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Squizzy Taylor

Joseph Leslie Theodore "Squizzy" Taylor (29 June 1888 – 27 October 1927) was an Australian gangster who rose to prominence in Melbourne's criminal underworld during the early 20th century.^[1] Born in Brighton, Victoria, to coachmaker Benjamin Isaiah Taylor and Rosina Jones, he grew up in a family that relocated to Richmond in 1893 after financial difficulties, and he began his criminal activities as a teenager with his first arrest at age 16 in 1904 for insulting behavior and a conviction for theft in 1906 at age 17.^[2]^[1] Taylor's career involved a wide range of illicit enterprises, including armed robbery, involvement in prostitution and illegal sales of liquor and drugs, race-fixing, jury-rigging, and violent standover tactics alongside associates like Paddy Boardman.^[1] He was implicated in several high-profile murders, such as those of bookmaker Arthur Trotter in 1913 and taxi driver William Patrick Haines in 1916, though he was acquitted in multiple trials, including the Haines case and a 1923 charge related to the murder of bank manager Thomas Berriman.^[1] A key event was the 1919 Fitzroy Vendetta, a series of gang-related shootings in Melbourne's inner suburbs that highlighted the razor gang violence of the era.^[1] Despite his notoriety, Taylor briefly ventured into legitimate pursuits, starring as himself in the 1923 Australian film Riding to Win (later released as Bound to Win in 1925).^[1] He married twice: first to Irene Lorna Kelly in 1920, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing in 1924, and then to Ida Muriel Pender in 1924.^[1] Taylor met his end on 27 October 1927, aged 39, during a gunfight with rival gangster John "Snowy" Cutmore at a house in Carlton (near Fitzroy), where he succumbed to gunshot wounds; he was buried in Brighton Cemetery with Anglican rites.^[1]^[3]

Early life

Birth and family

Joseph Leslie Theodore Taylor, later known as Squizzy Taylor, was born on 29 June 1888 in Brighton, Victoria, Australia, the second youngest child to Benjamin Isaiah Taylor, a coachmaker, and Rosina Taylor (née Jones), both born in Victoria.^[1]^[4] The Taylor family encountered severe financial hardship amid the economic depression of the 1890s, which forced them to relocate from their home in the relatively affluent bayside suburb of Brighton to the impoverished inner-city area of Richmond.^[4] Benjamin Taylor's death in 1901 exacerbated these struggles, leaving Rosina to raise the children in the squalid conditions of Richmond's slums, where poverty and instability were pervasive.^[4] Taylor acquired his lifelong nickname "Squizzy" as a child due to a noticeable squint in his left eye, stemming from a droopy and ulcerated eyelid that caused him to squint frequently; he was also referred to by family and associates as Leslie or Teddy.^[5] Physically diminutive at 5 feet 2 inches tall with a light build, sharp features, dark piercing eyes, and a dark complexion, Taylor's slight frame suited him for an early career as a jockey on Melbourne's inner-city pony circuits.^[4]^[1]

Childhood and initial crimes

Joseph Leslie Theodore Taylor, known as Squizzy, experienced a turbulent childhood marked by financial hardship following his family's relocation from the affluent suburb of Brighton to the working-class area of Richmond in 1893, after creditors seized their coachmaking business.^[2] This move exposed the young Taylor to the gritty street life of inner Melbourne, where poverty and social unrest were prevalent among immigrant and working-class communities.^[1] The death of his father, Benjamin Isaiah Taylor, on 28 May 1901, when Squizzy was 12 years old, further destabilized the family, leaving his mother Rosina to raise several children amid economic strain.^[6] With limited formal education—likely confined to basic state schooling—Taylor sought early employment to contribute to the household, beginning as a stable hand in a horse trainer's establishment before attempting a career as a jockey on Melbourne's inner-city pony racing circuit.^[1] These roles immersed him in the rough-and-tumble world of Richmond's youth subcultures, including the larrikin "push" gangs known for petty defiance and minor lawbreaking, which shaped his early worldview and survival instincts.^[1] Taylor's initial encounters with the law began around age 16, when he was arrested in approximately 1904 for insulting behaviour but discharged without conviction, reflecting the era's leniency toward juvenile misdemeanors in industrial suburbs.^[2] By 1906, at age 17, he faced his first criminal conviction for theft, receiving a 21-day prison sentence, followed by another for assault later that year; these offenses, typical of minor larcenies and scuffles among Richmond's street youth, marked his entry into petty crime.^[2]^[1] Such experiences honed his skills in evasion and small-scale deceptions, fostering a reputation within local circles by his mid-teens.^[1]

Criminal career

Pickpocketing and minor offenses (1907–1912)

Following his initial conviction for theft in 1906 at the age of 17, Joseph Leslie Taylor, known as Squizzy, transitioned into a pattern of habitual petty crime in Melbourne's working-class suburbs.^[2] Influenced by the economic hardships of his youth in Richmond, Taylor gravitated toward non-violent offenses such as pickpocketing and minor thefts at crowded public venues, including racecourses.^[1] Taylor's activities during this period often involved working with loose groups of young larrikins, marking his entry into the fringes of Melbourne's underworld. He became associated with the notorious Richmond Push, a street gang known for petty disruptions, thefts, and brawls in the inner-city area.^[1] This affiliation exposed him to early confrontations, where members, including Taylor, began employing razors as weapons in street fights, a tactic that would later define push gang violence.^[1] A notable incident occurred in 1908 when, at age 20, Taylor was caught pickpocketing at the Burrumbeet races near Ballarat, leading to charges that highlighted his growing reputation for targeting distracted crowds at sporting events.^[7] By 1910, Taylor had entrenched himself further through repeated small-scale scams, such as lifting wallets from inebriated individuals in public spaces. His operations typically yielded modest gains, estimated at £5 to £10 per successful job, allowing him to evade destitution while honing evasion techniques like alibis provided by accomplices.^[7] Taylor faced multiple court appearances for these offenses, resulting in short sentences at Pentridge Prison, where he served terms of several months for theft and related charges.^[2] In January 1911, operating outside Victoria, he received a conviction for pickpocketing in Kapunda, South Australia, demonstrating his willingness to travel for opportunities. An assault charge in 1911 further underscored his involvement in push-related scuffles, though he often avoided lengthy hard labor through legal maneuvers or witness disputes. These experiences at Pentridge allowed Taylor to forge initial connections within the prison's criminal population, laying the groundwork for his expanding network.^[1]

