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Plot

A plot is a plan, a secret scheme, or the main events of a play, novel, or similar work. In narrative works such as literature, film, and theater, the plot is the sequence of events that relates characters and makes up the story, arranged to achieve a particular effect.^[1] The term "plot" has several other meanings, including: The narrative sense is the primary focus of the Storytelling and media section.

Storytelling and media

Narrative in literature and theater

In literature and theater, the plot constitutes the structured sequence of events that drives the narrative forward through a causal chain, distinguishing it from mere chronology by emphasizing cause-and-effect relationships. E.M. Forster, in his 1927 lectures compiled as Aspects of the Novel, articulated this distinction by contrasting "story"—a simple narrative of events in time sequence, such as "The king died, and then the queen died"—with "plot," which interconnects events via motivation and consequence, as in "The king died, and then the queen died of grief," prompting the reader to inquire "why?"^[2] This framework underscores plot's role in building tension, revealing character motivations, and achieving emotional resonance in both novels and stage performances. A foundational model for plot structure is Freytag's pyramid, which delineates five key elements: exposition (introduction of characters and setting), rising action (buildup of conflict), climax (peak of tension), falling action (consequences of the climax), and resolution (denouement or closure). German dramatist Gustav Freytag developed this pyramid in his 1863 treatise Technique of the Drama, drawing from analyses of ancient Greek and Elizabethan plays to illustrate how dramatic tension ascends and descends like a pyramid, ensuring narrative coherence and audience engagement. These elements provide a blueprint for constructing plots that maintain momentum while allowing for thematic depth in literary works and theatrical productions. The concept of plot has evolved through key theoretical contributions, beginning with Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BCE), which posits plot as the "soul of tragedy" and mandates unity of action—a single, coherent sequence of causally linked events forming a complete whole with a beginning, middle, and end, rather than a mere chronicle of one person's life.^[3] In the early 20th century, Russian Formalists advanced this by differentiating fabula (the raw, chronological order of events) from syuzhet (the deliberate, artistic rearrangement of those events to create defamiliarization and emphasis), as theorized by Boris Tomashevsky and other Russian Formalists—including Viktor Shklovsky's contributions to defamiliarization—to highlight how narrative arrangement manipulates perception in literature and drama.^[4] Illustrative examples abound in canonical works, such as Shakespeare's Hamlet (c. 1600), where the plot centers on a revenge motif: Prince Hamlet, urged by his father's ghost, feigns madness to uncover and avenge the king's murder by his uncle Claudius, culminating in a tragic chain of deaths through deception, duel, and poison, embodying the genre of Elizabethan revenge tragedy.^[5] Modern plays often adapt the three-act structure—rooted in classical Greek drama but refined for contemporary theater—with Act 1 establishing exposition and inciting incident, Act 2 escalating conflict through rising action and midpoint twists, and Act 3 delivering falling action and resolution, as seen in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House (1879), where Nora's awakening to marital oppression builds to her defiant exit.^[6] Plot devices further enrich this structure in literature and theater, including foreshadowing, which subtly hints at impending events to heighten anticipation; flashbacks, which interrupt the present timeline to reveal backstory and motivations; and subplots, secondary narratives that parallel the main plot to deepen themes, provide contrast, or develop supporting characters, as in the Gloucester storyline mirroring Lear's familial betrayals in Shakespeare's King Lear (1606).^[7]^[8]^[9]

