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Sham

Sham is an English noun primarily denoting a trick, hoax, or fraud that deceives by pretending to be something it is not, often implying hypocrisy or counterfeit pretense.^[1]^[2] It can also refer to an ornamental pillow covering used decoratively over a bed pillow, or more broadly to any spurious imitation purporting authenticity.^[1] The word emerged in the late 17th century, with its earliest recorded use around 1677, likely deriving from a dialectal variant of "shame" in English, evoking notions of trickery tied to disgrace or feigned modesty.^[3]^[2] As a verb, to sham means to feign or pretend, such as shamming illness to avoid duty, reflecting its core connotation of deliberate deception.^[1]

Etymology and Core Definitions

English Origins and Evolution

The word sham entered the English lexicon in the late 17th century as a noun signifying a trick, hoax, or pretense, with its earliest documented use occurring in 1677 in William Wycherley's Restoration comedy The Country Wife, where it described feigned behavior.^[3] By the 1680s, it had developed into a verb meaning "to pretend" or "to feign," often in contexts of deception or malingering, as seen in slang usage among theater and urban circles.^[2] This initial slang application reflected a colloquial evolution from informal dialects, transitioning into broader literary and legal discourse by the early 18th century.^[1] Etymologically, sham is most plausibly derived from a northern English dialectal variant of shame, pronounced as "sham" in regional speech patterns tracing back to Proto-Germanic skamō, denoting disgrace or modesty that could imply pretense to avoid it.^[1]^[4] Alternative hypotheses, such as an Irish origin from seam (a trick), lack strong attestation in primary philological sources and appear in less rigorous accounts, overshadowed by evidence from English dialectal records. The term's phonetic and semantic alignment with shame—evoking hypocritical or evasive conduct—underpins its adoption as a descriptor of artifice, distinct from unrelated homonyms in other languages like Arabic shām. In its evolution, sham expanded semantically to encompass counterfeit objects and hypocritical practices, entering legal parlance by the 1690s to denote "sham transactions"—agreements voided for lacking genuine intent, as in early contract law cases involving simulated sales or marriages.^[5] Concurrently, by 1721, the noun form applied to bedding as "pillow-sham," a decorative slipcover simulating a pillow's functional role while serving ornamental purposes, illustrating the word's extension to "false fronts" in everyday artifacts.^[2] This bedding sense persisted into the 19th century, with "pillow sham" formalized in American usage by 1869, often featuring flange edges and contrasting fabrics for aesthetic enhancement rather than utility. Today, sham retains its core connotation of pretense across deceptive schemes, imitation goods, and nominal facades, while the pillow variant endures in interior design lexicon.^[1]

Relation to Dialectal Variants

The word sham, denoting a pretense or hoax, is posited to originate as a northern English dialectal variant of shame, involving a phonetic alteration or semantic extension in regional vernaculars where the term shifted from moral disgrace to feigned imitation.^[1]^[6] This dialectal connection is supported by linguistic analyses tracing its burst into wider English usage around 1677, potentially drawing from northern speech patterns that softened or repurposed the root for deceptive contexts.^[3] Evidence for this variant includes historical records of northern dialects employing similar forms for concepts of falsity, as sham appears in early modern texts without direct continental parallels, suggesting endogenous evolution from Old English sceamu (shame) via Germanic skamō.^[1] Unlike standard shame, which retained ethical undertones, the dialectal sham emphasized artifice, as seen in its application to counterfeit actions by the late 17th century.^[7] This divergence highlights how dialectal isolation in northern England preserved archaic or altered pronunciations, influencing standard lexicon during the Restoration period. No substantial evidence links sham to non-English dialects or broader Indo-European variants beyond the shame root, though speculative ties to Irish or Scots forms have been dismissed due to lack of attestation predating 1677.^[3] The term's adoption in literary English, as in William Wycherley's works, likely bridged dialectal usage to national currency, with minimal survival of the variant in contemporary northern dialects.^[1]

