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Rasbora

Rasbora is a genus of small to medium-sized freshwater fish in the subfamily Rasborinae of the family Danionidae, within the order Cypriniformes.^[1] It encompasses 89 recognized species, typically featuring slender bodies with lengths ranging from 2.5 to 20 cm, though most do not exceed 15 cm.^[1] These schooling fish are renowned for their varied patterns, including stripes and spots, and many species are staples in the ornamental aquarium trade owing to their peaceful temperament and vibrant hues.^[2]^[3] The genus derives its name from an Indian term for a type of fish, also adopted in the Malay Peninsula, reflecting its cultural significance in Asian regions.^[4] Taxonomically, Rasbora has undergone revisions, with the family previously classified under Cyprinidae but now placed in Danionidae based on molecular and morphological evidence.^[1] Species diversity is highest in Southeast Asia, where the genus represents one of the most speciose groups in the family, with ongoing discoveries highlighting cryptic speciation and regional endemism.^[5]^[6] Rasbora species inhabit a variety of freshwater environments, including gently flowing streams, rivers, ponds, swamps, and marshy areas, often in vegetated, lowland habitats with soft substrates.^[7]^[8] Their distribution spans South and Southeast Asia—from India and Sri Lanka through Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines to southeastern China.^[1] Ecologically, they form shoals for protection and foraging, feeding primarily on invertebrates, algae, and plant matter, and play roles in local food webs as prey for larger predators.^[5]

Taxonomy

Etymology and history

The genus name Rasbora originates from local names for small cyprinid fishes, derived from the Bengali term used by Francis Hamilton in his 1822 description of Cyprinus rasbora, and later adopted for similar species in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesian regions.^[9] Dutch ichthyologist Pierre Bleeker formally established the genus in 1859, initially including four small-sized cyprinid species based on specimens collected from freshwater habitats in Southeast Asia, such as R. cephalotaenia (designated as the type species). In the early 20th century, the genus saw significant expansions through the work of Indian ichthyologists Sunder Lal Hora and K. C. Jayaram, who described numerous new species from the Indian subcontinent and revised existing classifications to incorporate regional diversity in South Asian freshwater systems. Hora's contributions, spanning the 1920s to 1940s, included detailed studies of Rasbora morphology and distribution in areas like Manipur and the Naga Hills, while Jayaram's later syntheses in the mid-20th century integrated these findings into broader cyprinid taxonomies. Key taxonomic milestones occurred in the mid-20th century when Maurice Robert Brittan conducted comprehensive revisions, proposing three subgenera—Rasbora, Rasboroides, and Megarasbora—and further dividing the nominotypical subgenus into eight species groups based on morphological traits like fin structure and scale patterns.^[10] This framework, outlined in Brittan's 1954 monograph, facilitated better organization of the growing number of described species. However, a 2010 molecular phylogenetic analysis by Liao, Kullander & Fang demonstrated that Rasbora as then defined was non-monophyletic, with several species nesting outside the core clade alongside genera like Boraras and Trigonostigma, prompting subsequent reevaluations within the Rasborinae subfamily.^[11]

Current classification

The genus Rasbora Bleeker, 1859, is classified in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Actinopterygii, order Cypriniformes, family Danionidae, and subfamily Rasborinae.^[1]^[12] The type species is Rasbora cephalotaenia (Bleeker, 1852), originally described as Leuciscus cephalotaenia.^[13]^[14] Phylogenetic analyses have shown that Rasbora is polyphyletic, prompting significant taxonomic revisions within Rasborinae. A 2020 study using DNA barcoding of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes analyzed 1,391 specimens from Sundaland, revealing 166 operational taxonomic units compared to 61 morphologically recognized species, and providing no support for the monophyly of traditional Rasbora species groups.^[10] This revision disentangled the subfamily's genera, reducing Rasbora from over 100 nominal species globally to approximately 89 valid species, with many reassigned based on molecular and morphological evidence.^[10]^[1] For instance, species formerly in Rasbora have been transferred to genera such as Kottelatia (e.g., K. brittani, previously Rasbora brittani) and Brevibora.^[15]^[16] Monophyletic genera closely related to Rasbora within Rasborinae, such as Boraras and Trigonostigma, are frequently misidentified or labeled as "rasboras" in aquaria and popular literature due to superficial similarities, though they form distinct clades in phylogenetic reconstructions.^[11]^[17]

