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Ward

Ward is an English noun denoting several related concepts, primarily a division of a city, town, or borough used for administrative, electoral, or representational purposes, such as electing local council members.^[1]^[2] It also refers to a distinct section or large room within a hospital dedicated to patients with specific needs, such as maternity or psychiatric care.^[3]^[4] In legal contexts, a ward is a minor or incapacitated individual placed under the guardianship of another person or entity for protection and care, often appointed by a court.^[5]^[6] The term derives from Old English roots associated with guarding or watching, reflecting its historical emphasis on protection and division.^[4]

Administrative and institutional divisions

Electoral and political wards

An electoral ward constitutes a geographic subdivision within a municipality, borough, or larger administrative unit, delineated specifically for the election of local representatives such as councillors or aldermen. These wards function as the foundational electoral districts in many democratic systems, enabling residents to select officials who address constituency-specific concerns, thereby fostering direct accountability between voters and elected bodies. In practice, ward boundaries are drawn to approximate equal population sizes while respecting community cohesion, with periodic reviews to accommodate demographic shifts; for example, in the United Kingdom, wards serve as the smallest electoral geography for local authority elections, typically electing one to three councillors per ward depending on the council's structure.^[7]^[8] The ward system originated in England during the medieval period as a means to divide boroughs for administrative and defensive purposes, evolving by the 19th century into formalized electoral units under municipal reforms that emphasized representative local governance. In the UK, this persists today, with over 10,000 wards across England and Wales used for district and unitary authority elections, where boundaries are adjusted every few years—often aligning with May local elections—to ensure fair representation; the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, for instance, mandates reviews every four to eight years based on census data.^[9]^[10] In the United States, wards are employed in numerous cities for municipal elections, providing neighborhood-level representation on city councils and contrasting with at-large systems by tying officials to specific locales, which empirical analyses indicate strengthens voter engagement on issues like zoning and public services. Chicago, Illinois, exemplifies this with its 50 wards, each electing a single alderman to the 50-member City Council via nonpartisan elections held every four years, where ward residents directly influence policies on local infrastructure and community programs. Similarly, St. Louis, Missouri, divides its area into 14 wards for electing aldermen, ensuring representation scales with urban density. These structures promote causal linkages between electoral outcomes and governance efficacy, as incumbents face re-election pressures tied to tangible ward-level performance metrics, such as response times to constituent services.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Medical and hospital wards

A medical ward is a designated area in a hospital housing multiple patient beds, typically segregated by medical specialty or patient type to enable specialized monitoring, treatment, and resource efficiency. Such divisions include general medical wards for non-surgical conditions, surgical wards for post-operative recovery, maternity wards for obstetric care, and psychiatric wards for mental health patients. This structure originated in 19th-century hospital reforms, particularly pavilion-style designs that emphasized cross-ventilation in long, rectangular wards to combat airborne infections, as evidenced in facilities influenced by post-Crimean War hygiene principles.^[14] Key operational features encompass defined bed capacities—often 20 to 40 beds per ward in general hospitals—to balance staffing ratios with oversight demands, alongside dedicated nursing and physician teams assigned to specific wards for continuity of care. Infection control measures are integral, including handwashing sinks per room or bay, negative-pressure ventilation in high-risk areas, and protocols for cohorting patients with similar pathogens to limit cross-transmission. For instance, during the 1918 influenza pandemic, isolation wards with outdoor or tented setups were rapidly deployed in U.S. military hospitals like Walter Reed to segregate cases, reducing nosocomial spread through physical separation.^[15]^[16]^[17] Contemporary ward layouts prioritize evidence-based safety over expansive open plans, with guidelines favoring single-bed rooms—exceeding 80% in newer designs—to decrease hospital-acquired infections by up to 50% via reduced shared surfaces and improved privacy. The Joint Commission International mandates hospital environments free from immediate safety risks, incorporating elements like adequate lighting, non-slip flooring, and proximity to nursing stations to prevent falls and medication errors, as multi-bed configurations have been linked to higher adverse event rates in observational data. These standards reflect causal links between spatial design and outcomes, such as lower pathogen dispersal in isolated setups during events like the COVID-19 response.^[15]^[18]^[19]

Prison and correctional wards

In correctional facilities, wards function as segregated housing blocks or wings that group inmates according to evaluated security risks, disciplinary records, and offense severity to maintain order and prevent violence among populations with varying threat levels. This separation prioritizes institutional control over rehabilitative ideals, with empirical data showing that mismatched housing elevates assault rates by exposing lower-risk inmates to predatory ones.^[20] The practice derives from risk-assessment protocols formalized in the 20th century, building on earlier classification efforts to isolate violent or escape-prone individuals, though pre-1960s implementations often incorporated racial criteria in housing assignments until challenged by civil rights developments.^[21] The U.S. Bureau of Prisons (BOP) exemplifies this through its five-tier security classification system—minimum, low, medium, high, and administrative—where inmates are assigned to corresponding wards or units within facilities matching their profile. As of September 2025, BOP data indicate 14.4% of federal inmates (22,260 individuals) in minimum-security wards, suited for nonviolent offenders with minimal escape risk; 36.3% (56,254) in low-security; 32.8% (50,868) in medium-security for those requiring moderate supervision; 12.3% (19,027) in high-security wards with fortified perimeters and armed patrols; and the remainder in administrative facilities like supermax units for the most disruptive cases.^[22] High-security wards, such as those in United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX Florence), enforce 23-hour daily isolation to neutralize gang affiliations or leadership roles that could incite unrest.^[23] Operationally, maximum- and high-security wards contrast sharply with minimum-security ones: the former feature single-occupancy cells, limited privileges, and constant surveillance to curb internal threats, while the latter allow dormitory-style housing and work programs for compliant inmates nearing release. Evidence from supermax implementations demonstrates violence reductions of up to 67% in aggregate institutional metrics, attributable to physical isolation disrupting hierarchies rather than behavioral interventions.^[20] However, structured separation yields negligible direct impact on post-release recidivism, which persists at rates exceeding 50% within three years for most cohorts, driven primarily by static factors like prior convictions and socioeconomic conditions rather than custodial housing.^[24] Claims of recidivism mitigation through classification often stem from program evaluations with methodological flaws, such as selection bias, underscoring that containment serves security imperatives over transformative outcomes.^[25]

