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SSB

Super Smash Bros. is a series of crossover platform fighting video games published by Nintendo, in which characters drawn primarily from the company's various franchises battle one another using platforming mechanics rather than traditional one-on-one fighting game controls. The franchise was created and directed by Masahiro Sakurai, beginning with the original Super Smash Bros. released for the Nintendo 64 in 1999, followed by sequels on the GameCube, Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, and Nintendo Switch. Subsequent entries have incorporated guest characters from non-Nintendo properties, such as Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog and Konami's Solid Snake, expanding the roster to over 80 fighters in the latest installment, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. The series emphasizes chaotic multiplayer sessions, item-based gameplay, and stage hazards, distinguishing it from conventional s and contributing to its appeal for casual and competitive play alike. Commercial success has been substantial, with alone surpassing 34 million units sold worldwide by late 2024, making it one of Nintendo's top-selling titles and the highest-selling in history. Its esports scene grew prominently from the early 2000s, particularly around for , fostering a dedicated competitive community with major tournaments drawing thousands of participants and substantial prize pools. However, the franchise's competitive ecosystem has been marred by controversies, most notably a 2020 wave of allegations against over 125 community members, including prominent players accused of grooming and assaulting minors, prompting Nintendo to condemn the behavior and enforce bans from official events. These incidents highlighted systemic issues within the scene, leading to player retirements, community reforms, and heightened scrutiny of player conduct in . Despite such challenges, the series remains a of 's portfolio, lauded for innovating the fighting through accessible crossover appeal and enduring replayability.

Military and security organizations

Sashastra Seema Bal

The is one of India's seven under the , tasked with guarding the 1,751-kilometer Indo-Nepal border and the 699-kilometer Indo-Bhutan border. Its primary responsibilities include preventing cross-border infiltration, smuggling, , and other transnational crimes, while also serving as the lead along these open frontiers. The force conducts patrolling, intelligence gathering, and counter-insurgency operations, alongside developmental activities to build security awareness and goodwill in border villages. Its motto is "Service, Security and Brotherhood." Originally established as the Special Service Bureau in 1963 immediately following India's defeat in the of 1962, the organization aimed to bolster defenses in vulnerable northern regions through armed support, welfare programs, and local recruitment to achieve "total security preparedness." Initially under the Cabinet Secretariat with a focus on and in areas, it was transferred to the in January 2001 and assigned -guarding duties for and starting June 2001. On December 15, 2003, it was formally renamed and redesignated as a dedicated guarding force. The SSB is headquartered at Block V (East), R.K. Puram, . It operates through multiple frontiers divided along the and borders, with each comprising approximately 1,172 personnel commanded by a assisted by officers. As of 2021, the force had an authorized strength of about 90,000 personnel, with plans approved for 12 additional battalions to enhance coverage in tri-junction areas. The SSB maintains specialized units for anti-Naxal operations and , drawing recruits from border districts to ensure cultural familiarity and effectiveness.

Special Service Brigade

The Special Service Brigade encompassed the commando formations of the British Army raised during World War II for raiding and special operations. Established in November 1940 under Brigadier Joseph C. Haydon, it initially organized independent companies and early commando units into a cohesive structure following Prime Minister Winston Churchill's directive for offensive forces after the Dunkirk evacuation. By late 1940, it incorporated twelve Army Commando units, each typically numbering around 450 men under a lieutenant colonel, emphasizing rigorous training in amphibious assaults, sabotage, and close-quarters combat at facilities like Achnacarry Castle. As the war progressed, the Special Service Brigade evolved into numbered brigades to support larger Allied operations. The 1st Special Service Brigade, formed in 1941 and comprising Nos. 3, 4, and 6 Commandos along with elements of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando and 45 (Royal Marine) Commando, participated in raids such as the 1942 Dieppe operation and the D-Day landings at Sword Beach on June 6, 1944, where it linked up with airborne forces and advanced inland. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Special Service Brigades followed, with the 4th—primarily Royal Marines—formed in March 1944 for Normandy and later Adriatic campaigns, conducting assaults that inflicted disproportionate casualties on Axis defenses despite high losses, as commandos operated in small, self-reliant troops. These brigades totaled over 30,000 personnel at peak, drawing volunteers selected for physical endurance and initiative, with training attrition rates exceeding 50% in some cases. In December 1944, all Special Service Brigades were redesignated as Commando Brigades—effective December 6 for several units—to distinguish them from the German (SS), whose "Special Service" terminology had created unwanted associations amid intensifying European fighting. This renaming occurred under the broader Special Service Group headquarters, which coordinated deployments across theaters including , , and Northwest Europe, where commandos secured key objectives like port facilities and bridges. Post-war, surviving units influenced modern doctrines, though the brigade structure dissolved by 1946.

