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Red Bull Powertrains

Red Bull Powertrains Limited (RBPT) is a British Formula One power unit manufacturer owned by the Austrian beverage company Red Bull GmbH and headquartered at the Red Bull Technology Campus in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. Established in 2021, the company focuses on the design, development, and supply of hybrid power units for Formula One racing teams. It currently collaborates with Honda to provide power units to Oracle Red Bull Racing and Visa Cash App RB, contributing to their successes including the Drivers' and Constructors' Championship titles in 2022 and 2023, and the Drivers' Championship in 2024. The formation of Powertrains marked a strategic move by Red Bull to gain greater control over its technical operations in , following years of reliance on external engine suppliers. The company operates from a state-of-the-art, purpose-built facility spanning 46,500 square meters within the Red Bull Technology Campus, which also houses Red Bull Racing's headquarters. Under the leadership of CEO and team principal (since July 2025), RBPT has assembled a team of over 400 engineers specializing in combustion engines, electrification, and software integration. In its initial phase, Red Bull Powertrains took over the supply and development responsibilities for 's power units, extending the Japanese manufacturer's involvement in through 2025 without Honda re-entering as a full . This arrangement has allowed RBPT to build expertise while powering competitive cars that secured multiple race wins and championships. Looking ahead, the company is preparing for the 2026 , which introduce more sustainable power units emphasizing electrical power and carbon-neutral fuels. To meet these challenges, Red Bull Powertrains announced a with in , combining RBPT's racing knowledge with Ford's expertise in electric vehicles, batteries, and software. The collaboration aims to develop in-house power units generating over 1,000 horsepower, with nearly half derived from electrical sources, for use by both Red Bull teams from 2026 onward. As of November 2025, development progress is described as promising despite acknowledged difficulties in catching up to established manufacturers.

Formation and Background

Establishment in 2021

In response to Honda's October 2020 announcement that it would cease supplying power units to Formula One teams at the end of the 2021 season, Red Bull Racing initiated plans for an in-house engine division to maintain competitiveness. On February 15, 2021, the team formally announced the formation of Red Bull Powertrains Limited, a new entity dedicated to developing and manufacturing power units for Red Bull Racing and Scuderia AlphaTauri (now Visa Cash App RB). This move marked Red Bull's first foray into power unit production, leveraging the company's existing technology campus in Milton Keynes, UK, to integrate engine development with chassis engineering. A critical component of the establishment was securing rights to use Honda's for its RA621H power unit, enabling Red Bull to continue utilizing and evolving the manufacturer's technology beyond 2021 without relying on external suppliers. This agreement aligned with Formula One's development freeze on power units until 2025, providing a transitional framework while Red Bull built its capabilities. The primary motivations included achieving greater independence from engine suppliers to avoid customer-team disadvantages, managing costs under the FIA's 2021-introduced budget cap of $145 million per team, and positioning the division to design a fully in-house unit compliant with the anticipated power unit regulations emphasizing and increased electrical power. Christian Horner, as Red Bull Racing's team principal and CEO, oversaw the initial organizational setup, emphasizing the strategic necessity of for long-term success. Key technical appointments began in April 2021 with Ben Hodgkinson recruited from High Performance Powertrains (HPP) as to lead the engineering efforts. This was followed in May 2021 by the hiring of five senior specialists from HPP—Steve Blewett as power unit production director, Omid Mostaghimi as head of powertrains electronics and ERS, Pip Clode as head of powertrains mechanical development, Anton Mayo as head of powertrains trackside engineering, and Steve Brodie as head of powertrains operations—along with earlier recruits from programs like , bolstering expertise in systems and manufacturing. Under this structure, Red Bull Powertrains rebadged units for continued supply through 2025, bridging the gap to full autonomy.

