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Puffin crossing

A Puffin crossing, an acronym for "Pedestrian User-Friendly INtelligent" crossing, is a signal-controlled pedestrian crossing primarily used in the United Kingdom, featuring infra-red sensors that detect the presence and movement of pedestrians to dynamically adjust traffic light timings for enhanced safety and efficiency.^[1]^[2] Introduced in the mid-1990s as an advancement over earlier signalized crossings like the Pelican, the Puffin design was developed to minimize delays for both vehicles and pedestrians while prioritizing user safety through intelligent monitoring.^[3]^[4] Unlike the Pelican crossing, which includes a flashing amber phase for vehicles and signals positioned across the road, the Puffin places red and green pedestrian figures directly above the push-button control box on the user's side of the road, eliminating the need to look away and reducing the risk of distraction.^[5]^[6] In operation, pedestrians press a button to request the crossing, triggering the sensors to assess wait times and crossing needs; the green figure signals when it is safe to proceed, and the system extends the green phase if slow movers—such as children or the elderly—are detected, ensuring they complete the crossing without interruption.^[1]^[5] There is no flashing green man or amber vehicle phase; instead, vehicles receive a steady red light until sensors confirm the crossing is clear, which helps reduce vehicle idling and pedestrian hesitation.^[5] Many modern installations include a countdown display indicating the remaining time for the green phase, further aiding decision-making and promoting confident use.^[5] Puffin crossings are governed by specific UK regulations, such as the Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations 1997, which define their signage, markings, and operational standards to ensure consistency across roadways. Studies and implementations, particularly in urban areas like London, have shown that they improve pedestrian safety perceptions and reduce collision risks by 15% compared to previous systems, while also cutting average vehicle delays compared to fixed-time systems.^[7] From the 2010s onward, and with Pelican crossings being phased out since 2016, Puffins have become and remain the preferred standard for new signalized crossings in the UK as of 2025, aligning with smarter traffic management goals.^[7]

Overview

Definition and Etymology

A Puffin crossing is a type of signal-controlled pedestrian crossing primarily used in the United Kingdom, designed to enhance safety and efficiency at busy road junctions. Unlike traditional crossings, it employs infra-red sensors to detect the presence and movement of pedestrians on the crossing area, allowing the system to dynamically adjust signal timings and extend green phases as needed without fixed durations.^[1] This intelligent operation ensures that pedestrians receive sufficient time to cross safely while minimizing unnecessary delays for vehicular traffic.^[6] The term "Puffin" originates as an acronym for "Pedestrian User-Friendly Intelligent" crossing, reflecting its focus on user-centric design and advanced detection technology. This nomenclature was established during the system's initial development trials in the early 1990s, emphasizing improvements over earlier pedestrian signal systems like the Pelican crossing.^[8] In urban traffic management, Puffin crossings contribute to safer pedestrian environments by reducing conflicts between vehicles and foot traffic, particularly in high-density areas, through responsive sensor integration that prioritizes crossing demands without over-extending signals.^[1]

Key Features

Puffin crossings are distinguished by their nearside placement of pedestrian signal lights, which are positioned on the same side of the road as the waiting pedestrians, typically above the push-button unit, to enhance visibility and encourage pedestrians to monitor approaching traffic directly. This configuration replaces the far-side signals common in older designs, providing a clearer line of sight and reducing the need for pedestrians to cross prematurely.^[9]^[10] Unlike traditional pelican crossings, Puffin crossings eliminate the flashing amber phase for vehicles, instead employing a steady red signal that transitions directly to red-amber and green based on sensor inputs, ensuring pedestrians receive extended protection without the uncertainty of an amber warning. This sensor-controlled approach uses kerbside detectors to identify waiting pedestrians and on-crossing detectors to monitor those actively crossing, automatically extending the all-red period up to a maximum of 25 seconds if needed, thereby adapting the green time dynamically to pedestrian needs.^[11]^[9] Accessibility for visually impaired users is enhanced through a tactile rotating knob incorporated into the pedestrian push-button unit, which spins to indicate when the green man signal is active and it is safe to cross, often complemented by audible signals during the green phase. This feature, mounted below the push-button, provides a reliable non-visual cue, promoting independent use of the crossing.^[10]^[11] The integration of pedestrian demand with vehicular traffic flow is achieved through advanced detection systems that prioritize efficiency, such as canceling a pedestrian call if no one is detected waiting after a brief delay or identifying gaps in traffic to initiate the pedestrian phase promptly, thereby minimizing overall delays for both users. This intelligent coordination allows Puffin crossings to operate seamlessly within urban traffic control networks like SCOOT, optimizing signal timings without fixed phases.^[9]^[11]