Description

Physical characteristics

Species of the genus Rasbora possess an elongated, cylindrical body shape, characterized by a fusiform or normal profile that facilitates agile swimming in freshwater environments. They feature a single dorsal fin positioned midway along the body and a forked caudal fin for propulsion.^[18]^[19]^[20] The body is covered in cycloid scales, which are smooth and rounded, contributing to streamlined hydrodynamics; a lateral line is present, often nearly complete or extending to the anal fin origin, aiding in sensory detection. Fin ray counts are relatively consistent, with the dorsal fin typically bearing 7-9 soft rays and the anal fin 7-10 soft rays, though slight variations occur across species.^[18]^[19]^[21] The head is relatively small, with a terminal or subterminal mouth suited for surface or mid-water feeding, and barbels are absent or rudimentary in most species. Eyes are positioned laterally, providing wide-angle vision typical of schooling cyprinids.^[18]^[22]^[23] A common pigmentation pattern includes a prominent dark horizontal stripe running from the operculum to the caudal peduncle, which may broaden or narrow depending on the species and serves as camouflage or schooling signal; additional markings, such as subdorsal or basicaudal blotches, vary but are often subdued.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Size and coloration

Species in the genus Rasbora exhibit a wide range of body sizes, with most reaching 5–10 cm in standard length (SL) as adults. Representative examples include R. sumatrana, which attains a maximum of approximately 11 cm SL, and smaller species like R. borapetensis, which typically grow to under 6 cm SL.^[24] Micro-endemic forms, such as certain populations in isolated habitats, may remain below 3 cm SL throughout their lives. Growth is rapid during the first year, often achieving 70–80% of maximum size within this period, influenced by environmental factors like water quality and food availability.^[25] Coloration in Rasbora is typically silvery or translucent on the body, providing camouflage in their stream habitats, with species-specific patterns enhancing visual communication or mate attraction. Common variations include longitudinal orange-red stripes in species like R. einthovenii, a prominent black wedge-shaped marking on the caudal peduncle in R. heteromorpha, and iridescent spots or reticulations across the flanks in others. These patterns can intensify during breeding or stress, reflecting underlying guanine-based pigmentation common to cyprinids.^[26] Sexual dimorphism is evident in body shape and coloration intensity. Females generally develop a larger, rounder abdomen, particularly when gravid, and may exceed males in overall size by 10–20%. Males often display brighter hues—such as enhanced reds or iridescence—and elongated fin rays during the reproductive season to attract mates.^[27]^[28] In the wild, Rasbora lifespan averages 3–5 years, limited by predation and habitat instability, while captive individuals can reach 6–8 years with optimal conditions.^[29]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The genus Rasbora is native to freshwater habitats across South and Southeast Asia, with its primary range extending from western India eastward to the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia.^[30] Species occur in diverse regions including India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (encompassing islands such as Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali), the Philippines, and southeast China, often associated with river basins like the Mekong, Chao Phraya, and Salween.^[31] The genus exhibits particularly high diversity in Sundaland, a biogeographic region covering the Malay Peninsula and much of Indonesia, where over 65 species have been documented, representing a significant portion of the 89 valid Rasbora species worldwide.^[10]^[1] Isolated populations are noted in peripheral areas, such as Sri Lanka, where five species contribute to notable endemism compared to the Indian subcontinent, and Pakistan, primarily along the Indus River system.^[6]^[18] These distributions reflect historical connectivity via ancient river systems during Pleistocene low sea levels, though many species show restricted ranges due to geographic barriers. An anomalous record exists for Rasbora gerlachi, reported from Cameroon in West Africa based on an aquarium specimen, but this locality is considered erroneous, with the species likely originating from Southeast Asia (Malaya or Indonesia) given the genus's strict Asian affinity.^[32]^[33] Introduced populations of Rasbora species remain rare and typically unestablished in the wild outside their native range, though some, such as R. trilineata, have been disseminated globally via the aquarium trade and limited aquaculture efforts.^[34] For instance, R. daniconius is cultured in aquaculture facilities beyond its native South Asian distribution for ornamental and local fisheries purposes.^[26]