Facilities and Operations

Red Bull Powertrains is based at the Technology Campus in , , directly adjacent to the headquarters of , which facilitates seamless integration between power unit development and the team's overall chassis and aerodynamics operations. This strategic location supports efficient collaboration and resource sharing within the ecosystem. Construction of the dedicated powertrains facility began with groundbreaking in April 2021, transforming an existing site into a engine factory equipped with assembly lines and dyno testing capabilities. The facility became operational in 2022, with the first in-house engine components undergoing dyno testing by the end of that year, marking the start of full-scale power unit development activities. Key operational features include in-house manufacturing of critical engine components, such as those for the and systems, alongside advanced for performance modeling and optimization. As of 2025, the workforce has grown to over 400 employees, bolstered by the recruitment of approximately 220 specialists from High Performance Powertrains in 2024, enabling comprehensive end-to-end power unit production. The division maintains close integration with Red Bull Advanced Technologies, leveraging the latter's expertise in advancements to enhance and electrification components in power unit design.

Honda Collaboration (2022–2025)

Rebadging Honda Power Units

Following 's announcement to withdraw as a works engine supplier after the 2021 Formula One season, Red Bull Powertrains was established to continue utilizing 's power unit technology under its own branding from onward. In February 2021, the FIA approved an engine development freeze effective from the end of 2021 until the conclusion of the 2025 season, enabling Red Bull to rebadge 's existing RA621H power unit—used successfully in 2021—as the RBPTH001 without any substantive changes, thereby preserving Red Bull's position as a customer rather than a manufacturer. The process involved only cosmetic alterations, such as updating the external casings, labeling, and official designations to reflect Red Bull Powertrains , while adhering strictly to the frozen development regulations that prohibited internal redesigns or performance enhancements until 2025. This ensured compliance with FIA rules, maintaining the power unit's core specifications identical to the preceding model. Under the supply agreement, continued to manufacture the rebadged power units at its facilities in Sakura, , providing them exclusively to the Oracle Red Bull Racing and teams through 2025, with Honda retaining intellectual property rights and offering ongoing technical support. This extension, formalized in August 2022, solidified the partnership's structure amid the development freeze. The arrangement yielded significant cost implications for , circumventing the multimillion-dollar expenses associated with independent power unit development during the freeze period, which was designed to level the playing field and curb escalating budgets across . Simultaneously, it allowed Red Bull Powertrains to cultivate in-house expertise by accessing Honda's design data, conducting performance analysis, and integrating technical , laying groundwork for future independence under the regulations.

Specific Engine Developments

The initial power unit developed under the Red Bull Powertrains and collaboration, designated RBPTH001, served for the 2022 and 2023 seasons as a direct of 's championship-winning RA621H from 2021. From 2023, the units were branded as Honda RBPT. This V6 turbocharged engine featured a 1.6-liter in a 90-degree , incorporating a (MGU-K) and heat recovery system (MGU-H), with a total output of approximately 750 kW when combining the and electric components. The process involved minimal alterations to comply with FIA regulations, focusing on adapting , cylinder pressure, and mappings to the E10 sustainable fuel introduced in 2022, while maintaining the core architecture for continuity. For the 2024 season, the RBPTH002 iteration introduced targeted updates within the strict confines of the FIA's cost cap and development freeze, emphasizing reliability enhancements rather than performance gains. These modifications included optimizations to the systems, such as refined MGU-K and MGU-H integration for more consistent power deployment and reduced wear on components like the and assembly. These changes adhered to the frozen rules, which prohibited substantive power or efficiency upgrades and limited development to reliability-focused tweaks and cost-reduction measures to ensure equitable competition ahead of the 2026 regulation shift. The 2025 season marked the final evolution of the rebadged units with the RBPTH003, representing the concluding iteration under the 2022–2025 framework. This version incorporated enhanced efficiency through updated store management, allowing for more stable deployment of electrical power during high-demand phases while preparing the architecture for the transition to fully in-house Red Bull Powertrains development in 2026. Retaining the 1.6-liter V6 turbo layout with 15,000 rpm maximum revs, the RBPTH003 prioritized durability enhancements to the overall power unit, including reinforced components in the systems to minimize failures over the extended season. These refinements were constrained by the same FIA-mandated freeze, which from September 2022 onward restricted modifications to those improving reliability, reducing costs, or addressing safety issues, thereby preserving the technological parity established in prior years.

