Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

RB

Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796) was a Scottish poet and lyricist born into rural poverty in , , who rose to become the country's national through vernacular works in Scots and English that captured the lives of , celebrated , and critiqued social inequalities. Self-educated after limited formal schooling, Burns worked as a and later as an officer while composing satirical, romantic, and lyrical poetry that anticipated Romanticism's emphasis on and . His breakthrough came with the 1786 Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Kilmarnock edition), which sold out rapidly and established his fame, leading to editions in and a that eased his financial strains amid repeated farm failures and a growing family. Burns produced over 300 songs, many set to traditional folk tunes, including enduring anthems like "" and "," which preserved and revitalized Scotland's oral traditions while expressing sympathies and Enlightenment-era skepticism toward and authority. Notable achievements include influencing later writers such as Wordsworth and Byron, and fostering a global Burns cult through annual Burns Suppers that emphasize his egalitarian ethos, though his radical political leanings—sympathy for the and Revolutions—drew suspicion from authorities during his lifetime. Burns's personal life was marked by financial precarity, a penchant for extramarital affairs resulting in multiple illegitimate children, and heavy consumption, which contemporaries linked to his early at age 37 from what was likely rheumatic heart disease exacerbated by lifestyle factors, though romanticized narratives often downplay these amid celebrations of his genius. Despite institutional tendencies in literary scholarship to idealize him as a flawless —potentially overlooking archival evidence of his debts, libertinism, and occasional plagiaristic adaptations of folk material—primary sources affirm his causal role in elevating Scots to literary status, challenging Anglocentric norms, and embodying resilient against agrarian hardships.

Science and technology

Chemical elements and materials

(Rb) is a with 37 in the group of the periodic table. It was discovered on February 28, 1861, by chemists and through flame applied to samples of the mineral , identifying characteristic red spectral lines from which the name derives (Latin rubidus, meaning deepest red). Rubidium metal appears as a soft, silvery-white solid with a of 1.532 g/cm³ at 20°C, low of 39.3°C, and high , allowing it to be cut with a knife under inert conditions. It exhibits extreme reactivity, tarnishing rapidly in air due to oxidation and igniting spontaneously, while reacting violently with water to produce gas and . These properties stem from its single in the 5s orbital, facilitating easy ionization ( of 403 kJ/mol). Applications leverage rubidium's spectroscopic and ionization traits: rubidium-87 vapor enables high-precision atomic clocks via hyperfine transition frequency of 6.834682610904 GHz, used in GPS and standards. Rubidium salts serve in photoelectric cells for converting to and as getters in vacuum tubes to remove residual gases. In pyrotechnics, rubidium compounds yield violet hues in through specific emission spectra. Rubidium-87's long (4.88 × 10¹⁰ years) also supports for dating ancient rocks via Rb-Sr method. The (pRB, also denoted RB) is a 105-110 kDa phosphoprotein encoded by the RB1 on 13q14, identified in 1986 as the first through studies of hereditary . It regulates the by binding transcription factors in hypophosphorylated form, repressing genes required for G1/S transition and , thus preventing uncontrolled proliferation. Hyperphosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4/6-cyclin D and CDK2-cyclin E) releases , allowing progression; this checkpoint integrates signals from DNA damage and growth factors. Inactivation of pRB via biallelic RB1 mutations or deletions occurs in nearly all cases (a pediatric ocular with incidence ~1 in 15,000-20,000 live births) and contributes to diverse cancers including lung carcinoma and . Experimental evidence shows pRB loss accelerates tumorigenesis in models, while restoration suppresses growth; therapeutic strategies target upstream regulators like CDKs to reactivate pRB pathway. pRB's tumor-suppressive role extends beyond to and induction upon DNA damage. In and , resilient base (RB) denotes pliable wall cove base products, typically 0.075-0.125 inches thick and 2.5-6 inches high, fabricated from rubber, , or for adhesion to interior walls and floors. These materials conform to irregular surfaces, resist cracking under impact, and provide seamless joints to inhibit moisture migration and enhance structural integrity in high-traffic areas like hospitals and schools. RB specifications require flexibility for mitered corners, against (per ASTM F1861), and compatibility with adhesives for permanent bonding, minimizing voids that could compromise or stability.

Computing and engineering

In engineering drawings and material specifications, RB denotes the Rockwell B hardness scale, a standardized indentation method for evaluating the surface hardness of relatively soft metals such as , aluminum alloys, and low-carbon steels. The test applies a preliminary minor load of 10 kgf with a 1/16-inch (1.588 mm) diameter steel ball indenter, followed by a major load of 90 kgf, producing hardness values from 0 (softest) to 100 (hardest); results are reported as, for example, 80 RB. This scale is preferred for materials too soft for the more common Rockwell C scale but requiring precise hardness assessment in manufacturing and processes. In computing hardware and protocols, RB refers to read-back mechanisms for checks, particularly in integrated circuits, FPGAs, and systems where or stored is retrieved non-destructively to verify against original writes. For instance, in FPGA reconfiguration, read-back captures contents for , detecting single-event upsets or faults by ensuring read values match expected patterns. Such RB operations are integral to error-detection logging in high-reliability systems, including radiation-hardened environments, often implemented via scan chains or dedicated loops to minimize downtime without full reconfiguration. In industrial valve design and specifications, RB indicates reduced bore construction, where the valve's internal is smaller than the connecting pipe's nominal size to facilitate flow restriction, , and with actuators. Unlike full bore () valves that maintain unobstructed flow equal to pipe , RB valves—common in classes 150 to 2500 per API and ASME standards—incur a but are lighter and cheaper for throttling applications in pipelines, chemical processing, and oil/gas systems. Specifications often denote RB explicitly in datasheets, with bore reductions typically 20-50% depending on size (e.g., DN 50 RB might have a 38 mm ).

Vehicles and transportation

The RB engine series refers to a family of inline-six engines manufactured by from 1985 to 2004, succeeding the VG series V6 and featuring oversquare bore-to-stroke ratios for high-revving performance. Variants included the 2.0-liter RB20, 2.5-liter RB25, and 2.6-liter RB26, with both naturally aspirated and turbocharged configurations powering sedans, coupes, and sports cars in models like the , Cefiro, and . The RB26DETT variant, rated at 280 horsepower and 353 of in factory specification due to Japan's limiting advertised output, equipped the R32 GT-R from 1989 to 1994, the R33 from 1995 to 1998, and the from 1999 to 2002, contributing to the GT-R's dominance in Group A racing and its enduring appeal among tuners capable of exceeding 1,000 horsepower with modifications. In bus production, developed the RB series of rear-engine coaches starting in 1978, including the 12-meter RB635 express bus as a successor to licensed designs, and regular models like the RB585 and RB635 introduced in 1984 for intercity and highway service. In rail systems, RB designates the mode in the U.S. Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database, classifying high-capacity, fixed-route bus operations that utilize separated right-of-way for over 50% of routes, off-board fare collection, and transit signal priority to emulate efficiencies at lower cost.

Sports

Team names and organizations

RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V., commonly known as , is a German professional football club founded on May 19, 2009, by to establish a competitive presence in the while navigating licensing restrictions on corporate naming. The club's structure adheres to the German Football Association's on paper, with membership voting rights concentrated among a limited group of approximately 17 members tied to Red Bull executives, enabling full commercial control despite the rule's intent to prioritize fan ownership. This approach, backed by over €100 million in initial Red Bull investments for infrastructure and operations, propelled RB Leipzig from the fifth-tier Oberliga to promotion by 2016. Since entering the in the 2016–17 season, has maintained strong performance metrics, achieving top-four finishes in six of its first eight campaigns and qualifying for group stages multiple times. The club claimed its first major honors with victories in 2022 (defeating 4–2 on penalties) and 2023, alongside a German Super Cup win in 2023. 's ascent has drawn criticism for allegedly undermining traditions through aggressive commercialization and financial leverage, with detractors labeling it as circumventing the 50+1 rule's spirit and fostering perceptions of unequal competition via sustained high spending on transfers and scouting. Visa Cash App RB, the Red Bull GmbH-owned Formula One constructor based in Faenza, Italy, rebranded from Scuderia AlphaTauri in January 2024 under a title sponsorship deal with Visa and Cash App, emphasizing its "RB" abbreviation linked to Red Bull heritage. Originating from the Minardi team acquired by Red Bull in late 2005 and reconfigured as Toro Rosso for 2006, it serves as a junior squad for driver development and technical collaboration, sharing power units and select components with Red Bull Racing under FIA regulations. In the 2024 Constructors' Championship, the team earned 46 points across 24 races, securing 8th place amid driver rotations and mid-season challenges, while adhering to the FIA's cost cap limiting expenditures to approximately $135 million excluding driver salaries. For 2025, the team will compete as Visa Cash App Racing Bulls, retaining its operations and technical directorate under principal , with the rebranding aligning branding more closely to Red Bull's "Racing Bulls" motif without altering ownership or regulatory compliance. This entity represents Red Bull's primary affiliate abbreviated as RB, distinct from the Red Bull Racing team, and focuses on nurturing talent pipelines evidenced by promotions like those of and from its ranks.