Environmental preferences

Rasbora species inhabit freshwater environments characterized by soft to moderately hard water, with pH levels typically ranging from 6.0 to 7.0 and temperatures between 22°C and 28°C, reflecting their tropical origins in Southeast Asia. These conditions support low to moderate water flow, often in systems with dissolved humic acids that contribute to slightly acidic profiles.^[7] The genus favors diverse microhabitats including slow-moving rivers, streams, floodplains, peat swamps, and rice paddies, where they occupy vegetated shallows or areas rich in leaf litter and submerged plants.^[35] These settings provide cover and foraging opportunities, with many species occurring in shallow waters stained by tannins from decaying vegetation, known as blackwater systems, though some thrive in clearer streams.^[7] Rasbora exhibit adaptations to seasonal environmental changes, particularly tolerance to flooding, allowing them to migrate into inundated floodplains during wet periods and retreat to main river channels in drier seasons.^[36] This flexibility enables persistence in dynamic tropical ecosystems. The genus occupies lowlands to mid-elevations, generally up to 1,000 meters, encompassing a range of hydraulic conditions from stagnant pools to gently flowing brooks.^[37]^[2]

Biology

Diet and feeding

Species of the genus Rasbora are omnivorous, with diets comprising small invertebrates such as zooplankton, insects, and worms, alongside algae, phytoplankton, and plant matter.^[24] For instance, in Rasbora argyrotaenia, the primary food source is phytoplankton, particularly diatoms (Diatomae) with an index of relative importance (IRI) ranging from 454% to 3197%, complemented by zooplankton like Entomostraca and rotifers.^[38] Similarly, Rasbora lateristriata derives 68% of its diet from phytoplankton and 30% from zooplankton during spawning migrations.^[39] Juveniles across species preferentially consume microcrustaceans and smaller planktonic organisms to support rapid growth.^[40] Rasboras employ schooling foraging strategies as mid-water feeders, often targeting suspended plankton and insects while occasionally skimming the surface or grazing benthic algae in species like Rasbora daniconius.^[18] Their small mouths and elongated intestines facilitate efficient filtration of particulate matter, enabling planktivory in lotic and lentic habitats.^[38] This behavior is enhanced by group coordination, where schooling reduces individual risk during opportunistic feeding bouts.^[18] Feeding activity in Rasbora is predominantly diurnal, with peaks during daylight hours when visibility aids in locating prey, though some species like R. lateristriata exhibit continuous plankton consumption day and night.^[39] They adapt opportunistically to seasonal prey availability, shifting emphasis between animal and vegetal components as environmental conditions change.^[40] As low-trophic-level consumers (typically 2.8–3.3), Rasbora species play a key role in aquatic food webs by grazing on primary producers and microconsumers, thereby facilitating nutrient cycling in streams and reservoirs.^[40] In R. daniconius, zoobenthos constitutes 29–77% of the diet in reservoir populations, underscoring their contribution to benthic-pelagic linkages.^[40]

