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Round shield

A round shield is a circular type of shield used for personal defense in warfare from ancient times through the medieval period and beyond, typically constructed from wooden planks bound together and often covered with leather or hide for added durability, with a prominent central iron or metal boss to protect the user's hand and forearm while gripping an enarme strap or handle.^[1]^[2] These shields varied in size, commonly measuring 70–100 cm in diameter to provide broad coverage for infantry, and were frequently painted with geometric patterns, animals, mythological scenes, or heraldic symbols for both functional identification and ceremonial purposes. Examples appear in various cultures worldwide, including European, African, and Asian traditions.^[1]^[3]^[4] In ancient civilizations, round shields played a pivotal role in military tactics, such as the Greek aspis or hoplon, a large wooden shield reinforced with bronze that defined the hoplite infantryman and enabled the phalanx formation for collective defense.^[3] The Romans employed similar round designs like the clipeus in bronze for legionaries and cavalry before transitioning to rectangular scuta by the late Republic, while earlier cultures including Mycenaeans and Celts used oxhide or embossed metal versions for both combat and ritual offerings.^[2]^[3] During the medieval era, round shields remained prominent among northern European warriors, exemplified by Viking Age examples made from lightweight pine or lime planks, approximately 80 cm across, which were essential for shield-wall tactics in raids and battles from the 8th to 11th centuries.^[1] Anglo-Saxon forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 similarly relied on heavy round shields to form impenetrable infantry lines, contrasting with the emerging kite-shaped designs favored by Norman cavalry.^[5] By the High Middle Ages, round shields evolved into smaller, more decorative forms like the medieval targe, incorporating metal reinforcements and vibrant heraldry, though they gradually declined with the rise of plate armor and firearms.^[2]^[3]

Overview

Definition and Characteristics

A round shield is a circular defensive implement designed to protect the user from projectiles and close-quarters melee attacks, typically held in one hand or strapped to the arm for use in combat.^[2] Unlike tower shields or pavises, which provide extensive body coverage, the round shield emphasizes portability and rapid repositioning, making it suitable for dynamic infantry tactics.^[6] The defining physical trait of a round shield is its uniform circular form, which distributes impact forces evenly across its surface and allows for omnidirectional deflection.^[2] Diameters generally range from 70 to 100 centimeters, balancing protection for the torso and head with sufficient lightness for prolonged mobility—often weighing between 3 and 8 kilograms depending on construction.^[6] ^[1] ^[7] Handling typically involves a central grip, such as an iron boss with a wooden or leather handle, or an arm strap system like the Argive grip, which secures the forearm to the inner rim for stability during thrusts or pushes.^[1] This setup facilitates both passive blocking and active maneuvers, such as bashing opponents or forming interlocking shield walls.^[2] In comparison to non-round variants, such as the rectangular Roman scutum or elongated oval shields, the round shield lacks a pronounced vertical frame or tapered extension for leg coverage, prioritizing instead a compact profile that enhances agility in open-field engagements over static fortifications.^[2] Its lightweight design and ergonomic grip enable quick pivots and recoveries, distinguishing it as a versatile tool for warriors requiring speed alongside defense.^[6]

Historical Significance

Round shields played a pivotal role in infantry tactics across multiple civilizations, serving as foundational elements for formations such as shield walls that enhanced collective defense and enabled aggressive maneuvers in both pitched battles and skirmishes. Their design allowed for overlapping coverage in dense arrays, protecting not only the individual warrior but also adjacent comrades, which was crucial for maintaining formation integrity during close-quarters combat. This versatility influenced military strategies from ancient heavy infantry phalanxes to more mobile raiding units, promoting disciplined group tactics that prioritized cohesion over individual agility until the widespread adoption of firearms in the Renaissance diminished their battlefield primacy.^[8]^[9] In societal contexts, round shields often symbolized warrior status and cultural identity, marking the bearer as a full citizen or elite fighter in communities like ancient Greek city-states and Norse societies. For instance, the Greek hoplon was associated with hoplite status and citizenship, frequently adorned with personal or civic emblems to reflect social standing, while Viking shields in burials underscored masculinity and hierarchical roles among raiders.^[10] These shields provided robust protection against projectiles and melee weapons, thereby shaping the evolution of complementary armor as warfare intensified. Round shields also appeared in non-European contexts, such as among Celtic and other ancient cultures, though detailed variants are covered elsewhere. The shields' tactical adaptability facilitated the emergence of specialized units, such as Greek hoplites who formed the core of citizen armies—equipped universally with the hoplon for phalanx operations—and Viking berserkers whose round shields supported fluid, offensive shield walls in amphibious assaults. In hoplite forces, these shields were standard issue for the majority of fielded troops in classical battles, underscoring their prevalence in structured warfare. Even after practical obsolescence, round shields endured in ceremonial contexts, as seen in high-status Viking ship burials where ornate examples signified prestige beyond combat utility.^[11]^[12]^[13]