Player positions and roles

In , the (RB) is an position tasked with receiving handoffs from the to advance the ball via rushing plays, lining up as a for passes out of the backfield, and blocking to protect against pass rushers or screen defenders. The role demands explosive acceleration, lateral agility, and field vision to evade tacklers, with physical tolls including repeated high-impact collisions that contribute to shorter career spans compared to other positions. A primary evaluating rushing effectiveness is yards per carry (YPC), calculated as total rushing yards divided by attempts, which isolates individual contributions from blocking and scheme; elite thresholds often exceed 4.5 YPC for sustainable performers. Historically power-oriented with "workhorse" backs handling 300+ carries per season—13 such instances in —the position has shifted toward versatile, dual-threat athletes in committee rotations amid rule changes favoring passing, evidenced by zero 300-carry seasons in before rebounding to six the following year. This evolution prioritizes receiving yards, route-running nuance, and pass protection over sheer volume, reducing wear while amplifying tactical flexibility in spread offenses. In , the right back (RB) occupies the right defensive flank, with core duties including marking opposing left-wingers through man-to-man or zonal coverage, executing tackles and interceptions to thwart crosses, and recovering position to prevent overlaps. Offensively, right backs provide width by surging forward on overlapping runs, delivering crosses into the , and occasionally advancing into midfield to facilitate build-up play or supply assists via cutbacks. is paramount, as the position requires shuttling 10-12 kilometers per match with frequent high-intensity sprints, demanding aerobic capacity and recovery speed to transition rapidly between phases. Key skills include technical proficiency in driven or whipped crosses for scoring chances, defensive timing to avoid fouls in duels, and ball-playing ability under pressure, as modern tactics—such as in 4-3-3 or 3-5-2 formations—elevate right backs to hybrid roles blending containment with creative output. Statistical impacts often manifest in tackles won, forward passes completed, and crossing accuracy, underscoring their dual defensive solidity and attacking threat in possession-dominant systems.

Events and competitions

The Rose Bowl Game, commonly abbreviated as RB, is an annual American college football postseason contest held in Pasadena, California, traditionally on January 1 as part of the New Year's Day festivities following the Rose Parade. Established in 1902, it originated as a tournament-style event to showcase athletic competition alongside floral displays, with the inaugural matchup pitting the University of Michigan against Stanford University on January 1, 1902, resulting in a 49–0 Michigan victory attended by approximately 8,000 spectators at Tournament Park. The game shifted to the dedicated Rose Bowl Stadium in 1923, hosting its first event there between the University of Southern California and Penn State, and has since become the oldest bowl game, earning the nickname "Granddaddy of Them All" for its pioneering role in postseason college football. Since 1945, the has consistently drawn the highest attendance among college football bowl games, reflecting its status as a marquee event typically featuring champions from the Big Ten and Pac-12 Conferences under formal tie-in agreements established in 1946 and 1952, respectively. The record of 106,869 occurred in during ’s 42–17 win over . Scoring records include Oregon's 59 points in a 2015 victory over Florida State, the highest single-team total, while the largest margin of victory stands at 49 points, achieved twice by —in the 1902 opener against Stanford and in 1948 against . Beyond , few other major sports competitions are distinctly abbreviated as RB, though the term occasionally appears in niche contexts such as regional bowls or invitational tournaments; however, these lack the scale and historical prominence of the , with no equivalent global events matching its longevity or viewership metrics exceeding 20 million annually in recent decades.

Businesses and organizations

Consumer products and services

Reckitt plc, formerly Reckitt Benckiser, originated from the 1999 merger of firm Reckitt & Colman plc and company Benckiser N.V., forming a multinational producer of , , and products. The company markets brands such as disinfectant, acquired through the earlier purchase of Lehn & Fink Products, and condoms, targeting consumer needs in sanitation and personal protection. In 2024, Reckitt reported underlying net revenue of £14.2 billion, with like-for-like growth of 1.4%, driven by its Powerbrands portfolio amid efforts to streamline operations and enhance supply chain efficiency for global distribution. Its products reach over 190 countries, with the generating the largest share of revenue at approximately £4 billion in 2024, reflecting strong demand in mature markets despite varying regional growth rates. Red Bull GmbH produces the energy drink, launched in on April 1, 1987, as a carbonated beverage containing , , and , which quickly expanded into a global category leader. The brand achieved sales of 12.67 billion cans worldwide in , up 4.4% from the prior year, generating revenue of €11.23 billion—a 6.4% increase—bolstered by and penetration in over 170 countries. commands a dominant position in the sector, holding around 43% global as of late 2022, sustained through targeted emphasizing lifestyle enhancement rather than traditional , including experiential events that drive consumer loyalty without heavy reliance on . Each 250 ml serving contains 80 mg of , comparable to a , yet the product's high and levels have sparked debates, with regulatory scrutiny in markets like the U.S. over potential risks of excessive consumption leading to cardiovascular strain or dependency, particularly among youth.

Financial and industrial entities

Reckitt Benckiser Group plc, a multinational consumer goods company, was previously listed on the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol prior to its rebranding and ticker change to RKT in 2021. In February 2020, following its 2019 financial results, the company announced a strategic review concluding with a commitment to invest £2 billion over the next three years, primarily to bolster capabilities and innovation in core brands, amid efforts to improve and address underperforming segments. This period reflected broader pressures on the firm, including subsequent activist investor campaigns, such as Eminence Capital's 2024 stake buildup urging margin enhancements and portfolio streamlining, highlighting ongoing scrutiny of profitability metrics like operating margins in the consumer goods sector. In industrial applications, RB commonly denotes relay box components integral to manufacturing and building control systems, facilitating electrical for HVAC, , and process . For instance, models like the RB-R2S2 provide SPST-NO outputs rated at 250V / 4A, with IP20 protection for mounting in automation enclosures, enabling reliable interfacing between sensors, actuators, and control systems in industrial environments. Syrianair, the of with IATA code RB, was established in 1961 as Syrian Arab Airlines and operates from hubs in and , maintaining a fleet of 14 for regional and international routes despite operational disruptions from geopolitical conflicts. The airline's includes fleet modernization efforts, transitioning from older and models to sustain connectivity, though sanctions and the have constrained expansion and profitability since 2011.

Arts and entertainment

Music and genres

, commonly abbreviated as R&B, emerged as a genre of in African-American communities during the , encompassing influences from , , , boogie-woogie, and swing. The term "rhythm and blues" was coined in the late by producer as a less racially charged marketing alternative to "race music," which had previously categorized recordings aimed at Black audiences. Early R&B featured upbeat tempos, horn sections, and call-and-response vocals, with pioneers like achieving crossover appeal through hits such as "" in 1946. The genre evolved through the 1950s and 1960s, incorporating soul elements via artists like , whose fusion of and in tracks like "" (1959) propelled R&B toward mainstream integration. By the 1970s, R&B shifted toward funk-infused styles with syncopated rhythms and socially conscious lyrics from performers including and , whose "" (1967) exemplified the era's vocal intensity and thematic depth. This period marked classic R&B's peak, blending with influences before transitioning into in the 1980s, characterized by smoother production, synthesized beats, and pop crossovers from acts like and . Contemporary R&B, post-disco, emphasizes melodic hooks, hip-hop rhythms, and electronic elements, diverging from classic R&B's rawer instrumentation while retaining emotional lyricism on love and identity. Subgenres include hip-hop soul (e.g., Mary J. Blige's 1992 debut What's the 411?) and , pioneered by in the late 1980s with percussive beats and urban storytelling. Commercial metrics underscore R&B's enduring dominance: Billboard's chart, tracking streaming, , and since the 1940s, has consistently ranked genre tracks highly, with over 1,000 number-one singles by 2023, reflecting billions in revenue from sales and streams. Artists like and have amassed top positions in 21st-century rankings, blending R&B with for global chart success exceeding traditional metrics.

