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RAP

Rap is a musical style originating within hip-hop culture, defined by the rhythmic recitation of rhymed lyrics—termed rapping—delivered by a vocalist or MC over instrumental beats derived from looped recordings or synthesized sounds. It emerged in the early 1970s in the Bronx borough of New York City, pioneered by Black, Afro-Caribbean, and Latino youth in response to socioeconomic hardships including poverty, deindustrialization, and racial discrimination, initially through techniques like DJs extending drum breaks at block parties to sustain dancing while MCs provided energetic commentary. The genre evolved rapidly from underground gatherings to commercial dominance, with the 1979 release of Sugarhill Gang's "" marking its first mainstream hit and catalyzing widespread adoption. By the "golden era," rap diversified into subgenres such as conscious rap addressing political injustice—exemplified by Public Enemy's It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988)—and chronicling street life, violence, and drug trade, as popularized by groups like . This period saw rap's integration into broader elements like and , fostering global emulation and economic expansion into a U.S. industry valued at over $15 billion annually by the , spanning music sales, streaming (where comprises about 31% of streams), fashion, and entrepreneurship. Rap's cultural footprint includes empowering marginalized voices through raw depictions of urban realities and facilitating for artists, yet it has drawn scrutiny for frequently glorifying criminality, , and in , particularly in gangsta and variants. links heavy exposure to rap music videos—often featuring such themes—to elevated risks of , arrests, substance use, sexually transmitted infections, and multiple sexual partners among adolescent listeners, with one prospective study of over 500 African American girls finding odds ratios up to 3.0 for hitting teachers and 2.6 for arrests after adjusting for confounders like parental monitoring. Despite these associations, rap persists as a dominant force in , with regional innovations from Southern to international fusions underscoring its adaptability and enduring influence on language, politics, and youth identity worldwide.

Music

Rap

Rap, also known as or emceeing, is a musical and artistic form characterized by rhythmic, rhymed vocal over instrumental beats, typically derived from sampled recordings or synthesized production. It forms the lyrical core of music, distinguishing itself from through its emphasis on spoken-word cadence, internal , and rather than melodic phrasing. The components of rap include (the thematic substance of lyrics, often addressing issues, personal narratives, or boasts), (the rhythmic structure integrating schemes and meter), and (variations in tone, speed, and emphasis to convey emotion or aggression). These elements enable rappers to layer complex and syncopated patterns, creating a percussive interplay with the underlying beat. Rap originated in the , , during the early amid economic decline, , and limited recreational outlets for youth in African American and communities. On August 11, 1973, (born Clive Campbell), a Jamaican immigrant who arrived in in 1967, hosted a back-to-school party at where he pioneered the technique of extending drum breaks—isolated percussive segments from and records—by switching between turntables, laying the foundation for beats. To sustain crowd energy during these "breaks," Herc's friend began improvising chants and rhymes as an MC, marking the birth of as crowd-hyping vocal improvisation over looped rhythms. This practice drew from African American oral traditions like toasting, the dozens (competitive insult games), and earlier spoken-word influences, but crystallized into a distinct style through block parties and community sound systems. The genre evolved through distinct phases, beginning with old-school rap in the mid-1970s, characterized by simple, party-oriented rhymes and heavy reliance on live DJ scratching, as exemplified by groups like the Sugarhill Gang, whose 1979 single "Rapper's Delight" became the first commercial rap hit, selling over 2 million copies. The 1980s golden age introduced socially conscious lyricism and technical innovation, with artists like Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five releasing "The Message" in 1982, which vividly depicted inner-city hardship and peaked at number 4 on the R&B chart. By the early 1990s, gangsta rap emerged on the West Coast, led by N.W.A.'s 1988 album Straight Outta Compton, which sold over 3 million copies and portrayed unfiltered accounts of street life, police brutality, and violence, influencing a shift toward narrative realism despite controversy over glorifying crime. Subgenres proliferated thereafter, including East Coast boom-bap (e.g., Wu-Tang Clan's 1993 debut Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), certified platinum), Southern trap with its 808 bass and hi-hat patterns (pioneered by OutKast's 1994 Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik), and later mumble rap emphasizing melodic flows and auto-tune, as in Future's 2015 mixtape 56 Nights. Rap's cultural impact stems from its role as a vehicle for marginalized voices, enabling raw expression of systemic , racial tensions, and , which resonated beyond the U.S. to foster global adaptations like rap in the 1990s (e.g., IAM's Ombre est Lumière) and K-rap in . By 2023, and rap accounted for the largest share of music releases worldwide, surpassing other in volume and driving innovations in , (e.g., integration into mainstream English), and social movements. Economically, the genre generated $15.7 billion in U.S. revenue in 2022 through streaming, tours, and merchandise, with platforms like reporting rap tracks dominating playlists in , , and . Critiques attributing societal violence to rap overlook its function as a symptom of underlying urban conditions rather than a cause, as evidenced by longitudinal studies showing no direct causal link between rap consumption and aggression when controlling for socioeconomic factors.