History

Ancient Origins

The earliest evidence for round shields appears in the Bronze Age of Europe, dating from approximately 1300 to 800 BCE, with archaeological finds such as the Yetholm-type shields discovered in Britain and Ireland. These were typically circular bronze plates, around 60-70 cm in diameter, featuring intricate engravings of concentric circles and radial lines that symbolized the sun and may have held ritual significance rather than primary combat utility.^[14] In central Europe, similar bronze round shields from 1100 to 700 BCE, often found in hoards rather than graves, suggest ceremonial or votive use, crafted from thin hammered metal over possible wooden or hide cores to represent divine protection.^[15] While direct evidence from Asia during 3000-1000 BCE is scarcer, burial sites in regions like the Eurasian steppes yield fragments of hide stretched over wooden frames, indicating early lightweight round defenses adapted for nomadic warfare, though shapes varied and round forms emerged more clearly in later Scythian contexts around 1000 BCE.^[16] In classical Greece, the round shield evolved into the iconic hoplon (or aspis) by the 8th century BCE, a large, deeply concave disk measuring 90-100 cm in diameter and weighing 7-9 kg, constructed from layered wood faced with bronze and reinforced by a leather or metal rim. This design allowed hoplites—citizen-soldiers—to interlock shields in the phalanx formation, creating an impenetrable wall that emphasized collective discipline over individual mobility. The hoplon's central arm grip and shoulder strap enabled it to cover the user from chin to knee, protecting not only the bearer but also the man to their right in tight ranks. Its pivotal role is exemplified in the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE, where 300 Spartan hoplites and allies used these shields to form a defensive barrier in the narrow pass, delaying the Persian invasion for three days despite overwhelming odds.^[17]^[18]^[19] Roman adaptations of the round shield, termed clipeus, appeared from the 3rd century BCE onward, serving as lighter alternatives to the rectangular scutum for auxiliaries and early legionaries, with diameters of 60-90 cm and weights around 5 kg, often made of wood covered in leather or hide with minimal metal reinforcement. These shields were particularly suited for non-citizen troops in the Roman legions' auxiliary cohorts, providing mobility for skirmishers and cavalry while integrating into mixed formations during campaigns across the empire until the 3rd century CE. The clipeus's versatility is evident in its use by velites (light infantry) and later by provincial forces, allowing Romans to counter diverse foes from Gallic warriors to Parthian horsemen without the full heft of the legionary scutum.^[20]^[21] Among other ancient cultures, Celtic round shields around 500 BCE in regions like Gaul and Iberia were typically constructed from woven wicker or linden wood frames bound with leather, measuring 70-100 cm in diameter, and often adorned with iron or bronze bosses for striking in close combat. These lightweight designs, weighing 4-6 kg, reflected the Celts' emphasis on agility in tribal warfare, with regional variations such as smaller versions for charioteers in Britain. In Persia during the Achaemenid period circa 500 BCE, shields used by sparabara infantry were made from latticed willow or poplar twigs tightly covered in rawhide, approximately 80-100 cm across, and used to form defensive screens against arrows in vast armies. This construction prioritized portability for the empire's diverse levies, enabling layered tactics in battles like those against the Greeks.^[22]^[23]^[24]

Medieval Developments

During the medieval period, round shields underwent significant evolution in Europe, particularly among Viking and Norse warriors from the 9th to 11th centuries CE. These shields were typically constructed from limewood planks glued together, forming a lightweight yet durable circular form with diameters ranging from 80 to 95 cm, often covered in leather for added protection and flexibility.^[1] A central iron boss protected the hand gripping the shield from behind, while the edges were sometimes reinforced with rawhide or leather to prevent splitting during combat.^[1] Brightly painted designs, including geometric patterns, animals, or runes, adorned the surfaces, serving both decorative and identificatory purposes in battle.^[25] Tactically, these shields were integral to the Norse shield wall formation, where overlapping edges created a near-impenetrable barrier against charges, as exemplified at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066, where Harald Hardrada's Viking forces initially held firm before their line broke under English assault.^[26] Byzantine and Islamic influences introduced variations on round shields from the 7th to 13th centuries, blending traditional circular designs with reinforcements suited to cavalry warfare. In the Byzantine Empire, round shields known as skoutaria were lightweight wooden constructions, approximately 90-100 cm in diameter, often covered in leather or rawhide and featuring a central metal boss; these were adapted for infantry and horsemen, providing mobility in phalanx-like formations against Persian and Arab incursions.^[27] Islamic forces during the same era employed similar round shields, typically convex and bossed, made from wood or layered hide with occasional metal edging for durability, emphasizing defense against arrow volleys in desert campaigns.^[28] During the Crusades (1095-1291), these influences converged, with large pavises—sometimes hybridized with kite shapes—and metal-reinforced variants used by both sides; Crusader knights adopted reinforced round or kite hybrids for mounted charges, while Muslim cavalry at battles like Hattin (1187) utilized compact round shields to deflect lances and arrows effectively.^[29] Such adaptations highlighted a shift toward versatile, cavalry-oriented designs that balanced protection with the demands of prolonged sieges and open-field engagements. In Asia, medieval round shields appeared in specialized forms adapted for archery defense. Japanese tate shields, from the 12th to 16th centuries, included smaller handheld tedate variants, constructed from lacquered wood or rawhide, measuring about 60-80 cm in height; these rectangular shields were employed by ashigaru foot soldiers to shield archers during yabusame or battlefield volleys, allowing one-handed bow use while warding off incoming projectiles.^[30] In China, during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), dun shields featured round bronze-framed examples, often 70-90 cm across, made from wood or hide with bronze bosses and rims for enhanced rigidity; these were particularly valued for protecting crossbowmen and infantry against nomadic horse archers on the steppe frontiers, integrating seamlessly into mixed pike-and-shield tactics.^[31] The prevalence of round shields waned by the 14th and 15th centuries due to advancements in plate armor, which provided comprehensive body coverage and freed the off-hand for two-handed polearms or swords, reducing the need for supplementary shielding.^[32] The rise of firearms, including early handgonnes and arquebuses, further diminished their utility, as shields offered limited protection against gunpowder weapons and hindered reloading or aiming; by the late 15th century, they were largely relegated to ceremonial or specialist roles in Europe and Asia.^[32]

