threshold, with the airport's overall elevation at 405.9 feet above mean sea level.^[59] It is equipped with medium-intensity edge lighting, a lighted wind indicator, and a beacon operating from sunset to sunrise, enabling operations during low-light conditions despite the absence of a control tower or attended services.^[59] Communications include a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) of 122.9 MHz, Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS-3P) at 118.0 MHz, and contact with Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) and Fairbanks Flight Service Station (FSS).^[59] Owned and managed by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) Northern Region in Fairbanks, the facility offers tiedowns but no fuel, airframe, or powerplant services, reflecting its role in supporting unscheduled bush flights rather than commercial hubs.^[59] Annual operations are estimated at around 3,500, primarily involving small aircraft for local and regional connectivity, with approaches facilitated by RNAV GPS procedures for Runway 03.^[61]^[59] The airport's unattended status and gravel runway suit propeller-driven planes common in Alaska's interior, though pilots must account for potential non-standard conditions and verify NOTAMs due to variable maintenance under state oversight.^[62]^[63]

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[PDF] reflections on the political crisis in fiji - OAPEN Home
Subjects: Fiji--Politics and government. Other Authors ... In 1998, Tora spearheaded the Party of National Unity (PANU) as an opposition party to.
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The Labour Party and its People's Coalition partners, the Fijian Association Party (FAP) and the Party of National Unity. (PANU) ... his capacity as Commander and ...
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Apr 25, 2021 · Finnish short form of Urbanus (see Urban). This is also an archaic Finnish word meaning "flame, fire". This name was used by the Finnish author Juhani Aho.Missing: what | Show results with:what
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The Kalevala - Glossary - Kellscraft Studio
Another name for Wipunen, or Antero Wipunen. Dūs'ter-land. The Northland; Pimentola. Et'e-le'tār. A daughter of the South-wind. Fire-Child. A synonym of Panu.
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Etymology. Short form of Latin Urbanus, also associated with obsolete Finnish panu (“fire, flame”).
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See Panu f for the female version. Usage. Finland Finnish. Advertisement: Origin and Meaning. Finnish variant form of Paanus. Related Names. See Paanus ...
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Jul 18, 2025 · Meaning: City dweller. Gender: Boy. Religion: Christianity. Origin: Finnish, Latin. Lucky Number: 7. Syllables: Two. Length: 1 word, 4 letters, 2 vowels, 2 ...
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Panu Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This surname is mostly found in Asia, where 89 percent of Panu are found; 86 percent are found in South Asia and 82 percent are found in Indo-South Asia. Panu ...
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Panu Surname Meaning & Panu Family History at Ancestry.com®
The Panu family name was found in the USA in 1920. In 1920 there was 1 Panu family living in California. This was 100% of all the recorded Panu's in USA.
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Albanian (southern): from a short form of the personal name Panajot, from Greek Panagiotis 'All Holy'; or, in part, an adaptation of the cognate ...
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What are the most popular first names in the Panu family? · Isaac · Giovanni · Salvatore · John · Jacob · Dennis · Francesco · Michel.
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Panu Aaltio is a film composer based in Helsinki and Los Angeles. He has composed music to over 30 feature films, multiple TV series and video games.
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Panu Aaltio was born on 29 January 1982 in Nurmijärvi, Finland. He is a composer and director, known for Tale of a Lake (2016), Lake Bodom (2016) and Tale of a ...
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Panu Vauhkonen - IMDb
Panu Vauhkonen was born in 1972. He is an actor and producer, known for The Man Without a Past (2002), The Other Side of Hope (2017) and Peräkamaripojat (2001).
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Panu Kuusela · Date of birth/Age: 02.04.1979 (46) · Citizenship: Finland Finland. Height: 1,73 m; Position: Defender. deadline-day banner.
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$$1.99 Rating 3.9 (26) First published January 1, 1897. Book details & editions. 2 people are currently ... Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
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### Summary of *Panu* by Juhani Aho
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The Personal Area Network (PAN) profile is designed to make a Bluetooth network simulate an ethernet, from an application's perspective.
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Bluetooth Profiles - Zebra Technologies
Personal Area Network User (PANU). Allows the use of Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol to provide L3 networking capabilities over a Bluetooth link. Only ...
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Bluetooth Profiles : LAN Access and PAN Profiles - Conniq.com
PAN profile defines three device roles, i.e. NAP, GN (Group ad-hoc Network), and PANU (PAN User). As a NAP, a Bluetooth device provides access for up to 7 ...
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CC2564C: Bluetooth PAN profile bandwidth - TI E2E
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PAN - Go-Getnet
You can connect to the following types of Bluetooth devices that work with a personal area network (PAN): a personal area network user device (PANU), a ...
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draft-valkenburg-fleming-bluetooth-pan-00 - IETF Datatracker
The PAN Profile identifies two configurations of a Bluetooth PAN, one where the PAN ... PAN Personal Area Network PANU Personal Area Network User 8. REFERENCES [1] ...<|separator|>
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Download Broadcom Corp. Bluetooth Personal Area Network User ...
Download BluetoothVirtual drivers for Windows, that can help resolve Broadcom Corp. Bluetooth Personal Area Network User (PANU) PC issues.
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Complete aeronautical information about Nulato Airport (Nulato, AK, USA), including location, runways, taxiways, navaids, radio frequencies, FBO information ...
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NUL - Nulato Airport | SkyVector
Location Information for PANU. Coordinates: N64°43.76' / W158°4.45' Located 01 miles NE of Nulato, Alaska on 146 acres of land. View all Airports in Alaska.
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Nulato Airport (PANU) for Microsoft Flight Simulator | MSFS
Rating 5.0 (5) Feb 28, 2024 · It has approx. 3,500 flight operations per year, and is serviced by Everts Air and Wright Air Service. Nulato Airport covers an area of 146 ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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FAA Compliant GIS Data, Airport information loaded into FAA AGIS system is compliant with AC 150/5300-18B schema. Yes, Yes, measure. Community: Quality of Life.<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov/PilotWeb/notamRetrievalByICAOAction.do?method=displayByICAOs&reportType=RAW&formatType=DOMESTIC&retrieveLocId=NUL&actionType=notamRetrievalByICAOs