Other specialized divisions

In medieval castle architecture, a ward—also known as a bailey—denotes a fortified courtyard or open area enclosed by curtain walls, often separated from other sections by gatehouses or inner walls, providing defensive layering and space for military or domestic functions.^[26] Larger castles featured multiple wards, such as an outer ward for stables and workshops and an inner ward housing the keep, enhancing security through concentric defenses established by the 12th century in Europe.^[27] This structural division traces etymologically to Old English weard, signifying a guard or watchman, reflecting the term's origin in protective vigilance rather than mere enclosure.^[28] In the organizational structure of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a ward constitutes a geographically defined local congregation, serving as the primary unit for worship, ordinances, and mutual support among approximately 300 to 600 members.^[29] Presided over by an unpaid bishopric comprising a bishop and two counselors—all lay members selected for three-to-five-year terms—the ward integrates priesthood quorums, Relief Societies, and youth organizations to facilitate ecclesiastical governance and community welfare, distinct from smaller branches or larger stakes.^[30] Wards emerged in the church's early 19th-century organization, adapting congregational models to foster self-reliance, with boundaries redrawn periodically to balance attendance and needs as of 2023 data showing over 30,000 worldwide.^[29]

Legal and guardianship concepts

Wards in guardianship law

In Anglo-American common law, a ward denotes a minor child or incapacitated adult subject to the protective authority of a guardian, who assumes responsibility for the ward's personal care, decisions, and estate management until the ward attains legal capacity or majority.^[31]^[32] This arrangement stems from feudal English practices by the 12th century, wherein lords exercised wardship over minor heirs of vassals holding land by knight's service or socage tenure, granting the lord custody of the heir's person, rights to arrange marriages for profit, and entitlement to the lands' issues during minority, typically until age 21 for males and 14 for females in noble contexts.^[33]^[34] Such feudal rights, administered through royal courts like the Court of Wards from 1540 to 1660, prioritized the lord's economic interests over the minor's welfare, evolving post-1660 statutes to emphasize testamentary guardians appointed by fathers to preserve familial control.^[35]^[36] Guardianship invokes only upon parental death, incapacity, or demonstrated unfitness, upholding the common-law principle of parental primacy wherein fit parents retain inherent rights to custody and control, with courts appointing guardians ad litem or permanent substitutes solely to safeguard the child's interests absent parental capacity.^[37]^[35] In the United States, wards of minors typically reach emancipation at the age of majority—18 years in 47 states and the District of Columbia, 19 in Alabama and Nebraska, and 21 in Mississippi—after which guardianship terminates unless extended for incapacity.^[38]^[39] Guardians of the estate hold fiduciary obligations to inventory assets, pay obligations from ward income, invest prudently to avoid waste, and render periodic accountings to courts, ensuring property preservation for the ward's future benefit rather than personal gain.^[40]^[41] Empirical analyses reveal elevated risks of exploitation in court-imposed guardianships, particularly where state interventions supplant family decision-making, with documented patterns of financial fraud, isolation from relatives, and institutionalization driven by professional guardians or public agencies seeking fees.^[42]^[43] A National Institute of Justice-funded review identifies guardianship abuse as pervasive, encompassing unauthorized asset depletion and neglect, often exacerbated by opaque court processes and inadequate oversight, affecting an estimated 1-3 million U.S. adults under conservatorship as of recent surveys, underscoring causal vulnerabilities when bureaucratic incentives override parental or kin-based protections.^[42]^[44] Reforms, including limited guardianships and periodic capacity reassessments, aim to mitigate such overreach while preserving core duties to vulnerable wards.^[42]

Historical and enforcement contexts

The watch and ward system originated in medieval England as a communal mechanism for maintaining public order, requiring householders to rotate duties in guarding communities during the day (ward) and patrolling at night (watch) to deter crime through visible presence and rapid response via the "hue and cry." This arrangement was formalized in the Statute of Winchester in 1285 under King Edward I, which mandated constables in each hundred and borough to organize patrols, enforce curfews, and pursue felons, expanding prior practices from the 13th century to address rising insecurity from vagrancy and robbery.^[45]^[46]^[47] The system's emphasis on collective guardianship prioritized deterrence over reactive punishment, relying on community vigilance to prevent breaches rather than centralized intervention, though enforcement often faltered due to reluctant participants and inconsistent application.^[45] In the City of London, the 25 ancient wards served as semi-autonomous units for local policing from the medieval period, with each ward electing constables and beadles to oversee watchmen, suppress disturbances, and report to aldermen, functioning as proto-enforcement districts until the 19th century.^[48]^[49] Prior to the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, which centralized outer London policing, City wards maintained independent night watches and daytime patrols, with reforms in 1832 establishing a structured force of one superintendent, three inspectors, ten sergeants, and 85 constables per ward for continuous coverage, reflecting a shift toward professionalized deterrence while retaining ward-level accountability.^[50] This ward-based structure underscored causal reliance on localized, visible authority to inhibit opportunistic crime, distinct from broader judicial custody. Enforcement contexts evolved to assign dedicated officers to wards in jurisdictions like modern London boroughs, where "ward officers" conduct patrols and community engagement to enforce bylaws and prevent disorder, as seen in post-2010 neighbourhood policing models retaining one such officer per ward for targeted deterrence.^[51] Historically, this mirrored ancient precedents, such as Rome's division into 14 wards under Augustus around 6 CE, each patrolled by vigiles for fire suppression and theft arrests, emphasizing guardianship's role in causal crime reduction through proximity and oversight rather than welfare-oriented reforms. Such systemic uses of "ward" highlight enforcement's foundational logic: sustained visibility fosters compliance and disrupts criminal opportunities at the community level.^[45]

