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Shinsekai

Shinsekai (新世界, lit. "new world") is an entertainment district in the Naniwa ward of Osaka, Japan, that developed in the aftermath of the 1903 5th National Industrial Exposition held in nearby Tennoji Park, which drew over five million visitors. The area was laid out during the Taisho period with the northern section modeled after Paris and the southern after New York City's Coney Island, incorporating Luna Park as a major amusement facility alongside theaters and the original Tsutenkaku Tower, constructed in 1912 and inspired by the Eiffel Tower. The original tower was dismantled in 1943 following a fire, and Luna Park closed in 1923, leading to post-war neglect, but the district was revitalized with a second Tsutenkaku Tower rebuilt in 1956, standing at 103 meters and serving as its enduring symbol. Today, Shinsekai evokes a nostalgic retro atmosphere with Taisho-era architecture, gritty pachinko parlors, cheap bars, and a concentration of kushikatsu restaurants specializing in deep-fried skewered foods, while attractions like the tower's observation deck, Billiken good-luck statue, and nearby Spa World draw tourists seeking panoramic views and traditional entertainment.

History

Early Development and Peak (1912–1945)

Shinsekai, meaning "New World," emerged in as a planned in southern , drawing inspiration from in for its southern section and for the northern. This development followed the success of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition held in the adjacent Tennoji area in 1903, which attracted over five million visitors and highlighted the potential for commercial amusement zones. The district was designed to cater to Osaka's growing working-class population, offering accessible leisure amid rapid urbanization during the . At the heart of Shinsekai stood the original Tsutenkaku Tower, constructed in 1912 at a height of 64 meters, making it Asia's second-tallest structure at the time and modeled after the combined with elements of the . The tower served as a symbolic gateway, equipped with observation decks, an elevator, and illuminations that drew crowds for panoramic views of . Connected to it via an was , Japan's second such , spanning 132,000 square meters and featuring rides, games, and exotic attractions imported from American models. The park opened in 1912 alongside the tower, boosting the district's appeal as a modern leisure hub. During the and early , Shinsekai flourished as a vibrant center of and , with theaters, cinemas, restaurants, and street vendors catering to factory workers and urban dwellers. operated until its closure in 1923 due to financial difficulties and shifting public tastes, yet the district's popularity endured, sustained by the enduring draw of Tsutenkaku and proliferating eateries specializing in affordable fried skewers known as . Through the and , the area maintained its status as Osaka's premier playground for the masses, illuminated by electric lights and bustling with activity amid Japan's interwar . The peak era ended abruptly with World War II's escalation; a fire damaged Tsutenkaku in 1943, leading to its dismantling for scrap metal to support the war effort, stripping Shinsekai of its iconic landmark. By 1945, wartime restrictions and bombings had curtailed the district's operations, marking the transition from prosperity to hardship.

Post-War Decline and Social Challenges (1945–1990s)

Following the end of in 1945, Shinsekai, like much of , endured severe destruction from Allied air raids that devastated infrastructure and reduced the city's population significantly. The original Tsūtenkaku Tower, already dismantled in 1943 for scrap metal to support the war effort, symbolized lost prosperity, but local citizens campaigned for its reconstruction as a marker of recovery. In 1956, a new, steel-frame Tsūtenkaku Tower opened, funded by the private Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co. Ltd. and designed by engineer Tachū Naitō, standing at 103 meters and serving as a beacon of post-war optimism amid Japan's economic revival. Despite this symbolic rebuild, Shinsekai entered a prolonged decline driven by broader urban and economic shifts. Japan's rapid industrialization and in the –1970s drew residents and away from inner-city districts, leaving Shinsekai as a stagnant blue-collar enclave reliant on fading pre-war amusements and emerging vice industries. Businesses shuttered due to reduced tourism, and the area increasingly catered to day laborers from nearby Nishinari Ward (formerly ), fostering poverty and informal economies centered on parlors, bars, and street vending. Social challenges intensified through the 1960s–1990s, with Shinsekai gaining notoriety for and influence, particularly from groups controlling entertainment, , and protection rackets in adjacent red-light districts like . The district's gritty atmosphere, marked by petty crime, gambling dens, and transient populations, earned it a reputation as one of Osaka's more dangerous zones, though violent incidents were often exaggerated relative to actual statistics. operations, which peaked amid post-war black markets and persisted into the late , contributed to social decay but also provided informal order in under-policed areas. Anti-organized crime ordinances in the 1990s began eroding this hold, yet the era's legacy of urban blight and economic marginalization lingered, deterring redevelopment until later decades.