Reproduction

Rasbora species exhibit external fertilization, typical of the family Danionidae, where females release eggs into the water and males simultaneously release milt to fertilize them externally.^[41] This process occurs without physical contact beyond courtship displays, often in groups where schooling behavior aids mate location.^[24] Spawning habits vary by species and habitat but generally involve scatter-spawning over fine substrates such as plants, gravel, or leaf litter, with no parental care provided post-fertilization. Clutch sizes range from 50 to 500 eggs per female per spawning event, depending on body size and environmental conditions; for example, Rasbora tawarensis produces 2,354–6,277 eggs per spawning event (batch), with fractional spawning occurring 2–11 days apart during reproductive peaks.^[42] In monsoon-influenced regions, spawning is seasonal and triggered by rainfall cues, as seen in R. tawarensis, which spawns three times annually with a peak in September coinciding with heavy rains.^[43] Conversely, in stable tropical habitats, species like Rasbora argyrotaenia spawn year-round without clear seasonal patterns, reflecting adaptations to consistent environmental conditions.^[41] Egg development is rapid, with hatching typically occurring in 24–48 hours at temperatures of 25–28°C; for instance, yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata) embryos hatch after 24 hours post-fertilization.^[44] Upon hatching, larvae are initially pelagic or adhesive, feeding on yolk sacs before becoming free-swimming within 3–5 days and undergoing metamorphosis into juveniles over 1–2 weeks.^[45] Sexual maturity is reached at 6–12 months, varying by species size; smaller species like harlequin rasbora (Trigonostigma heteromorpha) mature in 6–9 months, while larger ones may take up to a year.^[46] Fecundity increases with female body size across the genus, allowing larger species to produce more eggs per season; R. borapetensis, a smaller representative, demonstrates potential for repeated spawning in favorable conditions, contributing to higher overall reproductive output in stable environments.^[24]

Conservation

Threats

Rasbora species face significant threats from habitat loss, primarily driven by deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization in their native Southeast Asian ranges, particularly in Borneo and Sumatra. Conversion of peat swamp forests and forested streams to oil palm plantations and other agricultural uses has fragmented and degraded essential wetland and riverine habitats, leading to local population declines and increased extinction risks for stenotopic species dependent on these environments.^[47]^[48] Pollution from agricultural runoff and mining activities introduces heavy metals and toxins into waterways, adversely affecting Rasbora health and reproduction. For instance, silver rasbora (Rasbora tornieri) populations near gold mining sites in Thailand exhibit chromosomal aberrations due to contamination by arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead in water and sediments. Overfishing, often using destructive methods like electrofishing or for use as bait and food, further exacerbates pressures on small-bodied species such as the yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata).^[49]^[50] Invasive species pose competitive and predatory risks in altered ecosystems, where introduced fishes disrupt native Rasbora communities by competing for resources or preying on juveniles. In Lake Laut Tawar, Indonesia, the endemic Rasbora tawarensis faces additional threats from alien species introductions alongside habitat degradation and harvesting.^[51] Climate change compounds these issues by altering rainfall patterns and water temperatures, which disrupt seasonal breeding cycles and habitat suitability for Rasbora species. These shifts can desynchronize reproduction with food availability, reducing recruitment success in floodplain-dependent populations.^[52]^[53]

Species status

The genus Rasbora comprises over 70 species, of which 71 have been assessed by the IUCN Red List as of 2025, with the majority classified as Least Concern (38 species) or Data Deficient (15 species) due to insufficient data on population trends and distributions. Approximately 8% (6 species) are Vulnerable, often owing to habitat fragmentation and degradation in Southeast Asian freshwater systems, while 5 are Near Threatened, 4 Endangered, and 2 Critically Endangered; one species is considered Extinct. For instance, Rasbora sumatrana is listed as Data Deficient, highlighting uncertainties in its status despite reports of declining populations from overexploitation and habitat loss. No species have been newly uplisted to higher threat categories in recent assessments, but ongoing evaluations emphasize the need for updated surveys to refine these classifications.^[54]^[55] High endemism characterizes Rasbora species in Sundaland biodiversity hotspots, where many are restricted to specific peat swamp forests, lakes, and river basins in Indonesia and Malaysia, rendering them susceptible to localized extinctions. Conservation efforts include protected areas such as Indonesia's Leuser Ecosystem and Malaysia's Kinabalu National Park, which encompass habitats for several endemics and have helped stabilize populations of species like Rasbora everetti through regulated access and habitat restoration. These designations under national and international frameworks, including ASEAN agreements, provide legal safeguards against deforestation and pollution, though enforcement varies across regions.^[10]^[56] Research gaps persist, with incomplete ichthyological surveys leading to potential underestimation of threat levels and species diversity; molecular studies have revealed cryptic species within the genus, such as undescribed lineages in the Rasbora lateristriata complex, necessitating DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analyses for accurate taxonomy and conservation prioritization. Overcollection for the international aquarium trade impacts even common species like Rasbora heteromorpha (now Trigonostigma heteromorpha), which is globally Least Concern but experiences local population declines in source countries due to unregulated harvesting, prompting calls for sustainable captive breeding programs.^[6]^[5]^[57]