Narrative in film, television, and games

In film, television, and games, the plot serves as the sequence of events that drives the narrative forward, often adapting literary structures to accommodate visual and interactive elements. Screenwriters frequently draw from traditional storytelling paradigms, such as Syd Field's three-act structure introduced in his 1979 book Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting, which divides the plot into setup (establishing characters and world), confrontation (building conflict through rising action), and resolution (climax and denouement). This model, developed to mirror dramatic causality while fitting the 90-120 minute runtime of feature films, emphasizes plot points—key turning events—that propel the story, allowing for efficient pacing in visual media where dialogue and action must convey exposition rapidly.^[10] A foundational framework specific to film and television is Joseph Campbell's monomyth, or Hero's Journey, outlined in his 1949 book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, which describes a 12-stage cycle including the call to adventure, trials, and return with elixir. This archetypal plot has influenced countless productions, from George Lucas's Star Wars (1977) to Christopher Vogler's adaptation in The Writer's Journey (1992), by providing a universal template for character transformation amid escalating stakes. In television, plots often employ episodic structures to sustain long-form storytelling, with the A-plot representing the primary narrative arc (e.g., the central mystery or conflict) and B-plots handling subplots that intersect for thematic depth or character development, as seen in procedural dramas like Law & Order (1990–2010). These layered plots enable serialization, where overarching arcs span seasons while individual episodes resolve self-contained tensions.^[11]^[12] Video games introduce branching narratives that enhance player agency, allowing choices to alter plot outcomes and create personalized experiences. In role-playing games (RPGs) like The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015), developed by CD Projekt Red, the plot features extensive decision trees where player selections influence alliances, endings, and even world states, fostering replayability and immersion through non-deterministic storytelling. This interactivity contrasts with linear media, as algorithms and scripting enable dynamic plot progression based on variables like moral alignment or resource allocation. Modern developments in film, such as Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994), popularized non-linear plots by interweaving vignettes out of chronological order, heightening suspense through fragmented timelines that reveal connections retrospectively.^[13]^[14] In the streaming era, television plots have evolved toward intricate serialization, exemplified by Breaking Bad (2008–2013), where creator Vince Gilligan crafted a continuous narrative arc of moral descent and escalating consequences across 62 episodes, rewarding binge-viewing with foreshadowing and long-term payoffs. Plot twists in these media rely on visual misdirection, such as sudden reveals through editing cuts, to subvert expectations. Pacing is uniquely managed via montage sequences, a technique pioneered by Sergei Eisenstein but commonly used for time compression—juxtaposing rapid shots to condense weeks or months into minutes, as in the training montage in Rocky (1976), which accelerates character growth without narrative drag.^[15]^[16]

Graphics and data representation

Data visualization and charts

In data visualization, a plot serves as a graphical representation of quantitative data, illustrating relationships between variables through visual elements such as points, lines, or bars, often plotted on a Cartesian coordinate system. This system, which uses perpendicular x- and y-axes to locate points in a plane, was introduced by René Descartes in his 1637 work La Géométrie to bridge algebra and geometry.^[17] Plots enable the analysis and interpretation of data by transforming numerical information into intuitive formats that reveal patterns, trends, and outliers more effectively than raw numbers alone.^[18] Common types of plots include line plots, which connect data points to show trends over continuous variables like time, as seen in time series analyses of stock prices or temperature changes. Scatter plots display individual data points to explore correlations between two variables, such as height versus weight in a population study. For categorical comparisons, bar charts use rectangular bars to represent quantities, while pie charts divide a circle into slices proportional to category shares, though the latter is often critiqued for potential misinterpretation of proportions. These types originated in foundational works, such as William Playfair's 1786 Commercial and Political Atlas, which introduced line and bar charts, and his 1801 Statistical Breviary, which introduced the pie chart, to depict economic data for the first time.^[19]^[20] Modern tools for creating plots range from open-source libraries to commercial software, facilitating both static and interactive visualizations. Matplotlib, a Python library developed by John D. Hunter and first released in 2003, provides flexible, publication-quality figures through an object-oriented API, widely used in scientific computing alongside NumPy. Tableau, founded in 2003 by Chris Stolte, Christian Chabot, and Pat Hanrahan, offers drag-and-drop interfaces for interactive dashboards, enabling non-experts to explore large datasets dynamically.^[21]^[22] Best practices in plotting emphasize clarity and accuracy to avoid misleading interpretations. Axes should typically start at zero to prevent distortion of relative magnitudes, with clear labeling of scales, units, and legends to guide viewers; for instance, a truncated y-axis can exaggerate small differences, as demonstrated in analyses of visualization pitfalls. Legends must distinguish multiple series without clutter, and overall design should prioritize simplicity, using color sparingly to highlight key insights rather than overwhelm.^[23]^[24] In data science applications, plots are essential for exploratory analysis, with histograms visualizing the distribution of a single variable by binning data into frequency bars, aiding in identifying skewness or multimodality in datasets like income levels. Box plots, introduced by John Tukey in 1977 as part of exploratory data analysis, summarize quartiles, medians, and potential outliers in a compact format, useful for comparing distributions across groups such as experimental treatments. These techniques underpin statistical inference, allowing practitioners to detect anomalies and inform model selection without exhaustive numerical review.^[25]