Strategic Support Branch

The Strategic Support Branch (SSB) was a intelligence unit focused on (HUMINT) operations, established within the (DIA) to expand the Pentagon's independent espionage capabilities. Initiated in October 2001 as Project Icon under Secretary of Defense in response to intelligence needs, it was formally renamed SSB in 2004 after operating under a classified predecessor designation. The branch aimed to conduct "full spectrum" HUMINT activities, including source recruitment, debriefings, interrogations, and covert actions, often in support of field military units like forces, without routine coordination with the (CIA). By 2005, SSB employed over 100 personnel, with plans to expand to several hundred, including case officers and analysts deployed to as many as a countries for operations paralleling CIA efforts. SSB's creation reflected efforts to address perceived limitations in traditional intelligence sharing during the early phases of the Global War on Terror, enabling the to gather tactical intelligence for combat commanders independently of civilian agencies. Operations emphasized "actionable" HUMINT for decision-making, such as targeting insurgent networks in and , and included unconventional methods like embedding operatives with combat units. However, the unit's secretive expansion raised concerns among congressional overseers and intelligence professionals regarding duplication of CIA roles, potential evasion of legal safeguards under the National Security Act, and risks of operational conflicts in shared theaters. DoD officials defended SSB as complementary to CIA work, with information shared through established channels, but critics argued it undermined centralized oversight and increased the likelihood of intelligence failures due to stovepiped efforts. The branch's existence became public in January 2005 following investigative reporting, prompting briefings to and internal reviews, though no formal dissolution occurred at the time. Its functions were later absorbed into the DIA's , activated in 2012 with approximately 1,600 spies focused on foreign HUMINT, marking a formalization of SSB-like capabilities amid ongoing DoD-CIA tensions. As of April 2025, DIA announced enhancements to HUMINT teams under a revived or restructured Strategic Support Branch framework, developed in cooperation with the CIA to bolster support for warfighters through shared intelligence products. This evolution underscores persistent debates over autonomy, with empirical evidence from post-2001 operations indicating both efficiencies in rapid tactical gains and risks of fragmented analysis, as evidenced by declassified assessments of overlapping efforts in .