Geographic and Cultural Designations

Arabic Usage: Bilad al-Sham

Bilād al-Shām (Arabic: بِلَاد الشَّام), commonly rendered as "the Land of the Shām" or "Greater Syria," designates a historical region in the Levant that historically included the territories of modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine (encompassing present-day Israel and the Palestinian territories), and portions of southeastern Turkey and southern Iraq.^[8]^[9] The term "Shām" derives from the Arabic word for "left" or "north," reflecting its position to the left (northwest) of the Arabian Peninsula when oriented toward the Kaaba in Mecca, a directional reference used in early Islamic geography.^[10]^[11] This etymology contrasts with the folk misconception linking it to "shams" (sun), which lacks historical attestation.^[12] The designation emerged prominently during the early Islamic conquests in the 7th century CE, when the region was organized as a key province (jund) under the Rashidun Caliphate following the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 CE, which secured Arab Muslim control over Byzantine territories in the area.^[8] Under the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), with its capital in Damascus, Bilād al-Shām served as the administrative heartland, subdivided into military districts (aṣnāf or ajnād) such as Jund Filastin (Palestine), Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan), and Jund Dimashq (Damascus), facilitating governance, taxation, and defense against Byzantine incursions.^[8] This structure persisted into the Abbasid era (750–1258 CE), though with shifting borders due to Fatimid and Seljuk influences, underscoring the region's strategic role as a crossroads for trade, migration, and religious scholarship.^[13] In classical Arabic literature and historiography, Bilād al-Shām denoted not only geographic boundaries—roughly from the Taurus Mountains in the north to the Sinai Peninsula in the south, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Euphrates River in the east—but also a cultural zone blending Aramean, Arab, and later Turkic populations under Islamic rule.^[14]^[10] The term's usage declined with the fragmentation of Ottoman provinces after World War I and the imposition of modern nation-states via agreements like Sykes-Picot in 1916, yet it endures in contemporary Arab discourse to evoke pre-colonial unity and shared Levantine identity.^[14]^[13]

Chinese and East Asian Contexts

In Cantonese romanization, particularly in Hong Kong and Guangdong contexts, "Sham" commonly transliterates the character 深 (deep or profound), influencing several geographic designations. Sham Shui Po (深水埗), a densely populated district in northwestern Kowloon, Hong Kong, exemplifies this usage; its name originates from the deep waters and submerged aquatic weeds that characterized the area prior to land reclamation in the early 20th century. Established as a formal administrative district in 1905, Sham Shui Po evolved from a salt production and fishing site into a major industrial zone by the mid-20th century, specializing in textiles, electronics, and metalworking; today, it hosts vibrant street markets like Apliu Market for second-hand gadgets and the fabric district on Ki Lung Street, attracting over 100,000 daily visitors as of 2023.^[15] This linguistic pattern extends to other locales, such as the historical Wade-Giles romanization of Shenzhen as Sham Chun (深圳), denoting "deep drains" or "deep dikes," a reference to the city's origins as a frontier village with irrigation channels before its designation as a special economic zone on July 1, 1980. The term reflects Cantonese phonetics in pre-Pinyin systems, which were standard in Western mappings of southern China until the 1970s.^[16] Culturally, "Sham" designates surnames among Chinese diaspora populations, primarily as the Cantonese form of 沈 (Shen), an ancient lineage tracing to the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE) and connoting "to sink" or "deep pool," or 岑 (Cen), evoking a "small hill" or "steep bank" from Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) origins. These surnames appear in over 0.1% of Hong Kong's population per 2016 census data, with notable bearers including business figures in Southeast Asian Chinese communities; the romanization persists due to colonial-era conventions rather than Mandarin Pinyin equivalents.^[17]^[18] In Japanese and Korean contexts, "Sham" lacks indigenous geographic prominence but echoes in transliterations of foreign terms, such as the Arabic Shām (Levant) rendered as Shamu (シャム) in Japanese or Syam (샴) in Korean Hangul, employed in academic and media references to Middle Eastern history since the post-World War II era. This borrowing aligns with broader East Asian adoption of Arabic toponyms via English or French intermediaries, without native cultural analogs.