Medicine

Right atrial pressure

Right atrial pressure (RAP) refers to the mean blood pressure within the right atrium of the heart, which approximates central venous pressure and serves as a surrogate marker for right ventricular end-diastolic filling pressure or preload.62283-3/fulltext) It reflects the balance between systemic venous return to the right heart and the right ventricle's ability to eject blood into the pulmonary circulation. In healthy individuals, mean RAP typically ranges from 1 to 8 mmHg, with a commonly cited average of 3 to 4 mmHg. Values above 10 mmHg are generally considered elevated and indicative of abnormal right heart hemodynamics. RAP is most accurately measured invasively via right heart catheterization, often using a pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter inserted through a central vein to directly record atrial waveforms and mean pressure. Noninvasive estimation relies primarily on transthoracic echocardiography, which integrates inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter (normal 1.5-2.5 cm) and collapsibility (>50% with inspiration suggests normal RAP of 3 mmHg, while <50% collapse with dilated IVC indicates elevated RAP of 10-20 mmHg). Other echocardiographic indices, such as tricuspid inflow patterns or hepatic vein flow, may refine these estimates, though accuracy varies with patient factors like obesity or mechanical ventilation. Elevated RAP signifies increased right-sided cardiac burden and is a key hemodynamic parameter in conditions such as right heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation, constrictive pericarditis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), where it correlates with disease severity and adverse outcomes including mortality. In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), higher RAP reflects cumulative preload overload and independently predicts hospitalization risk. The RAP-to-pulmonary artery wedge pressure ratio further stratifies prognosis in PAH, with ratios >0.3 linked to right ventricular dysfunction and reduced survival. In critically ill patients, such as those with , RAP guides but shows limited with due to ventricular interdependence.62283-3/fulltext)

Law enforcement

Record of arrests and prosecutions

A Record of Arrests and Prosecutions (RAP), informally termed a rap sheet, constitutes the core of an individual's in systems, primarily documenting interactions with the process from onward. This is initiated upon an accompanied by fingerprinting and booking, capturing sequential events rather than a chronological . Key elements include the date and of each , the arresting , specific charges or offenses alleged, and subsequent prosecutorial actions such as indictments or informations filed. Prosecution details in the RAP extend to dispositions, encompassing outcomes like convictions (with offense classifications such as or ), acquittals, dismissals, or diversions into alternative programs. Sentences, if applicable, are noted, including terms of incarceration, , fines, or restitution, alongside any appellate reversals or modifications. Non-conviction data, such as sealed or expunged entries, may persist in certain jurisdictions unless formally challenged, though guidelines under the FBI's Information Services emphasize accuracy and completeness based on submitted fingerprints. Federally, the FBI's Identity History Summary—equivalent to a national rap sheet—aggregates data from over 50 state repositories and federal sources, organizing arrests into blocks with fields for contributing agency identifiers (ORI codes), fingerprint class, and final dispositions reported by courts or prosecutors. State variations exist; for instance, structures its RAP into sections delineating events, confinement history, and supervision details, while New York's Division of Services includes civil commitments or licensing revocations tied to arrests. Access to one's RAP typically requires a formal request, with fees and notarization for FBI summaries, ensuring records reflect verified submissions rather than unconfirmed allegations.

Aviation

Rapid City Regional Airport

Rapid City Regional Airport (IATA: RAP, ICAO: KRAP, FAA LID: RAP) is a public-use airport situated nine miles southeast of Rapid City in , serving as the principal gateway to the region. Owned and operated by the city of Rapid City, it handles commercial, , and occasional operations, with a field elevation of 3,203 feet (976 meters). The airport's primary , 14/32, spans 8,701 feet (2,652 meters) of concrete surface, while secondary runway 5/23 measures 3,601 feet (1,098 meters) of asphalt, accommodating a range of aircraft up to class. Commercial service began at the current location in 1950, following earlier municipal aviation sites in Rapid City dating to 1924 and a temporary facility near established in 1946. The site's development aligned with post-World War II civilian growth, transitioning from limited use during the war to full public operations under city management. By 2015, the airport dedicated an aviation history exhibit highlighting flying milestones, underscoring its role in regional connectivity. In 2025, it marked 75 years at the present site with community events and archival displays. The single terminal building supports nonstop flights from carriers including , , , , and , primarily to hubs like , , , and Dallas-Fort Worth, with seasonal routes to additional cities. Passenger traffic reached 345,532 enplanements in calendar year 2023, up 4.28% from 2022, driven by tourism to and regional attractions. Aircraft operations totaled 44,743 annually as of recent FAA records, including about 60 based aircraft. Ongoing infrastructure upgrades include a (TSA) checkpoint expansion initiated in late 2025 to handle increased volumes and improve screening efficiency amid rising enplanements. The maintains facilities for parking, ground transportation, and rental cars, positioning it as western South Dakota's full-service aviation hub without reliance on subsidized .