Aquarium use

Popular species

Among the most popular Rasbora species in the aquarium trade are the harlequin rasbora (Trigonostigma heteromorpha, formerly Rasbora heteromorpha), known for its reddish-copper body accented by a distinctive black triangular wedge-shaped marking on the rear half that extends toward the tail, typically reaching 4-5 cm in length.^[46] The lambchop rasbora (Trigonostigma espei, formerly Rasbora espei), features a bright orange body with a prominent black horizontal stripe resembling a lambchop, and grows to about 5 cm.^[58] The scissortail rasbora (Rasbora trilineata) stands out with its deeply forked tail fin marked by black bars, evoking scissors, and attains a size of up to 6 cm in aquariums.^[59]^[60] These species have been staples in the international aquarium trade since the 1930s, when Southeast Asian exporters began supplying European and American markets with live ornamental fish from regions like Singapore and Malaysia.^[61] Traditionally, many specimens were wild-caught, including the borapetensis rasbora (Rasbora borapetensis) sourced from Thailand's peat swamp habitats, which can stress populations in sensitive ecosystems. However, captive-bred lines are increasingly available for species like the harlequin and scissortail rasboras, produced in facilities in Asia and Europe to meet demand without depleting wild stocks.^[62]^[52] Their appeal lies in their peaceful, shoaling nature, where groups of six or more exhibit synchronized swimming that highlights vibrant colors and reduces stress, making them ideal for community tanks.^[7] To promote ethical sourcing, aquarists are encouraged to select captive-bred individuals, as this practice alleviates pressure on wild habitats and supports sustainable trade amid growing concerns over overcollection.^[63]

Care requirements

Rasboras are schooling fish that require a minimum tank size of 10 gallons or larger, depending on the species, to accommodate groups of six or more individuals, allowing ample space for swimming while providing a sense of security.^[64] Ideal setups include densely planted aquariums with dim lighting to replicate their natural shaded habitats, a fine sand or smooth gravel substrate to prevent injury to their delicate barbels, and abundant hiding spots such as driftwood, rocks, or broad-leaved plants like Amazon sword or Java fern.^[65] A gentle filtration system, such as a sponge filter, is recommended to maintain water flow without creating strong currents that could stress these peaceful fish.^[66] Water parameters should mimic the soft, slightly acidic to neutral conditions preferred by most species, with a pH range of 6.0–7.5, temperature of 24–28°C, and general hardness of 4–12 °dH.^[67] Soft water is essential, and weekly partial water changes of 25% are crucial to simulate natural stream flow, remove waste, and keep ammonia and nitrite at 0 mg/L while nitrates remain below 20 mg/L.^[66] Regular testing with reliable kits ensures stability, as fluctuations can lead to stress or disease in these sensitive cyprinids.^[7] Feeding should consist of a varied omnivorous diet including high-quality flakes or micro-pellets as staples, supplemented with live or frozen foods like brine shrimp (artemia) or daphnia to promote health and coloration.^[66] Offer small amounts two times daily that the fish can consume within two to three minutes to avoid overfeeding and water quality issues, with slower-sinking or mid-water foods preferred to match their feeding behavior.^[7] Breeding Rasboras in captivity is challenging but feasible for many species, requiring conditioning adults with live foods like artemia or bloodworms to stimulate spawning.^[68] These fish are egg-scatterers, so provide spawning mops made of fine yarn or Java moss in a separate tank with slightly softer, acidic water (pH 6.0–6.5) at 26–28°C to encourage egg deposition.^[69] Eggs hatch within 24–48 hours, and fry must be separated immediately to prevent cannibalism by adults, feeding them infusoria or micro-worms until they can accept larger foods.^[66] Popular species such as the harlequin rasbora (Trigonostigma heteromorpha) follow similar protocols but may yield larger clutches in optimized setups.^[65]