Technical and engineering diagrams

Technical and engineering diagrams, often referred to as plots, serve as precise graphical representations in various technical fields, enabling engineers and scientists to visualize complex data for design, analysis, and operational purposes. These diagrams differ from general data visualizations by emphasizing accuracy, scalability, and integration with physical systems, such as navigation or construction planning. In radar systems, for instance, plots integrate sensor data to display real-time environmental information, while plot plans provide scaled layouts essential for infrastructure development. Radar plots emerged during World War II in the 1940s as critical tools for navigation and target tracking, displaying integrated sensor data on polar coordinate systems where tracks appear as vectors radiating from the center. Developed initially by Allied forces for air and naval defense, these plots allowed operators to interpret echoes from transmitted radio waves, facilitating early warning and tactical decisions in battles like the Battle of Britain. To address errors such as ghosting—false echoes caused by multipath reflections—techniques like echo suppression and trajectory-guided filtering were introduced, reducing inaccuracies in modern iterations by correlating tracks across multiple scans. Plot plans, common in civil engineering, are scaled drawings depicting site layouts, including buildings, utilities, and access routes, to guide construction activities. These diagrams adhere to standards like ISO 2768, which specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions (e.g., ±0.1 mm for fine class fits) to ensure manufacturability without individual annotations on every feature. Layering techniques in digital plot plans, managed through CAD systems, allow for efficient revisions by isolating elements like electrical or drainage overlays, enabling updates without redrawing entire sheets. Other technical plots include function plots in mathematics, which graph relationships such as y = f(x) on Cartesian coordinates to illustrate behaviors like linear growth or exponential decay, aiding in analytical problem-solving. Contour plots extend this to three-dimensional surfaces, using lines of equal value to represent elevation or potential fields, as seen in topographic maps where contours denote terrain height differences (e.g., 10-meter intervals) for applications in surveying and environmental modeling. Historically, these diagrams evolved from manual drafting to automated systems; early drum plotters, such as the CalComp 565 introduced in 1959, used rotating drums to ink continuous lines on paper for engineering outputs. The transition to digital tools accelerated with software like AutoCAD, released in December 1982, which revolutionized plot generation by supporting vector-based editing and precise scaling.

Land and real estate

Property and construction plots

In real estate and urban planning, a plot, also known as a lot, refers to a specific, subdivided parcel of land designated for development purposes such as building construction.^[26] This demarcation allows for organized allocation of land within larger tracts, often guided by zoning regulations to ensure compatible uses and infrastructure integration.^[27] In the United States, the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1926 served as a foundational model, empowering municipalities to divide land into lots and impose restrictions on their size, shape, and utilization to promote orderly growth.^[28] Plot sizes are commonly measured in acres for larger or rural areas and in square meters for urban contexts, with allocation determined by local zoning ordinances to balance density and livability. In the mid-20th century, many U.S. regulations established minimum residential lot sizes at one-half acre (21,780 square feet) or more to accommodate housing, setbacks, and open space; however, as of 2025, standards vary widely by jurisdiction, often ranging from 5,000 square feet (0.11 acres) or smaller in urban areas to promote housing density.^[29]^[30] These standards prevent overcrowding and support essential services like utilities and access roads, varying by jurisdiction to reflect environmental and community needs. In recent years, as of 2025, several U.S. states have enacted reforms to lower minimum lot sizes, such as Montana's 2023 law allowing lots as small as 3,000 sq ft in certain zones, to combat housing shortages.^[28] Legally, ownership of a plot is formalized through title deeds, which are documents that convey and record property rights from seller to buyer.^[31] Easements further influence plot use by granting non-owners specific rights, such as access pathways or utility corridors across the land, without transferring full title.^[32] This system evolved from feudal tenure arrangements, where land was held under lords in exchange for service, to modern subdivisions spurred by 19th-century industrialization and urbanization; enclosure acts in Europe, for instance, privatized common lands into individual plots, facilitating commercial development and population shifts to cities.^[33]^[34] For construction on a plot, site preparation typically includes surveying boundaries, clearing vegetation and debris, excavating for foundations, and grading to ensure proper drainage and stability.^[35] Regulations enforce setbacks—mandatory distances from plot edges to building walls—to preserve privacy, ventilation, and emergency access; residential rear setbacks, for example, often range from 20 to 40 feet depending on lot dimensions and zoning category.^[36] The building footprint, defined as the projected area of the structure's base on the ground, must conform to these limits and the overall plot coverage allowances to avoid encroachment.^[37] Examples of property plots abound in suburban residential areas, where larger lots enable single-family homes with integrated yards and driveways. In contrast, commercial plots in urban grids, such as those outlined in Manhattan's 1811 Commissioners' Plan, divide the landscape into uniform blocks averaging 200 by 800 feet to support high-density office towers and retail spaces, exemplifying efficient land use in growing metropolises.^[38]