Personal names

Ward as a surname

The surname Ward derives primarily from Old English weard, denoting a watchman, guard, or keeper, functioning as an occupational name for individuals responsible for protection or vigilance.^[52] This etymology traces back to pre-Norman Conquest usage in Anglo-Saxon England, where it appeared as both an agent noun and abstract term for guardianship.^[53] In Irish contexts, Ward represents an Anglicized shortening of Mac an Bhaird, meaning "son of the bard" or poet, originating from Gaelic hereditary roles among families in regions like Connacht and Ulster.^[54] These dual origins reflect convergent linguistic paths in English and Celtic traditions, with the English form predominating in topographic or civil roles and the Irish in cultural stewardship.^[55] Ward ranks among the most common surnames in English-speaking nations, holding the 79th position in the United States with 260,464 bearers recorded in census data.^[56] In the United Kingdom, it stands as the 32nd most frequent surname, with notable concentrations in areas like Sheffield and historical strongholds in counties such as Galway.^[57] Globally, approximately 58% of Ward occurrences are in North America, underscoring migration patterns from Britain and Ireland.^[58] Genetic ancestry analyses indicate that 56.2% of individuals bearing the surname exhibit British and Irish heritage markers, aligning with these demographic distributions despite occasional admixtures from other European sources.^[59] Notable historical bearers include Artemas Ward (1727–1800), a major general in the American Revolutionary War who commanded colonial forces early in the conflict and later served as a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts.^[60] Other figures encompass Sir Patience Ward (1629–1696), an English merchant and Lord Mayor of London during the late 17th century, exemplifying the surname's association with civic and mercantile prominence in Britain.^[55] These instances highlight Ward's recurrence among military, political, and professional elites across Anglo-American history, though comprehensive listings vary by regional records.^[54]

Ward as a given name

Ward is a masculine given name derived from the Old English term weard, signifying "guard," "watchman," or "protector," which originally denoted an occupational role before transitioning from surname to personal name usage.^[28]^[61] This etymology emphasizes themes of guardianship, distinguishing its baptismal application from broader surname connotations.^[62] Primarily adopted in English-speaking cultures, it gained traction as a first name in 19th- and early 20th-century America, where surname-derived names became fashionable for boys, though it has always been far less prevalent than Ward as a family name.^[63]^[64] Social Security Administration records indicate Ward entered moderate popularity among U.S. male births around the late 1800s, achieving higher rankings in the early 1900s before a steady decline post-1950s, reflecting shifting naming trends away from occupational surnames toward more varied or diminutive forms.^[65] By 2021, only 44 boys received the name, placing it at approximately the 2,800th rank and underscoring its rarity in contemporary usage—over 99% less common than peak levels.^[66] The name's strong gender association with males persists, with negligible female applications historically or currently.^[67] Notable bearers include American actor Ward Bond (1903–1960), who appeared in over 200 films, often portraying authoritative figures in Westerns directed by John Ford, exemplifying the name's mid-20th-century cultural footprint before its broader fade.^[68] This usage pattern highlights Ward's niche persistence in professional and fictional contexts tied to American identity, without significant revival or international variants as a given name.^[69]

Geographical locations

Locations in the United States

Ward, Colorado, is a home rule municipality in Boulder County, situated in the Front Range foothills west of Boulder, originally established as a mining camp following gold and silver discoveries in 1861.^[70] A post office opened there in 1863 as "Ward District," named for early prospector Calvin Ward, with a school built the same year; the town later incorporated in 1896 amid peak mining activity that included over 50 buildings by 1901 and narrow-gauge rail service arriving in 1898.^[71]^[72]^[73] Ward, New York, is a town in Allegany County formed in 1856, the last of the county's 29 townships to be organized, and named for Judge Hamilton Ward, a former state attorney general from Belmont.^[74] The area features rural landscapes with historical ties to lumber and agriculture rather than large-scale extraction. Ward, Arkansas, lies in northern Lonoke County along the historic Southwest Trail on the western edge of the Grand Prairie, functioning primarily as a farming community since its early settlement.^[75] Ward County, Texas, was organized in 1887 and named for Thomas W. Ward, a soldier in the Texas Revolution; it occupies the southwestern High Plains near the Permian Basin, where oil extraction has dominated the economy since the mid-20th century.^[76]^[77] The county seat is Monahans, with a 2020 Census population of 11,644 and median household income of $71,719 as of recent estimates, reflecting resource-driven growth amid a poverty rate of about 14.6%.^[78]^[79] Smaller hamlets named Ward exist in states including Florida, Illinois, South Carolina, and West Virginia, often unincorporated and tied to local rural or historical features without significant independent economic profiles.^[80]

Locations outside the United States

Ward, New Zealand, is a small rural town in the Marlborough Region, located on State Highway 1 approximately 82 kilometers north of Kaikōura and 45 kilometers south of Blenheim. Established in 1905 through the subdivision of the 23,000-hectare Flaxbourne pastoral estate by the government, the township was named after Sir Joseph Ward, then a cabinet minister and later Prime Minister.^[81] The area serves as a center for farming activities, reflecting early 20th-century patterns of land division for agricultural settlement in New Zealand's South Island.^[82] In South Australia, Ward is a bounded rural locality within the Mid Murray Council area, characterized by sparse population and agricultural land use. The 2021 Australian Census recorded 87 residents, with a median age of 36 years and an average household size of 2.7 persons across 63 private dwellings.^[83] Settlement patterns emphasize grain production and livestock grazing, consistent with broader regional trends in outback South Australia where small populations support primary industries.^[83] Ward's Island forms part of the Toronto Islands in Lake Ontario, Canada, serving as the primary residential enclave with approximately 262 homes and around 650 inhabitants. Accessible primarily by ferry from mainland Toronto, the community features pedestrian-only streets and a mix of heritage cottages, developed from early 20th-century reclamation and settlement efforts amid the harbor's industrial and recreational evolution.^[84] This contrasts with continental rural wards by embodying urban escape patterns, where density remains low despite proximity to metropolitan Toronto's 2.8 million residents as of 2021.^[84]