Film, literature, and media

The series, commonly abbreviated as RB, is a rhythm video game franchise developed by Music Systems and published initially by Games in collaboration with . The inaugural title, , launched on November 20, 2007, for and , introducing multiplayer simulation of a rock band performance through peripheral controllers mimicking guitar, , , and vocals. Subsequent entries, including (2008) and (2010), expanded compatibility with prior (DLC) and introduced features like real guitar input and keyboard support, fostering a library exceeding thousands of licensed tracks. Core gameplay mechanics revolve around hitting scrolling note highways in sync with on-screen prompts, scoring points for accuracy while freestyling fills for bonuses, with full-band modes emphasizing cooperative play and difficulty scaling from easy to expert levels. The series innovated beyond solo-instrument titles like by enabling simultaneous four-player instrumentation, which enhanced social and performative aspects, though vocal mechanics remained simpler, relying on pitch-matching rather than advanced detection until later iterations. Commercially, the franchise surpassed $1 billion in North American retail sales by March 2009, driven by hardware bundles and over 40 million individual DLC tracks purchased across platforms by that point. Its influence on music gaming included popularizing expansive DLC ecosystems and cross-title content portability, peaking during the late 2000s rhythm game boom before market saturation contributed to genre decline; Harmonix continued support through Rock Band 4 (2015) and legacy editions, with ongoing DLC releases as of 2024. No major films, novels, or other media franchises bear the primary title "RB," though minor or unrelated works exist without significant cultural footprint in this context.

People

Professionals and public figures

(born July 18, 1950) is a British entrepreneur best known as the founder of the , a multinational conglomerate encompassing over 400 companies in sectors such as aviation, music, and as of 2023. His business career began in the 1970s with a mail-order record retailer that evolved into , which signed artists including and the before expanding into airlines with in 1984. Branson achieved on July 11, 2021, aboard Virgin Galactic's , marking him as one of the first civilians to reach space via a commercial vehicle. Rose Byrne (born July 24, 1979) is an Australian-American actress recognized for her roles in both comedy and horror genres. She gained prominence with supporting parts in films like Troy (2004) and the X-Men franchise before leading comedic successes such as Bridesmaids (2011), for which she received a Critics' Choice nomination, and Spy (2015). Byrne won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 2000 Venice Film Festival for The Goddess of 1967. Her television work includes the Emmy-nominated series Damages (2007–2012) and Physical (2021–2023). Rachel Brosnahan (born December 15, 1990) is an American actress acclaimed for portraying Miriam "Midge" Maisel in the series (2017–2023). For this role, she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2018, two for Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy (2018 and 2019), and two . Brosnahan's earlier film credits include (2013–2015), earning her Emmy and Critics' Choice nominations for supporting roles. Russell Brand (born June 4, 1975) is a , , and podcaster who rose to prominence in the 2000s through stand-up and television hosting. His career began with live comedy at the Fringe and , leading to presenting gigs and E4's Big Brother's Big Mouth (2004–2007). Brand starred in films like (2008) and (2010), and hosted shows including BBC Radio 2's weekend slots until 2008. He has since focused on authoring books on spirituality and hosting the Stay Free with Russell Brand , launched in 2022, which discusses politics and personal recovery. Ruby Bridges (born September 8, 1954) is an American civil rights activist renowned for her role in school desegregation at age six, when she became the first Black child to attend the all-white in New Orleans on November 14, 1960, following a federal court order. Bridges founded the Ruby Bridges Foundation in 1999 to promote tolerance and racial reconciliation through educational programs aimed at children. She continues advocacy work, authoring children's books like Ruby Bridges Goes to School (2009) and speaking at schools to address ongoing .

Historical and notable individuals

Robert Bunsen (31 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a and pioneer in and . Collaborating with , he co-invented the spectroscope in 1859 and used it to discover the elements and in 1860 through analysis of mineral samples' emission spectra. Bunsen also developed the around 1854, a device that mixes air and gas to produce a controllable, luminous-free flame for precise laboratory heating and flame tests. His work at the University of Heidelberg from 1852 onward advanced electrolytic cells, such as the carbon-zinc Bunsen battery, enabling isolation of metals like magnesium and aluminum in purer forms. Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish , , and natural philosopher instrumental in establishing experimental methods in science. He articulated in 1662, demonstrating that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature, based on quantitative experiments with air pumps. Boyle's 1661 work critiqued Aristotelian and Paracelsian theories, advocating for as a distinct empirical discipline separate from alchemy and medicine. His rigorous approach, including controlled trials on and , laid foundational principles for modern and influenced the Royal Society's emphasis on verifiable observation. (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), also known as Robert I, was a Scottish noble who became King of Scots in 1306 and led the kingdom's resistance against English domination during the . After murdering rival John Comyn in 1306, he was crowned at and endured exile following defeats like Methven, regrouping through guerrilla tactics to reclaim territory. His forces decisively defeated Edward II's army at the on 24 June 1314, securing Scottish sovereignty and prompting the in 1320, which asserted Scotland's to the Pope. Bruce's campaigns restored control over most of Scotland by 1322, culminating in the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328, though conflicts resumed after his death.

Places

Settlements and administrative divisions

Rio Branco, the capital city of Acre state in western Brazil, is the principal settlement linked to the abbreviation RB, derived from the former Federal Territory of Rio Branco (sigla RB) that encompassed the region until its redesignation as Roraima territory on December 13, 1962. Situated in the Acre River valley within the Amazon rainforest, the city spans 8,835 square kilometers and features a tropical climate with high humidity and annual rainfall exceeding 2,000 millimeters. Its economy historically centered on rubber extraction during the late 19th-century boom, which drove settlement and regional disputes, transitioning to diversified agriculture (including soybeans, cassava, and cattle ranching) and public administration services today. Founded on December 28, 1882, as the rubber plantation outpost Seringal Volta da Empresa amid Bolivian-claimed territory, Rio Branco grew rapidly following Brazil's 1903 treaty acquisition of , formalized after conflicts like the 1902 expulsion of Bolivian forces by local revolutionaries. The city's layout divides into the Primeiro Distrito (, commercial core) and Segundo Distrito (east bank, residential areas), with infrastructure developments including the Plácido de Castro International Airport (IATA: RBR) supporting connectivity. As of the , Rio Branco recorded a municipal population of 364,756 residents, reflecting steady urban growth from migration and state capital functions. Smaller settlements using RB abbreviations include Red Bluff, a city in , , with a 2020 population of 14,076, serving as a regional hub for agriculture and timber in the ; its abbreviation appears in local and postal contexts. Rancho Bernardo, a suburban community within , , is locally shorthand as RB and houses approximately 50,000 residents in a master-planned development focused on residential and tech sectors since the 1960s. These U.S. locales represent informal or regional codings rather than official international designations.

Geographical and infrastructural features

Rail Baltica, commonly abbreviated as RB, is a major cross-border standard-gauge railway infrastructure project spanning approximately 870 kilometers across Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and connecting to Poland, designed for passenger and freight transport at speeds up to 250 km/h. The project includes over 200 bridges and viaducts in Latvia alone, such as the planned combined road-rail bridge over the Daugava River near Riga, which will facilitate seamless integration with existing transport networks while minimizing environmental disruption through elevated structures over rivers and natural areas. Key stations, including the Rail Baltica Central Hub in Riga, incorporate multi-level designs with a railway bridge over the Daugava, enhancing connectivity; construction progress as of 2025 includes track laying on 114 kilometers in Lithuania, featuring a new bridge over the Neris River. The Rainbow Bridge in Tokyo, Japan, occasionally abbreviated as RB in local contexts, is a double-decker suspension bridge crossing Tokyo Bay, linking Shibaura in Minato ward to Odaiba in Koto ward, with a main span of 798 meters and towers reaching 126 meters in height. Completed in 1993, it carries vehicular traffic on the upper deck via Shuto Expressway No. 11 and a monorail on the lower deck, situated at coordinates approximately 35.6352° N, 139.7582° E, serving as a critical infrastructural link for urban transport and tourism while illuminated nightly to reflect its name. Arth-Goldau RB railway station in Arth, Schwyz canton, , where "RB" denotes Rigi Bahnen (), serves as the base station for the Arth–Rigi rack railway line ascending Mount , an elevated standard-gauge facility operational since the line's completion phases between 1871 and 1875. The station facilitates access to alpine terrain, with the rack system overcoming gradients up to 21% over 7.9 kilometers to Rigi summit, representing specialized mountain infrastructure integrated with broader Swiss rail networks.