Ford Partnership (2026 Onward)

Agreement and Objectives

On February 3, 2023, Red Bull Powertrains announced a long-term strategic technical partnership with to develop and supply power units starting in 2026 and extending to at least 2030, under the collaborative entity Red Bull Ford Powertrains. This marked 's return to the sport as an engine partner after more than two decades, having last supplied power units in 2004 before selling its team. Under the agreement, contributes manufacturing expertise and sustainable technologies derived from its road car divisions, including advancements in battery cells, electric motors, power unit control software, and analytics. The primary objectives of the partnership center on creating fully in-house power units for and its sister team, Visa Cash App RB, to diminish reliance on external manufacturers after the collaboration concludes at the end of 2025. This initiative aims to position Red Bull for sustained competitiveness and potential championship success by leveraging combined engineering strengths, while integrating innovations that support Formula One's commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2030 through more efficient hybrid systems and sustainable materials. The emphasizes knowledge transfer from Ford's programs to enhance overall performance and align development with broader environmental goals in automotive .

Alignment with 2026 Regulations

The 2026 power unit regulations represent a major overhaul aimed at enhancing sustainability and performance balance, which Red Bull Powertrains has adapted to through its partnership with . Key changes include the complete removal of the Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H), which previously recovered energy from exhaust gases but complicated development due to its complexity and limited accessibility for new manufacturers. This simplification allows for a more streamlined system, where electrical power will constitute approximately 50% of the total output, up from around 20% in current units. Additionally, the regulations mandate the exclusive use of 100% sustainable fuels, produced from non-food biomass or atmospheric carbon capture, to reduce the sport's without relying on fossil-based components. The overall architecture is simplified, eliminating separate energy stores for kinetic and thermal recovery while emphasizing efficient . Red Bull Powertrains' design approach aligns closely with these rules by centering on a new 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged integrated with an upgraded Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K) capable of delivering up to 350 kW of electrical power—more than double the current limit. This enhanced MGU-K will enable greater during braking and more potent deployment for overtaking, contributing to the mandated 50% electrical output share. The power unit incorporates advanced integrated systems, allowing for seamless and release to optimize lap times while adhering to the simplified that consolidates hybrid components. These elements ensure compliance with the regulations' focus on efficiency, with the limited to 400 kW of thermal power to maintain a balanced power split and encourage innovation in . Ford's involvement brings specialized technology to the project, drawing from its expertise in systems and hybrid powertrains developed for production vehicles like the Mustang Mach-E and F-150 Lightning electric . These road-car innovations provide foundational advancements in efficiency, thermal management, and high-voltage systems, which are adapted to deliver reliability and performance gains under the demanding F1 conditions, particularly in energy deployment during races. This transfer of knowledge supports the 2026 rules' sustainability goals by enhancing overall system efficiency and reducing reliance on the combustion engine. Development milestones for the Red Bull-Ford power unit have progressed steadily, with initial dyno testing of key components completed in early 2025 and full power unit runs achieved in late 2025 at Red Bull Powertrains' facility. As of November 2025, the power unit is undergoing peak stress testing on the , where it has been firing up for several weeks to assess reliability and performance. These tests have validated the integration of the sustainable fuel systems and hybrid elements against regulatory standards. The unit is scheduled for complete integration with the chassis in early 2026, enabling on-track shakedown in late January 2026 and further refinement ahead of the season opener. This timeline reflects a rigorous adherence to the FIA's development protocols, ensuring the power unit meets all performance, reliability, and environmental criteria.