Assessment and selection bodies

Services Selection Board

The Services Selection Board (SSB) is a rigorous, multi-stage evaluation framework used by the Indian Armed Forces to assess candidates' aptitude for commissioning as officers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It focuses on identifying individuals possessing Officer Like Qualities (OLQs), including leadership potential, decision-making under stress, and interpersonal skills, through a combination of psychological, group, and individual assessments. The process typically follows written examinations such as the National Defence Academy (NDA) exam or Combined Defence Services (CDS) exam, with only shortlisted candidates invited to SSB centers. Success rates are low, often below 10% per batch, reflecting the emphasis on holistic suitability rather than rote knowledge. Originating post-independence in 1947, the SSB system was adapted from colonial selection methods but evolved to prioritize India's needs for a merit-based, psychologically robust cadre amid challenges. By the , standardized procedures were formalized, incorporating input from psychologists to minimize bias and enhance predictive validity for performance. Multiple SSB centers operate across , including at Selection Centres in Allahabad, , , and , with periodic expansions to handle increased applicant volumes; for instance, two additional boards were sanctioned in Roopnagar, , to decentralize evaluations. The SSB procedure unfolds over five days, divided into Stage I (screening) and Stage II (in-depth assessment). On the reporting day (Day 0), candidates undergo document verification and briefings. Day 1 features Stage I: Officer Intelligence Rating (OIR) tests—verbal and non-verbal reasoning exercises—and the Picture Perception and Description Test (PPDT), where candidates write stories based on ambiguous images and participate in group discussions to gauge initial narrative and communication skills. Approximately 50-60% of candidates are screened out here, ensuring only promising profiles advance. Stage II, spanning Days 2-5, employs a board of assessors comprising psychologists, Group Testing Officers (GTOs), and Interviewing Officers (IOs), all serving or retired armed forces personnel trained in evaluation techniques. Day 2 focuses on psychological tests: the (TAT) requires interpreting 12 pictures into short stories revealing subconscious traits; the Test (WAT) involves rapid responses to 60 words to uncover thought patterns; the Situation Reaction Test (SRT) presents 60 real-life scenarios for quick judgments; and the Self-Description Test (SD) elicits candidate self-perception across family, social, and aspirational domains. These tools, derived from established psychometric principles, aim to profile without coaching influences. Days 3 and 4 integrate Officer (GTO) tasks to observe OLQs in action: these include Group Discussion (GD) on abstract topics, Group Planning Exercise (GPE) for collaborative problem-solving, Progressive Group Tasks (PGT) involving obstacle navigation with limited aids, Half Group Tasks (HGT), Individual Obstacles () like jumping walls or crawling under nets, Command Tasks where candidates lead small teams, and a Snake Race or Lecturette for endurance and expression. Physical fitness is implicitly tested via these outdoor activities. Concurrently, the Personal Interview (PI) by the IO probes personal history, motivations, and hypothetical scenarios, often lasting 45-60 minutes per candidate. Day 5 culminates in the , where all assessors review individual dossiers, deliberate on borderline cases, and finalize recommendations. Selected candidates proceed to examinations; the entire process emphasizes natural behavior over rehearsed responses, with no single test decisive—instead, a composite score across four OLQ factors (Planning & Organizing, Social Adjustment, Social Effectiveness, and Dynamic Qualities) determines outcomes. Rejections are common for inconsistencies between tests, underscoring the SSB's role in filtering for resilient, ethical leaders capable of high-stakes command.

Science and technology

Single-sideband modulation

Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a form of in which the carrier signal and one of the two s are suppressed, transmitting only the remaining that contains the information. This technique reduces usage to approximately half that of double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) while concentrating all transmitted power into the useful signal, improving efficiency for voice and data communications. The concept originated from theoretical work by John R. Carson, who described SSB mathematically in 1915 as a method to optimize spectrum use in by eliminating redundant sidebands. Practical implementation followed shortly after, with engineers achieving the first SSB transmissions in 1918 for transoceanic radio-telephone trials, initially applied in carrier systems to multiplex multiple calls over limited bandwidth. By the mid-20th century, SSB gained prominence in military and for high-frequency () links, with commercial adoption accelerating post- due to advancements in filter technology. SSB signals are generated using methods such as the , which employs sharp bandpass to isolate one after modulating a double-sideband signal, or the , which uses shifts and balanced modulators to cancel one and the orthogonally. The , dominant in early systems, requires high-Q effective above 3 kHz for , while the , pioneered by Norgaard in 1948, offers flexibility for lower frequencies but demands precise 90-degree networks. typically involves product detection with a local reinserted at the , necessitating stability within 10-50 Hz for intelligible recovery. Key advantages include , enabling twice as many channels in a given compared to full-carrier AM, and power savings of up to 83% for the same , as no energy is wasted on the or redundant sideband. This results in longer range for battery-powered or low-power transmitters and reduced susceptibility to noise in fading channels. Disadvantages encompass increased transmitter and complexity, vulnerability to selective fading distorting the sideband, and the need for stable oscillators to avoid frequency drift, which can cause without automatic tuning. Applications predominate in HF voice communications, including bands (e.g., 3.5-30 MHz), maritime and aviation , and military tactical networks, where conservation and power efficiency are critical. SSB has also been used in analog multiplexing and shortwave , though digital modes like OFDM have supplanted it in some scenarios. Upper sideband (USB) is standard above 10 MHz for reduced low-frequency distortion, while lower sideband (LSB) prevails below for compatibility.