Agricultural and ecological plots

In agriculture, a plot refers to a small, designated area of land cultivated for growing crops, often used for experimental or subsistence purposes. Allotment gardens in the United Kingdom exemplify this, emerging in the 19th century as parcels of land provided to the laboring poor for food production amid rapid urbanization and enclosure movements.^[39] These plots typically range from a few hundred square meters and allow individuals to grow vegetables, fruits, and other produce on rented land managed by local authorities or community groups.^[40] Crop rotation schemes further illustrate the structured use of agricultural plots, where fields are divided into sections to alternate crops and maintain soil fertility. In the 1730s, Charles "Turnip" Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, pioneered the Norfolk four-course rotation system on his estates, rotating turnips, barley, clover, and wheat across plots to reduce fallow periods and boost yields without depleting nutrients.^[41] This method, applied to subdivided land parcels, became a cornerstone of the British Agricultural Revolution, enabling more efficient land use and higher productivity on arable plots.^[42] Ecological plots, particularly quadrats, serve as fixed sampling units in environmental science to assess biodiversity and community structure within habitats. Quadrats are typically square frames, such as 1 m × 1 m grids, placed along transects—linear paths through an ecosystem—to systematically count species and measure coverage in representative areas.^[43] This technique, formalized in plant ecology during the late 19th century, allows researchers to quantify vegetation density and distribution without surveying entire landscapes.^[44] Management of these plots involves rigorous practices to ensure reliable data and productivity. Soil testing is conducted per plot to analyze nutrient levels, pH, and texture, guiding amendments like fertilization to optimize conditions for specific crops or study objectives.^[45] Yield measurements, often expressed in bushels per acre for grains, provide quantitative assessments of output; for instance, corn trials might report averages from 150 to 200 bushels per acre depending on plot treatments. In modern applications, precision agriculture employs GPS technology to demarcate and manage plots with sub-meter accuracy, enabling variable-rate inputs like seeding or irrigation tailored to micro-variations in soil and topography. This approach gained traction in the late 1990s following the commercialization of GPS guidance systems for farm machinery, reducing overlap and resource waste while enhancing yield mapping on experimental plots.^[46] Experimental plots also support climate impact studies, where replicated sections test crop responses to stressors like drought or elevated CO2, informing adaptation strategies in agronomy.^[47] Field trials in agronomy commonly use plots to evaluate seed varieties, pesticides, or tillage methods, with randomized block designs ensuring statistical validity; for example, on-farm demonstrations compare hybrid corn performance across 0.1-hectare plots to identify high-yield options under local conditions.^[48] Permanent ecological plots underpin long-term research, such as those at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, established in 1963, where fixed watersheds serve as plots to monitor forest dynamics, nutrient cycling, and pollution effects over decades.^[49]