Organizations and businesses

Automotive, publishing, and retail businesses

Montgomery Ward & Company, commonly known as Ward's, was founded on August 18, 1872, by Aaron Montgomery Ward in Chicago, Illinois, as a mail-order business selling dry goods directly to rural consumers, bypassing traditional middlemen and retailers.^[85] The company's inaugural catalog, a single-sheet publication listing 163 items, revolutionized retail distribution by offering fixed prices and a satisfaction guarantee, enabling widespread access to merchandise in underserved areas and exemplifying early free-market innovations in supply chain efficiency.^[85] By the 1920s, Ward's expanded into brick-and-mortar stores, operating 208 locations by 1928 and growing to over 500 by the early 1930s, while maintaining its catalog operations that peaked at 240 pages and millions of copies annually.^[86] Ward's resisted organized labor pressures, notably during mid-20th-century disputes where management prioritized operational continuity over union concessions, contributing to its reputation for assertive business practices amid broader industry unionization trends.^[87] However, intensified competition from discount chains like Walmart and Target eroded its market share in the late 20th century, leading to a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing on July 8, 1997, followed by the closure of all remaining stores and catalog operations in December 2000 after 128 years.^[87]^[88] In automotive publishing, Ward's Communications, established in the early 20th century, produced specialized reports and magazines serving the industry, including Ward's Automotive Reports, a weekly newsletter launched around 1923 that provided sales data, production statistics, and market analysis until its discontinuation on January 28, 2019, after 96 years.^[89] The firm introduced Ward's AutoWorld as a monthly trade magazine in 1970, focusing on trends such as the rise of sport utility vehicles in the 1980s, and published annual Automotive Yearbooks starting in 1938, offering comprehensive data on vehicle production, supplier metrics, and economic impacts.^[90] These publications established Ward's as a key data provider for manufacturers, suppliers, and investors, emphasizing empirical industry benchmarks over the century.^[91]

Other organizations and entities

Ward Laboratories, Inc., founded in 1983 by Dr. Raymond C. Ward in Kearney, Nebraska, operates as an agricultural testing facility providing analyses of soil, plant tissue, water, feed, and fertilizer samples to enable data-driven decisions for crop nutrition and soil health management.^[92] The lab, certified by bodies such as the Certified Professional Agronomist program, processes samples using standardized methods to deliver results that support sustainable farming practices and yield optimization, with Dr. Ward's expertise in agronomy ensuring reliability in nutrient recommendations.^[93]^[94] The Ward Baking Company, established in 1849 by Irish immigrant Hugh Ward in Manhattan, New York, expanded into a major U.S. industrial bakery by implementing scientific sanitation standards and mechanized processes in the early 20th century.^[95] By 1910, it pioneered the first fully automated bread production facility in Chicago, generating hundreds of consistent loaves per day and reducing labor dependency through continuous dough mixing and baking lines, which enhanced output efficiency and product uniformity.^[96] The firm, which reached peak scale with factories nationwide by the 1920s before rebranding as Continental Baking Company, contributed to the standardization of commercial bread quality amid rising urban demand.^[97] Within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a ward denotes a geographically delineated local congregation serving 200 to 500 members, presided over by an unpaid bishop responsible for pastoral care, welfare assistance, and administrative functions such as tithing collection and youth programs.^[29] These units, numbering over 30,000 worldwide as of recent church reports, emphasize self-reliance and mutual aid, with ward councils coordinating service projects and ordinances; several wards aggregate into a stake for regional oversight akin to a diocese.^[98] The ward structure, rooted in 19th-century frontier organization, prioritizes lay leadership to foster community cohesion without professional clergy.^[99]

Transportation and vessels

Naval and military vessels

USS Ward (DD-139), a Wickes-class destroyer, was the principal United States Navy vessel named Ward, honoring Commander James Harmon Ward, the first U.S. Navy officer killed in action during the Civil War.^[100] Laid down on 15 May 1918 at Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California, she launched on 1 June 1918 and commissioned on 24 July 1918 under Commander Milton S. Davis, with initial armament including four 4-inch guns, two 3-inch guns, and twelve 21-inch torpedo tubes.^[101] Decommissioned on 21 July 1921 at San Diego after limited post-World War I service, she lay in reserve until recommissioned on 15 January 1941 under Lieutenant Commander Hunter Wood Jr., as Pacific tensions escalated.^[101] At 0645 on 7 December 1941, while patrolling Pearl Harbor's entrance, USS Ward sighted a Japanese midget submarine periscope, opened fire with her 4-inch guns, and depth-charged the target, sinking it and marking the first U.S. shots and surface kill of World War II—over an hour before the aerial attack on Pearl Harbor began.^[102]^[101] Redesignated APD-16 and converted to a high-speed transport at Puget Sound Navy Yard, she recommissioned on 6 February 1943 with enhanced anti-aircraft armament (including 3-inch/50 caliber guns and 20 mm Oerlikons) and capacity for four landing craft, enabling troop transport and support roles.^[101] In the South Pacific, she screened landings at Tulagi (August 1943), Cape Gloucester (December 1943), and Emirau Island (March 1944), while downing two Japanese aircraft on 7 April 1943 during operations near the Russell Islands.^[101] On 7 December 1944—the third anniversary of Pearl Harbor—Japanese aircraft struck USS Ward in Ormoc Bay, Leyte, Philippines, during a troop reinforcement convoy; critically damaged, she was scuttled by USS O'Brien at 1130 to avoid capture, with 13 crew killed and her name stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 January 1945.^[101] No other major naval or military vessels named Ward achieved comparable prominence in combat records.^[101]

Other transportation uses

Ward Body Works, founded in 1933 by blacksmith David H. Ward in Conway, Arkansas, initially produced wooden school bus bodies before pioneering all-steel construction with its first such model in 1936 for $125.^[103]^[104] By the early 1950s, the company ranked among the top seven U.S. school bus manufacturers, expanding to full-time production by 1939 and achieving industry leadership as the largest producer by 1973 through innovations in durable, mass-produced bodies mounted on chassis from suppliers like Chevrolet and Ford.^[104]^[105] Operations continued under Ward Industries until the late 1970s, after which it reorganized into larger entities like AmTran and eventually IC Corporation, influencing modern school bus designs with emphasis on safety and steel fabrication.^[103] Ward LaFrance Truck Company, established in 1916 in Elmira Heights, New York, by Addison Ward LaFrance, manufactured commercial trucks before shifting focus to specialized fire apparatus starting with its first pumper in 1930.^[106]^[107] The firm produced heavy-duty trucks for civilian and municipal use, including open-cab ladder trucks, with production peaking in the mid-20th century until economic challenges led to closure in the 1970s and a brief revival under Ward 79 until 1990.^[106]^[108] These vehicles emphasized custom engineering for payload capacity and reliability in urban environments, distinct from naval applications.^[107]