Government and politics

Institutions and agencies

The , founded on , 1876, functioned as the of the , with a mandate to issue banknotes covered by gold reserves, regulate money circulation, handle payments for the Reich, and mobilize credit domestically. Its operational history spanned the , , and Nazi regime; under the latter, from 1937 onward, it lost statutory independence via the Bank Act, becoming a state tool for deficit financing, rearmament loans, and processing looted gold and assets, including from occupied territories. The institution's balance sheet expanded dramatically during to support war expenditures, but it faced risks and foreign exchange shortages earlier in the 1930s. Following Germany's defeat, the was dissolved in May 1945, with its assets and structures liquidated or transferred to Allied zonal central banks as precursors to the . The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), a U.S. federal agency under the Department of the Interior abbreviated as RB in official listings, originated as the Reclamation Service established on June 17, 1902, under the Reclamation Act to fund projects via a from sales in arid western states; it was renamed the Bureau in 1923. Its encompasses managing, developing, and conserving and related resources for , municipal supply, , and in an economically and environmentally sound manner, overseeing 58 projects across 17 western states that deliver to over 31 million people and generate 40 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. Operationally, it constructed major infrastructure like (authorized 1928 via the Boulder Canyon Project Act) and has shifted from single-purpose to multipurpose amid 20th-century challenges such as environmental compliance and . The agency's FY 2022 enacted totaled approximately $1.5 billion, supporting operations, maintenance, and new initiatives like enhancements.

Policies and doctrines

Risk-based regulation (RBR), a policy emphasizing the allocation of regulatory resources proportional to assessed s rather than uniform application, emerged prominently in the late 1990s as governments sought efficient alternatives to prescriptive amid resource constraints. This approach posits that regulators should prioritize high- activities or entities to maximize harm prevention, drawing on probabilistic risk assessments to inform interventions, while deprioritizing low- areas to reduce burdens on businesses and citizens. Proponents argue it fosters targeted enforcement, as evidenced by its adoption in sectors like and financial oversight, where empirical analyses indicate potential cost savings of up to 20-30% in administrative overhead when risk models accurately identify threats. In , RBR manifests through frameworks like risk-based capital requirements, implemented by bodies such as the since 1988 and refined in accords post-2008 crisis, requiring banks to hold capital buffers scaled to their risk exposures. Causal evaluations reveal that this doctrine enhanced systemic stability by compelling riskier institutions to internalize costs, with studies attributing a 15-25% reduction in bank failure rates during stress periods to better-aligned incentives, though flawed risk weighting by banks occasionally amplified . Implementation outcomes vary: the UK's Authority's RBR model from 2000 correlated with improved compliance in low-risk firms but faced criticism for under-regulating high-risk ones pre-2008, leading to taxpayer bailouts exceeding $1 trillion globally. Security policies have adopted RBR for targeted screening, as in the U.S. Transportation Security Administration's risk-based passenger vetting, which by shifted from blanket measures to behavior- and data-driven , reducing wait times by 40% at airports while maintaining detection rates above 95% for threats. Empirical studies, including randomized trials on airport protocols, demonstrate causal links to gains—e.g., reallocating resources from low- travelers cut false positives by 50%—yet underscore vulnerabilities when algorithms embed biases, as seen in disproportionate flagging of certain demographics without proportional threat elevation. Overall, RBR's doctrinal success hinges on robust, data-driven calibration; meta-analyses of implementations find 60-70% of regimes achieve intended outcomes only when supplemented by adaptive monitoring, revealing systemic underestimation of tail risks in static models.

Other uses

Military and defense

In the British Army, RB designates the Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own), an infantry regiment formed on 1 February 1800 as the Experimental Corps of Riflemen to test innovative rifle tactics and equipment, including the Baker rifle for superior accuracy over smoothbore muskets. The unit emphasized light infantry roles, skirmishing, and marksmanship, distinguishing it from line infantry regiments; it adopted green uniforms to blend with terrain and dispensed with traditional drill for flexible operations. By 1815, it had expanded to five battalions and participated in key engagements of the Napoleonic Wars, such as the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, where its 1st Battalion suffered 422 casualties while holding positions against French assaults. During the 19th century, RB units served in the (1853–1856), including the Battle of Alma on 20 September 1854, and the (1879), with the 2nd Battalion present at the defense of Rorke's Drift from 22–23 January 1879, though not directly engaged in the main fighting. In the Second Boer War (1899–1902), elements of the regiment fought at battles like Paardeberg on 18 February 1900, contributing to the capture of 4,000 Boer prisoners. In , the Rifle Brigade fielded 24 , including regular, territorial, and Kitchener's formations; the 8th , for instance, endured heavy losses at Hooge on 30 July 1915, facing early attacks and incurring over 300 casualties in a single day. Total regiment casualties exceeded 11,000 dead by 1918, reflecting its frontline roles in major offensives on the Western Front. During , RB battalions, such as the 1st and 2nd, fought in and ; the 1st landed in on 10 July 1943 as part of the 1st Airborne Division's initial assaults. The was renamed the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) in 1862 and amalgamated on 1 January 1966 with the , , and Queen's Royal Regiment to form the Royal Green Jackets, whose successor elements now serve in . In other military contexts, RB has denoted radar beacons for aircraft navigation since , aiding precision approaches in low-visibility conditions. Additionally, RB/ER refers to reduced blast/enhanced radiation warheads, a variant tested by the in the 1970s to prioritize over explosive yield for tactical use.

Miscellaneous abbreviations

In informal texting and online slang, particularly on platforms like Snapchat and Instagram, "RB" is frequently used as an abbreviation for "reply back," prompting the recipient to respond promptly to a message. This usage emerged with the rise of shorthand in mobile communication to save time and characters, often appearing in phrases like "RB for a TBH" (reply back for "to be honest"). Another niche informal application of "RB" denotes "really bad," employed in casual reviews, ratings, or commentary to signify poor or severe shortcomings, such as critiquing a subpar or product..html) This variant appears sporadically in discussions but lacks widespread compared to more common abbreviations. In contexts of achievements and performance tracking, especially in and , "RB" can abbreviate "record breaking," referring to feats that surpass prior benchmarks, as seen in descriptions or statistical summaries. For instance, it highlights milestones like a "RB speedrun" in or athletic , emphasizing quantifiable excellence over historical norms.