History

Development

The Puffin crossing was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by the UK Department for Transport (DfT), in collaboration with local authorities and the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), as an advancement over the Pelican crossing to enhance pedestrian safety and traffic efficiency.^[12] This initiative addressed key shortcomings of the fixed-timer Pelican system, such as unnecessary vehicle delays and inadequate accommodation for varying pedestrian speeds.^[13] Initial experimental trials took place in 1992 at selected sites, including junctions in Woolwich and Rustington, where TRL evaluated prototypes under real-world conditions.^[12] These trials demonstrated the potential for reduced pedestrian wait times and fewer aborted crossings compared to traditional designs.^[12] Central to the development were innovations in sensor technology, including nearside pedestrian signals, kerbside detectors to identify and cancel invalid demands, and on-crossing infra-red sensors to dynamically adjust clearance times based on actual pedestrian movement.^[11] This shift to adaptive, intelligence-driven operation eliminated fixed timings and flashing phases, prioritizing both user-friendliness and flow optimization.^[12] By October 1997, the system had undergone testing at over 60 locations nationwide, informing legislative changes that enabled widespread deployment.^[14] The Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations and General Directions 1997 formalized the design, with provisions allowing local authorities to install Puffins without prior central government approval effective from December 1997.

Implementation and Adoption

The nationwide rollout of Puffin crossings in the United Kingdom began in the early 2000s, following the introduction of formal guidance through Traffic Advice Leaflet (TAL) 1/02 in 2002, which outlined best practices for their installation, and the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions (TSRGD) 2002, which legally prescribed their design and use.^[15]^[16] These documents enabled local authorities to implement Puffins as a standard signal-controlled pedestrian crossing option, building on earlier trials from the late 1990s. By providing standardized specifications for near-side pedestrian signals and detection systems, the TSRGD facilitated widespread adoption across urban and suburban roads where pedestrian demand warranted signalized facilities.^[16] Adoption accelerated through the 2000s, with over 3,000 Puffin crossings installed across Great Britain by 2010, representing approximately 30% of the total mid-block Pelican and Puffin crossings at that time. This growth was particularly pronounced in urban areas, where Puffins offered improved efficiency over traditional Pelican crossings by minimizing unnecessary traffic delays through sensor-based operation. Continued expansion occurred in subsequent years, supported by ongoing updates to national guidance and local infrastructure investments.^[17] A significant policy shift came in 2016 with the Department for Transport's (DfT) Circular 01/2016 accompanying the updated TSRGD, which removed the legal prescription for new Pelican crossings effective 22 October 2016, effectively phasing them out in favor of Puffins for future installations.^[18] This change positioned Puffins as the preferred default for signal-controlled pedestrian crossings due to their adaptive features, encouraging their integration into new highway schemes nationwide. Local councils play a central role in the implementation process, responsible for site selection based on pedestrian flow assessments, traffic volumes, and safety needs, often through public consultations and feasibility studies.^[19] Funding typically comes from council capital budgets, Local Transport Plan allocations, and highway improvement programs, allowing authorities to prioritize high-need locations such as near schools, shopping districts, or busy residential areas.^[20] This decentralized approach ensures tailored deployment while adhering to national standards.^[21]