Robbery and murder of Arthur Trotter (1913)

In the early hours of 7 January 1913, two armed men broke into the residence of Arthur Trotter at 403 George Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, executing what appeared to be a targeted robbery. Trotter, a 42-year-old commercial traveller employed by MacRobertson's confectionery company, was asleep in his bedroom with his wife and nearby 5-year-old son when the intruders forced entry through a window, switched on the lights, and demanded money at gunpoint. When Trotter resisted, one of the men fired a single shot into his left eye, the bullet penetrating his brain; he was rushed to St Vincent's Hospital but succumbed to his injuries at 8:30 a.m. The robbers then ransacked the room, stealing approximately £200 in cash and cheques—equivalent to £82 in notes and £118 in endorsements—hidden under the mattress before fleeing the scene.^[8] The perpetrators were described by Trotter's wife and son as two men of slender build, both wearing white handkerchiefs as masks; the taller stood about 5 feet 6 inches, dressed in a green-striped suit and light brown felt hat with a youthful voice, while the shorter measured around 5 feet 4 inches and wore a dark cap. Police arrived promptly, with six detectives and a fingerprint expert conducting a thorough search, but the prints found on the window sill belonged to an officer rather than the intruders, yielding no immediate leads. The investigation revealed no signs of forced entry beyond the window, suggesting the crime was premeditated and based on prior knowledge of Trotter's cash holdings from his work. Eyewitness accounts from a neighbor, Mr. Myers, noted two suspicious men loitering near the house earlier that evening, but this did not advance the case significantly at the time.^[8]^[9] Within days, detectives arrested Harold "Bush" Thompson, a 25-year-old labourer and known petty criminal, charging him with Trotter's wilful murder based on circumstantial links to the area and physical resemblance to the taller suspect's description. Thompson was remanded multiple times in Melbourne City Court before his trial commenced in the Supreme Court. On 21 February 1913, after four hours of deliberation by the jury, Thompson was found not guilty due to insufficient direct evidence connecting him to the crime, leading to his immediate discharge amid public demonstrations of support from associates.^[10]^[11] Joseph Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor, then 24 and already notorious for pickpocketing, quickly became the primary suspect as the unidentified shorter accomplice, given his diminutive stature—under 5 feet 4 inches—and close association with Thompson through Melbourne's criminal networks. Eyewitness descriptions of the smaller man's build and agile movements aligned with Taylor's physical profile and his prior experience in opportunistic thefts, which may have aided the robbery's stealthy execution. Taylor provided an alibi, claiming he was attending a social event elsewhere in the city at the time, supported by witnesses from his circle. However, lack of concrete evidence, such as fingerprints or corroborating testimony, prevented formal charges against him, allowing him to avoid trial altogether.^[1]^[8] The unresolved case intensified police surveillance on Taylor and his associates, marking his transition from non-violent petty crimes to involvement in lethal armed robbery and elevating his status as a dangerous operator within Melbourne's emerging underworld, particularly in circles tied to illicit gambling and extortion where such bold home invasions signaled ruthlessness.^[1]

Murder of William Haines (1916)

During World War I, Melbourne experienced heightened social tensions, including widespread anti-German sentiment amid Australia's involvement in the conflict, which contributed to a volatile atmosphere that amplified underworld rivalries and criminal activities.^[1] On the night of 28 February 1916, Joseph Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor and his associate John "Snowy" Williamson hired 21-year-old taxi driver William Patrick Haines to transport them from central Melbourne toward Eltham for a planned bank robbery.^[12]^[13] When Haines grew suspicious of their intentions and refused to proceed with the crime, Taylor fired four shots at close range into Haines's head and neck, killing him instantly.^[12]^[14] The pair then abandoned the taxi with Haines's body inside on Bulleen Road in Heidelberg, a suburb near Collingwood, where it was discovered the following morning.^[13]^[15] This killing stemmed from Haines's refusal to comply with their extortionate demand to assist in the robbery, escalating the violence tied to Taylor's growing influence in Melbourne's criminal networks.^[1] Taylor and Williamson were arrested on 9 March 1916 at Flemington Racecourse by detectives, initially charged with vagrancy before the murder charge was laid following the coronial inquest.^[15] They were tried together for wilful murder in the Supreme Court of Victoria in April 1916 before Judge Hood.^[16] Both men pleaded not guilty, with the defense arguing insufficient identification evidence from witnesses.^[16] After deliberating for two hours and fifteen minutes, the jury acquitted Taylor and Williamson of the murder charge on 18 April 1916, citing failure of the Crown case to prove their involvement beyond doubt.^[16] Although no murder conviction resulted for Taylor, the pair had earlier been sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment for vagrancy related to the case, a term from which Taylor was released earlier in 1917 due to appeals and good behavior.^[17] Following his acquittal and release in 1917, Taylor leveraged his reputation—bolstered by his earlier involvement in the 1913 Trotter robbery—to solidify control over illicit operations in Melbourne's underworld, particularly sly-grog shops supplying illegal alcohol during wartime restrictions and two-up gambling dens that drew crowds seeking wartime escapism.^[1]^[12] This period marked Taylor's transition to a more organized racketeer, using intimidation to enforce tributes from gambling venues and bootlegging networks amid the economic strains of the war.^[1]