References

  1. [1]
    About Robert Burns | Academy of American Poets
    Robert Burns - Born in Alloway, Scotland, on January 25, 1759, Robert Burns was the author of Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786) and Tam O' ...
  2. [2]
    The life of Robert Burns | National Trust for Scotland
    Over the centuries, Burns's work has inspired poets such as Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley, and has seen him celebrated in songs, paintings and even stamps.
  3. [3]
    The Robert Burns Collection: Home - BYU
    Aug 14, 2025 · Robert Burns (1759–1796) was a Scottish poet and songwriter, widely regarded as Scotland's national poet. He is considered a pioneer of the ...
  4. [4]
    Robert Burns | The Poetry Foundation
    Burns began his career as a local poet writing for a local, known audience to whom he looked for immediate response, as do all artists in a traditional context.
  5. [5]
    The Life of Robert Burns: Scotland's Bard
    Jan 10, 2024 · Robert Burns is Scotland's. And over 250 years after he was born into a poor Ayrshire farming family, the universal appeal of many of his poems and songs ...
  6. [6]
    Who was Robert Burns and why do we celebrate his work? - BBC
    Jan 25, 2024 · The Ayrshire poet and lyricist died in 1796, at the age of 37, but he is still regarded as the most prominent poet to have written in the Scots ...
  7. [7]
    Rubidium | Rb (Element) - PubChem - NIH
    Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its ...<|separator|>
  8. [8]
    Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff - Science History Institute
    Written by Himself, 1862. In 1860 Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered two alkali metals, cesium and rubidium, with the aid of the spectroscope they ...
  9. [9]
    Supplier Data - Rubidium (Rb) (Goodfellow) - AZoM
    Feb 7, 2003 · Rubidium (Rb) is a soft and highly reactive member of the alkali group of metals. Rubidium is widely distributed throughout nature, ...
  10. [10]
    WebElements Periodic Table » Rubidium » reactions of elements
    Rubidium is very soft and easily cut. The resulting surface is bright and shiny. However, this surface soon tarnishes because of reaction with oxygen and ...
  11. [11]
    Rubidium (Rb) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental ...
    Rubidium salts are used in glasses and ceramics and in fireworks to give them a purple colour. Potential uses are in ion engines for space vehicles, as working ...
  12. [12]
    Rubidium – Properties and Applications - AZoM
    Jun 18, 2012 · Rubidium-87 is a radioactive isotope is used to determine the age of old rocks. It has a half-life of 49 billion years.
  13. [13]
    [PDF] RUBIDIUM - USGS.gov
    Rubidium hydroxide is used in fireworks to oxidize mixtures of other elements and produce violet hues. The U.S. military frequency standard, the United States ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  14. [14]
    THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN: A MASTER TUMOR ...
    Jan 12, 2017 · RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene discovered. Over four decades of work have revealed that the Rb protein (pRb) is a master regulator ...
  15. [15]
    RB1: a prototype tumor suppressor and an enigma
    pRB is a chromatin-associated protein that limits the transcription of cell cycle genes, primarily via regulation of the E2F transcription factor. In addition ...
  16. [16]
    Cell cycle regulation: p53-p21-RB signaling - Nature
    Mar 31, 2022 · The retinoblastoma protein RB and the transcription factor p53 are central tumor suppressors. They are often found inactivated in various tumor types.
  17. [17]
    The Retinoblastoma (RB) Tumor Suppressor: Pushing Back against ...
    Aug 16, 2017 · The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is known as a master regulator of the cell cycle. RB is mutated or functionally inactivated in the ...
  18. [18]
    Abbreviations and Symbols for Engineering Drawing & CNC ...
    hardness, Rockwell, B scale. HRC, hardness, Rockwell, C scale. HRS, hot rolled ... RB, Rb, Rockwell B scale. RC, Rc, Rockwell C scale. REF, reference dimension.<|separator|>
  19. [19]
    Steel 101 - Miami Valley Steel Service
    Rockwell B Scale (Rb): is a hardness scale based on the surface hardness of a material. Scale is 0 to 100, higher the Rb harder the material. Used for ...
  20. [20]
    US20220187370A1 - Circuits And Methods For Configurable Scan ...
    Some existing integrated circuits use scan chains to shift data for non-destructive register read-back (RB) and write-back (WB) operations from synchronous ...
  21. [21]
    [PDF] SEU-Induced Persistent Error Propagation in FPGAs
    A SEFI in an FPGA completely eliminates access to its control functions such as configure, read-back, etc. An FPGA often requires a power off/on to recover from ...
  22. [22]
    [PDF] K-Ball R110-F190 Ball Valves for Industrial and Process ...
    REDUCED BORE DIMENSIONS (mm). DN. Ød. A. B. G. ØP. F. W. M t1. L1. L4. ØN2. ØN3. H1. Wt ... RB = Reduced Bore. AVAILABILITY MATRIX (MODELS AND SIZES AVAILABLE).
  23. [23]
    Full Bore Vs Reduced Bore Ball Valve | DomBor
    Aug 3, 2022 · The main difference between full bore and reduced bore ball valve is that the former has smaller internal bore dimensions as compared to its end connections.
  24. [24]
    Nissan RB Engines: The Iconic Inline Six Powerplant - Motofutura
    Oct 3, 2023 · The RB engines, some of the most iconic 6-cylinder engines ever produced by Nissan propelled the Skyline GT-R models to iconic status.Missing: vehicles | Show results with:vehicles
  25. [25]
    Ultimate Nissan RB20DET Engine Guide - Drifted.com
    Oct 8, 2023 · Between the 1985-2004 model years, Nissan produced several variations of the RB engine, which later went on to increase in capacity from the ...Nissan RB20DET Engine... · Nissan RB20DET Tuning... · RB20DET vs SR20DET...
  26. [26]
    https://www.haltech.com/news-events/whats-special-rbs/
  27. [27]
    The Late-Model Nissan RB Guide - AutoSpeed
    The first vehicles to use turbocharged twin-cam RB performance was the late 1985 R31 Skyline GT sedan and GTS/GTS-X coupe. The boxy looking Skyline's 2-litre ...
  28. [28]
    4| Nissan RB26DETT - The Top Ten Engines to Build...
    Jul 24, 2015 · In 1989, Nissan released its Skyline GT-R for the first time since 1973 with the BNR32. Designed with high performance and racing in Group A ...
  29. [29]
    5 Awesome Cars Powered By The Legendary Nissan RB Engine
    5 Awesome Cars Powered By The Legendary Nissan RB Engine · Nissan Skyline R31 GTS-R · Calsonic R32 Skyline GTR · Nissan R33 Skyline GTS-T · Nissan Skyline Nismo ...
  30. [30]
    Commercial Vehicle History | HYUNDAI Truck & Bus
    EX Series · GT Series. Bus. Universe · Super Aero City · COUNTY New Breeze · Elec City ... RB 585/635. Regular bus. RB 585/635. 1984. Maru M. Heavy truck. Maru M.
  31. [31]
    National Transit Database (NTD) Glossary | FTA
    Feb 17, 2009 · Bus Rapid Transit (RB)​​ Agencies typically use off-board fare collection as well. This is often a lower-cost alternative to light rail.
  32. [32]
    From the fifth division to the UEFA Champions League semi-finals in ...
    With RB Leipzig now UEFA Champions League regulars, it almost beggars belief that the Bundesliga club was only founded in 2009.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
  33. [33]
    Why RB Leipzig is the most hated soccer team in the Bundesliga
    Jan 14, 2020 · That obviously isn't the case with Red Bull and RB Leipzig, but in a shrewd move, and an entirely legal one, the company managed to meet the "50 ...Missing: allegations | Show results with:allegations
  34. [34]
    Bundesliga club-by-club historical guide: RB Leipzig
    Jul 9, 2023 · Leipzig have finished in the top four in all but one of their seven Bundesliga campaigns to date and now also have the silverware to underline ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
  35. [35]
    RB Leipzig - Club achievements - Transfermarkt
    RB Leipzig has won 2 German Cups, 1 German Super Cup, 1 German Regionalliga Northeast Championship, and 2 Landespokal Sachsen titles.Missing: founding | Show results with:founding
  36. [36]
    RB Leipzig: DFB Pokal German Cup champions - Red Bull
    May 23, 2022 · A frenetic German Cup final ended in dramatic fashion for RB Leipzig as they defeated SC Freiburg on penalties to secure a first major domestic trophy.Missing: founding achievements
  37. [37]
    RB Leipzig: mocking Germany's 50+1 rule - These Football Times