Environmental remediation

Remedial action plan

A plan (RAP) in is a site-specific document or permit that outlines the procedures, technologies, and schedules for addressing contamination from hazardous substances, typically to protect human health and the . Under the (RCRA), a RAP serves as a specialized permit alternative to standard RCRA facility permits, enabling owners or operators to manage remediation waste—defined as from cleanup activities—with tailored requirements rather than full compliance with all Subtitle C standards. This approach facilitates efficient remediation at contaminated sites while ensuring containment, treatment, or disposal of wastes generated during cleanup. The development of an RAP under RCRA begins with a facility assessment and corrective action investigation, analogous to the remedial investigation phase in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) process, to characterize contamination extent and risks. Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or authorized states, review and approve the RAP, which must include enforceable milestones, compliance schedules, and provisions for . In practice, RAPs are issued for facilities handling remediation waste from sources like leaking landfills or industrial spills, with over 1,800 RCRA corrective action sites addressed nationwide as of 2023, many incorporating RAP-like plans. Core components of an RAP, as specified in 40 CFR Part 270 Subpart H, encompass a general facility description, waste analysis plans to identify hazardous constituents, detailed or procedures, programs, and post- plans, and financial assurance mechanisms to cover potential liabilities. Engineering designs for remedial technologies—such as pump-and-treat systems for or soil vapor extraction—must demonstrate attainment of cleanup goals, often aligned with risk-based standards like 10^-4 to 10^-6 excess cancer risk levels. Implementation follows approval, with ongoing reporting and to address unforeseen conditions, such as migrating plumes. Beyond RCRA, RAPs appear in CERCLA Superfund contexts as proposed or final plans detailing remedial designs post-Record of Decision, focusing on technical specifications for actions like excavation or in-situ . For instance, in the Areas of Concern program, RAPs identify beneficial use impairments from pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls and prescribe actions, with 11 of 31 U.S. AOCs delisted by 2025 after RAP implementation. Effectiveness is evaluated through long-term monitoring, with success measured by verified reductions in contaminant concentrations, such as achieving EPA maximum contaminant levels in . State programs, like Ohio's RAP permits, mirror federal structures but may incorporate voluntary cleanup incentives. Challenges include balancing cost—averaging $30-50 million per site—with efficacy, prompting innovations like monitored natural where passive processes suffice.

Computing and technology

Resource access point

In the context of attribute-based access control (ABAC) systems, a Resource Access Point (RAP) serves as the interface through which protected resources are accessed and manipulated, implementing resource-specific operations while enforcing access decisions from a Policy Decision Point (PDP). The RAP acts as the sole entry point for resource interactions, ensuring that all requests pass through enforcement mechanisms before reaching the underlying data or service, thereby preventing direct unauthorized access. RAP functionality is integral to frameworks like Next Generation Access Control (NGAC), a graph-based ABAC model developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where it coordinates with to execute operations such as read, write, or delete on resources tailored to their type—e.g., files, databases, or . Upon receiving an access request, the RAP receives a decision from the (e.g., permit or deny based on user attributes, environmental factors, and rules) and applies it by invoking appropriate resource routines, logging events if integrated with an Event Processing Point (EPP). This separation enhances , allowing RAP implementations to be customized for diverse IT environments like industrial control systems or cloud services without altering core logic. In practice, RAPs mitigate risks in distributed systems by centralizing resource mediation, as seen in NGAC deployments for blockchain-enabled platforms or secure health record sharing, where they extract status or perform actions only after attribute verification. Compared to traditional models like (RBAC), RAPs in ABAC/NGAC support dynamic, context-aware enforcement, reducing over-privileging through fine-grained attribute hierarchies and hierarchies. NIST's NGAC specifications, formalized since 2013, emphasize RAP's role in scalable, verifiable access for , with implementations tested in prototypes handling thousands of policy elements efficiently.