Post-Medieval and Modern Uses

In the Renaissance and early modern periods, round shields evolved into smaller, more maneuverable forms known as bucklers or target shields, typically measuring 40-60 cm in diameter and constructed from steel for dueling and personal defense. These shields were particularly associated with Italian rapier combat in the 16th and 17th centuries, where they served as off-hand parrying tools to deflect thrusts and strikes while allowing agile footwork in civilian duels. Masters like those in the Bolognese school emphasized the buckler's role in binding or striking opponents, often pairing it with a rapier for close-quarters engagements that prioritized speed over heavy armor.^[33]^[34] During the colonial era and into the 19th century, round shields persisted in non-European contexts through tribal continuations, notably among Oceanic groups where hide or wood-constructed round shields were used by Pacific Islander warriors for parrying in skirmishes, maintaining practical roles amid colonial encounters. Precursors to modern riot shields emerged in European police forces around the 1800s, with leather- or wood-covered round defenses employed for crowd control during urban unrest, providing lightweight protection against thrown objects or clubs before the widespread adoption of batons.^[35]^[9] In the 20th and 21st centuries, round shields adapted to ballistic threats in military and police operations, with post-World War II developments incorporating materials like Kevlar for lightweight protection against handgun rounds. These modern variants, often 50-70 cm in diameter, meet standards such as NIJ Level IIIA, which certifies resistance to 9mm and .44 Magnum projectiles, enabling use in entry teams and riot suppression. Their design balances portability with multi-hit capability, evolving from steel plates tested in mid-20th-century conflicts to composite models that enhance tactical mobility.^[36]^[37] Today, round shields find application in training replicas for historical martial arts and reenactments, where steel or wood models replicate Renaissance bucklers for safe sparring and educational demonstrations. They also feature prominently in video games and media, such as Captain America's vibranium shield in Marvel adaptations or Viking-style rounds in titles like Assassin's Creed Valhalla, influencing popular perceptions of defensive combat.^[38]^[39]

Design and Construction

Shape and Dimensions

Round shields are defined by their near-perfect circular geometry, providing uniform deflection of blows from multiple angles, though archaeological evidence shows minor oval deviations in some specimens for ergonomic fit.^[10] The diameter typically measures 80-95 cm, sized to cover the torso from shoulder to mid-thigh for adult users, ensuring adequate protection in formation combat.^[1] Standard historical dimensions vary by era and region, with Viking Age examples exhibiting diameters of 80-95 cm and weights of 3-5 kg, balancing portability and protection in close-quarters combat.^[40] Smaller variants, such as medieval bucklers designed for one-handed parrying alongside a sword, measure 30-45 cm in diameter and weigh 1-2 kg, prioritizing agility over broad coverage.^[41] These proportions derive from plank constructions tapered from 8-9 mm thick at the center to 6 mm at the edges, as seen in Gokstad ship burial shields (circa 9th century).^[13] Ergonomically, the central boss—a raised iron dome—measures 5-10 cm in height to deflect incoming strikes away from the user's hand and forearm, with an inner diameter of about 13-14 cm to accommodate a central grip.^[10] Rim reinforcement, often via leather binding or iron edging, maintains structural integrity and prevents wood warping under environmental stress or repeated impacts.^[13] In ancient Greek examples, the aspis (or hoplon) was a large round shield approximately 90-100 cm in diameter, constructed to fit the hoplite's arm and body for phalanx use.^[42] In modern contexts, some ballistic shields, including round variants used in riot control or tactical operations, adhere to standards such as NIJ 0123.00 for protection levels, with diameters typically around 50-70 cm and weights of 2-4 kg to facilitate rapid deployment by law enforcement (as of 2023).^[43] These differ from historical measurements by emphasizing lighter composites for mobility, without formal ISO specifications but guided by ballistic test protocols for threat resistance.^[44]

Materials and Manufacturing

Round shields have been constructed using a variety of natural materials throughout history, primarily wood for the core structure, animal hide or leather for covering, and metal for reinforcements. In ancient contexts, such as Celtic Bronze Age examples, shields often featured a wooden backing covered with thin sheets of bronze, riveted together for durability, with central bosses also made of bronze to protect the hand grip. Viking Age round shields, dating from the 8th to 11th centuries, were typically made from lightweight woods like pine, lime (linden), or spruce, formed from thin planks—often 5 to 8 in number—arranged radially and glued together using animal-based adhesives such as casein (milk-derived) glue to create a circular form approximately 80 cm in diameter. These wooden frames were then covered with animal hide, frequently sheepskin, stretched and adhered to prevent splitting and add tensile strength, while a central iron boss provided impact protection and allowed for a central hand grip secured by rivets. Adhesives like sinew or hide glue were sometimes used for additional binding in edge reinforcements or handle attachments.^[1]^[40]^[45] During the medieval period, advancements in materials and techniques improved the lightness and weather resistance of round shields, particularly from the 9th to 15th centuries. Carolingian and later European shields continued using thin layers of wood—often lime or poplar—for the frame, but incorporated linen glue-laminate constructions, where multiple plies (up to 5-10 layers) of wood or fabric were radially glued with animal or hide glues to form a lightweight, curved structure. Iron rivets secured the central boss, handles, and edge bindings, replacing some earlier bronze elements for cost and availability, while leather or linen coverings were common, sometimes painted with oil-based pigments derived from natural sources like iron oxides for protection against moisture and to denote ownership or heraldry. In Italian parade shields of the 15th-17th centuries, laminated wood cores were emphasized for ornamental use, glued and shaped to maintain rigidity under environmental stress. Manufacturing involved bending and shaping wooden planks over forms, layering and pressing them to dry, followed by riveting metal components and applying coverings; durability was tested through experimental reconstructions simulating combat impacts.^[46]^[47]^[48] In modern contexts, round shields for historical replicas, reenactments, or tactical applications employ synthetic materials to enhance portability, strength, and ballistic resistance while mimicking traditional designs. Polymers and fiberglass composites form lightweight frames, often layered for impact absorption, with Kevlar or aramid fibers integrated for bulletproofing in law enforcement shields rated to NIJ standards, capable of stopping handgun or rifle rounds. Metal bosses are replicated in steel or aluminum, secured by modern rivets or adhesives. For replicas, 3D printing allows precise reproduction of wooden or bronze elements using resins or plastics, enabling rapid prototyping and customization based on archaeological scans. Manufacturing processes include molding fiberglass or polymer sheets over molds, laminating Kevlar layers with epoxy resins, and conducting ballistic tests for certification, ensuring durability without the fragility of organic historical materials.^[49]