Design and Components

Signal Lights and Indicators

Puffin crossings feature nearside pedestrian signals, consisting of red and green man figures, mounted on posts positioned between waiting pedestrians and approaching traffic to enhance visibility of oncoming vehicles.^[17] These signals are typically placed on the primary pole approximately 0.5 meters from the kerb edge and crossing studs, with the push-button unit at a height of 1.0 to 1.1 meters above the footway for accessibility.^[15] The signal heads are inclined at 25 to 30 degrees toward the kerb face and positioned diagonally above the pedestrian waiting area, with the lower edge of the signal head at a height of 2.1 to 2.6 meters above the ground to ensure clear visibility.^[17] The green man signal may include an optional countdown timer in fixed-time configurations, displayed to the left or right of the figure, which indicates the remaining time available for crossing and helps pedestrians gauge safe passage duration; however, countdown timers require fixed timings and are incompatible with on-crossing detection in standard Puffin crossings.^[17] This feature, prescribed under Diagram 4002.1A in the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions (TSRGD) 2016, promotes efficient use of the crossing by providing real-time information during a fixed invitation period.^[17] To support visually impaired users, Puffin crossings incorporate tactile and audible indicators integrated into the nearside demand unit. The push-button assembly includes a rotating tactile cone or knob located on the underside, which spins to signal when it is safe to cross, often accompanied by a raised arrow indicating the crossing direction.^[6] Audible signals, such as intermittent tones, are optional and activate concurrently with the green man to alert users, with volume adjustable to minimize noise pollution in sensitive areas.^[17] Tactile paving extends from the waiting area to the studs, guiding pedestrians to the crossing point.^[15] All signal lights and indicators must comply with the TSRGD 2016, which specifies requirements for light intensity, color, and visibility to ensure signals are discernible in various lighting and weather conditions.^[17] Signal heads adhere to British Standard BS EN 12368:2015 for performance and durability, with type-approved equipment mandatory for installation.^[17] These standards, outlined in the Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations 1997 (as amended), govern the precise configuration to maintain safety and accessibility across UK installations.^[22]

Detection Systems

Puffin crossings employ advanced detection systems to monitor pedestrian behavior and adjust signal timings dynamically, enhancing safety and efficiency compared to fixed-time crossings. These systems primarily consist of the Pedestrian Kerbside Detector (PKD) and the Pedestrian Crossing Detector (PCD), both typically mounted on the traffic signal pole overlooking the crossing area. The PKD focuses on detecting initial pedestrian intent following a button press, using infra-red technology to confirm presence at the nearside waiting area and prevent unnecessary signal activation if the pedestrian departs; it has a fixed detection zone of 2.4 meters by 1.6 meters.^[17]^[23] The PCD, utilizing active infra-red beams or microwave technology projected across the pedestrian path, monitors the presence and approximate speed of individuals on the crossing itself during the clearance phase.^[23]^[9] This detector creates a detection zone spanning the carriageway width to track movement and ensure the crossing is clear before traffic signals change. Active infra-red technology in the PCD involves emitting and receiving infra-red pulses to identify interruptions caused by pedestrians, allowing for real-time assessment of crossing progress without relying solely on fixed timers.^[23]^[9] The logic governing phase extensions integrates inputs from both detectors: upon a button press confirmed by the PKD, the system initiates the pedestrian green phase; the PCD then extends the all-red period (pedestrian clearance time) based on detected presence, adding increments as needed to accommodate slower crossers. Extensions typically last up to 30 seconds, calibrated to the crossing width (e.g., carriageway width in meters divided by 1.2 meters per second for baseline timing), but capped by a maximum pedestrian timer to prevent indefinite delays. If the maximum extension is reached without clearance, traffic green resumes after the pre-set maximum time.^[9]^[17] In cases of sensor failure, such as misalignment or low-light interference affecting infra-red beams, the system defaults to fixed timings as per Department for Transport (DfT) guidelines, reverting to pre-set all-red periods (often 20-30 seconds on roads with speeds ≤30 mph) to maintain safe operation without intelligent adjustments. Fault monitoring algorithms remotely detect such issues, ensuring compliance with standards like BS EN 12675:2001 for traffic signal controllers.^[17]^[23]

Operation

Pedestrian Procedure

Pedestrians approach a Puffin crossing by first checking the near-side signal lights, which display a red standing figure or a green walking figure above the push-button unit on their side of the road. If the green figure is shown, they may cross immediately, provided traffic has stopped in both directions and it is safe to do so.^[1]^[6] If the red figure is displayed, pedestrians must press the tactile push button to register their demand for crossing time. The button, typically a rotating knob with tactile cones, confirms the request through indicator lights that illuminate around it and remain lit until the green signal appears; if the lights extinguish prematurely, the button should be pressed again.^[6]^[11] Unlike older crossing types, there is no need for pedestrians to "claim" the crossing by remaining in place after pressing; the system automatically detects presence via kerb-side sensors and cancels the demand if no one is waiting within 2-4 seconds.^[1]^[11] Once the green walking figure appears, accompanied by an audible bleep or tone at standalone crossings, pedestrians should cross promptly and directly within the sensor-monitored zone on the crossing. The green phase lasts 4-9 seconds initially, but on-crossing sensors automatically extend the all-red period for vehicles up to 25 seconds if pedestrians are still detected, ensuring sufficient time to reach the opposite side without a flashing green warning.^[6]^[11] For vulnerable users, such as those with visual impairments, the push button's rotating knob includes a tactile direction indicator to confirm the safe crossing path, while optional audible and vibrating signals provide additional cues during the green phase. Tactile paving and dropped kerbs at the crossing edges further assist navigation.^[6]^[11]