Revitalization Efforts and Modern Era (2000s–Present)

In the early 2000s, Shinsekai experienced a resurgence as a tourist destination, driven by regional initiatives that highlighted its retro architecture and culinary specialties, particularly , which gained broader national recognition. Local authorities and businesses focused on preserving the district's nostalgic Showa-era ambiance while enhancing accessibility and appeal to visitors, transforming formerly underutilized spaces into vibrant eateries and entertainment venues. This shift built on momentum from the late 1990s, when media exposure, including the 1996–1997 TV drama Futarikko, drew attention and encouraged new establishments to occupy vacant storefronts. ![Tsutenkaku Tower and Shinsekai at night, 2019][float-right] A key milestone occurred in 2007, when annual visitors to Tsutenkaku Tower surpassed 1 million, a sharp increase from fewer than 200,000 in prior years, reflecting successful promotion of the tower as a symbol of the district's heritage following interior remodelings that refreshed its attractions. Efforts included adding tourist-friendly features such as improved signage, alleyway lighting in areas like Jan Jan Yokocho, and collaborations with local vendors to standardize and market under guidelines emphasizing and authenticity. These measures countered earlier perceptions of decline, positioning Shinsekai as a complement to Osaka's modern sites, with visitor numbers sustained by inbound growth. In recent years, post-2010 developments have emphasized cultural preservation alongside incremental modernization, such as the expansion of pubs and the introduction of shooting galleries targeting international tourists after the . The 2023 launch of the "111 people's imagine" project by Cross Culture Records, commemorating the district's 111th anniversary, involved interviewing 111 residents to document oral histories and foster community pride, contributing to sustained local engagement. Traditional events, like the procession resumed on July 24, 2023, after a four-year hiatus, further reinforced Shinsekai's identity as a lively, heritage-focused enclave amid Osaka's broader urban evolution. Today, the district attracts crowds for its affordable dining and neon-lit streetscape, though challenges like balancing with residential needs persist.

Geography and Urban Layout

Location and Boundaries

Shinsekai is a district within in southern City, , positioned adjacent to the city's Minami entertainment zone and immediately west of Tennoji Park, Tennoji Zoo, and related cultural institutions. The neighborhood centers on the Tsutenkaku Tower at 1-chōme-18-6 Ebisuhigashi, Naniwa-ku, with its core area encompassing parts of the Ebisuhigashi and Ebisu districts. To the south, it borders facilities including Spa World and the site of the former Festival Gate amusement park, while extending northward toward Dobutsuen-mae Station and westward along streets near . As an informal historic quarter rather than a precisely delimited administrative unit, Shinsekai's boundaries are defined by major roadways and landmarks, such as the Sakai-suji avenue to the east, Ebisubashi-suji to the west, and the vicinity of Matori-dori shopping arcade internally. This layout reflects its origins as an early 20th-century entertainment hub, blending into surrounding urban fabric without rigid demarcations. The district's compact footprint facilitates pedestrian exploration, with key access points via the Midosuji and Sakaisuji subway lines at Dobutsuen-mae Station or JR Osaka Loop Line at Shin-Imamiya Station, approximately 10-15 minutes south of central Osaka Station by rail.

Architectural and Atmospheric Features

Shinsekai's urban design draws from early 20th-century Western influences, with its northern half modeled after and the southern portion emulating City's amusement grounds, as established during its development around 1912. This layout features a compact grid of narrow streets and low-rise structures, fostering a pedestrian-oriented that retains remnants of its original entertainment district purpose. The architecture predominantly consists of two- to three-story buildings with facades reflecting Taisho- and early Showa-era styles, including exposed brick elements, tiled roofs, and signage-integrated storefronts typical of pre-war Japanese urban commercial zones. Prominent visual markers include oversized lanterns, such as the large puffer fish sign at Zuboraya restaurant, and extensive and LED lighting that illuminate the district after dark, enhancing its vibrant, carnival-like appearance. Covered arcades like Jan Jan Yokocho exemplify the enclosed shopping passages with overhanging roofs and closely spaced eatery facades, preserving a sense of enclosed, bustling intimacy. Atmospherically, Shinsekai evokes a nostalgic retro-futuristic quality, blending preserved historical elements with modern signage in a densely packed setting of eateries, bars, and arcades that create a time-capsule effect of old-school street life. The district's gritty, unpolished charm—marked by weathered buildings and eclectic advertising—contrasts with contemporary urban developments elsewhere in , maintaining an authentic, ungentrified feel rooted in its post-war evolution. At night, the glow from Tsutenkaku Tower and surrounding illuminations amplifies a surreal, lively energy, drawing visitors to its mix of whimsy and .