Combat Use and Tactics

Defensive Techniques

Round shields were primarily handled using a central grip for enhanced mobility, as evidenced by archaeological finds of shield bosses from Viking Age sites in England and the Isle of Man, or through an enarm system featuring an arm band (porpax) and secondary hand grip (antilabe) for greater stability, characteristic of the Greek hoplite aspis.^[10]^[50] This dual approach allowed warriors to dynamically adjust the shield's position to cover the torso and head, typically angling it at 45-60 degrees to deflect incoming blows by distributing impact across the shield's convex surface and bronze facing.^[50]^[12] In individual combat, users employed circling maneuvers to evade strikes while parrying with the shield and bashing opponents using the reinforced central boss, thereby disrupting balance and creating opportunities for counterattacks with one-handed weapons such as spears or swords.^[12] Experimental reconstructions of Viking shields, tested alongside period swords, confirm that aggressive forward thrusting techniques effectively minimize structural damage to the shield and reduce user injury by actively redirecting force rather than absorbing it passively.^[12] This integration with weapons emphasized fluid body movements, where the shield's lighter construction—often thin wooden planks covered in leather—facilitated rapid repositioning without compromising core protection.^[51] Group defensive maneuvers relied on shield wall formations, where warriors aligned shoulder-to-shoulder with overlapping shield edges to create a unified barrier against charges, as described in Norse sagas and supported by the size of recovered Viking shields (approximately 90 cm in diameter).^[10] In the Greek hoplite phalanx, the aspis was positioned to shield the bearer's left side while covering the exposed right side of the neighboring soldier, enabling a dense, pushing advance that amplified collective resilience.^[50] For protection against projectiles, round shields could be raised overhead during advances, though their circular shape provided less seamless coverage than formations using rectangular shields.^[52] Training for round shield use involved repetitive drills to build proficiency in defensive postures and weapon integration, such as hoplite exercises combining spear thrusts with shield blocks to maintain formation integrity under pressure. Early Roman legions, employing the round clipeus alongside the gladius, conducted paired sparring and marching drills to practice deflection and weight distribution, ensuring even load across the arm to prevent strain during extended engagements. These methods, inferred from historical accounts and experimental validations, prioritized stamina and coordinated movement to mitigate fatigue and injury risks inherent to the shield's weight (typically 3-7 kg).^[12]

Offensive Integration

In melee combat, round shields served as versatile offensive tools beyond mere protection, enabling warriors to ram the central boss into opponents to stun or unbalance them, thereby creating openings for follow-up strikes. Experimental reconstructions of Viking Age round shields have shown that such aggressive thrusting motions effectively disrupt incoming attacks while reducing the user's risk of injury, as the shield's momentum and curvature allow for forceful forward drives without exposing the body.^[12] Edge strikes with the shield's reinforced rim could deliver slashing or concussive blows, particularly effective against unarmored foes or to batter down enemy guards. In Renaissance fencing, the smaller round buckler exemplified this dual role, where practitioners used it to execute rapid parry-riposte sequences—deflecting an opponent's blade with the buckler before countering with the sword—techniques detailed in 14th-century German treatises like the Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33).^[53] Round shields integrated seamlessly with primary weapons to amplify offensive capabilities, such as thrusting spears or javelins over the upper rim to target exposed heads or torsos while maintaining a protective stance. Viking warriors, for instance, paired axes with shields to hook and yank aside enemy defenses, exposing vulnerabilities for lethal blows, a tactic that leveraged the shield's stability for controlled aggression. The svinfylking, or "swine array," represented a collective offensive adaptation: a wedge formation of interlocking round shields used by Scandinavian Iron Age and Viking forces to charge and shatter opposing lines, as described in Snorri Sturluson's 13th-century Heimskringla, where it broke shield walls through concentrated momentum. Certain adaptations enhanced the offensive potential of round shields, including protruding metal bosses designed for greater impact during rams, which could dent helmets or fracture limbs in close combat. While historical evidence for deliberately weighted rims is limited, reinforcements like iron bands around the edges—seen in some Viking and Celtic examples—provided durability for repeated striking without splintering. Historical accounts of medieval and ancient battles underscore the effectiveness of these offensive shield uses, with shield bashes contributing significantly to casualties in close-quarters engagements by disorienting foes and facilitating kills.