Fitzroy Vendetta and rise in the underworld (1917–1920)

Following his release from prison in 1917 after serving time for the 1916 murder of William Haines, Squizzy Taylor emerged as a prominent leader in Melbourne's underworld, particularly in the Little Lon district, the city's notorious red-light area centered around Little Lonsdale Street. He controlled a network of illicit operations, including sly-grog shops selling illegal liquor during wartime restrictions and two-up schools for underground gambling, often run from premises like 120-122 Little Lonsdale Street, which he shared with his partner Dolly Gray until 1920. These activities, combined with prostitution rackets, formed the backbone of his growing criminal enterprise, allowing him to exert influence over the area's vice trade. Taylor's gang, which included associates like Paddy Boardman, also engaged in jury-rigging to evade justice, a practice that bolstered his operations by ensuring lenient outcomes for himself and his allies.^[1]^[12]^[18] Taylor's rise was marked by escalating violence, culminating in the 1919 Fitzroy Vendetta, a months-long feud between his crew and rival factions such as the Fitzroy Push. The conflict erupted from disputes over stolen jewelry from a Collins Street robbery, exacerbated by an attack on Dolly Gray at an underworld party in Fitzroy, prompting Taylor to orchestrate revenge shootings and armed raids across Fitzroy, East Melbourne, and nearby areas like Napier Lane and Victoria Parade. Key incidents included drive-by shootings and a notable gunfight at the Railway Hotel in West Melbourne, where Taylor and his men exchanged fire with opponents; miraculously, no fatalities occurred despite severe injuries, such as one rival surviving six bullets to the head. The vendetta highlighted Taylor's tactical use of armed retinues for territorial control, solidifying his reputation amid a wave of gangland terror that police struggled to contain.^[19]^[20]^[18]^[21] Taylor supplemented his income through extortion and protection rackets, demanding payments from businesses and individuals in exchange for "safety" from his gang's violence, alongside earnings from armed robberies, illegal liquor, drugs, and race-fixing. Alliances with figures like Henry Stokes, who helped manage two-up operations in Richmond, expanded his reach and profitability. Despite frequent arrests—such as one in August 1919 for a Fitzroy shooting where he fled by jumping into a moving car—convictions were rare, thanks to systematic witness intimidation and jury tampering that silenced accusers and swayed trials. These tactics, including threats and beatings against informants, allowed Taylor to maintain impunity and grow his influence.^[1]^[12]^[21] By 1919–1920, Taylor embodied the "king of the underworld" archetype, cultivating a flashy lifestyle that included dapper attire—broadcloth suits, silk shirts, diamond tiepins, and gold-capped teeth—to project power in Fitzroy, Richmond, and Carlton's drinking and gambling dens. He hosted lavish underworld parties and was known for his showy demeanor, which masked a ruthless command over his syndicate's illicit businesses. This period of unchecked expansion through violence and corruption cemented Taylor's status as a dominant force in Melbourne's criminal landscape before later conflicts.^[1]^[12]^[20]

Glenferrie robbery and murder of Thomas Berriman (1923)

On 8 October 1923, Thomas Reginald Victor Berriman, manager of the Hawthorn branch of the Commercial Bank of Australia, was ambushed and robbed while walking from Glenferrie railway station to the bank along Glenferrie Road in Hawthorn, Melbourne.^[22] Berriman, who routinely carried the weekly payroll in cash, was carrying £1,851 in notes and a fibrite suitcase when two men attacked him in the station underpass; when he reached for his revolver in resistance, he was shot in the head at close range.^[23] He died from his wounds ten days later on 18 October 1923 in a private hospital.^[24] Police investigations quickly linked the crime to Joseph Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor, whose control over Melbourne's underworld networks from previous years had positioned him to orchestrate high-stakes heists like this one.^[1] The direct perpetrators were identified as escaped convict Angus Murray, the tall gunman who fired the fatal shot, and Richard Buckley, the shorter accomplice who assisted in the getaway by car; both were associates in Taylor's criminal circle.^[12] Following the robbery, Murray hid at Taylor's residence in Barkly Street, St Kilda, where police raided the property on 12 October 1923, arresting Taylor, his partner Ida Pender, and Murray; Buckley evaded immediate capture.^[22] The stolen cash was not recovered, though remnants of the burned suitcase were found at the St Kilda house, suggesting an attempt to destroy evidence of the spoils.^[23] Taylor was charged with being an accessory before the fact to the wilful murder and robbery, as well as harbouring Murray, an escaped prisoner.^[1] At his trial in late 1923, prosecutors alleged Taylor had planned the ambush based on Berriman's predictable routine, but lacked direct evidence tying him to the execution; he was acquitted of the murder and robbery charges in October 1923.^[12] However, Taylor was convicted on the lesser charge of harbouring Murray and sentenced to six months' imprisonment.^[1] Murray's separate trial in February 1924 resulted in a conviction for wilful murder and a death sentence, leading to his execution by hanging at Melbourne Gaol on 14 April 1924, the last such execution at the facility.^[25]^[26] Buckley, initially suspected but not tried alongside Murray, faced charges in 1930 and was convicted of manslaughter with his sentence commuted to life imprisonment.^[27] The Glenferrie outrage provoked widespread public shock and condemnation in Melbourne, with newspapers detailing the brazen daylight assault on a respected bank official and decrying the growing boldness of organized crime.^[28] Media coverage sensationalized the event as a symbol of the era's underworld violence, amplifying calls for tougher policing amid fears of further payroll robberies.^[22]