Cultural, fictional, and modern uses

Fictional characters and media

Charles Dexter Ward serves as the central figure in H.P. Lovecraft's horror novella The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, composed in early 1927 and posthumously published in Weird Tales in May and July 1941.^[109] The narrative depicts Ward as a young antiquarian scholar from Providence, Rhode Island, whose genealogical research into his 18th-century ancestor, the sorcerer Joseph Curwen, uncovers occult practices and results in Ward's psychological descent and apparent body swap with the revived necromancer.^[109] Ward Cleaver appears as the patriarchal father in the American sitcom Leave It to Beaver, which aired on CBS from 1957 to 1958 and ABC from 1958 to 1963, portrayed by actor Hugh Beaumont. Cleaver embodies the era's ideal of the responsible, middle-class provider and moral guide to his sons Wally and Theodore ("Beaver"), often dispensing practical advice amid suburban family dynamics, with his character drawing from post-World War II cultural norms of stability and discipline. Grant Ward functions as a key antagonist in the Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., debuting in the 2013 pilot and portrayed by Brett Dalton across seasons 1 through 7 (2013–2020). Introduced as a skilled S.H.I.E.L.D. operative and specialist in combat and espionage, Ward's arc reveals his deep-cover loyalty to Hydra, leading to betrayals, imprisonment, and eventual death in 2015's "What They Become" episode, highlighting themes of infiltration and ideological conflict within the franchise's superhero framework.

Gaming and technical terms

In multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games, a ward refers to a consumable, deployable item that grants temporary vision to reveal enemy positions, deny fog of war, and facilitate strategic map control, deriving from the Old English "weard," meaning to guard or watch over an area.^[28] This usage emphasizes defensive surveillance, distinct from offensive tools, and has become a staple mechanic in competitive play for coordinating ambushes and avoiding ganks. In League of Legends, released by Riot Games on October 27, 2009, wards include the Stealth Ward, which invisibly scouts a 1000-unit radius for 120 seconds to spot hidden threats, and the Control Ward, which reveals enemy wards, traps, and camouflaged units while disabling such devices in its vicinity.^[110] These items, purchasable from the shop, evolved from early beta free wards to balanced trinkets in Season 4 (2014), with patch updates like the 2023 durability adjustments reducing attack vulnerability to promote proactive placement over reactive destruction.^[111] Similarly, in Dota 2, launched by Valve on July 9, 2013, Observer Wards deploy as flying sentinels providing elevated vision to oversee lanes and objectives, while Sentry Wards emit true sight in a 1200-unit radius to detect invisibility and destroy enemy wards on contact.^[112] Mechanics have iterated through patches, such as the 7.07 update (December 2016) decoupling Sentry auto-placement from Observers for tactical flexibility, and 7.39 (2024) refining vision displays for better player awareness without altering core durations of 480 seconds for Observers.^[113]^[112] Beyond MOBAs, wards appear in other strategy titles like Warcraft III (2002), where they function analogously for fog revelation, but the term lacks standardized use in broader computing contexts such as programming or hardware architecture, where "word" denotes data units rather than protective mechanisms.^[28]