Practical and Conceptual Applications

Bedding and Household Items: Pillow Sham

A pillow sham is a decorative pillow cover designed to enhance the aesthetic appeal of bedding ensembles, featuring a false front that conceals the underlying pillow while providing ornamental detailing such as flanges, ruffles, or embroidery.^[19]^[20] Unlike functional pillowcases intended for sleep, shams prioritize visual coordination with duvets, comforters, or quilts and are typically removed before bedtime to avoid interference with rest.^[21]^[22] The term "sham" derives from its deceptive nature—a "false front" that masks the plain pillow beneath—and originated in the 1700s when removable decorative casings first gained popularity in Europe for elevating bedroom displays.^[20]^[23] By the Victorian era, shams evolved into symbols of household status, incorporating elaborate textiles to signify affluence amid rising emphasis on ornate interior design.^[24]^[25] In modern bedding, pillow shams are positioned atop the bed during the day, often in standard (20x26 inches), queen (20x30 inches), king (20x36 inches), or Euro (26x26 inches) sizes to layer with other pillows for depth and texture.^[26]^[21] They secure via envelope-style overlaps, hidden zippers, or buttons at the back, ensuring a seamless appearance from the front.^[27]^[28] Common materials include breathable cotton or linen for everyday use, with luxury variants in velvet, silk, or faux fur adding opulence; quilted or embroidered options provide further tactile variety.^[29]^[30]^[31] Shams differ from pillowcases in construction and purpose: pillowcases feature open-end slips for direct pillow insertion and use during sleep, often in softer, fitted fabrics, whereas shams employ structured designs unsuitable for prolonged contact due to decorative elements and closures.^[19]^[32] This distinction maintains hygiene and comfort, as shams protect display pillows from dust while allowing easy laundering separate from sleep linens.^[33]^[34]

Deceptive Practices: Sham Procedures and Transactions

A sham transaction refers to a business or legal arrangement lacking genuine economic substance or legitimate business purpose, typically executed to deceive authorities or counterparties, such as by creating illusory tax benefits without real economic effect. Courts apply the sham transaction doctrine to disregard such arrangements, denying their legal validity when they serve no purpose beyond evasion or misrepresentation. This doctrine distinguishes between "shams in fact," which are purely paper-based and never implemented, and "shams in substance," where actions occur but lack meaningful economic impact, as established in U.S. federal tax jurisprudence.^[35]^[36]^[37] In tax law, sham transactions often involve structured deals to exploit deductions or deferrals without altering the taxpayer's economic position. For instance, a taxpayer might purchase stock immediately before a dividend declaration to claim the payout as income eligible for credits, then sell it at a predetermined loss, resulting in net tax savings but no genuine investment risk or return. Similarly, transfers between related entities at inflated prices can fabricate artificial losses for deduction purposes, as seen in cases where property sales to affiliates aim solely to offset unrelated gains. The U.S. Supreme Court in Knetsch v. United States (1960) invalidated an annuity purchase as a sham, ruling it created no true indebtedness since the transaction's form masked its lack of investment intent, merely generating deductible interest without economic borrowing.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41] Sham procedures extend beyond transactions to include fabricated processes like sham contracts or trusts, where documents simulate obligations that parties never intend to honor. In business contexts, a sham contract might nominally classify workers as independent contractors to evade labor laws or payroll taxes, despite evidence of control akin to employment. Sham trusts, disregarded under the sham trust doctrine, occur when a grantor retains full dominion over assets, rendering the trust illusory for tax sheltering. Courts evaluate these using dual tests: objective economic substance (e.g., risk of profit or loss) and subjective business purpose, as articulated in Frank Lyon Co. v. United States (1978), which upheld a lease only because it involved real entrepreneurial risks despite tax motives. In family law, sham transactions disguising asset transfers to evade division in divorce proceedings are pierced to ensure equitable distribution.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45] Notable precedents trace to Gregory v. Helvering (1935), where the Supreme Court rejected a corporate reorganization as a sham because it recharacterized dividends as capital gains without business rationale, prioritizing substance over form. Modern applications persist, with the IRS challenging arrangements like cross-border partnerships lacking arm's-length terms. While critics argue the doctrine overlaps with statutory economic substance rules enacted in 2010 under the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, courts maintain it as a common-law tool to combat evasion absent explicit legislation.^[46]^[47]