Cultural and Symbolic Aspects

In Art and Mythology

Round shields feature prominently in ancient Greek art, particularly in Attic black-figure and red-figure vase paintings from the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, where they are depicted as the large, convex hoplons carried by hoplite warriors. These representations often show the shields emblazoned with symbolic devices such as gorgoneia (Gorgon heads) intended to terrify enemies and provide apotropaic protection, as seen on a red-figure kylix from circa 500 BCE portraying an Amazon warrior holding a round shield adorned with a gorgon face.^[54]^[55] Vase painters classified shield decorations into categories like animal figures, mythical creatures, and abstract motifs, emphasizing their role in both combat and visual storytelling. In medieval European art, round shields appear in the Bayeux Tapestry of the 1070s, an embroidered narrative of the Norman Conquest, where Saxon and Viking-influenced forces wield them in shield-wall formations against Norman kite shields. These depictions highlight the shields' circular form and painted surfaces, underscoring their defensive centrality in battle scenes.^[5] Mythologically, the round shield of Achilles, forged by the god Hephaestus in Homer's Iliad (Book 18, lines 478–608), exemplifies divine craftsmanship and symbolic depth, featuring intricate engravings of cosmic elements like the sun, moon, stars (including the Pleiades and Orion), earthly battles, peaceful cities, and a surrounding Oceanus river. This elaborate design not only represents the ordered universe but also Achilles' heroic status and the shield's protective invincibility.^[56] In Norse mythology and sagas, round shields are referenced as painted with runes or symbols for magical protection, invoking divine aid from gods like Odin or Thor to ward off harm in battle, as inferred from literary descriptions of decorated warrior gear.^[57] Symbolic motifs on round shields often carried protective connotations across cultures, such as the gorgoneion on Greek hoplons, believed to avert evil through its petrifying gaze, or sun wheel-like rayed emblems evoking solar power and warding in broader ancient traditions.^[54] In Greek myths, round shields held gender associations, particularly with Amazon warriors, who were portrayed as fierce, independent women challenging male norms by wielding them in combat against heroes like Heracles and Theseus, symbolizing inverted gender roles.^[55] Surviving cultural artifacts further illustrate these artistic and symbolic roles, as in the 7th-century CE Sutton Hoo shield from an Anglo-Saxon ship burial, a round lime-wood construction (91 cm in diameter) garnished with gold foil panels, garnet-inlaid animal heads, and interlacing motifs around the iron boss and rim, likely intended to evoke supernatural protection and royal status.^[58]

Heraldry and Modern Representations

In heraldry, the roundel is one of the oldest charges used in coats of arms, dating from the start of the age of heraldry in the late 12th or early 13th century, serving as a plain or decorated circular element for displaying symbols like lions or other beasts associated with European nobility.^[59] These roundels, named according to their tincture (e.g., or for gold, argent for silver), provided a versatile geometric element in blazonry, appearing in stained-glass panels and armorial bearings from the late thirteenth century onward.^[60] Modern symbolism has elevated the round shield as an emblem of protection and heroism, most notably through Captain America's shield, which evolved from a triangular design in its 1941 debut to the iconic circular vibranium alloy form conceptualized by Dr. Myron MacLain in subsequent issues, symbolizing unbreakable defense in American popular culture.^[61] In sports branding, Celtic Football Club's roundel logo, featuring a four-leaf shamrock within a circular frame, draws on Irish heritage and was formalized in 1977 based on a 1930s design, representing luck and club identity.^[62] Media portrayals often highlight round shields for dramatic effect and historical fidelity; the television series Vikings (2013–2020) showcased round shields in combat scenes, leading to officially licensed replicas molded with wood-grain textures and metal accents for fans and reenactors.^[63] In video games, titles like Assassin's Creed Valhalla (2020) integrate round shields into gameplay mechanics, where they enable blocking, parrying, and stat-based defense against melee and ranged attacks.^[64] Contemporary uses extend the round shield's significance into activism and leisure, with protesters in Venezuela's 2017 demonstrations wielding DIY Viking-style round shields as symbols of resistance against security forces.^[65] In corporate contexts, such motifs appear in branding for heritage-themed products, while live-action role-playing (LARP) and cosplay communities have spurred a revival through lightweight foam or wooden replicas designed for safe, immersive combat simulation.^[66]

Variants and Notable Examples

Regional Types

In Europe, round shields evolved into hybrid forms during the medieval period, blending traditional circular designs with emerging kite shapes for enhanced cavalry protection. Later Scottish targes, prominent in the 16th to 18th centuries, were small round shields approximately 50 cm in diameter, made with a wooden core covered in leather and adorned with brass studs and a central boss, sometimes fitted with a protruding spike for offensive use in close-quarters Highland combat.^[67] African round shields emphasized portability and rawhide durability for mobile warfare and herding. Maasai elongo shields, typically 60-90 cm across, consist of convex buffalo hide stretched and sewn over a lightweight wooden frame, with a central leather-wrapped handle for one-handed grip, enabling warriors to wield spears during cattle raids or hunts while providing symbolic protection through bold red, white, and black crescent patterns.^[68] Zulu isihlangu shields, also rawhide-based and around 120-150 cm in height for field use, feature stitched cowhide panels in black-and-white patterns denoting warrior rank, supported by a central wooden rod for stability in skirmishes, with decorative beading or fringes adding cultural significance beyond defense.^[69] In Asia, round shields adapted to nomadic lifestyles and archery demands. Mongol leather discs, roughly 70 cm in diameter, were formed from layered rawhide or wicker frames coated in lacquer for weather resistance, designed lightweight to sling across the back during horseback archery without hindering bow draws, prioritizing speed over heavy shielding in open battles.^[70]