    Apr 14, 2015 · Any prolonged success could see others to follow suit and Germany's 50+1 system may crumble down amidst trophies, greed and, ultimately, money.Missing: doping allegations
  38. [38]
    AlphaTauri rebrand confirmed for 2024 season as new team name ...
    Jan 24, 2024 · From 2024 onwards, they will be known as RB (the full team name will be Visa Cash App RB Formula One Team) marking a stronger reference to the ...
  39. [39]
    2024 TEAMS' STANDINGS - F1
    Pos. Team, Pts. 1, McLaren Mercedes, 666. 2, Ferrari, 652. 3, Red Bull Racing Honda RBPT, 589. 4, Mercedes, 468. 5, Aston Martin Aramco Mercedes, 94.
  40. [40]
    RB's 2024 F1 Season Review: A Season of Change
    Dec 10, 2024 · The 2024 F1 season presented a challenging year for Visa Cash App RB as the sister team of Red Bull navigated a year filled with highs and lows.
  41. [41]
    Racing Bulls – F1 Racing Team – Lawson, Hadjar
    Established in 2006 as a squad in which young drivers from Red Bull's prodigious talent pool could cut their F1 teeth.
  42. [42]
    What does a running back do in the NFL? | DAZN News US
    Jul 28, 2025 · A running back is a member of the offense who, as the name of the position implies, carries the ball when the offense calls a running play. But ...
  43. [43]
    The Role of the Running Back Position in Football - Under Armour
    Their main job is to run the football, but they will also be expected to run routes and catch passes out of the backfield.
  44. [44]
    How Has The Running Back Position Evolved In The Past Two ...
    Sep 5, 2025 · Thirteen running backs had 300-plus carries during the 2003 NFL season. That number bottomed out at zero in 2023, then bounced back to six ...
  45. [45]
    NFL Football Player Stats & Stats Leaders - Yards Per Rush Attempt
    Free NFL football player stats and stats leaders in simple, easy to read tables. This page tracks yards per rush attempt statistics.
  46. [46]
    Soccer Positions Explained - Complete Guide (2025) | Jobs In Football
    Jan 1, 2025 · As you might've guessed, full-backs primarily perform a defensive role. However, many are also expected to get up the pitch and provide ...
  47. [47]
    Football Positions and Numbers Guide - Red Bull
    Jun 2, 2024 · Backs are also involved on offense sometimes. The right-back will join the offensive attack if their team is attacking the right side of the ...Missing: FIFA | Show results with:FIFA
  48. [48]
    Right Back in Soccer | Position Guide & Advice - Cupello
    Sep 18, 2023 · A right back needs a combination of speed and agility to keep up with opposition wingers and execute overlapping runs effectively. Strength is ...
  49. [49]
    Rose Bowl Game History - Tournament of Roses
    Mar 30, 2022 · 1902. The first Rose Bowl Game is played at Tournament Park. The University of Michigan routs Stanford University 49–0. As the crowd of ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
  50. [50]
    Rose Bowl | College Football at Sports-Reference.com
    Location: Pasadena, CA ; Games: 111 (1902-2025) ; First Game: January 1, 1902 (Michigan 49, Stanford 0) ; Last Game: January 1, 2025 (Ohio State 41, Oregon 21).
  51. [51]
    What is the Rose Bowl? A brief history of the 'Granddaddy of Them All'
    Dec 31, 2024 · The first New Year's game held in the Rose Bowl stadium occurred in 1923 when USC defeated Penn State, 14-3. A general overall aerial view ...
  52. [52]
    Rose Bowl: Memorable moments, all-time history - NCAA.com
    Jan 1, 2025 · The Rose Bowl, the "granddaddy of them all," was first played on Jan. 1, 1902, at Tournament Park. It was not exactly a thriller, as top-ranked Michigan ...Rose Bowl: Memorable Moments... · The Complete History Of The... · The Longest College Football...<|separator|>
  53. [53]
    CFB150 Stories: Eclipsing 100,000 Fans - Tournament of Roses
    Aug 14, 2024 · The largest crowd in Rose Bowl Game history was 106,869, in 1973, as USC defeated Ohio State, 42-17.Missing: scoring | Show results with:scoring
  54. [54]
    Rose Bowl by the Numbers: Stats, Records, and Firsts - TFC Stadiums
    Jul 25, 2025 · Individual Game Records. Most points scored by one team: 59 (Oregon vs. Florida State, 2015); Most total points in a game: 101 (Georgia 54 ...
  55. [55]
    Our history | Reckitt.com
    1999. Merger with Benckiser. On 27 July, the Boards of Reckitt & Colman and Benckiser NV announce their merger. Benckiser's portfolio of household products ...
  56. [56]
    https://www.reckitt.com/us/our-company/who-we-are/
  57. [57]
    Reckitt: 2024 results mixed, soft outlook | HL
    Mar 5, 2025 · Reckitt reported full-year underlying net revenue of £14.2bn. Like-for-like sales (LFL) growth was 1.4%, below market expectations. Growth was ...
  58. [58]
    Full Year results 2024 - Reckitt.com
    We are reshaping Reckitt into a more efficient, world-class consumer health and hygiene company, focused on a portfolio of high-growth, high-margin Powerbrands.Missing: products global reach
  59. [59]
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/430731/net-revenue-of-reckitt-benckiser-worldwide-by-country/
  60. [60]
    The Ultimate Red Bull Marketing Strategy Study
    The Red bull brand stands out as a category dominating queen holding 43% of the global energy drink market in Dec 2022. Second comes Monster with a 35% market ...
  61. [61]
    Red Bull Sales Trend 2024: Growth, Market Share & Strategy - Accio
    Sep 4, 2025 · The company sold 12.67 billion cans worldwide, a 4.4% increase from 2023, while revenue rose 6.4% to €11.23 billion 2 6 . Key drivers included ...
  62. [62]
    Red Bull Marketing Strategy: The 9 Ways Red Bull Changed The ...
    Sep 19, 2022 · Red Bull first came to the market in 1987 after Austrian ... Red Bull holds a dominant market share in the energy drink industry ...
  63. [63]
    [PDF] U.S. Energy Drink Industry Report - Lundquist College of Business
    The US energy drink market was $9.4B in 2020, with 70-250mg caffeine per container. Red Bull (44%), Monster (33.4%), and PepsiCo (9.2%) dominate.
  64. [64]
    https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/u-s-energy-drinks-market
  65. [65]
    Reckitt Benckiser Group plc Stock (RB.) - Quote London S.E.
    Reckitt Benckiser Group plc (RB.:LON): Stock quote, stock chart, quotes, analysis, advice, financials and news for Stock Reckitt Benckiser Group plc ...
  66. [66]
    [PDF] 2019 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF STRATEGIC REVIEW ...
    Feb 27, 2020 · We have a clear plan to invest £2 billion in our business over the next 3 years to make this happen. Specifically, in 2020 we will increase ...
  67. [67]
    Activist investor Eminence builds stake in Reckitt, FT reports | Reuters
    May 21, 2024 · Eminence believed Reckitt's management could do more to improve operating margins, the report said, adding that other activist investors were ...
  68. [68]
    Functional Devices RIB® Building Automation Solutions
    Functional Devices is the leader in the HVAC, Building Controls, & Energy Management industries for American designed & manufactured devices.Missing: RB | Show results with:RB
  69. [69]
    RB-R2S2 F&F - Relay | in mounting box; 230VAC; SPST-NO; IP20 ...
    Specification ; IP rating. IP20 ; Manufacturer series. PROXI ; Operating temperature. 0...45°C ; Output 1 electrical parameters. 250V AC / 4A ; Number of outputs. 2.
  70. [70]
    SyrianAir Fleet Details and History - Planespotters.net
    SyrianAir (IATA: RB / ICAO: SYR) is an airline headquartered in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic founded in 1961 currently operating a fleet of 14 aircraft ...
  71. [71]
    Syrianair - ch-aviation
    Up to date airline profiles for up to 5000 airlines and aircraft operators: Fleet ... Rebranded from Syrian Arab Airlines (1961-1975). Phone Number. This ...
  72. [72]
    Rhythm and Blues | Popular Songs of the Day | Musical Styles
    The term "rhythm and blues," often called "R&B," originated in the 1940s when it replaced "race music" as a general marketing term for all African American ...
  73. [73]
    History of R&B Music – National R&B Hall of Fame
    Rhythm and blues, frequently abbreviated as R&B or R'n'B, is a genre of popular music that originated in African-American communities in the 1940s.
  74. [74]
    The History of Musical Genres, Part 4: R&B and Soul - Yamaha Music
    Jan 4, 2021 · Famed record producer Jerry Wexler is credited with coining the name “rhythm and blues” as a marketing device in the late 1940s. R&B is part of ...
  75. [75]
    The Evolution and History of R&B | Sound of Life | Powered by KEF