Notable Instances and References

Animals and Proper Names

Sham (April 9, 1970 – April 3, 1993) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse renowned for his performances in the 1973 Triple Crown races, where he consistently finished second to Secretariat.^[48] A bay colt foaled at Claiborne Farm and sired by Pretense out of the mare Sequoia, Sham equaled the stakes record in the Santa Anita Derby on April 7, 1973, with a time of 2:00 flat.^[48] ^[49] In the Kentucky Derby on May 5, 1973, he recorded the second-fastest time in the race's history at 1:59.90, a mark that would have won in most years but was surpassed by Secretariat's 1:59.40.^[50] Sham repeated as runner-up in the Preakness Stakes on May 19, 1973, but broke his right cannon bone during the Belmont Stakes on June 9, 1973, finishing last and retiring from racing thereafter; the injury was surgically repaired, allowing him to stand at stud until his death from a heart attack.^[51] Despite being overshadowed, Sham's consistency against an exceptional rival underscored his elite status among 1970s Thoroughbreds.^[48] Beyond equine nomenclature, "Sham" serves as both a given name and surname in various cultural contexts, particularly among Arabic, South Asian, and Chinese communities. In Arabic etymology, it derives from "Sham," denoting light or candle, and appears in personal names like Shamim or standalone forms.^[52] As a surname, it traces to migrations from the Levant region, with concentrations in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada by the late 19th century, often linked to Jewish or Levantine heritage.^[17] In Chinese transliteration, "Sham" represents surnames such as 沈 (Shen) or 冼 (Xian), common among overseas Chinese diaspora.^[18] Notable bearers include Aristo Sham (born 1996), a Hong Kong pianist and composer, though the name lacks widespread association with globally prominent figures outside specialized fields. This usage reflects incidental rather than thematic ties to the word's primary connotation of pretense.

Political and Legal Connotations

In legal contexts, "sham" denotes actions, documents, or proceedings that simulate legitimacy but lack genuine substance, intent, or adherence to law, often to deceive courts, regulators, or third parties. Courts apply the sham transaction doctrine to disregard arrangements lacking economic purpose, primarily aimed at tax evasion; for instance, the U.S. Tax Court has invalidated such deals where form exceeds substance, as in Gregory v. Helvering (1935), which established that transactions must reflect real business motives rather than mere tax avoidance.^[38] Similarly, sham contracts misrepresent relationships, such as classifying employees as independent contractors to evade labor laws, rendering them voidable if proven fictitious.^[53] The sham affidavit rule addresses contradictions in litigation, where a party's affidavit opposing summary judgment flatly contradicts prior deposition testimony without explanation; courts strike such affidavits as non-genuine, preventing manufactured disputes, as affirmed in Texas state courts under Rule 166a.^[54] In criminal law, statutes like Ohio Revised Code § 2921.52 criminalize "sham legal process"—fake instruments purporting to authorize arrests, seizures, or detentions without lawful issuance—punishable as a felony when used to intimidate or defraud.^[55] Politically, "sham" characterizes processes feigning democratic or procedural fairness to maintain power illegitimately. Sham elections occur when votes are held without meaningful opposition or integrity, as in Venezuela's May 20, 2018, presidential contest, where incumbent Nicolás Maduro secured 67.8% amid opposition boycotts, voter intimidation, and irregularities documented by international observers, yielding turnout below 50%.^[56] Cambodia's July 23, 2023, national election exemplified this after the main opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party was dissolved by court order in 2017, allowing the ruling party to claim 120 of 125 seats in a vote marred by media suppression and pre-poll arrests.^[57] Such elections contrast with genuine ones by prioritizing regime perpetuation over voter choice, often in hybrid authoritarian systems.^[58] Sham trials, or kangaroo courts, involve predetermined outcomes disregarding evidence or due process to eliminate rivals, historically seen in Soviet purges but persisting in modern contexts like Myanmar's military junta planning 2025 elections amid civil war, which experts warn would entrench control rather than resolve conflict.^[59]^[60] Accusations of sham proceedings require scrutiny of institutional biases, as Western media and NGOs may overapply the term to non-aligned regimes while underreporting flaws in allied systems.^[61]