Key Attractions and Landmarks

Tsutenkaku Tower and Billiken

Tsutenkaku Tower, meaning "tower reaching heaven," serves as the central landmark of Shinsekai in , originally constructed in July 1912 as a symbol for the adjacent amusement facility. Designed with elements inspired by the atop the , the initial structure stood at 64 meters tall, making it the second tallest in and the tallest in the at the time. An connected the tower to , enhancing its role in the district's early entertainment scene until the park's closure in 1923. The original tower was dismantled in 1943 amid wartime metal shortages and a preceding , leading to its complete removal. occurred in 1956, yielding the current 103-meter structure with a more modern lattice design, which reopened as a key observation point offering panoramic views of . The tower features multiple observation decks, including the main one at 91 meters, attracting over 1 million visitors annually in recent years. Billiken, a good-luck deity originally invented by American artist Florence Pretz in 1908 as the "God of Things as They Ought to Be," entered with its first public installed in near the original Tsutenkaku in 1912. The vanished after 's closure, but replicas proliferated in , symbolizing fortune through the tradition of rubbing its feet for luck. A prominent was reinstalled in the current Tsutenkaku Tower in 1979 on the fifth floor, where visitors continue the foot-rubbing ritual; this version draws from a 1949 design and remains a focal point for and local . The tower and together embody Shinsekai's blend of retro architecture and cultural quirks, sustaining the area's identity despite post-war shifts, with the site's elevation at 29.5 meters above contributing to its commanding presence.

Jan Jan Yokocho and Streetscape

Jan Jan Yokocho, formally part of Nanyo-dori Shopping Street, consists of a narrow, covered approximately 80 meters long lined with small eateries and bars specializing in , deep-fried meat and vegetable skewers originating from Shinsekai in the post-war era. The alley's name derives from the "jan jan" plucking sounds of strings played by buskers in the to draw customers from nearby areas, including the Tobita district. Today, it hosts over a dozen vendors offering affordable skewers priced around 100-200 yen each, alongside and other B-grade gourmet items, fostering a casual dining culture where sharing plates is customary but dipping twice in communal sauce is prohibited to maintain hygiene. The streetscape surrounding Jan Jan Yokocho exemplifies Shinsekai's retro urban fabric, with densely packed two-story buildings from the Taisho period (1912-1926) featuring ornate facades, overhanging balconies, and vibrant red lanterns swaying above doorways. Neon signs in and colorful billboards advertise pachinko parlors, retro arcades, and stalls, creating a visually eclectic environment that blends early 20th-century amusement district aesthetics with post-war grit. Pedestrian-only lanes facilitate crowds, particularly after 5 p.m., when salarymen and tourists navigate the 100-meter-wide district core amid vendors hawking and souvenirs, though the area quiets by 10-11 p.m. as shops close. This configuration preserves Shinsekai's identity as Osaka's preserved "old downtown," where the alley integrates seamlessly into broader streets like Ebisubashi, enhancing accessibility from Tsutenkaku Tower just 200 meters north. Despite revitalization since the 2000s, the streetscape retains an unpolished charm, with exposed wiring, faded signage, and occasional clamor underscoring its evolution from wartime entertainment hub to modern nostalgic enclave.