Personal life

Relationships and marriages

Taylor's early romantic involvement was with Dolly Gray, a brothel madam and underworld figure who became his common-law wife around 1914. Their partnership, which lasted until approximately 1916, was characterized by mutual involvement in petty crime and gambling dens, with Gray providing strategic support that helped elevate Taylor's status in Melbourne's criminal scene; she survived violent incidents, including a gunshot wound to the head during their time together. The relationship dissolved amid escalating tensions and Taylor's growing ambitions, leading to their separation before his subsequent legal marriage.^[29]^[30] In 1920, Taylor entered a legal marriage with Irene Lorna Kelly, a young woman from a respectable family, on 19 May at the manse of St James's Congregational Church in Fitzroy. This union was legally valid despite his prior common-law arrangement with Gray, though it quickly deteriorated due to Taylor's infidelity and absences tied to his illicit activities. Kelly filed for divorce in July 1923 citing desertion and adultery, specifically naming Taylor's ongoing affair with Ida Muriel Pender; the decree nisi was granted in February 1924 and made absolute on 6 May 1924.^[1]^[31]^[32] Taylor's relationship with Ida Muriel Pender predated his marriage to Kelly and continued as a de facto partnership, with Pender frequently acting as his companion and occasional accomplice in crimes, such as harboring fugitives and providing alibis during investigations. Following his divorce, Taylor wed Pender legally on 27 May 1924 at St James's Congregational Church in Fitzroy, solidifying their bond; she appeared with him in the 1925 silent film Riding to Win, further burnishing his image as a charismatic, if notorious, figure. Pender's involvement lent a glamorous veneer to Taylor's persona, portraying his partners as integral to his defiant lifestyle against law enforcement.^[1]^[23]

Family and residences

Taylor's marriages to Irene Lorna Kelly in 1920 and Ida Muriel Pender in 1924 resulted in three daughters, whose lives were marked by instability due to his frequent arrests and fugitive status.^[1]^[5] The first child, June Lorraine Taylor, was born on 14 June 1920 to Kelly and died on 9 January 1921 at seven months old from indigestion while staying with her maternal grandparents in Kensington.^[33]^[34] A second daughter, Lesley Taylor, was born to Kelly on 6 October 1922 in St Kilda and survived her father's death five years later.^[5] With Pender, Taylor had Gloria Patricia Taylor (known as Patsy), born on 23 September 1923 in Prahran; she was raised by her mother following Taylor's death in 1927 when she was just four years old.^[35] During his 12-month evasion of police in 1921–1922 on theft charges, he hid in Sydney, associating with razor gangs while maintaining a low profile away from Melbourne.^[1]^[36] By 1927, he resided in a modest rooming house at 50 Barkly Street in Carlton, a site of inner-city deprivation that contrasted with his earlier aspirations of underworld affluence.^[3] The children's upbringings were disrupted by Taylor's criminal pursuits, including repeated incarcerations and periods on the run, which strained family resources and led to ongoing legal battles over alimony with Kelly after their 1924 divorce.^[1]^[33]

Death and aftermath

Fatal gunfight with Snowy Cutmore

The rivalry between Joseph Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor and John "Snowy" Cutmore originated in the Melbourne underworld of the 1910s, with their paths crossing amid escalating conflicts during the Fitzroy Vendetta in 1919 and disputes over shares from major robberies like the Kirkpatrick jewelry heist.^[37] Their enmity deepened in the 1920s over control of illicit rackets, notably cocaine distribution, positioning Cutmore—recently returned from Sydney—as a direct threat to Taylor's dominance.^[1] On 27 October 1927, around 5 p.m., Taylor, driven by taxi operator John William Hall and accompanied by an unidentified associate, arrived at the home of Cutmore's mother, Bridget Cutmore, at 50 Barkly Street in Carlton, where the bedridden Cutmore—recovering from influenza—was staying.^[38] Taylor and his companion entered the house and proceeded to Cutmore's rear bedroom, where an angry exchange quickly turned violent, igniting a fierce revolver duel in the confined space.^[37] Bridget Cutmore, alerted by the initial shots, rushed into the room and was struck in the right shoulder by a stray bullet.^[38] In the exchange, Taylor emptied his .32 calibre automatic pistol, firing multiple rounds at close range and striking Cutmore through the heart and finger, killing him instantly in his bed.^[37] Cutmore returned fire with his revolver, wounding Taylor severely in the right abdomen below the ribs before his weapon jammed or ran empty.^[38] Forensic evidence at the scene included 14 spent .32 cartridge cases scattered around the bedroom, underscoring the intensity of the point-blank confrontation.^[37] Taylor staggered from the house, aided by Hall, and was rushed to St Vincent's Hospital in Fitzroy, where he succumbed to his wounds at 11:30 p.m. that same day, aged 39.^[1] Cutmore was pronounced dead at the scene by police. Key witnesses comprised Bridget Cutmore, who survived her injury, Hall—who waited outside during the shooting—and the unidentified associate, who fled and evaded capture.^[38]