Species

Diversity

The genus Rasbora encompasses approximately 90 valid species as of 2025, though this number continues to grow due to ongoing discoveries and taxonomic refinements.^[70]^[3] In the biodiverse Sundaland region, which spans parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, at least 65 species are recorded, underscoring the area's significance as a hotspot for rasborine diversification.^[10] Evolutionary dynamics within Rasbora are characterized by high speciation rates, primarily resulting from geographic isolation in fragmented river basins across Southeast Asia, which promotes allopatric divergence and localized adaptations. DNA-based analyses have uncovered cryptic species complexes, such as in Sri Lanka where molecular phylogenetics identified Rasbora adisi as a distinct lineage previously lumped with morphologically similar congeners.^[71] The genus exhibits pronounced distributional patterns, with major diversity centers in Indonesia (hosting over 50 species, many endemic to islands like Sumatra and Borneo), Malaysia, and India.^[72] Morphologically, species form informal groups based on body patterning, including laterally striped forms (e.g., the R. lateristriata complex) and dorsally spotted variants (e.g., R. maculata group), reflecting adaptive radiations in varied aquatic habitats.^[11] Taxonomic history reveals extensive synonymy from early over-lumping of superficially similar taxa, but recent integrative revisions using genetics and morphometrics have driven species splits, thereby elevating the documented diversity.^[10]

Selected species

Rasbora borapetensis Rasbora borapetensis, a dwarf species within the genus, inhabits peat swamp forests and associated slow-flowing waters in Thailand, particularly in areas like the Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, as well as broader Mekong and Chao Phraya basins.^[73] It exhibits vibrant red fins, especially on the caudal and dorsal regions, set against a slender, silvery body marked by a prominent black lateral line.^[24] Reaching only about 2 cm in standard length, this species thrives in vegetated, turbid environments like flooded fields and brooks, where it feeds on zooplankton and small invertebrates.^[24] Although globally assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN, R. borapetensis faces vulnerability in Thailand due to ongoing habitat loss from deforestation and agricultural expansion in peat swamp ecosystems.^[24]^[73] Rasbora daniconius Rasbora daniconius, known as the slender rasbora, is widespread across India and South Asia, extending from the Indus basin to the Mekong, inhabiting diverse freshwater systems including rivers, streams, ponds, and inundated fields.^[18] Characterized by its elongated, slender body that lacks prominent markings but features a subtle yellowish tint, this adaptable species can grow to 10 cm in total length, with a preference for sandy-bottomed streams and lowland wetlands.^[18] It is commonly encountered in the aquarium trade due to its peaceful nature and hardiness, though wild populations vary regionally.^[18] The IUCN classifies R. daniconius as Least Concern overall, but notes data deficiencies in population trends and specific threats like overfishing and pollution in parts of its range.^[18] Rasbora vulcanus Rasbora vulcanus, endemic to the volcanic regions of Sumatra, Indonesia, particularly the foothills of Mount Talang, occupies clear, flowing streams in forested uplands influenced by volcanic activity.^[74] This species displays golden hues across its body, with iridescent scales and subtle red tinges on the fins, giving it a fiery appearance that inspired its name.^[75] Described in 1999, it represents a relatively recent addition to the documented Rasbora diversity, highlighting ongoing discoveries in Southeast Asian cyprinids.^[74] Growing to around 5 cm, R. vulcanus is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though its restricted range in volcanic lake-adjacent habitats may pose risks from geological and human-induced changes.^[74]