Economy and Local Cuisine

Kushikatsu Industry and Dining Culture

Kushikatsu, consisting of bite-sized pieces of , , or skewered, battered, and deep-fried, originated in Shinsekai during the late 1920s as an inexpensive, nutrient-dense option for local laborers constructing in the area. A shop owner reportedly developed the dish around 1929 to provide quick, filling meals amid the district's rapid urbanization tied to the amusement area and early Tsutenkaku Tower. By , it had become a staple in Shinsekai's eateries, evolving from simple to a defining element of Osaka's culinary identity, with variations emphasizing light, crispy coatings distinct from . The industry in Shinsekai centers on a dense cluster of specialized restaurants and bars, many operating 24 hours to cater to and shift workers, fostering a vibrant, affordable dining scene that draws both locals and tourists. Chains like Daruma, which claims origins in the district and maintains four outlets there as of 2019, exemplify the sector's scale, with the brand expanding to 18 locations across while upholding Shinsekai traditions. Establishments prioritize fresh ingredients and communal seating, where diners order sets of skewers (typically 5–10 pieces per serving, priced from 500–1,000 yen), often paired with raw cabbage for palate cleansing and or . This model supports local employment and sustains the area's retro economy, though competition from modern chains has pressured smaller vendors to emphasize authenticity. Central to kushikatsu dining culture is the strict "no double-dipping" for the shared Worcestershire-style sauce (tare), a communal pot designed for single immersion per to minimize bacterial spread in high-volume settings—a rule enforced by and verbal reminders since the dish's early days. Diners typically eat standing at counters or in tight izakaya-style spaces, dipping once, consuming immediately, and using or for subsequent bites, which promotes and portion control in busy environments. This ritual, unique to Osaka's kushikatsu tradition, underscores a casual yet disciplined dynamic, contrasting with more formal cuisines and reinforcing Shinsekai's image as a gritty, accessible hub. Violations are rare but socially frowned upon, preserving the dish's appeal as fast, shareable fare amid the district's neon-lit streets.

Commercial and Retail Dynamics

The retail landscape in Shinsekai primarily consists of small, independent shops and arcades clustered along narrow streets, emphasizing nostalgic and quirky merchandise that capitalizes on the district's retro Showa-era aesthetic. Key retail hubs include the Shinsekai Market arcade, which as of February 2024 housed 17 member stores specializing in fresh produce, daily goods, and informal street vending, many operated by long-established family businesses. Adjacent areas like Jan Jan Yokocho, a 130-meter , feature approximately 50 storefronts offering a mix of souvenirs, retro toys, Japanese crafts, and novelty items alongside eateries, drawing impulse buys from passersby. Commercial dynamics are heavily tourism-oriented, with sales boosted by the area's dense foot traffic near Tsutenkaku Tower and its appeal to visitors seeking authentic, affordable memorabilia such as figurines, vintage paraphernalia, and festival goods. Many outlets operate on a cash-only basis, reflecting traditional small-scale resistant to digital shifts, though this can limit accessibility for international tourists. The nostalgic ambiance sustains demand for unique, non-mass-produced items, but retail viability depends on seasonal visitor influxes, with post-2020 tourism recovery evident in sustained vibrancy reported through 2025. Broader retail integration includes arcades and specialty vendors on streets like Shinsekai Hon-dori, where shops peddle everything from knives and accessories to tea house wares, contributing to a pedestrian-friendly that prioritizes experiential browsing over high-volume chains. While exact district-wide shop counts remain undocumented in public data, the compact layout—under 1 square kilometer—fosters a symbiotic ecosystem where proximity to dining and attractions amplifies cross-sales, though competition from nearby modern malls poses ongoing pressure on independent operators.

Reputation, Safety, and Social Issues

Historical Perceptions of Grit and Crime

Following the closure of in 1923 and the dismantling of the original Tsutenkaku Tower in 1943 for wartime scrap metal, Shinsekai entered a prolonged period of economic decline and urban neglect, transitioning from a vibrant to a working-class enclave marked by poverty and decay. Post-World War II reconstruction efforts failed to restore its former prosperity, leaving behind dilapidated infrastructure and a landscape of cheap lodging houses, or doya, which attracted day laborers and transients in the surrounding Nishinari Ward. This physical grit—characterized by aging Showa-era buildings, narrow alleys cluttered with informal vending, and an atmosphere of faded grandeur—fostered perceptions of the area as rundown and uninviting, emblematic of Osaka's underbelly amid Japan's rapid post-war industrialization. By the mid-20th century, Shinsekai had solidified its reputation as a hub for and illicit activities, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s, when it was widely regarded as Japan's most dangerous district relative to the nation's low baseline crime rates. The influx of rebuilding workers fueled a seedy economy centered on parlors, dens, bars, and unregulated adult venues, often under the influence of syndicates that controlled rackets and operations. Travel guides like explicitly cautioned visitors against venturing into the area, portraying it as a "poor man's zone" rife with risks from street-level hustling and gang-related , though actual remained rare compared to global standards. These perceptions of criminality were amplified by media portrayals and local anecdotes emphasizing yakuza visibility—tattooed enforcers frequenting eateries and backroom dealings—contributing to a of Shinsekai as Osaka's gritty frontier, where economic desperation intersected with tolerated before stricter anti-yakuza laws in the began eroding such dominance. High-profile incidents, including turf disputes and tied to the district's , reinforced its image as precarious, deterring mainstream and perpetuating a cycle of socioeconomic stagnation until revitalization efforts in the late . Despite the relative safety for locals, the area's historical aura of menace stemmed from visible markers of activity rather than widespread random , distinguishing it as a site of structured grit over chaotic peril.