Inquest findings

The coroner's inquest into the deaths of Squizzy Taylor and Snowy Cutmore commenced on 28 October 1927 and was presided over by City Coroner Mr. D. Berriman.^[39] Ballistic evidence presented during the proceedings indicated a mutual exchange of gunfire, with 11 spent cartridge shells recovered from the bedroom scene and forensic analysis confirming shots from at least two different weapons.^[40] The inquest concluded on 21 November 1927 with an open verdict, as there was insufficient evidence to determine who fired the fatal shots; Berriman ruled that both men died from gunshot wounds inflicted during the altercation.^[41] Autopsy results revealed that Taylor succumbed to a bullet wound that penetrated his liver, while Cutmore died from multiple bullet wounds, including one to the heart and additional injuries to the lungs; there were no signs of external staging or interference at the scene.^[41] Testimonies supported self-defense claims from both sides: Taylor's widow, Ida Muriel Taylor, stated that he left home unarmed and had no involvement in the feud, while Cutmore's mother, Bridget Cutmore, described entering the room after hearing shots, being wounded in the shoulder by a stray bullet, and seeing two unidentified men flee without identifying the shooter; Cutmore's widow, Gladys Cutmore, denied any prior connection between the rivals.^[40] Superintendent Pigott, who investigated the scene, corroborated the chaotic nature of the incident but provided no conclusive attribution of blame.^[3] Taylor was buried on 29 October 1927 in Brighton Cemetery with Anglican rites, in a double plot alongside his daughter June Loraine Taylor; the funeral drew an estimated 1,000 mourners, prompting police to manage crowds outside the chapel.^[42] Cutmore was interred the same day in a grave at Coburg Pine Ridge Cemetery in Preston.^[43] In the aftermath, police intensified operations against Melbourne's underworld, conducting raids on gambling dens and arresting several of Taylor's associates to disrupt ongoing criminal networks.^[1]

Conspiracy theories

Following Squizzy Taylor's death in the 1927 Carlton shootout, numerous unsubstantiated theories emerged suggesting the incident was not a straightforward duel between Taylor and his rival Snowy Cutmore, but rather an orchestrated event driven by ulterior motives within Melbourne's underworld. These narratives often portrayed the shooting as a setup to eliminate Taylor, fueled by his reputation as a suspected police informant and his involvement in ongoing vendettas. One prominent claim posited that Cutmore had been acting as an informant for authorities, and the confrontation was deliberately engineered by police to remove Taylor, a key figure in illegal gambling and bootlegging rings, without direct involvement.^[7] Another theory extended the long-standing Fitzroy Vendetta, suggesting involvement from rivals connected to the 1923 Glenferrie railway station robbery and murder of bank manager Thomas Berriman, for which Taylor had been charged as an accessory before being acquitted. Proponents argued that witnesses or associates from that case, fearing Taylor's influence, sought revenge by luring him into the ambush, with Cutmore serving as a proxy to settle old scores from the broader gang conflicts of the 1910s and 1920s. This view tied into wider speculation that Taylor's death cleared the path for other criminals, such as former associate Henry Stokes, to dominate Melbourne's cocaine and two-up gambling operations; Stokes was rumored to have arranged the hit to consolidate power after years of rivalry.^[7] Early rumors also circulated that Taylor had faked his death to escape mounting pressures from law enforcement and rivals, with whispers of him fleeing to Sydney or overseas under an alias. These claims gained traction amid inconsistencies in witness accounts, such as reports of a third man fleeing the scene, but were quickly debunked by forensic evidence from the inquest, including ballistic matches confirming Taylor's wounds came from a revolver found at the site. Sensational newspaper headlines in late 1927 amplified these myths, with stories speculating on hidden caches of loot from Taylor's robberies—estimated at thousands of pounds in stolen goods—that he supposedly buried before his demise, inspiring amateur treasure hunts in Melbourne suburbs for decades.^[44] In modern analyses, true crime author Roy Maloy's 2021 book Squizzy: The Biography—The Forensics, The Man, The Vendetta employs detailed ballistic reconstructions and witness re-examinations to refute notions of a staged mutual killing or faked death. Maloy argues that a third party, associate Herb Wilson—who accompanied Taylor to the house and later claimed to be chopping firewood—likely fired the fatal shots at both men, based on bullet trajectories inconsistent with a direct duel; this interpretation dismisses conspiracy claims of police orchestration or vendetta proxies as lacking empirical support, emphasizing instead opportunistic underworld betrayal.^[45]^[46]

Legacy

Cultural depictions

Squizzy Taylor's notoriety has inspired numerous cultural portrayals, particularly in Australian literature, film, and television, where he is often depicted as a flamboyant anti-hero emblematic of early 20th-century Melbourne's criminal underbelly. In literature, Frank Hardy's seminal 1950 novel Power Without Glory fictionalizes Taylor as the character "Snoopy Tanner," a cunning gangster entangled in political and criminal intrigue, drawing directly from Taylor's real-life exploits to critique labor politics and corruption.^[47] Hugh Anderson's 1971 biography The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor: A Larrikin Crook offers a non-fictional examination of Taylor's ascent from petty theft to underworld dominance, relying on court records, newspaper accounts, and contemporary testimonies to reconstruct his turbulent life.^[48] Taylor's life was dramatized in the 1982 feature film Squizzy Taylor, directed by Chris Löfvén and starring David Atkins as the titular gangster, which chronicles his rise through razor gangs, robberies, and romantic entanglements in 1920s Melbourne, emphasizing his charisma and violent end.^[49] Cultural depictions extend to music and visual arts, where Taylor appears in Australian folk traditions through ballads recounting his gunfights and escapades, as captured in Russell Morris's 2012 album Sharkmouth with the track "Squizzy," evoking his larrikin persona.^[50] In the 1920s, satirical cartoons in Table Talk magazine caricatured Taylor's dapper style and notoriety, portraying him as a stylish rogue amid Melbourne's social gossip.^[20] A notable pre-2020 television contribution is the 1969 ABC documentary The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor, a 52-minute docu-drama using reenactments and archival material to trace his criminal career from adolescence to death.^[51]