Famous Historical Shields

The Sutton Hoo shield, discovered in 1939 during excavations of an Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, England, dates to the early 7th century CE and exemplifies elite warrior craftsmanship of the period. Measuring approximately 91 cm in diameter, it was constructed with a wooden board overlaid by leather or rawhide, reinforced by an iron boss, rim, and fittings adorned with gold, garnets, and cloisonné work. Unique features include boar-head motifs on the gilt-bronze handgrip mounts, symbolizing strength and protection in Germanic tradition, alongside dragon and bird designs on the central boss. As a ceremonial item from a high-status burial likely associated with King Rædwald of East Anglia, the shield's opulent decoration suggests it served more symbolic than practical combat roles.^[58] Among the Dura-Europos finds from the 1930s archaeological campaigns at the Roman-Parthian frontier site in Syria are fragments of three painted round shields, dating to the mid-3rd century CE and associated with auxiliary troops. These circular parazonia-style shields, approximately 70 cm in diameter, were made of layered pine wood slats covered in leather and vividly painted with Greco-Roman motifs, including scenes from Homer's Iliad such as battles between Greeks and Amazons. Unearthed in a defensive embankment during Yale University's excavations led by Clark Hopkins, the shields provide rare evidence of Eastern Roman military equipment, blending Roman, Parthian, and Hellenistic influences in their artwork using pigments like vermilion and madder. Their battlefield context highlights practical use in skirmishes against Sassanid forces before the city's fall in 256 CE.^[71] The Gokstad ship shields, excavated in 1880 from a 9th-century CE Viking burial mound near Sandefjord, Norway, represent one of the largest assemblages of preserved Viking Age round shields. Dating to around 900 CE, these limewood examples measure about 95 cm in diameter, with thin planks (around 7-8 mm thick) painted alternately in black and yellow for visual impact in formation fighting. Of the original 64 shields reportedly attached to the ship's sides, fragments from 28 were sufficiently preserved to reveal construction details, including central iron bosses and leather covers, now displayed at the Museum of the Viking Age in Oslo. Recent analyses indicate these were functional combat pieces, capable of withstanding blows despite their lightweight design (estimated 3-5 kg), challenging prior views of them as purely ceremonial.^[72] The Lewis Chessmen shields appear as miniature depictions on 12th-century walrus ivory gaming pieces from a hoard discovered around 1831 on the Isle of Lewis in the Scottish Outer Hebrides. Carved likely in Norway during the late 12th or early 13th century CE, these round shields are shown held by berserker warder figures—four rooks biting the shield edges in a rage motif drawn from Norse sagas, symbolizing frenzied warriors. Measuring roughly 5-10 cm in total piece height, the shields feature simple circular forms with sword-wielding poses, reflecting Viking-influenced Scandinavian style adapted in the British Isles. Housed primarily at the National Museums Scotland, these artifacts offer insight into medieval cultural exchanges, blending gaming, mythology, and martial iconography.^[73]