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein

Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are a family of proteins that selectively bind to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with high affinity, stabilizing it during transient exposure in cellular processes such as , recombination, and repair. These proteins prevent ssDNA from forming secondary structures like hairpins, protect it from nucleolytic , and coordinate the recruitment of other enzymes by serving as platforms for protein-protein interactions. SSBs are conserved across , , and eukaryotes, though their structures and binding modes differ, reflecting adaptations to distinct genomic maintenance mechanisms. In prokaryotes, exemplified by the SSB protein in , the protein functions as a homotetramer, with each containing two oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) folds that cooperatively wrap ssDNA. E. coli SSB binds ssDNA in multiple modes—such as (SSB)35 or (SSB)56, denoting nucleotides occluded per tetramer—depending on salt concentrations and temperature, allowing dynamic diffusion along DNA to remodel secondary structures or displace other proteins. The C-terminal tail of each subunit interacts with partners like for recombination or PriA for replication restart, ensuring process fidelity. In replication, SSB coats the lagging-strand template at the fork, preventing reannealing until action, while in repair, it suppresses illegitimate recombination by favoring homologous pathways over error-prone insertions/deletions. Eukaryotic equivalents, such as (RPA), are heterotrimeric complexes with greater structural complexity, featuring multiple DNA-binding domains that enable higher specificity for ssDNA at replication forks or double-strand break ends. Unlike prokaryotic SSBs, RPA undergoes to regulate its affinity and interactions, facilitating checkpoint activation during replication stress. SSB1, a distinct SSB family member, aids in double-strand break repair and oxidative damage response via pathways. These differences arise from evolutionary divergence: prokaryotic SSBs prioritize rapid, high-affinity binding for compact genomes, whereas eukaryotic versions integrate with and signaling networks for larger, compartmentalized nuclei. Mechanistically, SSBs displace via ATP-dependent helicases or polymerases during fork progression, with E. coli actively threading past SSB-wrapped ssDNA through sequential eviction. In repair, SSB-coated ssDNA signals for by recruiting recombinases, while uncoated regions risk . Deficiency in SSB function, as in mutants, leads to replication fork stalling and genomic , underscoring its role in preserving integrity across domains of life.

Entertainment

Super Smash Bros.