Modern interpretations and media

In recent years, interpretations of Squizzy Taylor's life have shifted toward more nuanced examinations incorporating modern forensic techniques and socioeconomic analyses. Roy Maloy's 2020 biography, Squizzy: The Forensics, the Man, the Vendetta, spans over 600 pages and integrates witness statements, police testimonies, and updated forensics reports to re-evaluate Taylor's criminal activities and the Fitzroy Vendetta.^[46] This work applies contemporary investigative methods, including DNA-era forensics, to longstanding mysteries surrounding his era, providing a detailed forensic reconstruction of events like the 1923 Glenferrie robbery.^[52] Ian W. Shaw's forthcoming 2025 book, The Dark Prince of Melbourne: The Short, Flashy Life of Squizzy Taylor and the Birth of Organised Crime, scheduled for release on November 25, 2025, delves into Taylor's role in pioneering Australian organized crime through smash-and-grab raids, jury corruption, and witness subornation.^[53] Drawing on family perspectives, it portrays Taylor not only as a violent gangster but also as a devoted husband, father, stepfather, son, brother, and community benefactor, challenging romanticized myths by contextualizing his actions within early 20th-century Melbourne's underclass dynamics.^[54] Media representations have expanded into audio formats in the 2020s, building on earlier depictions like the 2013 Underbelly: Squizzy miniseries. ABC Radio's Nightlife Crime series featured a 2024 episode, "Squizzy Vs Snowy," exploring the fatal 1927 gunfight with rival Snowy Cutmore through archival audio and expert commentary.^[55] Similarly, the 2021 episode of the Australian True Crime podcast highlighted Taylor's media-savvy persona as Australia's first celebrity gangster, using interviews to discuss his influence on modern criminal archetypes.^[56] Scholarly updates have emphasized socioeconomic factors over sensationalism; while the Australian Dictionary of Biography's core entry on Taylor remains from 1990, post-2020 analyses in public archives like the Public Record Office Victoria reinterpret his rise through the lens of post-World War I poverty and urban migration patterns in Melbourne.^[1] These revisions underscore how economic disparity fueled gang rivalries, moving beyond mythic portrayals to highlight systemic issues in early Australian policing and justice.^[2] Notable gaps persist in visual media, with no new documentaries produced since the 1969 film The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor.^[57] However, emerging online discussions in 2025 leverage digital archives from institutions like the National Film and Sound Archive, where forums debate conspiracy theories around Taylor's death using newly digitized police records and photographs.^[58]