Formula One Performance

Power Units in Competition

Red Bull Powertrains has supplied power units exclusively to Oracle Red Bull Racing, its primary team, and Visa Cash App RB, the affiliated customer team, across the 2022 to 2025 seasons. These power units, developed through a technical collaboration with , were rebadged under the Red Bull Powertrains designation to comply with FIA customer engine rules while leveraging Honda's expertise. The supply arrangement ensured both teams received identical units, with Oracle Red Bull Racing benefiting from priority access to development updates. FIA regulations govern power unit allocation to promote reliability and cost control, allowing unlimited units for testing and development but restricting race components per driver per season. For the 24-race 2025 calendar, drivers are limited to four internal combustion engines, four motor generator unit-heat (MGU-H) units, four motor generator unit-kinetic (MGU-K) units, four turbochargers, two energy stores, two control electronics, and five exhaust systems. Exceeding these limits incurs grid position penalties, starting at five places for the first and increasing thereafter, incentivizing durable designs. Reliability of the rebadged Honda units evolved over the period, with early challenges giving way to progressive improvements. In 2022, the inaugural season for , the units faced issues, resulting in an average of 2–3 grid penalties per team due to component failures and allocation exceedances, such as early-season DNFs for both drivers in . By 2023, enhancements like the RBPTH001 unit delivered high reliability, contributing to minimal penalties across 22 races. This trend continued into 2024, where exceedances led to two penalties for (a 10-place drop at and a five-place drop at Sao Paulo), but overall failure rates decreased. In 2025, reliability further advanced with minimal power unit-related grid penalties across the teams. Integrating the rebadged units into Red Bull's aerodynamically optimized required targeted customizations to address packaging constraints and thermal management. The power units, derived from designs like the RA622H, were adapted for the teams' low-drag geometries, involving adjustments to mounting points, cooling layouts, and exhaust positioning to preserve efficiency without compromising power delivery. This process demanded iterative collaboration between Red Bull Powertrains engineers and the chassis development team at .

Results and Achievements

In the 2022 Formula One season, Red Bull Powertrains' debut power unit, the RBPTH001—a rebadged version of Honda's RA622H—propelled to his second consecutive Drivers' with 15 victories, while secured the Constructors' title for the first time since 2013, amassing 759 points across 22 races. This marked a strong entry for Red Bull Powertrains into engine manufacturing, with the unit's reliability enabling consistent high performance despite early-season reliability challenges faced by rivals. The 2023 and 2024 seasons saw back-to-back Drivers' Championships for Verstappen, powered by evolved Powertrains units (RBPTH001 in 2023 and RBPTH002 in 2024), contributing to Red Bull's Constructors' success in 2023 with a 21 wins from 22 races—a 95.45% victory rate that underscored the power unit's efficiency in both thermal and electrical energy recovery systems (ERS). In dry conditions, Red Bull achieved podium finishes in over 90% of races across these years, highlighting the unit's balanced power delivery that supported aggressive strategies without excessive wear. Verstappen's 19 wins in 2023 alone set a single-season , while in 2024, despite increased competition, the power unit's refinements helped secure his fourth title with 437 points. Entering 2025, Honda's final year of support under the Red Bull Powertrains banner and following driver lineup changes including joining and at Visa Cash App RB, the latest evolved Red Bull Powertrains-Honda unit maintained competitive edge on hybrid-demanding circuits, enabling Verstappen to claim victories such as at the and contributing to multiple podiums amid a tightly contested season where Red Bull held third in Constructors' standings with 366 points as of November 10, 2025. Despite the transition looming toward full in-house development, the power unit's reliability supported Red Bull's ongoing challenge for titles. Key innovations from Red Bull Powertrains during this period included advanced energy management strategies that optimized ERS deployment in conjunction with (DRS) activation, providing overtaking advantages through rapid battery recharge and boost modes—evident in scenarios like Verstappen's late-race passes in 2023's high-speed tracks. These approaches, refined through Milton Keynes-based testing, emphasized seamless integration of the MGU-K and MGU-H components for superior track position gains without compromising .

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