Traffic Light Control

The Puffin crossing operates on a demand-activated cycle for vehicle traffic lights, where a pedestrian pressing the demand button initiates a potential change to red for vehicles, but this can be cancelled if kerbside detectors confirm no pedestrian is waiting after a preset period, typically to minimize unnecessary delays.^[15] This logic ensures that vehicle green phases continue uninterrupted unless a valid crossing demand is present, with the system integrating pedestrian detection to prioritize flow efficiency.^[11] Once the pedestrian green phase activates, the vehicle lights remain red during the initial green man period, followed by an extendable all-red clearance phase based on data from pedestrian crossing detectors (PKD), which monitor movement and prevent the vehicle green from resuming prematurely until the crossing is clear.^[15] The clearance period can extend dynamically up to 25 seconds depending on crossing length, ensuring safety by holding vehicles at red if pedestrians moving at speeds of 0.5 m/s or more are detected.^[11]^[15] In practice, this extension is frequently utilized, occurring in 20-91% of cycles across monitored sites as observed in a 2005 study, though conservative settings may add up to 7 seconds of extra vehicle delay.^[10] For coordinated operation in busy areas, Puffin crossings integrate with upstream traffic signals, often using urban traffic control (UTC) systems to synchronize phases and avoid excessive queuing, such as through all-arms pedestrian stages at junctions or separate phasing for non-conflicting movements.^[15] Default cycle times include a minimum pedestrian green of 4-5 seconds for typical sites, adjustable to 6-9 seconds based on factors like crossing length or pedestrian volume, with vehicle green periods ranging from 7-60 seconds to balance demand.^[11] These timings are site-specific, allowing flexibility.^[15]

Comparison with Other Crossings

Versus Pelican Crossing

The primary design distinction between Puffin and Pelican crossings lies in their signal placement and detection technology: Puffin crossings feature nearside pedestrian signals located near the crossing point for better visibility, along with infrared sensors to detect pedestrian presence, whereas Pelican crossings use farside signals positioned across the road and rely solely on fixed timings without such sensors.^[11]^[9] Operationally, Puffin crossings employ dynamic timing that adjusts the pedestrian phase based on sensor data to ensure sufficient crossing time while minimizing unnecessary vehicle stops, eliminating the fixed flashing amber phase found in Pelican crossings, which mandates a cautionary period for vehicles after the pedestrian green phase ends.^[11] In contrast, Pelican crossings maintain a predetermined advisory period of 6-18 seconds during flashing amber, potentially leading to more frequent vehicle delays if no pedestrians are present.^[11] Since 2016, the UK Department for Transport has phased out Pelican crossings from its approved designs for new installations, favoring Puffins for their enhanced efficiency in traffic flow and pedestrian accommodation through adaptive control.^[24] Regarding costs, Puffin crossings incur slightly higher initial expenses—primarily due to the integration of pedestrian detectors and advanced controllers like MOVA—compared to Pelican crossings, though they offer potential long-term savings through reduced maintenance and energy use from optimized operations.^[9]^[25]

Versus Other Types

Puffin crossings differ from zebra crossings primarily in their control mechanisms. While puffin crossings are signal-controlled, utilizing pedestrian detectors and traffic lights to manage vehicle flow and grant priority to pedestrians once activated, zebra crossings are uncontrolled, consisting of black-and-white striped road markings with zigzag approach lines where vehicles must yield to pedestrians under the Highway Code without any signals.^[11]^[1] In comparison to toucan crossings, puffins are designed exclusively for pedestrians, featuring standard-width paths (minimum 2.4 meters) and near-side signals with pedestrian symbols, whereas toucans accommodate both pedestrians and cyclists on shared, wider paths (minimum 4 meters) and include cycle-specific red and green indicators to allow cyclists to ride across without dismounting.^[11]^[1] Pegasus crossings, intended for equestrians, share signal-controlled operation with puffins but incorporate elevated push-button units (typically at 1.5 meters height) and horse symbols on the indicators to facilitate use by horse riders, contrasting with the standard-height (1 meter) buttons and pedestrian-focused signals of puffins.^[1]^[19] A notable convention in UK pedestrian crossing nomenclature assigns bird names—such as pelican, puffin, and toucan—to signal-controlled types, excluding the zebra which derives its name from the animal's stripes, reflecting a thematic distinction in design evolution.^[11]