References

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What is a Ward? - Glossary - eScribe Meetings
What is a Ward? A ward refers to a specific geographical area or district within a city that is represented by a member(s) of a city council.
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noun a division or district of a city or town, as for administrative or political purposes. Synonyms: precinct a division, floor, or room of a hospital.
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WARD Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
1. a : the action or process of guarding b : a body of guards c (1) : a division in a hospital a maternity ward (2) : a large room in a hospitalWard off · Ward heeler · Watch and ward
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ward | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
A ward refers to a person who is under the protection, care, or guardianship of another individual, typically due to being a minor or legally incapacitated.
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Ward Definition
1) A person (usually a minor) who has a guardian appointed by the court to care for and take responsibility for that person.<|separator|>
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An electoral ward (often referred to as a division in county councils) is the smallest unit of electoral geography in the UK.Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Jan 3, 2023 · UK parliament. devolved governments. local authorities and electoral wards and electoral divisions. The hierarchy of electoral geographies for ...
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Election Maps, designed to help the understanding of the electoral geography of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Find your Ward and Alderperson by Street Address. Ward Map of Chicago (in PDF format). These ward maps are linked to the Chicago Board of Election ...
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At-large elections assumed that “better” kinds of candidates wouldn't emerge from wards, where small or petty issues flourish. For cities to grow and develop, ...<|separator|>
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Mar 11, 2010 · The Romans provided us with the root of the word “hospital” from the Latin word “hospes” for host or “hospitium,” meaning a place to entertain.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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The new design ward (n=1) had predominantly (>80%) single-bed rooms with private bathrooms, greater space, one hand-washing sink in each room and a hallway ...
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May 15, 2024 · Figure 13.2 During the 1918 flu pandemic, some clients were isolated in outdoor sick wards. (credit: “Influenza ward, Walter Reed Hospital ...
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... design of open, long hospital wards to see all patients. The design of units and patient rooms should allow caregivers to be in visual proximity to patients ...<|separator|>
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The hospital provides patient care in an environment that poses no risk of an immediate threat to patient safety, public health, or staff safety. Page 6 ...
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The effect of supermaximum security prisons on aggregate levels of institutional violence. Criminology, 41(4), 1341-1376. Cloud, D. H., Drucker, E., Browne, A., ...
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Apr 6, 2019 · Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, in prisons in many (though not all) states, prison wardens segregated the housing blocks in prisons ...<|separator|>
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Sep 27, 2025 · Prison Security Levels ; Minimum, 22,260, 14.4% ; Low, 56,254, 36.3% ; Medium, 50,868, 32.8% ; High, 19,027, 12.3%.Missing: wards | Show results with:wards
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Bureau of Prisons (BOP) institutions are classified into one of five security levels: MINIMUM, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, and ADMINISTRATIVE based on the ...Missing: wards | Show results with:wards
[24]
The Effects of Prison Sentences on Recidivism
None of the analysis conducted produced any evidence that prison sentences reduce recidivism. Indeed, combining the data from the more vs. less and ...
[25]
[PDF] Length of Incarceration and Recidivism
Jun 21, 2022 · After a starting event —in this study, release from prison into the community or placement on probation—recidivism events are documented through ...
[26]
Parts of a Medieval Castle: The Ward or Bailey
Apr 26, 2021 · A castle's Ward or Bailey is a courtyard enclosed by a curtain wall. Wards can range from simple enclosures to concentric defences.
[27]
What Is A Ward/Bailey? Understanding Medieval Castle Courtyards
A ward or bailey in a medieval castle refers to a courtyard enclosed by curtain walls, used for both defense and daily activities. Castles could have multiple ...
[28]
Ward - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Middle English ward "keeping, care, safekeeping," also "control, rule, proper preservation," from Old English weard "a guarding, protection; watchman, sentry, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[29]
Wards and Stakes - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Most priesthood quorums and Church auxiliaries are organized at the ward level. Lines of ecclesiastical authority connect wards through stake presidencies ...
[30]
A ward is a local Latter-day Saint congregation, organized ...
A ward is a geographically organized local congregation where members worship, have activities, and support each other, with a bishop as lay leader.Missing: ecclesiastical | Show results with:ecclesiastical
[31]
Ward: Understanding Legal Guardianship and Responsibilities
A ward is an individual, often a minor or someone deemed unable to manage their own affairs, who is placed under the protection of a guardian appointed by the ...
[32]
Glossary of Terms Relating to Guardianship | NYCOURTS.GOV
The legal term for a person found to be incapacitated by the court and who was appointed a guardian. Sometimes referred to as a “ward.” Interim/Temporary ...
[33]
[PDF] The Care and Protection of Feudal Wards in Medieval England
Legal sources are consistent when they discuss customs of feudal wardship in medieval England, which were in common practice by the twelfth century. These laws ...
[34]
Wardship and marriage | Legal Guardianship & Marriage Law
Wardship and marriage, in feudal law, rights belonging to the lord of a fief with respect to the personal lives of his vassals.
[35]
[PDF] English Child Custody Law, 1660-1839: The Origins of Judicial ...
Jan 1, 1999 · The father's right to appoint a guardian to his children by will originated with a 1660 statute. From 1660 to the time of Blackstone, the ...
[36]
The Case of the English Court of Wards and Liveries, 1540–1660
Jan 30, 2023 · The paper examines the Court of Wards, which from 1540 to 1646 administered the Crown's right to take custody of children and their lands when these were held ...<|separator|>
[37]
Acting for the Disabled Adult--Guardianships - State Bar of Michigan
If a conservator is not appointed, the guardian may take control of and manage the incapacitated person's funds and property for the benefit of the individual.
[38]
Age of Majority - Center for Parent Information and Resources
The age of majority is 18 in most areas, except three states. Alabama and Nebraska set the age of majority to 19 and Mississippi sets it at 21.
[39]
Guardianship – USLegal, Inc.
The age of majority is defined by state laws, which vary by state, but is 18 in most states. >>>>>> Visit Guardianships.USLegal.com. The appointment of a ...
[40]
The Basic Law on Guardianship | Stimmel Law
It may also be nominated in the petition with the court. The person for whom a guardian is appointed is called a ward. Generally, the ward cannot provide food, ...<|separator|>
[41]
Manual - The Guardian for Property Management | NYCOURTS.GOV