Super Smash Bros. is a franchise of crossover fighting video games published by , featuring characters from various Nintendo-owned intellectual properties such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pokémon. The series was conceived and primarily directed by , with initial development led by for the first three entries; later titles involved and Sakurai's own studio, Sora Ltd. Unlike traditional fighting games that emphasize depleting health bars, Super Smash Bros. mechanics center on increasing an opponent's damage percentage through attacks, which amplifies knockback and facilitates forcing them beyond arena boundaries to lose a stock life. Matches typically support up to four players in multiplayer formats, including versus modes, single-player campaigns, and online battles in later releases. The inaugural title, Super Smash Bros., launched on January 21, 1999, in for the , followed by North American release on April 26, 1999, and European debut on November 19, 1999. It introduced 12 playable characters and eight stages, establishing the core formula of chaotic, accessible brawling that prioritizes fun over competitive precision. Subsequent games expanded rosters, stages, and features: (2001, ) added advanced techniques like wavedashing; (2008, ) introduced the Subspace Emissary story mode and assist trophies; Super Smash Bros. for and (2014) marked the first dual-platform release with customizable support; and (December 7, 2018, ) compiled over 80 fighters, including DLC like Sora from , achieving the largest roster in series history. Gameplay emphasizes platforming and aerial combat, with items like Poké Balls and stage hazards adding unpredictability; recovery moves allow characters to return from edges, rewarding skillful positioning. The franchise has sold over 77 million units combined as of September 2025, with Ultimate alone surpassing 36 million copies by March 2025, making it the best-selling ever tracked. Competitive scenes, particularly around , thrive in via events like Genesis, despite lacking official support for older titles. As of October 2025, received its latest update, version 13.0.4 on June 24, 2025, addressing minor stability issues without new content. No successor has entered development, with Sakurai indicating a prolonged wait for the next entry, potentially tied to the Nintendo Switch successor console. The series' enduring appeal stems from its celebration of Nintendo's legacy, fostering community-driven mods and tournaments while maintaining family-friendly ratings.

Business and finance

SouthState Corporation

SouthState Corporation (NYSE: SSB) is a financial holding company headquartered in Winter Haven, Florida, that operates SouthState Bank, N.A., a nationally chartered bank providing commercial banking services including deposit accounts, loans, and wealth management primarily in the Southeastern and South Central United States. The company focuses on serving individuals, businesses, and municipalities through a network of branches emphasizing community banking and regional economic growth. Originally tracing its roots to banks established in the 1930s, the modern SouthState Corporation emerged from the rebranding of SCBT Financial Corporation in following a series of acquisitions that expanded its footprint from across the Southeast. Key mergers include the 2016 acquisition of Southeastern Bank Financial Corporation for $335 million, the 2020 combination with CenterState Bank Corporation that shifted headquarters to , and additional deals such as Park Sterling in 2017. This acquisitive strategy has driven asset growth to approximately $65 billion as of late 2024, with a focus on accretive integrations enhancing in high-growth areas. SouthState Bank maintains over 370 branches across eight states: Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, following expansions via mergers. The bank's operations include commercial lending, which constitutes a significant portion of its , alongside consumer and services, with deposit funding primarily from core retail and business accounts. In 2024, SouthState reported of $1.70 billion, a 4.69% increase from the prior year, and net earnings of $534.78 million, up 8.19%, reflecting steady growth and margin improvements amid regional economic resilience. For the third quarter of 2025 ended September 30, the company achieved diluted of $2.58 on of $698.8 million, surpassing estimates, with yields rising to 6.48% driven by higher origination rates. A notable recent development was the January 2, 2025, completion of its $2 billion all-stock acquisition of Independent Bank Group, Inc., adding branches in and and bolstering its presence in expanding markets.

Public health

Sugar-sweetened beverage

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are nonalcoholic drinks containing added caloric sweeteners such as sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, or fruit juice concentrates, typically providing at least 50 kcal per 8 oz serving. Common examples include carbonated soft drinks, fruit-flavored punches, sports drinks, energy drinks, and sweetened teas or coffees, but exclude pure water, unsweetened milk, or 100% fruit juices without added sugars. These beverages contribute significantly to dietary added sugar intake, with a single 12-oz can of soda often containing 10 teaspoons of sugar. Global consumption of SSBs has risen markedly, particularly among children and adolescents, with average intakes increasing 23% from 1990 to 2018 across 185 countries. In 2021, the prevalence of high SSB consumption (exceeding recommended limits) reached 11.13% among young adults worldwide, up from 6.58% in 1990, with higher rates in high-income regions. In the United States, SSBs account for about 7% of total daily caloric intake among adults, serving as a primary source of added sugars. Habitual SSB intake is causally linked to and through mechanisms including incomplete caloric compensation—liquid sugars fail to suppress as effectively as solid foods—leading to net energy surplus. Meta-analyses confirm that each additional daily serving raises and obesity risk in children and adults, with randomized controlled trials demonstrating dose-dependent weight increases in hypercaloric conditions. For , prospective cohort studies and analyses indicate a 26% higher risk per daily serving, independent of adiposity, via elevated , , and hepatic fat accumulation from metabolism. Cardiovascular disease burdens attributable to SSBs include one in 30 new cases globally, driven by (with meta-analyses showing increased systolic and odds ratios of 1.28 for daily consumers) and . Public health interventions, such as excise taxes equivalent to 10% on SSBs, have consistently reduced purchases by about 10% in evaluated jurisdictions like U.S. cities and , with greater effects among lower-income groups. However, on downstream obesity or reductions remains mixed, as consumers often substitute with untaxed sugary foods or beverages from adjacent areas, limiting net caloric impacts. Organizations like the recommend limiting SSBs to mitigate these risks, emphasizing and unsweetened alternatives.