Usage and Locations

In the United Kingdom

Puffin crossings are primarily utilized in urban and suburban areas throughout the United Kingdom, where they facilitate safe pedestrian movement across busy roads. By 2020, installations numbered in the thousands, with the majority concentrated in England due to higher population densities and traffic volumes in these regions.^[26]^[27] The regulatory framework for Puffin crossings is established under the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 (TSRGD 2016), which prescribes the design, signage, and operational standards for these facilities, consolidating earlier regulations on pedestrian crossings. Complementing this, the Department for Transport's Puffin Good Practice Guide (2006), developed in collaboration with the County Surveyors' Society, provides detailed recommendations on site assessment, design, and implementation to ensure optimal performance and safety. These crossings are commonly sited near schools, shopping districts, and locations with high pedestrian flows to accommodate vulnerable users and reduce conflict with vehicles. Notable examples include numerous installations in London boroughs, managed by Transport for London, and in Midlands cities such as Birmingham and Nottingham, where they support dense commuter and retail traffic.^[7]^[28] Maintenance responsibilities for Puffin crossings fall to local highway authorities, who oversee regular sensor calibration, lighting checks, and necessary upgrades to maintain functionality and compliance with evolving standards.^[28]

International Variants

While originating in the United Kingdom, the Puffin crossing design has seen direct adoption in Ireland and parts of Australia, with sensor-based detection technology influencing adaptations in select countries internationally, focusing on pedestrian-activated signals that minimize delays and enhance safety through infrared or video sensors. These variants prioritize real-time adjustment of crossing phases based on user presence, echoing the Puffin's core principles without uniform branding. In Ireland, Puffin crossings are implemented as part of standard pedestrian infrastructure, particularly in urban areas, where they incorporate near-side signals and detection to manage traffic flow efficiently. Transport Infrastructure Ireland's guidelines explicitly reference Puffin crossings alongside other signalized types, supporting their use in both pedestrian-only and shared scenarios. Direct Puffin crossings continue to be installed in Ireland as standard for signalized pedestrian facilities.^[29] Australia has developed "smart" pedestrian crossings inspired by the Puffin model, utilizing sensors to detect pedestrian movement and dynamically extend green phases as needed. In Queensland, the Department of Transport and Main Roads has deployed over 100 such installations since the early 2020s, with 112 completed as of September 2025, often termed "Smart Crossings" in Queensland, particularly in Brisbane, which reduce unnecessary vehicle stops while ensuring safe crossing times for users. These systems adapt UK sensor tech to local conditions, such as higher pedestrian volumes in coastal cities.^[30]^[31] Similarly, Western Australia's road safety frameworks describe Puffin crossings directly, emphasizing above-ground detectors for vulnerable users, with all future mid-block signalised pedestrian crossings planned as Puffins.^[32] In the European Union, equivalents include actuated pedestrian signals that incorporate detection for efficiency, though not branded as Puffin. The Netherlands' SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research highlights the Puffin's advantages in preventing "green lure" effects and aiding visually impaired users, informing local designs for signalized crossings on shared pedestrian-cyclist paths. Pilot adaptations of UK sensor technology occurred in the early 2010s for such paths, but broader rollout has been constrained.^[33] In the United States, comparable systems like the HAWK (Hybrid Pedestrian Beacon) provide sensor-activated flashing beacons at mid-block locations, prioritizing pedestrian actuation without full traffic signal control.^[34] Challenges to wider international adoption stem from divergent traffic laws, standardization of sensor technologies, and integration with existing infrastructure, limiting Puffin-style crossings to localized pilots rather than global exports.