    Jul 10, 2022 · Rhythm and blues became popular in the late '40s, and it included genres from boogie-woogie, African American swing, jazz, and blues: all styles ...
  76. [76]
    R&B Music Guide: The Evolution of Rhythm and Blues - MasterClass
    Jun 7, 2021 · R&B evolved further in the '70s: R&B musicians began experimenting with syncopated rhythms and more Afrocentric lyrical content in the 1970s.
  77. [77]
    Rhythm and blues - (Intro to Humanities) | Fiveable - Fiveable
    Notable R&B artists include Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, and James Brown, who were instrumental in bringing the genre into mainstream music. Over time, rhythm ...Missing: commercial | Show results with:commercial<|separator|>
  78. [78]
    R&B, the Essential Guide: evolution, icons, Contemporary R&B / Soul
    R&B (Rhythm and Blues) is a genre invented by black American musicians nearly a century ago. R&B is one of the most commercially and culturally important genres ...
  79. [79]
    https://thebluesproject.co/2023/05/essential-guide-contemporary-rnb-soul-music
  80. [80]
    Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs - Billboard
    THE WEEK'S MOST POPULAR CURRENT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS ACROSS ALL GENRES, RANKED BY STREAMING ACTIVITY DATA BY ONLINE MUSIC SOURCES TRACKED BY LUMINATE, ...
  81. [81]
    Drake Is No. 1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the ... - Yahoo
    Aug 26, 2025 · Drake Is No. 1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the 21st Century Chart · 10. Alicia Keys · 9. Eminem · 8. Rihanna · 7. Jay-Z · 6. Lil Wayne.<|separator|>
  82. [82]
    Rock Band® Franchise Officially Surpasses $1 Billion in North ...
    Mar 26, 2009 · Over 40 Million Paid Individual Songs Sold Via Download to Date on Rock Band ... Developed by Harmonix, the world's premier music video game ...Missing: figures | Show results with:figures
  83. [83]
    Rock Band Exceeds $1 Billion - IGN
    Mar 26, 2009 · Today the Rock Band family (MTV Games, Harmonix, and Electronic Arts) announced the music game franchise has exceeded $1 billion in retail ...
  84. [84]
    Let There Be Rock: The Design of Rock Band - Giant Bomb
    Mar 9, 2019 · While Rock Band develops its instrumental systems far beyond that of previous rhythm games, it doesn't push the boat out as far with the vocals.<|separator|>
  85. [85]
    Harmonix keeps innovating, with lasting impact | MIT News
    Dec 14, 2021 · For the last 25 years, the MIT spinout Harmonix has innovated around music gameplay to create iconic video games like Guitar Hero and Rock ...
  86. [86]
    Richard Branson - Forbes
    The son of a barrister and flight attendant, Branson got his start with a mail-order record business some 50 years ago. He primarily lives on a luxe British ...
  87. [87]
    Virgin Galactic: Sir Richard Branson rockets to the edge of space
    Jul 11, 2021 · Billionaire Sir Richard Branson has successfully reached the edge of space on board his Virgin Galactic rocket plane. The UK entrepreneur flew ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
  88. [88]
    Rose Byrne - IMDb
    She landed her first role in a movie, Dallas Doll (1994), when she was 15 years old. Since then, Rose has appeared in a variety of Australian televisions shows ...Awards · Biography · Other works · People
  89. [89]
    Rose Byrne Movies & TV Shows List | Rotten Tomatoes
    Once hailed as "Audrey Hepburn with a darker edge," actress Rose Byrne launched a successful film career in the United States after an auspicious showbiz ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
  90. [90]
    Everything You Need to Know About Rose Byrne - Park Magazine NY
    Major Breakthrough: Won Volpi Cup for Best Actress at Venice Film Festival (2000); Notable Films: Bridesmaids, X-Men series, Insidious, Spy, Troy; TV Success: ...
  91. [91]
    Awards - Rose Byrne - IMDb
    The Turning (2013). 2014 Winner · Best Actress - Supporting Role ; Rose Byrne in The Goddess of 1967 (2000). 2002 Nominee · Best Actor - Female.
  92. [92]
    Rachel Brosnahan | Television Academy
    Maisel, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy and earned a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead ...
  93. [93]
    Rachel Brosnahan Wins Best Actress in a Comedy Emmy Award 2018
    Sep 17, 2018 · Maisel's Rachel Brosnahan won the Emmy for best actress in a comedy series Monday night at the 70th annual Primetime Emmy Awards. Brosnahan beat ...<|separator|>
  94. [94]
    Awards - Rachel Brosnahan - IMDb
    17 wins & 33 nominations. Critics Choice Awards. Rachel Brosnahan in The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017). 2024 Nominee Critics Choice Award.
  95. [95]
    Who is Russell Brand? His journey from Hollywood star to ... - BBC
    Sep 17, 2023 · But Brand started his career in entertainment as a stand-up comedian, performing at the Hackney Empire in 2000 and later the Edinburgh Fringe.
  96. [96]
    Russell Brand's Timeline of Scandal and Controversy
    Nov 14, 2023 · As his comedy career boomed, Mr. Brand made efforts to break into TV and radio, too. In 2000, he was hired to work on MTV, only to be fired a ...
  97. [97]
    Russell Brand | Official Website
    Russell Brand is an award-winning comedian, actor, author, public thought leader, and a passionate activist for mental health and drug rehabilitation.Contact · Podcasts · Blog · Live Dates<|separator|>
  98. [98]
    Ruby Bridges - National Women's History Museum
    Ruby Bridges has always been a civil rights advocate, with her experience as the first Black child to enter an all-white school in the South making her a ...
  99. [99]
    Ruby Bridges - Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights
    A lifelong activist for racial equality, she established the Ruby Bridges Foundation in 1999 to promote tolerance and create change through education.
  100. [100]
    Ruby Bridges: a Civil Rights Icon - UChicago Library
    Jan 16, 2025 · Bridges continues to be an anti-racism advocate, visiting schools and talking to young students. Ms. Bridges also authored several children's ...
  101. [101]
    Robert Boyle - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Jan 15, 2002 · Best known today as the father of chemistry, Robert Boyle (1627–1691) has, since the early 1990s, emerged as a significant figure in early ...Experimental Philosophy · Speculative Natural Philosophy · Theory of Knowledge
  102. [102]
    Robert Boyle | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Boyle is considered by many to be the father of modern experimental chemistry. Through years of diligent work he became a skilled chemist. His interest and work ...Life · Natural Philosophy · Philosophy of Science · References and Further Reading
  103. [103]
    History - Robert the Bruce - BBC
    Robert I, known as Robert the Bruce, was the king of the Scots who secured Scotland's independence from England.
  104. [104]
    Robert I (r. 1306-1329) | The Royal Family
    On 25 March 1306, Robert the Bruce was chosen to be King of Scots and to lead the fight for Scottish independence against Edward I of England.
  105. [105]
    States of Brazil - Statoids
    Oct 8, 2015 · 1962-12-13: Name of Rio Branco territory (former sigla RB ) changed to Roraima. 1969-10-19: New constitution adopted. Official name of ...
  106. [106]
    Rio Branco | Amazon Rainforest, Acre State, Capital City | Britannica
    The state's name is derived from that of the Rio Acre, which seems to be of Indian origin. Covered by tropical rainforest, Acre produces the highest-quality ...Missing: founding | Show results with:founding
  107. [107]
    Rubber, Rebels, and Rio Branco: The Contest for the Acre
    On August 7, 1902, Plácido de Castro, a native of Rio Grande do Sul and a hero of the Brazilian Revolution of 1893, expelled the Bolivian authorities at Xapuri ...
  108. [108]
    RB - Wikipedia
    RB or Rb may stand for: Contents. 1 People; 2 Places; 3 Arts and entertainment; 4 Businesses; 5 Government and politics; 6 Science and technology.Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
  109. [109]
    Infrastructure - RB - Rail Baltica
    Bridges will cross rivers and natural areas with care for the environment, while viaducts will span roads, valleys, and other obstacles to maintain a smooth ...Missing: features | Show results with:features
  110. [110]
    Combined road-rail bridge over the Daugava River - RB
    Apr 13, 2023 · The Rail Baltica railway in Latvia, spanning 265 kilometers, will traverse more than 200 bridges throughout the country.Missing: stations | Show results with:stations