One of the most difficult tasks guardians usually face is to find all the assets and sources of income of their ward. A good source of help for guardians is the ...Missing: duties common
[42]
[PDF] Literature Review of Guardianship Abuse and Fraud
This literature review covers the scope, prevalence, and nature of guardianship abuse and fraud, as well as prevention and intervention strategies.
[43]
[PDF] ADDRESSING ABUSE BY GUARDIANS: THE ROLES OF ADULT ...
This article examines abuse by a guardian as it is currently known in the United States, along with the roles, responsibilities, and experiences of the three ...
[44]
Challenges in Guardianship and Guardianship Abuse
Mar 11, 2021 · This article discusses the challenges, overuse and abuse of adult guardianship and conservatorship, the scope of the issue, and the need to ...Missing: risks empirical
[45]
Police - Law Enforcement, Reforms, History - Britannica
The primary purpose of the watch and ward was to guard the city gates at night. The duties of watchmen were later expanded to include lighting streetlamps, ...
[46]
Watch and Ward System - Parks - Major Reference Works
Jan 22, 2014 · The Watch and Ward system was the first organized attempt at policing the masses. The Watch and Ward was codified in the Statutes of Winchester in 1285.
[47]
Watch and ward - Oxford Reference
Modifications to the system were eventually incorporated in the Statute of Winchester of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.
[48]
The City of London
Wards had the responsibility for policing the City, and their officers were ... Policing the City: Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780-1840.
[49]
Background - Policing - London Lives
Early modern householders were required to serve by rotation or appointment on the night watch, patrolling specified streets between 9 or 10 pm and sunrise.
[50]
The City of London Police - Jack the Ripper
Reform of the City Police began in 1832 when a daytime duty of 1 Superintendent, 3 Inspectors, 10 Sergeants and 85 constables was established. At night, however ...
[51]
How Ward Panels Support Neighbourhood Policing - Oxford Academic
Jan 30, 2024 · However, the LPM retained at least one Dedicated Ward Officer for each ward, and one PCSO.3. London also has a well-established ward panel ...Missing: enforcement jurisdictions
[52]
Ward Surname Meaning & Ward Family History at Ancestry.com®
English: occupational name from Middle English warde 'armed guard' (Old English weard 'watching guarding') with the same meaning as 1 above. Irish: shortened ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
WARD Name Meaning and Origin - Surnames - ThoughtCo
May 12, 2025 · The Ward surname is from Old English and Old Gaelic origins before the Norman Conquest of 1066. In Irish, Ward means 'son of a bard' and ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[54]
Ward Name Meaning and Ward Family History at FamilySearch
Irish: shortened form of McWard, an Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac an Bhaird 'son of the poet'. The surname occurs throughout Ireland, where three ...
[55]
Ward History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - HouseOfNames
Etymology of Ward ... What does the name Ward mean? The ancient Gaelic form of the Irish name Ward was Mac an Bhaird, which means son of the bard.Ward History · Etymology · Early Origins · Early History
[56]
Ward last name popularity, history, and meaning - Name Census
Ward is the 79th most popular name in America based on the data we have collected from the U.S. Census Bureau. The Ward surname appeared 260,464 times in the ...Missing: distribution UK prevalence
[57]
Ward Surname Origin, Meaning & Family Tree | Findmypast.co.uk
Most often, it is an occupational English name deriving from the Old English word 'warde' or 'wearde', which means to 'watch' or 'guard'. This name would have ...
[58]
Ward Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The last name occurs predominantly in The Americas, where 59 percent of Ward live; 58 percent live in North America and 58 percent live in Anglo-North America.
[59]
Ward Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin, Family History 2024
56.2% British & Irish origin. 75.58% White in US. English: occupational name for a watchman or guard, from Middle English ward 'watchman, ...
[60]
WARD, Artemas | US House of Representatives
WARD, Artemas, (father of Artemas Ward, Jr.), a Delegate and a Representative from Massachusetts; born in Shrewsbury, Mass., November 26, 1727; attended the ...Missing: notable figures surname
[61]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Ward (1)
Gender Masculine. Usage English. Pronounced Pron. /ˈwɔɹd/(American English). /ˈwɔːd/(British English). [key·simplify]. Meaning & History. From an occupational ...
[62]
Ward: Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity, & Inspiration
Jun 9, 2019 · English : occupational name for a watchman or guard, from Old English weard 'guard' (used as both an agent noun and an abstract noun). · Irish : ...
[63]
Ward - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity - TheBump.com
Most typically a surname, Ward has strong English and Gaelic roots and a definition of “watchman.” It originates from an occupational surname borne by a guard ...
[64]
Ward - Baby Name Meaning, Origin, and Popularity for a Boy
Ward is a boy's name of English origin meaning "guard, watchman". Ward is the 834 ranked male name by popularity.Missing: notable | Show results with:notable<|control11|><|separator|>
[65]
Ward - Baby name meaning, origin, and popularity - BabyCenter
See the popularity of the baby name Ward over time, plus its meaning ... Source: Social Security Administration & BabyCenter user data. Looking for ...
[66]
Baby Name Uniqueness Analyzer: Ward - data·yze
Ward was the 2800th most popular boys name. · In 2021 there were only 44 baby boys named Ward. · 1 out of every 42,287 baby boys born in 2021 are named Ward.Missing: United States
[67]
WARD First Name Statistics by MyNameStats.com
WARD is ranked as the 5145th most popular given name in the United States with an estimated population of 2,331. · This name is in the 98th percentile, this ...
[68]
Ward Bond(1903-1960) - IMDb
Ward Bond. Actor: The Maltese Falcon. Gruff, burly American character actor. Born in 1903 in Benkelman, Nebraska (confirmed by Social Security records; ...
[69]
Ward Baby Name - Uncover Its Meaning, Origin, Popularity, and More
Tracing the Origin of Ward The name Ward finds its origins in the Old English language, where it was derived from the word 'weard', meaning guard or protector. ...
[70]
Mining Begins in the Ward District | The Watershed Center
Mining activity began in 1861 following the discovery of gold and silver in the mountains west of Boulder. This area is part of the Front Range (or ...
[71]
Ward Colorado - Western Mining History
A post office was established in 1863 under the name "Ward District". A school was built that same year. Ward, Colorado ca. 1890. As ...
[72]
Ward remains a weird and wild Colorado town
Oct 13, 2025 · Named after prospector Calvin Ward, the town was founded in 1860 following the discovery of gold at Gold Hill. Over the last 165 years, this ...
[73]
Mining, tourism history preserved in Ward, Allenspark | MMAC Monthly
Aug 6, 2015 · The city was incorporated in June 1896 and the railroad reached the area in 1898, arriving over the Switzerland Trail. In 1901 over 50 buildings ...<|separator|>
[74]
Town of Ward - the Allegany County Historical Society
WARD (1856): This is the last of our 29 townships to be formed. The town was named in honor of Judge Hamilton Ward from Belmont who was a former state attorney ...
[75]
Ward (Lonoke County) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
Aug 27, 2025 · The town of Ward is a farming community located in northern Lonoke County on the western edge of Arkansas's Grand Prairie along the old Southwest Trail.
[76]
Ward County - Permian Basin Regional Planning Commission
Population: 11,644; (2020 Census) · County seat: Monahans · Ward County, founded in 1887, was named for Thomas W. Ward, a soldier in the Texas Revolution.
[77]
Ward County | TX Almanac