Other uses

Ship Submersible Ballistic

Ship submersible ballistic (SSB) is a naval denoting a conventionally powered (diesel-electric) submarine designed to launch ballistic missiles, distinguishing it from nuclear-powered variants classified as ship submersible ballistic (SSBN). This designation emphasizes the submarine's primary role in strategic deterrence through submerged deployment of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), though limited by battery-dependent underwater operations compared to nuclear propulsion's extended . Historically, SSBs emerged during the early as nations developed SLBM capabilities without nuclear reactors, prioritizing stealth for short-range patrols. The Soviet Navy's Project 629 (NATO ) submarines, commissioned between 1958 and 1962, represented one of the first operational SSB classes, with 23 boats capable of carrying three R-11FM or later R-13 missiles via a dedicated launch tube amidships. These vessels, displacing about 2,800 tons surfaced, demonstrated the feasibility of SSBs for regional missions but highlighted vulnerabilities like frequent surfacing for recharging and . In modern contexts, SSBs persist in non-nuclear navies facing technological or economic constraints on SSBN development. North Korea's Hero Kim Kun Ok (Sinpo-B class), launched in , exemplifies a contemporary SSB, modified from a diesel-electric hull to accommodate KN-23 or Pukguksong-series SLBMs, with an estimated displacement of 2,000-3,000 tons and reliance on trials for extended submerged time. China's Type 032 (Qing-class) test platform, commissioned around 2012, also functions as an SSB for SLBM trials, displacing 6,630 tons submerged and supporting vertical launch systems. Such platforms underscore SSBs' role in asymmetric deterrence, though their detectability and limited missile range constrain strategic reach relative to SSBNs.

Standard Southern British

Standard Southern British English (SSBE), also known as Standard Southern British (SSB), is a variety of accent primarily spoken by educated speakers in , characterized by non-rhotic pronunciation and specific vowel qualities that distinguish it from regional dialects. It serves as a descriptive model in phonetic studies, avoiding prescriptive connotations of superiority, and reflects contemporary speech patterns rather than historical elite norms. SSBE emerged as a modern update to (), incorporating innovations such as smoother vowel transitions and occasional of /t/ sounds (t-tapping) in casual speech, as observed in sociolinguistic analyses of southern urban varieties. Unlike traditional , which was tied to upper-class education until the mid-20th century, SSBE aligns more closely with middle-class professional speech in areas from to the southwest, excluding strong regional markers like rhoticity. Phonetic descriptions, such as those in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, emphasize its use for teaching purposes, with features including the TRAP-BATH split and centralized /əʊ/ diphthongs. Perceptions of SSBE often associate it with and neutrality; a 2025 study found that children as young as five linked the accent to cleverness, reflecting its in and despite broader dialectal diversity in . However, it does not represent all southern speech, as varieties like incorporate glottal stops more frequently, highlighting SSBE's role as a supralocal standard rather than a monolithic norm. Linguistic research prioritizes empirical recordings over anecdotal , noting variations in fronting and that evolve with generational shifts.

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