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The Viking shield was both a practical weapon and a symbol of cultural identity in Viking society. This research aims to re-evaluate the significance of the ...
[12]
Experimental Archaeology with a Viking Age Round Shield ...
The experimental trials were designed to investigate what body techniques Viking Age round shields are inclined to facilitate and which they restrict or ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[13]
The Viking Age shields from the ship burial at Gokstad - Academia.edu
The early find of the 64 Viking Age round shields from the Gokstad ship burial has almost singularly shaped our understanding of the construction and role ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[14]
Bronze Age Shields: An Overview
Jan 4, 2024 · Originating from 1300-800 BC, the Bronze Age Circular Shields, often referred to as Yetholm-type shields due to their association with ...
[15]
The Bronze Age shields - National Museum of Denmark
Bronze shields from 1100-700 BC, made in central Europe, were likely used in rituals, not war, and were sun symbols associated with gods.
[16]
The Pazyryk Shield - Book and Sword
Sep 26, 2015 · This shield is solid wood, carved and painted to imitate branches thrust through slits in a sheet of leather or rawhide. There are fundamental ...
[17]
Aspis Hoplon Shield: Defender of the Greeks - Discovery UK
May 14, 2024 · First used around the eighth century BC, this famed Greek shield was known as an 'aspis' and was the first line of defence for the hoplite infantrymen.
[18]
The Shield — The Greek Phalanx: Recreating the Hoplite
Approximately three feet in diameter, the aspis is primarily identified by its distinctive hollow bowl shape (5 or 6 inches deep), 3” offset rim, and unique two ...
[19]
[PDF] The Greek Hoplite at the Battle of Thermopylae
The Greek hoplite was the primary soldier figure who was a citizen that fought in the phalanx formation. This analysis with the focus on the Greek hoplite helps ...
[20]
https://zetanmedieval.com/en/94-roman-and-greek-shields
[21]
Command structures of the Roman auxilia in the early Empire
May 30, 2020 · [2] They were equipped in a similar fashion to legionaries, though with some differences, such as the use of the oval, flat clipeus as a shield ...
[22]
Celtic Arms & Armor - Roman Britain
The Gallic armour is commensurate with the large size of their bodies: a long sabre, which hangs along the right side, and a long oblong shield, and spears in ...
[23]
Celtic shields - Time Trips
The shields were made of wood (often oak) and stood about 1.1m high. They were about 1.2cm thick in the centre, and overall weighed about 6kg.
[24]
SHIELD in Eastern Iran - Encyclopaedia Iranica
The shields were made of wood (latticed or braid of twigs), and then this frame was tightly covered with leather. Sometimes, shields were made by fixing three ...Missing: 500 materials
[25]
Round Shield Designs - The Viking Age Compendium
Evidence for Viking age shield designs come primarily from art. Literature seems to only mention that the shields were painted.
[26]
The Battle of Stamford Bridge, 1066 - Historic UK
In the fierce fighting that followed both Hardrada and Tostig were killed, and when the Viking shield wall finally broke the invading army were all but ...
[27]
Byzantine Shields: Armor And Defense In The Eastern Empire
Round shields called skoutaria's were among the most popular types of shields used by Byzantine soldiers. This type of shield was typically lightweight and was ...Kite Shield · Round Shields · Byzantine Shield...Missing: 7th- | Show results with:7th-
[28]
What equipment and formations did the Muslim armies employ ...
Oct 14, 2015 · Shield: Shields were predominantly round in shape with a boss in the middle. ... How did the Crusades change medieval Islamic culture? 12 · Did ...<|separator|>
[29]
Medieval Warfare: Arms, Armour and Tactics during the Crusades ...
As for the Muslim arms and armour, main sources include Heath's work, David ... round shield used by other Muslim forces. Picture 23: Ayyubid heavy ...
[30]
https://romanceofmen.com/blogs/samurai-culture/japanese-shields-history-and-the-role-of-shields-in-samurai-warfare
[31]
The evolution of shields in China — Part 1: Shang to Han
May 24, 2018 · Shang shield was made of animal hide, usually coated in lacquer, mounted on a wooden frame. The shield was usually rectangular in shape and slightly wider at ...
[32]
Medieval Weapons & Armour: Shield. Types of Shields, Facts and ...
Shields have been used consistently throughout the Middle Ages. From bucklers to pavise shields, learn differences in shape, size, thickness, and materials.<|separator|>
[33]
Sword and Buckler Fencing Part 4
Sword and buckler fencing was consistent from the 1200s to 1500s, using a lighter blade for thrusting, and was used for displays of bravado. It was also used ...Missing: duelists | Show results with:duelists
[34]
The Arte of Defense A Manual on the use of the Rapier
This manual provides information to begin studying the art of defense with a rapier, covering topics like the guard, defense, and the single rapier.
[35]
Zulu shield (1937.38.1) - Africa - Oceania
Small cow-hide shields such as this were developed into larger versions, known as Isihlangu, in the early 19th century by Shaka kaSenzangakhona, a great warrior ...
[36]
Military use of Ballistic Shields: Part 2, 1919–present day
Dec 29, 2020 · This is the second part of Mr. Senft's research article examining the military use of ballistic shields. Part 1, covering the period ca. 1500–1918, can be ...
[37]
https://rtstactical.com/blogs/educational/the-evolution-of-tactical-shields-from-ancient-defense-to-cutting-edge-innovation
[38]
Round Shields: Versatile in Combat and Culture - Battle-Merchant
Dec 17, 2024 · Round shields are among the oldest shield forms and can be traced back to the Bronze Age. Their simple but effective shape made them a popular choice in many ...
[39]
7 Great Shields In Video Games - TheGamer
Apr 27, 2022 · 1 Captain America's Shield - Marvel's Avengers ... Captain America's circular shield is among the most famous in all media. The patriotic hero ...
[40]
(PDF) The medieval and renaissance buckler Definition and Typology
FAQs. A buckler is defined as a centre-gripped shield with a maximum diameter of approximately 45 cm, emphasizing maneuverability in combat. This contrasts ...
[41]
Specification for NIJ Ballistic Protection Levels and Associated Test ...
Jul 8, 2025 · NIJ Standard 0123.00 specifies a range of acceptable bullet dimensions, bullet mass, core dimensions, core mass, and core hardness for the ...Missing: modern | Show results with:modern
[42]
[PDF] NIJ Standard 0123.00 - NIJ Ballistic Protection Levels and Test Threats
NIJ Standard 0123.00 specifies a range of acceptable bullet dimensions, bullet mass, core dimensions, core mass, and core hardness for the factory 7.62x39mm MSC ...Missing: modern | Show results with:modern
[43]
Full article: The Viking Age shields from the ship burial at Gokstad
Mar 24, 2023 · The remains of the reportedly 64 black and yellow painted shields uncovered at Gokstad are amongst the most well-preserved shields of the Viking ...
[44]
NEW STUDY RELEASED: Shields and Hide