References

[1]
Joseph Leslie (Squizzy) Taylor - Australian Dictionary of Biography
Joseph Leslie Theodore (Squizzy) Taylor (1888-1927) criminal, was born on 29 June 1888 at Brighton, Victoria, son of Benjamin Isaiah Taylor, coachmaker, and ...
[2]
Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor | PROV - Public Record Office Victoria
Born Joseph Leslie Theodore “Squizzy” Taylor on 29 June 1888, originally lived with his parents, Benjamin Isaiah Taylor and Rosina Taylor (nee Jones) in ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[3]
Melbourne gangster Squizzy Taylor died after a shootout in Carlton ...
Apr 12, 2018 · Joseph Theodore Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor was a key figure in Melbourne's criminal underworld in the 1920s, and one of Australia's most infamous ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[4]
(Joseph) Leslie Theodore 'Squizzy' Taylor (1888-1927)
Jul 28, 2019 · One of the most colourful identities of the Melbourne criminal world was born on 29 June 1888 at New Street, Brighton the son of Benjamin ...
[5]
Meet the real Squizzy Taylor - Herald Sun
Jul 2, 2013 · Squizzy Taylor rap sheet. His left eye had a squint, so schoolyard bullies nicknamed him “Squizzy”. Squizzy nabbed ...
[6]
Benjamin Isaiah Taylor (1862-1901) - Find a Grave Memorial
Death: 28 May 1901 (aged 38–39). East Melbourne, City of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Burial. St. Kilda Cemetery. St Kilda, City of Port Phillip, Victoria, ...
[7]
Snow Business – the thrills and kills of Squizzy Taylor | troublemag
At age 20 in 1908, Squizzy was caught pick-pocketing at the Burrumbeet races and charged, and by 1910 Taylor was an entrenched part of the Melbourne underworld.Missing: 1900-1907 | Show results with:1900-1907
[8]
08 Jan 1913 - MURDER BY BURGLARS. - Trove
Arthur Trotter, aged 42. years, a commercial traveller, employed by. Messrs. MacRobertson and Co., who was. shot by one of two armed burglars, and died. shortly ...
[9]
09 Jan 1913 - THE FITZROY MURDER. - Trove
tion into the murder of Mr. Arthur Trotter. by two men, who broke into his bedroom. at his residence at No. 403 George-street,. Fitzroy, early on Tuesday night ...
[10]
THE TROTTER TRAGEDY. - ACCUSED BEFORE THE COURT. ANOTHER ARREST EXPECTED SHORTLY. MELBOURNE, Wednesday. - Northern Star (Lismore, NSW : 1876 - 1954) - 16 Jan 1913
### Summary of Arthur Trotter's Murder Arrest and Charge
[11]
THE FITZROY MURDER. - THE TRIAL CONCLUDED. THOMPSON FOUND NOT GUILTY. - Kerang New Times (Vic. : 1901 - 1918) - 21 Feb 1913
### Summary of Harold Thompson's Trial Outcome
[12]
Squizzy Taylor - Ergo
Between 1913 and 1916, Taylor was linked to several violent crimes. These included the murder and robbery of a commercial traveller, the burglary of the ...Missing: initial | Show results with:initial
[13]
05 Apr 1916 - MOTOR-CAR MURDER. - Trove
The coroner (Dr. Cole, P.M.) inquired yesterday into the death of William Patrick Haines, a chauffeur, who was murdered on the morning of February 29 while ...
[14]
18 Apr 1916 - MOTOR-CAR MURDER. - Trove
1916 'MOTOR-CAR MURDER.', The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 ... Joseph Leslie Theodore (Squizzy) Taylor (1888 -1927) · William Patrick Haines - murdered.
[15]
16 Mar 1916 - MOTOR-CAR MURDER - Trove
and Leslie Taylor, aged 27 years, of Bridge. road, Richmond, were charged with the. murder of William Patrick Haines, a chauf-. feur, at Heidelberg on February ...
[16]
19 Apr 1916 - MOTOR-CAR MURDER. - Trove
WILLIAMSON AND TAYLOR TRIED. VERDICT OF NOT GUILTY. The trial was concluded before Mr. Jus-.
[17]
28 Oct 1927 - TWO MEN. - Trove
Leslie (Squizzy) Taylor, aged 45 years, of Darlington-street, Richmond, a well-known Australian criminal, and John Cutmore, aged 38 years, of Barkly-street, ...Missing: initial sources
[18]
Biosis Heritage Impact Statement and Excavation at Squizzy Taylor's ...
The trigger for the Fitzroy Vendetta in 1919 is varied, as there were several stand-offs between the Fitzroy Push and Squizzy Taylor's Richmond Push before a ...
[19]
Leslie “Squizzy” Taylor (Episode 3) - Public Record Office Victoria
In a small quiet town of Fitzroy, in the Jika Jika Parish, in Melbourne, Victoria, a vendetta known as the “Fitzroy Vendetta” often resulted in many shootings ...Missing: 1917-1920 | Show results with:1917-1920
[20]
31 Oct 1927 - "SQUIZZY" TAYLOR - Trove
Michael McGee, was born at Brighton. in 1884, and was one of the family of ... been fired, but later a man was arrest-. ed on a charge of having shot at ...
[21]
03 Dec 1949 - How "Squizzy" Taylor - Trove
they would shoot “Squizzy.” They. were emphatic, too, that Dolly's ... had pulled a gun on him in a Fitzroy hotel on the previous day. He feared<|separator|>
[22]
12 Oct 1923 - THE GLENFERRIE ROBBERY. - Trove
Leslie (Squizzy) Taylor, Ida Pender, and Angus Murray, an escaped convict, were; arrested at 5 a.m. today at No. 443, Barklystreet, St. Kida, at Taylor's ...Missing: jewelry | Show results with:jewelry
[23]
21 Feb 1924 - GLENFERRIE MURDER. - Trove
acted in concert for the purpose of robbing. Mr. Berriman. It would be proved ... Squizzy Taylor · Leslie Taylor · William edmund Vine · Charles Thomas ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
Thomas Reginald Berriman - Obituaries Australia
Mr T. R. V. [Thomas Reginald Victor] Berriman, who was shot and robbed at Glenferrie on October 8, died in a private hospital at about half-past 9 o'clock ...Missing: historical facts
[25]
23 Feb 1924 - ANGUS MURRAY GUILTY. - Trove
GLENFERRIE MURDER TRIAL. DEATH SENTENCE PASSED. Jury Deliberates for Two ... Murray guilty of murder. Asked whether he had anything to say. why sentence ...
[26]
15 Apr 1924 - ANGUS MURRAY EXECUTED. - Trove
Angus Murray, convicted of complicity in the Glenierrie murder, was hanged in the Melbourne Gaol on Monday, meeting death with a ...
[27]
28 Nov 1930 - BUCKLEY'S DEFENCE. - Trove
Evidence for the defence was given yesterday in the case in which Richard Buckley, aged 67 years, of Ascotvale, shoemaker, is charged with having murdered .Missing: outcome | Show results with:outcome<|separator|>
[28]
27 Nov 1923 - GLENFERRIE OUTRAGE - Trove
VERDICT OF WILFUL MURDER. MURRAY AND BUCKLEY ACCUSED. TAYLOR NAMED AS ACCESSORY.
[29]
Partners in crime - The Sydney Morning Herald
Mar 3, 2013 · Squizzy's first wife Lorna Kelly. Dolly Gray, his first wife, dispensed sexual favours to her husband's associates, took a bullet to her head ...