  111. [111]
    Rail Baltica Central Hub, Latvia - Railway Technology
    Jun 13, 2022 · The Rail Baltica Central Hub will comprise a central station building, a railway bridge on the Daugava River, and other rail infrastructure.
  112. [112]
    Rail Baltica Track Laying Underway in Lithuania - Railway-News
    Oct 8, 2025 · By the end of 2025, construction is expected to cover 114 kilometres, including track laying and a new bridge over the Neris River, which will ...
  113. [113]
    Rainbow Bridge – Arch Into Japan
    Jul 5, 2013 · ... Rainbow Bridge, abbreviated as RB, walked quickly in the colloquial language. The towers of the bridge are white and blend with the skyline ...
  114. [114]
    GPS coordinates of Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo), Japan. Latitude
    GPS coordinates of Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo), Japan. Latitude: 35.6352 Longitude: 139.7582.Missing: length abbreviation RB
  115. [115]
    Tokyo Bay (Rainbow) Bridge Project - Fuji Engineering
    A 798 m long, 29 m wide, double-deck suspension bridge designed for highway and new transit system. The Tokyo Bay Bridge is a suspension bridge crossing ...
  116. [116]
    A day trip to Mount Rigi: how to plan and what to expect
    Sep 27, 2025 · What to enter if you travel via Arth-Goldau. "Arth-Goldau" for the train station Arth-Goldau; "Arth-Goldau RB" (RB stands for RigiBahnen) for ...
  117. [117]
    Arth–Rigi railway line - Wikipedia
    The Arth–Rigi railway line is a Swiss standard gauge rack railway that runs from Arth-Goldau RB to Rigi. It was built by the eponymous Arth-Rigi-Bahn.Missing: stand | Show results with:stand
  118. [118]
    [PDF] 408. The Reichsbank, 1876-1900 - FRASER
    The Reichsbank was established as the central bank of Germany, acting as the last resort of the German monetary system.
  119. [119]
    [PDF] Rules of the game 1876-90 3 - LSE
    May 20, 2017 · The Reichsbank was also mandated to facilitate money circulation and payments throughout Germany and mobilise credit in addition to other ...Missing: dissolution | Show results with:dissolution<|separator|>
  120. [120]
    [PDF] The Banking System in the Nazi Military and War Economy
    Under Nazi control, banks lost their traditional role, with the government fixing interest rates and determining credit volume and use, instead of market ...
  121. [121]
    [PDF] From the Reichsbank to the Bundesbank
    At the end of March 1931, the German central government budget was only able to survive beyond the end of the fiscal year by taking out short-term loans at ...
  122. [122]
    [PDF] deficit spending in the nazi recovery, 1933-1938 - LSE
    Indeed, the monetary regime in Germany changed swiftly in 1933, with the Reichsbank selling off its gold reserves, freezing foreign accounts, and blocking ...
  123. [123]
    The Reichsbank www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
    The defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945 also resulted in the dissolution of the Reichsbank, along with other Reich ministries and institutions.Missing: mandate operations
  124. [124]
    [PDF] From the Reichsbank to the Bundesbank
    The study examines the Reichsbank's role in the Nazi era, its impact, and its transition to the Bundesbank, including the Bank deutscher Länder.
  125. [125]
    Agency Acronym Names - Reginfo.gov
    RB. Bureau of Reclamation. BLM. Bureau of Land Management. DOJ. Department of ... Federal Emergency Management Agency. FLRA. Federal Labor Relations Authority.
  126. [126]
    [PDF] Brief History Bureau of Reclamation - GovInfo
    In 1928, the Boulder Canyon Act ratified the Colorado River Compact and authorized construction of Hoover Dam and the All-American Canal–key elements in ...Missing: mandate | Show results with:mandate
  127. [127]
    Reclamation History
    Aug 15, 2018 · Reclamation's redefined official mission is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner.Missing: mandate | Show results with:mandate
  128. [128]
    3. Mission of the Bureau of Reclamation (U.S. National Park Service)
    Jan 13, 2017 · The Reclamation Act established a special “reclamation fund,” intended to pay for construction of the dams and canals needed to irrigate the ...<|separator|>
  129. [129]
    Budget | Bureau of Reclamation
    Sep 17, 2025 · FY 2022 Bureau of Reclamation Budget Justifications (PDF - 16.1 MB) President proposes $1.5 billion in fiscal year 2022 budget for Bureau of Reclamation.Missing: history mandate
  130. [130]
    Publication: Risk-Based Approaches to Business Regulation
    Oct 22, 2020 · Risk-based regulation aims to protect public goods, such as safety, health, and the environment, while at the same time avoiding unnecessary ...
  131. [131]
    Accounting for failure: risk-based regulation and the problems of ...
    The central conceit of risk-based regulation is that regulators cannot, and indeed should not even try, to prevent all possible harms. Instead, regulatory ...
  132. [132]
    The risks of risk-based regulation: insights from the environmental ...
    Risk-based regulation has become increasingly popular in recent years. Proponents argue that it facilitates robust governance, contributing to efficient and ...
  133. [133]
    [PDF] Exploring varied patterns of risk-based governance across Europe
    Oct 9, 2019 · Abstract. Risk-based approaches to governance are widely promoted as universally applicable foundations for improving the quality, ...
  134. [134]
    The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) | National Army Museum
    The Rifle Brigade was formed in 1800, one of the first to use the Baker rifle, and later became the Prince Consort's Own. It merged into the Royal Green ...Missing: RB | Show results with:RB<|control11|><|separator|>
  135. [135]
    [PDF] Ministry of Defence acronyms and abbreviations - GOV.UK
    ... RB. Enhanced Radiation / Reduced Blast. ERA. Explosive Reactive Armour. ERA. Extended Range Ammunition. ERAAM. Extended Range Air-to-Air Missile. ERADCOM.
  136. [136]
    The Rifle Brigade, 1914-1918 - The Long, Long Trail
    The battalions were made up of supernumerary TF Companies, formed from National Reservists who were used for guarding vulnerable points in Great Britain.
  137. [137]
    The 8th Battalion Rifle Brigade at Hooge
    On the night of 29 July 1915, 2nd Lieutenant G. V. Carey of A Company, 8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (RB), had a strong sense of foreboding as his relief ...
  138. [138]
    HISTORY OF THE RIFLE BRIGADE IN THE WAR OF 1914-1918
    In stock £10 deliveryThe Rifle Brigade (RB) was one of five regiments having four regular battalions before the war; it also had two special reserve battalions but, in common ...
  139. [139]
    RB - Military and Government - Acronym Finder
    What does RB stand for? ; RB, Recommended Buy (US DoD; Defense Logistics Agency) ; RB, Rescue Boat ; RB, US Revenue Proprietary (Scott Catalogue prefix; philately).
  140. [140]
    U.S. Military Abbreviations & Acronyms: R - RF Cafe
    RB/ER: Reduced Blast/Enhanced Radiation. RBIF: Red Basic Intelligence File. RBS: (1) Regional Broadcast System; (2) Remote Base Server. RC: (1) Radio ...
  141. [141]
    RB Meaning & Definition - NoSlang.com
    The abbreviation "RB" is a shortened version of "Reply Back" which is commonly used in text messaging. It is often used when you want to prompt the other ...
  142. [142]
    What does RB stand for? - Slang.net
    RB may also be preceded by RR, an acronym which means "reply requested," or not followed by a timeframe, in which case RB stands for "reply back." Example.
  143. [143]
    rb - Urban Dictionary
    reply back not random boner .......rb · ninjamoolola ; real bad mostly used when you miss somebody. "i miss my man rb" "im on this girl rb" · therealmylove ; Random ...
  144. [144]
    RB - "Really Bad" by AcronymsAndSlang.com
    What does RB stand for? Hop on to get the meaning of RB. The Acronym /Abbreviation/Slang RB means Really Bad. by AcronymAndSlang.com.
  145. [145]
    RB Sport Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
    RB Sport Abbreviation ; 1. Record Breaking · Record, Breaking, Gaming · Record, Breaking, Gaming ; 1. Red Border · Border, Box, Coding · Border, Box, Coding ; 1.
  146. [146]
    https://www.abbreviations.com/RB.
  147. [147]
    RB Abbreviations, Full Forms, Meanings and Definitions
    RB stands for Record Breaking. Fullformexpand.com has 136 other full forms for abbreviation RB. Citations: You can use the appropriate citation option from ...