Other uses

Secret plans and schemes

In the context of clandestine activities, a plot refers to a secret plan devised by one or more individuals to achieve an illicit, often harmful objective, such as subverting authority or causing damage. The term derives from the Old English "plot," originally meaning a small piece of ground or patch, which by the 1580s evolved to denote a covert scheme, likely influenced by phonetic similarity to the French "complot" for conspiracy.^[50] This usage emphasizes careful, hidden orchestration toward ends that are typically unlawful or unethical.^[1] Plots manifest in various types, including political conspiracies aimed at overthrowing governments or assassinating leaders. A prominent historical example is the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in which a group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, attempted to destroy the Houses of Parliament and kill King James I using barrels of gunpowder hidden beneath the building, motivated by religious persecution.^[51] Personal schemes, often driven by rivalry or vengeance, include the Pazzi conspiracy of 1478, where members of the Pazzi family and allies, backed by Pope Sixtus IV, plotted to murder Lorenzo de' Medici and his brother Giuliano during a church service in Florence to seize control of the city-state.^[52] These cases illustrate how plots can blend individual grudges with broader power struggles. Psychological dimensions of plotting highlight the role of group dynamics in sustaining secrecy and commitment. Research on conspiracy formation indicates that such schemes thrive on shared grievances, trust among participants, and social motivations like bolstering group identity against perceived threats, which foster cohesion in small, insular teams.^[53] Tangentially, Stanley Milgram's 1961 obedience experiments revealed how ordinary individuals can engage in collective harmful actions under authoritative influence, underscoring the pressures that enable plot participation despite moral qualms.^[54] Detection of plots relies on counterintelligence techniques, such as surveillance, informant networks, and analysis of anomalous communications to identify coordinated suspicious activities.^[55] Consequences are severe, often involving legal prosecution for conspiracy; under U.S. law, 18 U.S.C. § 371 criminalizes agreements to defraud the government or commit federal offenses, punishable by up to five years imprisonment if an overt act occurs.^[56] In modern contexts, plots extend to cyber domains, exemplified by the Stuxnet worm discovered in 2010, a sophisticated malware attributed to U.S. and Israeli intelligence that targeted Iran's nuclear centrifuges, causing physical damage without direct confrontation.^[57] Non-violent schemes include corporate maneuvers, such as the Volkswagen emissions scandal from 2014–2015, where executives orchestrated software to falsify diesel vehicle test results, evading regulations and misleading regulators and investors on a global scale.^[58]

Mechanical and computing devices

An early commercial example from Hewlett-Packard was the 9125A XY plotter, introduced in 1969, which was the company's first digitally controlled plotter and interfaced with the HP9100A desktop calculator to produce graphical outputs through analog servo mechanisms.^[59] These devices revolutionized technical drawing by automating the creation of high-resolution hardcopies from digital data, replacing manual drafting in engineering and scientific applications. Plotters are categorized into several types based on their mechanical design. Flatbed plotters maintain a stationary sheet of paper on a flat surface while the pen moves across it in X and Y directions, allowing for larger formats and versatility with various media. In contrast, drum plotters wrap the paper around a rotating cylindrical drum, with the pen moving linearly across it, enabling continuous scrolling for longer outputs but typically limiting sizes compared to flatbeds. Both types excel in precision line work, though flatbeds are noisier due to the pen carriage movement.^[60] In computing contexts, software plotting functions have extended the capabilities of these devices by generating 2D and 3D graphs from data. GNUplot, first released in 1986 by Thomas Williams and Colin Kelley, supports interactive plotting of functions, data files, and fitted models across multiple terminals, including vector formats compatible with plotters. Similarly, ggplot2, an R package developed by Hadley Wickham starting in 2005, implements a layered grammar of graphics for declarative data visualization, integrating seamlessly with statistical computing workflows to produce publication-quality plots. These tools bridge hardware plotters with digital analysis, allowing outputs to be directed to printers or files for further processing.^[61]^[62] Applications of plotters span computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, where they output engineering designs such as blueprints and schematics with high accuracy on large formats. In CAD environments, plotters like those from HP DesignJet series handle vector-based files to produce technical drawings, maintaining line precision essential for architectural and mechanical plans. Post-1980s advancements introduced 3D plotting capabilities in manufacturing, where software-driven plotters visualize complex surfaces and prototypes, aiding in rapid prototyping before physical production.^[63] The evolution of plotters transitioned from analog mechanisms to fully digital systems, marked by the introduction of the PostScript page description language in 1982 by Adobe Systems, which standardized vector graphics rendering for printers and plotters. This shift enabled scalable, device-independent outputs, paving the way for inkjet large-format plotters in the modern era, such as HP's DesignJet models, which use thermal inkjet technology for vibrant blueprints and posters up to 60 inches wide. In the 2020s, AI-assisted plotting tools, like those integrated in platforms such as Julius AI, automate graph generation and optimization from datasets, enhancing efficiency in data-driven manufacturing visualizations.^[64]^[65]^[66]