[30]
Dolly Gray was the brains behind the bullets of Squizzy Taylor
Oct 25, 2022 · Squizzy Taylor was a erratic pickpocket until his first wife, Dolly Gray, helped make him into a Melbourne crime kingpin.
[31]
05 Feb 1924 - "SQUIZZY" TAYLOR'S WIFE - Trove
Irene Lorna Taylor (21), of Kensington, applied for a divorce from Theodore Joseph. Lester. Taylor (known, as "Squizzy"), 36, on. the ...Missing: marriage | Show results with:marriage
[32]
02 Nov 1923 - SEEKING DIVORCE - Trove
MELBOURNE, Thursday. -- Leslie (Squizzy) Taylor ... Page 7 - SEEKING DIVORCE. SEEKING DIVORCE. "SQUIZZY" TAYLOR'S WIFE ... misconduct with Ida Pender. Application ...Missing: marriage | Show results with:marriage
[33]
Squizzy Taylor
Lorna petitioned for divorce in July 1923, after 3 years of marriage to Squizzy Taylor, on the grounds of repeated misconduct with Ida Pender. In her sworn ...
[34]
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/68336499/june_lorraine-taylor
[35]
“Squizzy” Taylor shot in Carlton | Inner City News
By the time the car arrived at the hospital, Squizzy was unconscious. Within half an hour he had succumbed to his wounds. His death and funeral attracted a lot ...
[36]
28 Oct 1927 - DESPERATE PISTOL DUEL - Trove
between Leslie ("Squizzy") Taylor and. John ("Snowy") Cutmore. A third man,. at present not known to the police, was. present at the shooting. When the shoot-.Missing: gunfight | Show results with:gunfight
[37]
28 Oct 1927 - REVOLVER DUEL. - Trove
TWO MEN KILLED. "SQUIZZY" Taylor a Victim. SEQUEL TO PRIVATE FEUD.
[38]
22 Nov 1927 - SQUIZZY TAYLOR'S DEATH. - Trove
After an inquest lasting only an hour the City Coroner (Mr. D. Berriman) recorded unexpectedly to-day his finding on the deaths of Joseph Leslie ...
[39]
22 Nov 1927 - OPEN VERDICT - Trove
The Coroner returned an open verdict at the conclusion of an inquest into the deaths of Leslic ("Squizzy") Taylor and John Cutmore to-day.<|separator|>
[40]
Taylor-Cutmore Inquest. - The Horsham Times (Vic. : 1882 - 1954) - 22 Nov 1927
### Summary of Taylor-Cutmore Inquest
[41]
30 Oct 1927 - "SQUIZZY" TAYLOR'S FUNERAL - Trove
A polished oak [?] with goldplated mountings enclosed the remains of Joseph Theodore Leslle Taylor, better known as "[?] the Gunman," ...
[42]
John Daniel “Snowy” Cutmore (1895-1927) - Find a Grave Memorial
Arthur Trotter, at his home at Fitzroy, on January 7, 1913, for which Harold Thompson, a labourer, was tried, was committed by three men, one of whom the police ...
[43]
29 Oct 1927 - "SQUIZZY" TAYLOR - Trove
Leslie ("Squizzy") Taylor's widow, formerly Ida Pender, said yesterday that her husband had not been in fear of his life. He left home on Thursday ...Missing: marriage | Show results with:marriage
[44]
Melbourne true crime: Squizzy Taylor and Snowy Cutmore deaths ...
Oct 16, 2023 · In a single day, a young farmer boy found his mother dead, his father maimed and himself whisked away to a life of servitude. Author Lucy ...Missing: relocation remarriage
[45]
Squizzy - The Biography: The Forensics - The Man - The Vendetta
Spanning over 150 years of history, from his father's upbringing in Sandhurst, through his adolescence as a street pickpocket, violent thug and standover man, ...
[46]
Gangster never forgot his roots as a colourful racing identity
Aug 4, 2013 · Frank Hardy in Power Without Glory made no secret the John West character in his epic was indeed Wren and Taylor was Snoopy Tanner. Hardy ...
[47]
The rise and fall of Squizzy Taylor : a larrikin crook / Hugh Anderson
The rise and fall of Squizzy Taylor : a larrikin crook / Hugh Anderson · Format: Book · Edition: [3rd edition?] · ISBN: 9781743365052 · Biography/History: Hugh ...
[48]
Squizzy Taylor (1982) - The Screen Guide
The story of one of Australia's larrikin underworld figures, Squizzy Taylor. From his rise in Melbourne's notorious underworld until his slaying organised ...Missing: theater | Show results with:theater<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
Darkest Before the Dawn: Australian films of the 1960s - Ozflicks
Nov 13, 2017 · Let's look at the films made in Australia in the 1960s, nineteen in all (including two not actually getting a release until 1970)
[50]
Crime and the City: Melbourne, Venerable Town of Vice - CrimeReads
Apr 11, 2017 · – Shane Maloney's Murray Whelan series (from 1994 to 2007) takes a wry sideswipe at local Melbourne politics—these are well-crafted and humorous ...
[51]
Discography - Russel Morris
From his chart-topping hits like The Real Thing to his soul-stirring ballads such as Sweet Sweet Love, Morris has left an indelible mark on the Australian music ...
[52]
The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor (1969)
The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor (1969). NFSA ID. 669275. Courtesy. Courtesy ... All six episodes available to binge now. Molly Meldrum wearing an akubra hat ...Missing: plays | Show results with:plays
[53]
https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-dark-prince-of-melbourne-ian-w-shaw/1147828144
[54]
The Dark Prince of Melbourne: The short, flashy life of Squizzy ...
In stock Free deliveryThe Dark Prince of Melbourne: The short, flashy life of Squizzy Taylor and the birth of organised crime, from the top crime author of The Golden Gang and On ...
[55]
https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/nightlife/nightlife-crime---squizzy-vs-snowy/103743062
[56]
Nightlife Crime - Squizzy Vs Snowy - ABC listen
Apr 18, 2024 · Roy Maloy, an author specialising in the history of crime in Australia joined Philip Clark to reveal the account of the now infamous gun battle ...Missing: gunfight weapons revolver shotgun
[57]
Squizzy Taylor Australia's first flashy Gangster - Apple Podcasts
Aug 22, 2021 · Show Notes Ep 224 of Australian True Crime with Meshel Laurie and Emily Webb Squizzy Taylor was Australia's first flashy Gangster.
[58]
The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor (1969) - IMDb
Rating 6.4/10 (10) A fascinating documentary on the life and crimes of an infamous underworld figure, Melbourne's Public Enemy No.1 Leslie (Squizzy) Taylor, 1889-1925.Missing: plays | Show results with:plays
[59]
Squizzy Taylor | National Film and Sound Archive of Australia
The lost 1920s Australian sporting film starring Squizzy Taylor, the Melbourne gangster and subject of Underbelly: Squizzy (2013). NFSA logo - link to home ...