Contemporary Safety Assessments and Criticisms

In recent years, Shinsekai has undergone revitalization efforts aimed at boosting , contributing to improved perceptions, with many visitors reporting it as safe during daylight hours and on main streets. Official crime data for in 2024 recorded fewer than 16,000 arrests citywide, reflecting Japan's overall low rates, though Naniwa Ward—encompassing Shinsekai—exhibits elevated incidents of and public disturbances relative to other wards. Critics note that while violent assaults on tourists remain rare, the district's proximity to Nishinari Ward's area fosters occasional encounters with inebriated individuals or loitering groups, particularly after dark in narrower alleys, leading to recommendations for caution in those settings. and opportunistic scams targeting foreigners have been sporadically reported, though at rates far below global urban averages, with local presence enhanced around key sites like Tsutenkaku Tower. Persistent criticisms highlight Shinsekai's outdated image as a yakuza-influenced zone, rooted in mid-20th-century associations but amplified by media portrayals that some argue exaggerate risks to deter visitors from less polished areas. since the , including increased hotel developments and tourist infrastructure, has diluted these elements, yet detractors contend that underlying socioeconomic issues, such as higher visibility, undermine full rehabilitation claims. advisories from 2024 emphasize standard precautions like avoiding solo late-night wanders, positioning Shinsekai as safer than its reputation but not immune to Japan's minor urban hazards.

Access and Infrastructure

Transportation Options

Shinsekai is accessible primarily via Osaka's extensive rail network, with multiple stations within a short walking distance of its core attractions. Dobutsuen-mae Station serves as a major interchange for the Midosuji Line and operated by , providing direct subway connections from central areas like (approximately 12 minutes via Midosuji Line southbound) and (one stop north on Sakaisuji Line, under 5 minutes). From Dobutsuen-mae, Tsutenkaku Tower and the district's main streets are reachable in about 5 minutes on foot. Ebisucho Station, also on the Sakaisuji Line, offers additional subway access roughly 300 meters west of the district's heart, ideal for arrivals from northern or eastern suburbs; the walk to key sites takes 3-5 minutes. Complementing these, Shin-Imamiya Station on JR West's Osaka Loop Line and Yamatoji Line connects to broader regional rail services, including from Osaka Station (10-15 minutes via Loop Line eastward) or Tennoji (2 minutes). The station's proximity—about 400-600 meters to central Shinsekai—makes it convenient for JR pass holders, with fares from central Osaka typically ¥160-200 for subway segments. Taxis provide an alternative for groups or those with luggage, with rides from or costing ¥1,000-2,000 and taking 10-20 minutes depending on traffic, though public rail is preferred due to 's dense urban layout and parking limitations. Buses are less direct, often requiring transfers via nearby hubs like , rendering them suboptimal compared to rail efficiency. Walking from adjacent districts like (1.5 km, 20 minutes) or Tennoji (1 km, 12 minutes) is feasible for pedestrians, enhancing accessibility for nearby explorations.