Ward County is on the southwestern edge of the High Plains region of southwest Texas. The center of the county is at 31°32' north latitude and 103°07' west ...
[78]
Ward County, Texas - U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts
Population. Population estimates, July 1, 2024, (V2024).. 11,038. Population estimates base, April 1, 2020, (V2024).. 11,643. Population, percent change ...
[79]
Ward County, Texas Population 2025
Ward County's average per capita income is $52,093. Household income levels show a median of $71,719. The poverty rate stands at 14.56%.
[80]
Places in United States named Ward - Country Maps
Places in United States named Ward ; Ward, hamlet, West Virginia ; Ward, hamlet, Florida ; Ward, village, South Carolina ; Ward, hamlet, Illinois ...
[81]
Ward - NZ History
The 23,000-hectare Flaxbourne estate was subdivided by the government in 1905 and the township was laid out and named after Joseph Ward, a cabinet minister.
[82]
Ward | Marlborough places | Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Ward, 45 kilometres south-east of Blenheim and 83 kilometres north of Kaikōura on State Highway 1, is the centre of a farming district.
[83]
2021 Ward, Census All persons QuickStats
Note 2: Due to the small population for this area, limited information has been provided. Note 3: Small random adjustments have been made to all cell values to ...
[84]
Ward's island in Toronto
The Toronto Island community is at the eastern end of the Toronto Island Park. People live on Ward's and Algonquin Islands. There are 262 homes and roughly 650 ...
[85]
Montgomery Ward's First Catalog - Chicago History Museum
Aug 17, 2022 · It issued its final mail-order catalog in 1985, and just over a decade later in 1997 it would file for bankruptcy, closing all its remaining ...
[86]
A Mail Order Dynasty: The History of Montgomery Ward & Company
Sep 21, 2024 · In 1997, Montgomery Ward filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. As a last hail-Mary effort to remain competitive, Montgomery Ward closed over 100 ...
[87]
Montgomery Ward Files for Bankruptcy - Los Angeles Times
Jul 8, 1997 · The bankruptcy filing caps a struggle that dates to at least the early 1980s, when Montgomery Ward brought in then-Chrysler Corp. Chairman Lee ...
[88]
Montgomery Ward records - Chicago History Museum
By 1996, Brennan had left the company. Ward's filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 1997. In Dec. 2000, after 128 years in business, the company closed.<|separator|>
[89]
Ward's Automotive Reports ends after 96 years - Detroit Free Press
Feb 1, 2019 · Ward's Automotive Reports, the 96-year-old weekly newsletter that helped create the craft of automotive journalism, published its last issue Jan. 28, after ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[90]
"Ward's Auto World," Magazine for October 1983 - The Henry Ford
They began publishing Ward's AutoWorld, a monthly trade magazine, in 1970. This October 1983 issue analyzed the sports utility vehicle trend of the 1980s.
[91]
Wards100: Vehicles With Greatest Impact 1924-2024 - WardsAuto
Jan 3, 2025 · WardsAuto, celebrating its 100th anniversary, selects the top vehicles and runners-up by decade for 100 years, from 1924 to 2024.
[92]
About Us - Ward Laboratories, Inc.
Learn about Ward Laboratories, a trusted soil test lab dedicated to accurate analysis and sustainable farming practices.
[93]
Raymond C. Ward - Ward Laboratories, Inc.
Dr. Ray Ward founded Ward Laboratories in 1983 alongside his late wife, Joleen. Dr. Ward holds certifications as a Professional Agronomist (CPAg), Professional ...
[94]
theory-of-sampling-in-agriculture - Ward Labs
Jun 4, 2024 · The theory of sampling in agriculture analysis is key when pulling samples to ensure accurate data to make well informed decisions.
[95]
Walkabout: The Ward Bakery Company – A Wonder ... - Brownstoner
Apr 14, 2015 · The Ward Bakery Company was founded in 1849, in a small bakery on Broome Street, in Manhattan. Eighty years later, the company was the largest commercial ...
[96]
July 1, 1910: Give Us This Day Our Automated Bread - WIRED
Jun 30, 2010 · 1910: Ward Baking Company puts a fully automated bread factory into operation. The mechanized factory in Chicago churns out hundreds of perfect loaves a day, ...
[97]
Walkabout: The Ward Bakery Company, the Snow-White Temple of ...
Apr 7, 2015 · Back in Pittsburgh, in 1909, Ward had established a Baking Research Fellowship at Mellon Institute, under the direction of Dr. Robert Kennedy ...
[98]
Learn More about the Organizational Structure of the Church
The leader of a congregation is called a bishop. His administrative “parish” is called a ward. A group of wards forms a stake, and the leader of a stake is a ...
[99]
Ward Organization | Religious Studies Center - BYU
A ward is a geographically defined Church unit organized to provide every member the opportunity to find fellowship with the Saints and give service to others.
[100]
USS Ward (APD-16, ex-DD-139) flush-deck destroyer-transport
Ward, Wickes-class Destroyer No. 139, was laid down on 15 May 1918 by the Mare Island Navy Yard; launched in a record 15 days on 1 June 1918.Missing: military | Show results with:military
[101]
Ward (Destroyer No. 139) - Naval History and Heritage Command
Dec 4, 2017 · On 17 July 1920, during the sweeping Navy-wide assignment of identification numbers, Ward was assigned the designation DD-139.
[102]
USS Ward (DD-139) Action Report
Mar 16, 2018 · While patrolling Pearl Harbor Entrance on Sunday, December 7, 1941, the USS Ward attacked an unidentified submarine in the Restricted Area off the Harbor.
[103]
IC Corporation - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
Jun 22, 2024 · IC Corporation was founded in 1933 by blacksmith David H. Ward as Ward Body Works, a company that originally made school bus bodies from wood.
[104]
Ward Body Works, 1933-1970; Conway, Arkansas - Coachbuilt
Ward Body Works, founded by David H. Ward, was a major school bus manufacturer from 1933-1970, and one of the top 7 in the early 1950s.
[105]
Ward Body Works - FranaWiki - Honors at UCA
Aug 25, 2010 · Ward Body Works was founded in 1933 by David H. "Dave" Ward, became the largest school bus manufacturer by 1973, and was later reorganized into ...
[106]
Ward LaFrance Truck Co. - SPAAMFAA
The company was named after its founder, Addison Ward LaFrance. He was the son of Asa LaFrance, who was one of the founders of the LaFrance Fire Engine Company.Missing: manufacturer | Show results with:manufacturer
[107]
Coachbult.com - Ward LaFrance Truck Corp. - Coachbuilt
Ward LaFrance built their first fire engine in 1931, and these vehicles became of increasing importance in the firm's activities. Conventional open-cab ladder ...Missing: manufacturer | Show results with:manufacturer
[108]
Ward LaFrance fire truck history « chicagoareafire.com
Jun 5, 2023 · A company called WARD 79 was formed at the old plant and built some apparatus on various custom and commercial chassis until they closed in 1990.
[109]
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward by H. P. Lovecraft
Aug 20, 2009 · He bore the name of Charles Dexter Ward, and was placed under restraint most reluctantly by the grieving father who had watched his aberration ...
[110]
Ward | League of Legends Wiki - Fandom
Wards take 1 damage when hit by a basic attack, regardless of the attack's damage or on-hit effects. Full Fiora Bladework basic attack resets allow you to ...Types of Ward · General · Strategy · TriviaMissing: mechanics | Show results with:mechanics
[111]
Trinket item - League of Legends Wiki - Fandom
Stealth Ward can be used to ensure the safety of nearby brush, or keep an eye on a position in the lane that could be quickly overrun by the presence of enemy ...
[112]
Dueling Fates - The 7.07 Update - Dota 2
Sentry Wards: Sentry wards no longer automatically appear in front of Observer Wards when buying the item. Silver Edge: No longer applies enemy damage ...
[113]
Dota Patch Notes - 7.39
... sentry and observer wards. Watchers now only display their potential vision areas when holding Alt. General Changes. Lifesteal Amplification and Spell ...7.39e · 7.38c · 7.39b