Safety and Effectiveness

Benefits

Puffin crossings significantly reduce pedestrian wait times compared to traditional signal-controlled crossings by using sensors to cancel unused crossing demands and dynamically extend the green phase as needed. Simulations and on-street trials have demonstrated pedestrian delay reductions of 23% to 30% depending on traffic conditions and assessment periods.^[35] This efficiency arises from kerbside detectors that detect actual pedestrian presence and on-crossing sensors that monitor progress, allowing the system to release traffic sooner when the crossing is clear. Safety evaluations indicate that Puffin crossings lower accident rates relative to Pelican crossings, with mid-block sites showing a 17% reduction in personal injury accident frequency and a 24% decrease in pedestrian-specific injuries, both statistically significant.^[12] Across a broader sample of 50 converted sites, total injury accidents fell by 19%, attributed to the elimination of the Pelican's flashing green period—which can confuse users—and nearside signal placement that improves visibility for both pedestrians and drivers. By minimizing unnecessary signal cycles through demand cancellation, Puffin crossings shorten vehicle delays, particularly in low-pedestrian-demand scenarios where significant portions of calls can be automatically cancelled.^[12] These reductions enhance overall traffic flow in congested urban areas, contributing to lower fuel consumption and emissions from idling vehicles. Puffin crossings offer enhanced accessibility for elderly and disabled pedestrians via on-crossing detectors that automatically extend the clearance period based on crossing speed, accommodating slower paces such as 0.92 meters per second for older users.^[12] Tactile feedback mechanisms, including vibrating push buttons and audible signals, further assist visually impaired individuals in detecting the green phase without relying solely on visual cues.^[9]

Concerns and Criticisms

One notable criticism of Puffin crossings centers on pedestrian confusion arising from the absence of a flashing green phase and the reliance on nearside signals only, which can lead to hesitation during crossing as users lack a far-side visual cue. This design feature, intended to extend clearance time dynamically via sensors, has been reported to cause uncertainty about when to begin or continue crossing, with surveys indicating 17% of users experiencing confusion on signal timing compared to 13% at Pelican crossings. In response to such feedback, Transport for London halted new Puffin installations in 2014, favoring far-sided indicators to incorporate countdown timers and mitigate user dissatisfaction with the nearside-only visibility.^[36] Sensor reliability in Puffin crossings has also drawn scrutiny, with infrared and kerbside detectors prone to false positives triggered by environmental factors such as rain, wind, or non-pedestrian movements like animals or passing vehicles, necessitating frequent maintenance to prevent erroneous signal activations. Field studies across multiple sites revealed faulty detectors at over 80% of observed Puffin locations, contributing to operational disruptions and higher upkeep demands compared to timer-based alternatives. For instance, heavy rainfall has been documented to induce continuous false calls in passive detection systems, exacerbating reliability issues in adverse weather. Birmingham City Council has avoided installing Puffins at busy pedestrian sites partly due to these sensor vulnerabilities and associated maintenance burdens, opting instead for more robust Pelican designs in high-traffic areas.^[10]^[37]^[38] A 2012 inquiry by the Scottish Government, highlighted by Road Safety GB, raised concerns over potential safety risks at Puffin crossings, including the possibility of increased jaywalking or risky behaviors if the steady green phase—without a flashing warning—prompts pedestrians to rush toward the end of the allocated time. This critique stems from observations that the lack of an explicit end-of-phase signal might encourage hurried crossings, particularly among less familiar users, potentially heightening conflict risks with vehicles.^[39] Additionally, Puffin crossings face challenges related to higher upfront costs and retrofit complexities, primarily due to the integration of advanced sensors, which add £2,000–3,000 to installation expenses over equivalent Pelican setups and elevate ongoing maintenance budgets. Pelican crossings were removed from approved designs for new installations in the 2016 update to the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions (TSRGD), with Puffins becoming the standard replacement, though existing Pelicans can be maintained until the end of their service life.^[13]^[40]^[41]

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[38]
Puffin crossings face the axe - Birmingham Live
Oct 23, 2012 · BIRMINGHAM'S "user friendly" puffin road crossings have been given the bird - because they are too confusing for walkers.Missing: avoidance | Show results with:avoidance
[39]
Inquiry launched into 'Puffin' crossings amid safety fears
May 3, 2012 · The Scottish Government has launched an inquiry into the effectiveness of new-style 'Puffin' crossings, following claims they could cause more accidents than ...Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
[40]
Pelican vs Puffin Crossing Costs. - a Freedom of Information request ...
Jan 31, 2012 · I would like to know the cost of a installing and maintaining a puffin crossing as compared to a pelican crossing. Also how many Puffing ...
[41]
'Longer red lights' mooted to help vulnerable pedestrians - BBC News
May 9, 2014 · By using puffin crossings, councils can vary the length of time that pedestrians have to cross from 20 seconds to a maximum of one minute, ...