Oct 9, 2020 · One possible reason for the use of sheepskin in the shield construction is that it is relatively light and easier to stretch than cattle hide.
[45]
[PDF] Heavy Metal in Medieval Europe - UMass ScholarWorks
This shield was round or elliptical, convex, made from thin layers of wood, covered with leather, and had a metal boss in the middle. Such shields were ...
[46]
Structure, mock-up model and environment-induced deformations of ...
Round shields made of laminated wood were widely used in Italy in used in 15th – 17th century for tournaments, parades and exhibitions. The manufacturing ...
[47]
John Logan's Making a Viking Shield - Vikings of Bjornstad
The planks are glued togther with milk paste, then straps from the same tree are trenailed on with splinters of the same. Milk paste, cheese glue, etc. are ...
[48]
The Ultimate Guide to Ballistic Shields - Defenshield, Inc.
May 5, 2023 · Level III: Level III guarantees a shield can withstand five 7.62 mm or . ... Shapes and sizes: The shape and size of ballistic and riot shields ...
[49]
Establishing the combat effectiveness of the Greek hoplite shield
The hoplite shield's circular and convex shape efficiently distributes impact energy, resisting punctures better than flat shields. This structural design ...
[50]
Round Shields and Martial Practices of the Viking Age
May 20, 2016 · The aim of this research project is thus to assess the extent to which the round shield can illuminate Viking Age martial practices.
[51]
[PDF] Fighting Techniques Of The Ancient World
Key techniques included: - Testudo Formation: Soldiers would align their shields to form a protective barrier, resembling a tortoise shell. This technique was ...
[52]
The Myth of Edge-On-Edge Parrying in Medieval Swordplay
In 1579, Heinrich Von Gunterrodt writing on the fencing method within a 12th century German sword and buckler text (MS. I.33, later called the Walpurgis ...
[53]
Riot shield tactics - Corrections1
Jun 11, 2009 · The shield can serve as a life-saving defensive tool from an aggressive inmate, but it can also be used as an effective offensive tool. General ...
[54]
(PDF) Mycenaean Warfare and the Mycenaean Tower Shield A ...
Some authors have come to the conclusion that the shield was either primarily a religious icon, or was never used in battle at all. 58 Certainly, the ...
[55]
Ancient Greek shield blazons
Nov 7, 2018 · Greek shields from at least the later eighth century BC onwards were often decorated with abstract or figurative blazons.
[56]
The Amazons – Mythoi Koinoi
Three Greeks, with helms, swords, and round shields, fight four amazons. Amazonomachy, one side of a red-figure lekythos, ca. 420 BCE (Metropolitan Museum ...<|separator|>
[57]
HEPHAESTUS MYTHS 5 WORKS - Greek Mythology
Homer, Iliad 22. 316 ff : "In front of his [Akhilleus'] chest the beautiful elaborate great shield covered him, and with the glittering helm with four horns ...
[58]
shield | British Museum
Description: Reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo shield, using original gold, garnet, copper alloy and iron fittings and modern replica fittings on a modern ...Missing: 7th century round features garnishing
[59]
Roundels - Rare Books & Special Collections
The roundel is a generic name which comprises all charges which are plain circular figures of color or metal. There are different terms for each color in ...
[60]
[PDF] Glass roundels - Sam Fogg
Sep 16, 2020 · Stained-glass roundels seem to have developed first in northern France in the late thirteenth century, but their format remained largely ...<|separator|>
[61]
Captain America's shield - the origins and history of the iconic ...
Dec 9, 2021 · Captain America's shield - the indestructible, round shield that has become his signature accessory - was created by a scientist named Dr. Myron McClain.
[62]
Celtic FC | Logopedia | Fandom
1888–1889. Celtic FC logo (red oval). The first logo to feature on Celtic's kit was sported on the opposite side to the usual modern position.<|separator|>
[63]
Vikings Jarl Borg Shield Costume Accessory - Amazon.com
OFFICIALLY LICENSED: Vikings Jarl Borg Shield from the hit TV series; REALISTIC DETAILS: Molded and painted to look like wood grain with metal edge band ...
[64]
Shield | Assassin's Creed Wiki | Fandom
In Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles, shields are used in two areas by Crusaders as a means to block the exit of the player, thereby forcing a duel with a ...
[65]
Venezuela's shield-bearing protesters – in pictures - The Guardian
Jul 17, 2017 · Young protesters in Venezuela carry Viking-like shields as they battle government security forces during protests against President Nicolás Maduro.
[66]
Durable and Lightweight Shields - Epic Armoury
Explore shields built for safety, balance, and style. Choose round, tower, or heater designs made for LARP combat, cosplay, or display.
[67]
The myth of the Norman 'invincibility' in the battlefields of southern ...
An essential part of the Norman knight's armor was his shield—originally a circular wooden shield, that was gradually replaced by the kiteshaped shield around ...
[68]
Highland Targe - Scottish - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
A Highland Targe is a Scottish shield from 1700-1750, made of wood, leather, brass, horn, and textile, and was used in battle until 1746.
[69]
The 'Elongo': The Power of the Maasai Shield - Google Arts & Culture
The Maasai shield was designed as a convex, and made of buffalo hide sewn onto a wooden frame. The handle was attached at the centre back of the shield and ...
[70]
Zulu - Shield (ishilunga) - Royal Collection Trust
Shield (ishilunga) nineteenth century · Description. Oval Zulu shield (ishilunga) of white cowhide with brown patches, decorated with central vertical stripes.Missing: isihlangu | Show results with:isihlangu
[71]
[PDF] The Mongols - UTC
D. Shields. While Mongols used a shield on sentry duty, they did not use this shield in battle. The shield used on sentry duty was made of leather or wicker.
[72]
shield | British Museum
Object Type: shield ; Museum number: As1900,-.1061 ; Description: Shield made of wood, wicker, rattan. ; Production date: 19thC ; Production place: Made in: Baram ...
[73]
Shield (Wunda) - Western Australia - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
They were also carried by performers in ritual contexts, especially when reenacting specific episodes from the Dreaming (primordial creation period), in which ...Missing: woven round
[74]
Tahitian Taumi - Warrior's Breastplates - The Australian Museum Blog
Dec 1, 2017 · Tahitian breastplates (gorgets), known locally as taumi, were collected during the three voyages of Captain James Cook (1768-71, 1772-75, and 1776-80).
[75]
https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/46771
[76]
The Gokstad Ship - Museum of the Viking Age - Vikingtidsmuseet
Oct 26, 2025 · No Dragon Head. When the ship was excavated, 32 shields were discovered affixed to each side, painted in alternating shades of yellow and black.
[77]
The story of the Lewis chess pieces | National Museums Scotland
This group of eleven medieval chess pieces were part of a large hoard buried on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. The hoard contained 93 gaming pieces in total.Missing: round | Show results with:round