References

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SHAM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
1 · a trick that deludes : hoax ; 2 · cheap falseness : hypocrisy ; 3 · an ornamental covering for a pillow ; 4 · an imitation or counterfeit purporting to be genuine.Missing: reliable | Show results with:reliable
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Sham - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating around 1670s, this word means a hoax or fraud and may derive from sham, a dialectal variant of shame, reflecting its meaning of trickery or ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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sham, n.¹ & adj. meanings, etymology and more
The earliest known use of the word sham is in the late 1600s. OED's earliest evidence for sham is from 1677, in the writing of William Wycherley, ...Missing: reliable | Show results with:reliable
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sham - Good Word Word of the Day alphaDictionary * Free English ...
Shame was derived from Proto-Germanic skamo, source also of Dutch schaamte, German Scham, and Swedish skam. Proto-German skamo came from Proto-Indo-European (s) ...Missing: definition etymology reliable
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Early Uses and Related and Unrelated Doctrines | Sham Transactions
'Sham' is a late seventeenth-century slang expression which passed into legal usage in the 1690s. This chapter traces the origins of the term to sex workers ...
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sham noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
Word Originlate 17th cent.: perhaps a northern English dialect variant of the noun shame. See sham in the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. Check ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
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sham - WordReference.com Dictionary of English
to falsely assume the appearance of (something); counterfeit: to sham illness. Etymology: 17th Century: perhaps a Northern English dialect variant of shame. ' ...
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Islam in the Levant – A Brief History of Bilad Al Sham
Sep 23, 2016 · Geographically, it is defined as the region encompassing modern day Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan and most of Syria. The term was originally ...
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Review of The Middle East and the Making of the Modern World ...
Jan 27, 2020 · Bilad al-Sham, also known as the Levant or Greater Syria, is roughly bordered by the Mediterranean to the west, Anatolia to the north, the ...
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Sham, Al- ("Left" or "North," in Arabic) - Encyclopedia.com
Bilad al-Sham is the early Arab name for Greater Syria, meaning the geographic area Syria, Lebanon, western Jordan, and Palestine.
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The significance of Ash-Sham including Palestine - AMUST
Jan 8, 2024 · The name Bilad Ash-Sham in Arabic translates as “the left-hand region” so named from the perspective of the people of the Hejaz (western ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Nov 26, 2021 · Bilad al-Sham's main strength is the will of its diverse people to live together, regardless of their ethnic and religious different affiliations.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
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The moment I discovered that I am a “Shami” | Birzeit University
May 28, 2019 · The inhabitants of Bilad al-Sham were mainly Arameans (including Syriac) and Arabs as well as members of diverse ethnic groups such as Armenians ...Missing: usage Levant
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Step back in time in Sham Shui Po - Chinachem Group
Jul 18, 2024 · Immerse yourself in the rich history of Sham Shui Po, which takes its name from Deep Water Pier and Deep Water Aquatic Weed once found there.
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Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog - Ibiblio
B5: 深圳; PY: Shēnzhèn; WG: Sham Chun; Also: Shamchun; lit. "Deep Drains"- Sub-provincial city of Guangdong province in southern Mainland China, located at the ...<|separator|>
[17]
Sham Surname Meaning & Sham Family History at Ancestry.com®
Sham Surname Meaning. Chinese: Cantonese form of the surname 沈 see Shen. Chinese: Cantonese form of the surname 岑 see Cen.
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Sham Chinese Last Name Facts - My China Roots