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https://www.fishbase.se/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4771
[35]
CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes
gerlachi, Rasbora Ahl [E.] 1928:110, Fig. [Das ... 35575] Cameroon [in error]. Syntypes: ZMB 21647 ... Distribution: Southeast Asia: Malaya or Indonesia?
[36]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274654332_Distribution_Composition_and_Abiotic_Environment_of_Silver_Rasbora_Rasbora_argyrotaenia_Blkr_Fish_in_Upstream_Areas_of_Barito_Watershed_South_Kalimantan
[37]
Harlequin Rasbora - Georgia Aquarium
A peaceful, popular aquarium fish. Previously thought to be a member of the Rasbora genus, harlequin rasbora was renamed Trigonostigma heteromorpha. Sources.<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
(PDF) Distribution, Composition, and Abiotic Environment of Silver ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) is a tropical freshwater fish spread in Asian region (Mekong, Chao Phraya and Mae Khlong basins, Malay ...
[39]
Emerald Dwarf Rasbora Care & Info - The Shrimp Farm
Oct 31, 2023 · It's situated at a relatively high altitude: around 2,900 feet. Emerald dwarf rasboras can mostly be found around the edges of Lake Inle ...Missing: elevation | Show results with:elevation
[40]
Food Habit and Feeding Habit of The Silver Rasbora ... - IOP Science
The research about food habit and feeding habit of The Silver Rasbora (R. argyrotaenia Blkr) in the waters of Sungai Dua Village, Downstream of Komering River, ...
[41]
FOOD HABITS OF THE YELLOW RASBORA, Rasbora lateristriata ...
The purpose of this research was to clarify the food habits of yellow rasbora (Rasbora Iateristiata) when moving into spawning site during spawning season.
[42]
Food and Feeding Habits: Diet Composition - Rasbora daniconius
### Diet Composition Summary for Rasbora daniconius
[43]
Year-round spawning of three tropical Cypriniformes fishes ... - Nature
Jun 2, 2023 · The present study examines the reproductive ecology of Southeast Asian Cypriniformes fishes Lobocheilos ovalis, Rasbora argyrotaenia and Tor ...
[44]
Fecundity and spawning frequency of Rasbora tawarensis (Pisces
Aug 6, 2025 · In this study, the relations among oviposition frequency, the number of eggs per egg mass, and body size were examined in the chloroperlid ...
[45]
Spawning seasons of Rasbora tawarensis (Pisces - PubMed Central
May 18, 2010 · The spawning seasons of R. tawarensis were three times a year and September being the peak of the reproductive season and the female was the predominant sex.Missing: habits | Show results with:habits
[46]
Embryonic development of Indonesian native fish yellow rasbora ...
This study aimed to characterize the stages of embryonic development in yellow rasbora, including the heart and cranium development.
[47]
Study of Embryonic and Larval Development of Rasbora daniconius
Jan 6, 2021 · The fish is bred by striping and artificially fertilized. The fertilized eggs are spherical, semi adhesive and the diameter of egg proper ranges ...
[48]
Harlequin Rasbora Fish Breed Profile - The Spruce Pets
Jun 17, 2025 · **Peaceful Community Fish:** Harlequin rasboras are ideal for smaller-sized community aquariums and should be kept in schools of 8-10 to ...
[49]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314283804_Chromosomal_Aberration_Assessment_of_Silver_Rasbora_Fish_Rasbora_tornieri_Living_Near_Gold_Mine_Area_with_Heavy_Metal_Contamination
[50]
Global extinctions of freshwater fishes follow peatland conversion in ...
Sep 26, 2012 · The future of these stenotopic fish species is threatened by the unabated conversion of Sundaland's PSFs to industrial-scale forestry and ...
[51]
(PDF) Chromosomal Aberration Assessment of Silver Rasbora Fish ...
Mar 27, 2017 · This study aimed to investigate arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb), contamination in water, sediment, and Rasbora tornieri ...
[52]
Yellow Rasbora Under Threat of Extinction, Says Newly Appointed ...
May 15, 2023 · One of the threats is environmentally harmful fishing methods using destructive fishing gear such as stun or electric shock. Some irresponsible ...
[53]
Breeding and Ontogeny of the Aquarium-Traded Scissortail Rasbora ...
Introduction. Fishes of the genus Rasbora in the Cyprinidae family comprise 88 species. They are small-sized cyprinids. Their adult size is commonly around ...