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Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest | US Forest Service Research ...
Sep 23, 2025 · The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study was established by a cooperative agreement in 1963. In 1988 the Hubbard Brook was designated as a Long-Term ...
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Plot - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
The meaning "a secret, plan, fully formulated scheme" (usually to accomplish some evil purpose) is from 1580s, probably by accidental similarity to complot, ...
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PLOT Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
plot, intrigue, machination, conspiracy, cabal mean a plan secretly devised to accomplish an evil or treacherous end. plot implies careful foresight in planning ...Synonyms of plot · Burial plot · Hatch a plot · Lose the plot
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https://www.britannica.com/technology/Stuxnet
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Pazzi conspiracy | Renaissance, Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici
Sep 20, 2025 · Pazzi conspiracy, (April 26, 1478), unsuccessful plot to overthrow the Medici rulers of Florence; the most dramatic of all political opposition to the Medici ...
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The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories - PMC - NIH
What psychological factors drive the popularity of conspiracy theories, which explain important events as secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups?
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Milgram Shock Experiment | Summary | Results - Simply Psychology
Mar 14, 2025 · The study was designed to measure how far participants would go in obeying an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their ...
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Jim Baker on Counterintelligence | Lawfare
Jan 12, 2019 · Counterintelligence is a broad field and one shrouded in secrecy for obvious reasons: At its core, it is about spies and the people who try to catch them.
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Conspiracy to commit offense or to defraud United States | U.S. Code
18 U.S. Code § 371 covers conspiracy to commit an offense or defraud the U.S. If an act is done, punishment is up to 5 years, or max of misdemeanor if it is a ...
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Stuxnet | Definition, Origin, Attack, & Facts - Britannica
Oct 10, 2025 · This method was used in cyberattacks against Estonia in April and May 2007 and against Georgia in August 2008. On both occasions it is alleged ...
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Volkswagen: The scandal explained - BBC News
Dec 10, 2015 · In November, VW said it had found "irregularities" in tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that could affect about 800,000 cars in ...
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X-Y Recorder & Plotter - HP Memory Project
The HP 9125A The HP9825A XY Plotter introduced in 1969 was HP's first digital controlled plotter and was designed to interface digitally to the HP9100A Desktop ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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What is a Plotter? - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 23, 2025 · Drum plotters, as name suggests, they use a rotating drum to move the paper left and right while one or more fixed pens write up and down. These ...
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gnuplot homepage
Gnuplot has been supported and under active development since 1986. Gnuplot supports many different types of 2D and 3D plots. Here is a Gallery of demos.Gnuplot links · FAQ · Gnuplot 6.0 · Release Notes
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[PDF] ggplot2 593 - Hadley Wickham
ggplot2 is an open source R package using a layered grammar of graphics, designed for data analysis and works with 'long' data format.
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Best Plotter for CAD Drawings | HP® Official Site
CAD plotters are essential tools in many design and engineering departments, and various options are available on the market.
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PostScript: A Digital Printing Press - CHM - Computer History Museum
Dec 1, 2022 · PostScript's Team. In December 1982, when Chuck Geschke and John Warnock created Adobe Systems Incorporated, the new printing language they ...The Big Picture · A Graphical Background · Postscript's Team
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HP Large-format printers and plotters | HP® Official Site
HP Latex Production printers. Deliver vivid colors and striking contrast, and extend your portfolio with the best white ink printing experience.HP DesignJet Technical plotters · HP DesignJet Graphics printers · HP Latex printers
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Top AI Data Visualization Tools for Effortless Insights - Julius AI
Jul 3, 2025 · Top AI data visualization tools include Julius, Polymer, Explo, SPSS, NVivo, and generative AI tools. Julius is an AI-powered platform.Missing: plotting 2020s