In fact, "Sham" is the transliteration of several different Chinese surnames. Its meaning varies depending on how it is written in Chinese, and which dialect ...
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Pillow Shams Are the Key to Making Your Bed Look Perfect
Nov 2, 2020 · So the term “sham” in the bedding world is drawn from the word “sham,” which, per Merriam-Webster, means “a trick that deludes” or a hoax; ...Missing: English | Show results with:English
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What Is a Sham? Bedding Guide from Parachute
Feb 6, 2023 · A sham is a type of pillow covering that's more decorative than functional. The opening is typically in the back (also known as envelope closure) to ensure the ...Sham Vs. Pillowcase · Sham Vs Other Bedding · What Is A Euro Sham?Missing: usage | Show results with:usage
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What is a Pillow Sham - And How is it Different From a Pillowcase?
Jul 11, 2022 · In the 1700s, cases with removable decorative fronts first came into fashion and were appropriately labeled “shams.” Since then, people have ...
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The Comprehensive Guide to Pillow Shams: Form, Function, and ...
Feb 5, 2025 · They evolved from purely functional items to decorative pieces during the Victorian era, when elaborate bedroom decor symbolized status.Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
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What Is A Sham? | DreamCloud
Feb 4, 2022 · A pillow sham is a decorative cover for your pillow. These pillow covers transform your traditional pillow into a decorative accessory for your bed.Styling With Pillow Shams · Difference Between A Pillow... · Pillow Sizes & Dimensions...
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What Is a Bed Sham? | Sleep Foundation
Jan 31, 2023 · Most bed shams are fastened at the back of the pillow using overlapping fabric, a hidden zipper, or buttons.Missing: usage | Show results with:usage
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What Is a Pillow Sham Anyway? - Peacock Alley
4.7 2.5K · Free delivery over $250 · 30-day returnsShams, on the other hand, are decorative covers with back closures, often featuring embellishments, and are used to adorn pillows that serve a decorative role.
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What Is A Pillow Sham: Types And Sizes - Anne de Solène
Plush materials such as velvet and faux fur can add a touch of opulence and softness to your existing bedding. Along with comfortable fitted sheets, fluffy ...Missing: usage | Show results with:usage
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https://www.figlinensandhome.com/blogs/fig-linens-and-home/pillow-shams-difference-between-a-pillow-sham-pillow-protector-and-pillow-case-pillowcase-best-pillow-shams
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Doctrinal Tools the IRS Will Use to Challenge Claimed Tax Benefits ...
Jul 17, 2015 · Two types of “sham transactions” exist: “shams in fact” and “shams in substance.”[1] Shams-in-fact are mere paper transactions in which the ...
[36]
SHAM TRANSACTION Definition & Meaning | Merriam-Webster Legal
noun. : a transaction that is made to mislead or deceive others : a transaction having no economic effect that is made to create tax benefits. Note: The ...
[37]
Sham Transaction - FindLaw Dictionary of Legal Terms
sham transaction n. : a transaction that is made to mislead or deceive others. : a transaction having no economic effect that is made to create tax benefits ...
[38]
What is the Sham Transaction Doctrine
A transaction that is labeled a sham when it is deemed to not be motivated by a legitimate business purpose other than its anticipated tax benefits (in other ...
[39]
Sham Transactions - Journal of Accountancy
Sep 30, 2001 · For example, if the purchase price for a stock was $500 and there was to be a $100 dividend, IES would buy the stock for $585. After the ...
[40]
Sham Transaction Definition - LegalMatch
Apr 22, 2022 · An example of this kind of transaction would be when a company buys stock for $800, and the dividend pays $200. Later, the company sells the ...
[41]
Knetsch v. United States | 364 U.S. 361 (1960)
(a) On the record in this case, it is patent that the transaction between the taxpayer and the insurance company was a sham which created no "indebtedness" ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[42]
Sham Trust Doctrine – When will a Court Disregard ... - Freeman Law