Military and government

Recruiter assistance program

The Recruiter Assistance Program (RAP) is a voluntary U.S. initiative administered by the Recruiting Service, enabling active-duty Airmen to assist enlisted and officer accession recruiters in their hometowns through personal testimonials, presentations at schools and events, lead generation, and other support tasks. The program's purpose is to leverage participants' firsthand experiences to enhance recruiting effectiveness by fostering trust and relatability among potential recruits. It operates under Department of the Instruction (DAFI) 36-3003, which outlines policies for non-chargeable leave usage in support of objectives. Eligibility for RAP extends to Airmen across all ranks who are in permanent party status, undergoing technical training or Officer Training School (OTS), or applying through Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC), provided they maintain good standing with no active Unfavorable Information File (UIF), control roster, or pending administrative actions. Participants must demonstrate satisfactory performance and adhere to recruiter guidance during activities, which emphasize ethical conduct and alignment with values. The program is open annually, allowing repeat participation subject to command approval and operational needs. To participate, Airmen submit an application through the Recruiting Service (AFRS) via email, typically 4-6 weeks in advance, including coordination with a local recruiter and endorsement from their chain of command. Approved participants receive up to 12 days of non-chargeable leave, inclusive of one weekend, during which no standard leave is deducted from their accrual balance; travel costs are generally the responsibility of the individual unless otherwise authorized. For AFROTC applicants, the duration is capped to avoid exceeding one weekend. The RAP Operations Handbook provides detailed operational guidelines, including reporting requirements and performance evaluations post-participation.

Politics

Reconciliation action plan

Reconciliation Action Plans (RAPs) constitute a framework promoted by , a non-profit organization, for entities including governments, corporations, and community groups to formalize commitments toward reconciliation with Aboriginal and Islander peoples. These plans emerged in 2006 as a response to ongoing national discussions on Indigenous affairs following the 1991 establishment of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, which recommended sustained efforts to address historical dispossession and cultural recognition. By 2024, over 2,100 organizations had adopted RAPs, encompassing actions such as cultural awareness training, procurement from Indigenous businesses, and acknowledgment of traditional custodians. The RAP development process involves selecting from three progressive tiers—Reflect, Inspire, or Elevate—each with escalating requirements for strategic integration into organizational operations. Reflect RAPs focus on foundational steps like internal and relationship-building, while Elevate RAPs demand innovative, transformative initiatives with measurable outcomes, such as or land use consultations. Politically, RAPs have been endorsed across federal administrations, with incentives like government contracts favoring RAP-endorsed entities, though implementation varies; for instance, the Australian has integrated RAPs into diversity policies since 2010. Proponents claim RAPs foster economic opportunities, citing examples where participating firms increased Indigenous supplier spending by up to 20% in audited cases. Empirical assessments of RAP efficacy remain limited, with Reconciliation Australia reporting qualitative successes in cultural competency but lacking comprehensive longitudinal data on socioeconomic indicators like closing the life expectancy gap, which stood at 8.2 years for males and 7.8 years for females as of 2023 Australian Bureau of Statistics figures. Critics, including Indigenous commentators, argue RAPs prioritize performative gestures over structural reforms, such as treaty-making or land rights restitution, potentially enabling non-Indigenous institutions to expand influence without ceding sovereignty; a 2021 analysis highlighted minimal impact on disparity metrics like incarceration rates, which affect Indigenous Australians at 2,266 per 100,000 versus 151 for non-Indigenous in 2022. These critiques attribute limited outcomes to RAPs' voluntary nature and reliance on self-reporting, amid broader institutional biases in Australian policy frameworks that favor assimilationist approaches over self-determination.

People

Notable individuals

Hubert Gerold Brown (born October 4, 1943), professionally known as H. Rap Brown, emerged as a key figure in the civil rights movement during the 1960s. He assumed chairmanship of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in May 1967 following Stokely Carmichael's resignation, advocating a shift toward black separatism and self-defense against white violence. The "Rap" in his alias reflected his dynamic oratory style, characterized by rapid, rhythmic delivery akin to street talk, which drew large crowds but also federal scrutiny. Brown briefly aligned SNCC with the Black Panther Party, serving as its minister of justice for six months in 1968, before legal troubles including arrests under the Rap Brown Anti-Riot Act—named after him and enacted April 11, 1968—curtailed his activism. In the 1970s, he converted to Islam, changing his name to Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, and established a Muslim ministry in Atlanta. Al-Amin was convicted in 2002 of felony murder for the 2000 shooting death of Fulton County Deputy Sheriff Ricky Kinchen during a confrontation at his store, receiving a life sentence without parole; he has maintained innocence, with appeals citing health issues including cancer as of 2025. Rory Allen Phillip Ferreira, performing as (formerly and Scallops Hotel), is an American rapper, producer, and poet born in . Active since the early 2010s in , he released albums like Who Told You to Think??!!?!?!?! (2021) emphasizing introspective, jazz-influenced lyricism and self-production. The R.A.P. initials explicitly invoke rap artistry, positioning him within experimental traditions; as of 2024, he maintains a niche following with releases on independent labels like Ruby Yacht.

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