[54]
the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater fish, fish ...
Oct 16, 2025 · In this paper, the authors discussed climate change impacts on freshwater ecosystems which are predicted to be diverse and widespread.
[55]
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- **Number of Rasbora species assessed**: 71
[56]
Rasbora sumatrana : fisheries, aquarium - FishBase
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1). Data deficient (DD) ; Date assessed: 01 February 2019. CITES. Not Evaluated. CMS (Ref. 116361). Not ...
[57]
Ichthyofauna of Merbau River, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Indonesia
Based on the IUCN conservation status category, most Merbau River fish were considered the least concerned at 85.7%. These results are similar to the Alas River ...
[58]
Identifying Cyprinid Fishes in the Aquarium Trade | PLOS One
Jan 20, 2012 · Poorly regulated international trade in ornamental fishes poses risks to both biodiversity and economic activity via invasive alien species and ...
[59]
Lambchop Rasbora - Topick Aquarium
In stock Rating 5.0 (1) Bright orange body with a distinctive black horizontal stripe · Small and slender, reaching a maximum size of about 1.5 inches · Schooling fish, best appreciated ...
[60]
Scissortail Rasbora Fish Species Profile - The Spruce Pets
Aug 8, 2025 · Scissortail rasbora fish are known for their distinctive forked tail resembling scissors and require an open area in the tank for swimming.
[61]
Rasbora trilineata (Scissortail Rasbora) - Seriously Fish
Fully-grown at around 6″/15cm which is significant as it is usually sold at a much smaller size. Aquarium SizeTop ↑. An active species and a group will need ...DISTRIBUTION · HABITAT · MAINTENANCE · DIET
[62]
[PDF] Ornamental fish trade in the Netherlands - Traffic.org
Between 1930 and 1940 Dutch importers furnished tanks with air supply on board ships of Dutch shipping-companies such as the 'Rotterdamsche Lloyd' and the. ' ...
[63]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378432024002239
[64]
Sustainable captive breeding practices for native Indonesian ...
Capturing and transporting wild fish for captive breeding requires strict adherence to ethical and ecological standards (Choromanski, 2004). ... rasbora (Rasbora ...
[65]
https://www.aquariumcoop.com/blogs/aquarium/rasbora-hets-and-espei-rasboras-great-for-planted-aquariums
[66]
https://ornamentalfish.org/wp-content/uploads/Rasboras.pdf
[67]
[PDF] Tropical Freshwater Fish How to care for rasboras
It is recommended that an aquarium of at least 45 litres for a shoal of the smallest species and at least a 60 litre aquarium for the larger species (5cm+). The ...Missing: age | Show results with:age
[68]
https://aquariumbreeder.com/chili-rasboras-detailed-guide-care-diet-and-breeding-2/
[69]
Chili Rasboras – Detailed Guide: Care, Diet, and Breeding
This is a diurnal species, so it is better to feed them in the morning. ... This mimics their natural feeding behavior and helps prevent overfeeding and digestive ...
[70]
https://fishbase.se/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Rasbora
[71]
Species in Rasbora - Fish Identification
Class: Teleostei Order: Cypriniformes Family: Danionidae Danios Subfamily: Rasborinae Genus: Rasbora (See list of species below) ; Rasbora argyrotaenia, Silver ...
[72]
A molecular phylogeny of the freshwater‐fish genus Rasbora ...
Aug 3, 2020 · The diversity of the freshwater-fish genus Rasbora (Cyprinidae) on Sri Lanka (five species) is high compared with the four species reported from the peninsula ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
Rasbora lateristriata. | Download Scientific Diagram - ResearchGate
Genus Rasbora is a freshwater fish belonging to the Cyprinidae familia distributed covering the Asian region, especially in Southeast Asia.
[74]
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Rasbora-vulcanus.html
[75]
View of Chromosome study of Rasbora trilineata and ... - ThaiJo
Rasbora borapetensis is a beautiful streamlined fish and popular aquarium fish throughout the world. In Thailand, this is a popular aquarium fish, exported in ...
[76]
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Rasbora-vulcanus.html
[77]
Rasbora vulcanus - Seriously Fish
It is possible that the species is endemic to this region though as records from outside the area are non-existent. Habitat. Apparently collected from clear ...