Under the “sham trust” doctrine, if a trust lacks economic substance, it is treated as a “sham” and disregarded.
[43]
What is a Sham Contract, and Why It Matters
Jan 10, 2022 · A sham contract is a mechanism that allows you to have a constitutional lien even if you don't have an agreement directly with the owner.
[44]
Sham Transactions in Family Law? Your Fair Share Matters
Oct 21, 2024 · A sham transaction in Family Law is one that is intended to give the appearance of creating legal rights or obligations that do not actually ...
[45]
[PDF] The Sham Transaction Doctrine: An Outmoded and Unnecessary ...
For decades the courts have invoked the sham transaction doctrine to deny legal effect to transactions which they believe to be fictitious.
[46]
The Coli Cases Through the Looking Glass of the Sham Transaction ...
Apr 14, 2006 · As early as 1935, in Gregory v. Helvering, the U.S. Supreme Court established the rule that sham transactions will not be given effect for tax ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
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[PDF] Recent Cases Address Sham Transaction Doctrine
Quoting Rice's Toyota World, the court stated that it could not ignore a transaction that had economic sub- stance, even if the motive for the trans- action ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[48]
Overshadowed by Greatness, Sham Was a Star in His Own Right
Jun 19, 2025 · A bay colt born at historic Claiborne Farm in 1970, Sham equaled a stakes record when he won the 1973 Santa Anita Derby (WATCH), a record that ...
[49]
Sham - Horse Racing Nation
Sham is a 1970 horse that was born in 1970 and raced from 1972 to 1973. He was sired by Pretense out of the Princequillo mare Sequoia.
[50]
Sham horse biography
Sham, an unsung hero, achieved the second-fastest Kentucky Derby time, challenged Secretariat, and won the Santa Anita Derby. He was considered an underdog.
[51]
Left in Shambles : Everyone Remembers Secretariat's Great 1973 ...
May 2, 1993 · Sham came home dead last, 45 lengths to oblivion. He never raced again. When Secretariat entered the stretch alone, and kept coming and coming -- and he was ...
[52]
What Does The Name Sham Mean? - Names.org
A user from Canada says the name Sham is of Arabic origin and means "Modern-day Levon area in the middle east and often used to describe the city of Damascus, ...
[53]
Sham (name) - Wikipedia
Sham is a name which is used as a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: Surname. edit · Aristo Sham (born 1996), Hong Kong pianist ...Missing: proper | Show results with:proper
[54]
Risks of establishing a a Sham Contract to Evade the Law
A sham contract is a concept in civil law, used to describe contracts whose content does not genuinely reflect the true intent of the parties involved. The ...
[55]
The "Sham Affidavit" Doctrine is Valid in Texas State Court
May 2, 2018 · A “sham” is not “genuine” by definition. Thus, the court reasoned that a trial court is charged by the rule with weeding out non-genuine ...
[56]
Section 2921.52 | Using sham legal process. - Ohio Laws
"Sham legal process" means an instrument that meets all of the following conditions: (a) It is not lawfully issued. (b) It purports to do any of the following:
[57]
Venezuela's Sham Election - Atlantic Council
May 18, 2018 · Nicolás Maduro is expected to be re-elected president of Venezuela on May 20 in an election that most experts agree is a sham.
[58]
'Sham' election is latest attack on Cambodian democracy
Aug 29, 2023 · The most recent threat to democratic rule in Cambodia came in the form of July's national election, which was held against the background of an ongoing media ...
[59]
Identifying sham elections - DEBAT
Oct 25, 2024 · When are elections free and free and what criteria should an election meet? This article answers these questions and discusses sham ...
[60]
Kangaroo Courts - Harvard Law Review
Feb 20, 2021 · It defines the term as meaning “a proceeding and its leaders who are considered sham, corrupt, and without regard for the law.” In ways ...
[61]
In Myanmar, Sham Elections Aren't the Path to Stability
Oct 27, 2022 · The head of Myanmar's military junta is talking increasingly about holding national elections next year despite the near certainty that ...Missing: definition examples<|separator|>
[62]
The Myth of “Sham Elections” in the Middle East - Global Challenges
In this year's Iranian presidential election, the victory of the moderate candidate, Masoud Pezeshkian, suggests a high level of dissatisfaction with the ...