Visitor Logistics

Shinsekai is accessible primarily on foot from nearby subway and train stations, with the district's compact layout facilitating easy navigation for visitors. The closest stations include Ebisucho on the Sakaisuji Subway Line (Exit 3, approximately 5-minute walk), Dobutsuen-mae on the Midosuji Subway Line (Exit 1 or 5, about 6-minute walk), and Shin-Imamiya on the JR Osaka Loop Line (roughly 6-minute walk), all featuring paths and crosswalks leading directly into the area. For those arriving by car, limited parking facilities exist, such as the Showa Parking Shinsekai lot near Ebisuhigashi 3-chome, which operates 24 hours with rates starting at 200 yen for 30 minutes on weekdays from 8:00 to 23:00; however, public transportation is recommended due to narrow streets and potential congestion. Overnight parking options like Times lots are available but may require app-based reservations and familiarity with local systems. The district's retro streetscape, centered around Tsutenkaku Tower as a visual landmark, allows straightforward exploration on foot, though uneven sidewalks and crowds warrant comfortable footwear and caution during peak evening hours when neon lights illuminate the area. Wheelchair users can access main entrances via large crosswalks from stations like Shin-Imamiya, but some side alleys and older buildings lack full accommodations. Visitor information, including English maps, is available at nearby Tennoji Station's tourist center. Cash is preferred for small vendors and eateries, as card acceptance varies, and English signage is minimal outside major attractions.

Cultural Impact and Representation

In Media and Popular Culture

Shinsekai has served as a prominent setting in Japanese , capturing its retro, working-class atmosphere and urban grit. The 1981 anime film , directed by and based on a by Etsumi Haruki, is set entirely in the district, depicting the everyday struggles and vibrant street life of its residents through the eyes of a young girl navigating , family issues, and local customs like dining. The story highlights Shinsekai's narrow alleys, Tsutenkaku Tower, and community dynamics in the 1970s-1980s era, drawing from the manga's serialization in Ribo Labo magazine starting in 1978. The district's distinctive Showa-era aesthetic has influenced depictions in other media, including the 2006 animated film Tekkon Kinkreet (also known as Black & White), adapted from Taiyō Matsumoto's , which references Shinsekai's decrepit yet nostalgic urban landscape as a backdrop for themes of youth gangs and territorial rivalries in a stylized Osaka-inspired setting. This portrayal aligns with the area's historical reputation for activity and postwar redevelopment, emphasizing its frozen-in-time quality amid modern . In live-action cinema, Shinsekai appears in international films like Ridley Scott's 1989 thriller , which features nighttime street scenes in the district to evoke Osaka's seedy underworld during a pursuit sequence involving elements, filmed on location to capture its neon-lit, labyrinthine vibe. Japanese yakuza films, such as the 1979 entry in the series titled New Battles Without Honor and Humanity: Last Days of the Boss, include brief shots of Tsutenkaku Tower at night to anchor the narrative in Shinsekai's locale, reinforcing its symbolic role in stories of and local power struggles. Television dramas have occasionally used Shinsekai's Janjan Yokocho as a for period pieces and slice-of-life stories, leveraging its preserved Taisho- and Showa-style to represent old Osaka's districts. These representations often emphasize the area's authenticity over sanitized portrayals, though some critiques note a tendency in media to romanticize its socioeconomic challenges without addressing ongoing issues like homelessness.

Symbolic Role in Osaka's Identity

Shinsekai embodies Osaka's historical pursuit of modernity intertwined with its resilient working-class spirit, originating as a developed in for the Fifth National Industrial Exhibition. The area was designed with the northern section modeled after , featuring the original Tsutenkaku Tower inspired by the , and the southern half drawing from New York's , reflecting Japan's early 20th-century fascination with Western urban entertainment. This foundational intent positioned Shinsekai as a symbol of Osaka's ambition to blend innovation with accessible leisure, a trait that persists in its retro architecture and vibrant street life amid the city's evolution. The Tsutenkaku Tower, reconstructed in 1956 after the original's dismantling in 1943 during , stands as an iconic landmark representing Osaka's endurance and post-war revival. Once a for day laborers in the mid-20th century, Shinsekai transitioned from economic decline to a nostalgic tourist destination, highlighting the city's capacity for reinvention while retaining its unpolished, authentic character. This resilience mirrors Osaka's broader identity as a known for practicality and vitality, where districts like Shinsekai preserve the "kuidaore" of indulgent, communal eating and . In contemporary , Shinsekai symbolizes the contrast between the city's modern skyscrapers and its gritty, historical underbelly, attracting visitors seeking an unfiltered glimpse of local culture centered on skewers and the good-luck statue atop Tsutenkaku. Its revival, noted in efforts around the 2016 centennial, underscores a deliberate preservation of working-class amid growth, distinguishing Osaka from more polished Japanese urban centers. Local perceptions often frame it as the quintessential "old Osaka," evoking a sense of communal and cultural continuity.

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