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Staging area

A staging area is a designated location or temporary storage space where resources—such as personnel, equipment, materials, vehicles, or data—are assembled, organized, held, and prepared for subsequent movement, processing, or deployment to their final destination.^[1] This concept serves as an intermediate hub to facilitate efficient transitions, minimize disruptions, and ensure readiness across various operational contexts, including military operations, logistics, construction, emergency response, and information technology.^[2] In military and logistics applications, staging areas function as critical assembly points for troops, supplies, and vehicles prior to transportation or combat deployment, enabling the consolidation of resources and coordination of onward movements.^[1] For instance, in warehouse operations, a staging area is typically a rack-free zone adjacent to loading docks where goods are temporarily placed on the floor for sorting, palletizing, or loading onto transport vehicles, optimizing outbound efficiency and reducing congestion.^[3] Similarly, in construction projects, these areas provide space near work sites for equipment storage, material arrangement, truck parking, and worker access, supporting phased project execution while adhering to site safety protocols.^[2] In emergency management and incident response, staging areas maintain a reserve of tactical resources and personnel ready for immediate assignment, often under the Incident Command System, to support dynamic operational needs without overwhelming active scenes.^[4] In computing and data management, particularly within extract, transform, load (ETL) processes for data warehouses, a staging area acts as an intermediate repository for raw, unprocessed data extracted from diverse sources, allowing for cleaning, validation, and transformation before integration into production systems, thereby enhancing data quality and pipeline performance.^[5]

Military and Logistics

Definition and Purpose

A staging area in military and logistics operations is defined as a designated location where personnel, equipment, vehicles, supplies, or other resources are assembled, organized, and prepared prior to deployment, movement, or further action.^[6] This serves as a critical intermediate point between initial mounting or reception areas—such as ports of embarkation or debarkation—and the operational objective, facilitating the concentration of troop units and transient personnel along lines of communication.^[6] In logistics contexts, it functions similarly as a temporary zone for collecting, combining, and inspecting components into complete assemblies or kits before distribution or transport.^[7] The primary purposes of a staging area include enabling efficient resource allocation by providing sustainment, life support, and logistical services to maintain readiness.^[6] It facilitates inventory checks and operability inspections on equipment and vehicles to ensure compliance with mission requirements, while supporting training rehearsals and personnel processing to build cohesive units.^[6] By organizing resources in a controlled environment, staging areas reduce deployment risks, such as delays or mismatches in capabilities, through the establishment of command and control structures and in-transit visibility measures.^[6] Key characteristics of staging areas emphasize their temporary nature, as they are established for short-term holding and preparation rather than long-term basing, often scalable to accommodate operations of varying size through multiple sub-areas if needed.^[6] They are strategically located near transport hubs, such as ports or airfields, to minimize transit times, and incorporate security measures like perimeter protection and access controls to safeguard assets.^[6] Typical components include barracks or assembly points for troops to handle personnel processing and rest, storage tents or holding yards for gear and materiel maintenance, and command posts for coordination and documentation.^[6]

Historical Development

The concept of staging areas in military logistics traces its origins to ancient times, where organized assembly points facilitated the preparation and deployment of forces for campaigns. In the Roman Republic and Empire, ports such as Ostia, located at the mouth of the Tiber River, served as critical hubs for mustering legions before overseas expeditions. Founded around the 4th century BCE as a military colony, Ostia enabled the efficient embarkation of troops and supplies, supporting Rome's expansion across the Mediterranean, including invasions of Sicily and North Africa.^[8]^[9] During the medieval period, staging areas evolved with the demands of large-scale religious and territorial wars, particularly the Crusades. European ports functioned as key mustering points for assembling crusader armies, knights, and supporting fleets from diverse regions. For instance, Venice emerged as a prominent staging center due to its naval prowess, providing ships and logistics for expeditions to the Holy Land; while the First Crusade (1095–1099) primarily involved overland assembly in Constantinople, Italian maritime republics like Venice played vital roles in subsequent crusading efforts by coordinating troop concentrations and embarkations at their arsenals.^[10]^[11] The 20th century marked significant advancements in staging areas amid industrialized warfare, with World War I introducing large-scale camps to handle mass mobilization. In France, the British Expeditionary Force established Étaples as a major staging camp near the coast, serving as a training, equipment, and transit hub for troops en route to the Western Front; at its peak, it accommodated 60,000 to 80,000 soldiers, along with extensive hospital facilities.^[12] World War II further expanded these operations, emphasizing rapid processing for global deployments. The U.S. Army developed dedicated Ports of Embarkation, with Camp Shanks in New York serving as the largest staging area for European theater operations; dubbed "Last Stop USA," it processed approximately 1.3 million troops, including about 75% of those participating in the D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944, through structured embarkation procedures that integrated medical checks, equipment issuance, and transport coordination.^[13] Postwar developments during the Cold War shifted focus toward prepositioning to counter potential rapid Soviet advances in Europe. In the 1950s, NATO adopted strategies emphasizing national logistics responsibilities while incorporating prepositioned equipment stocks at forward bases; reinforcements from North America were planned to be sea-lifted to European ports and quickly integrated with these stocks to enable swift assembly and response, laying the groundwork for alliance-wide deterrence.^[14]

Modern Applications

In the post-Cold War era, staging areas have played a pivotal role in rapid military deployments, exemplified by the U.S. buildup in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Shield from 1990 to 1991, where over 500,000 troops were assembled in staging sites to deter Iraqi aggression and prepare for potential combat operations.^[15] These operations highlighted the scalability of staging areas for multinational coalitions, integrating airlift, sealift, and ground assembly to sustain forces in arid environments far from home bases. Similar principles apply to contemporary global operations, where staging facilitates just-in-time logistics for expeditionary forces. In humanitarian logistics, staging areas support coordinated responses to crises, such as the 2018-2019 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where Goma served as a coordination and travel staging hub amid ongoing conflict, enabling oversight of response efforts including the distribution of isolation units, vaccines, and protective gear to affected regions in North Kivu and Ituri provinces.^[16] This setup demonstrates how staging areas bridge organized logistics with civilian aid efforts to enhance response efficacy in volatile settings. More recently, as of 2025, NATO has utilized staging areas in Eastern Europe, such as in Poland and Romania, to preposition equipment and assemble rapid response forces in support of Ukraine following Russia's 2022 invasion, facilitating the delivery of military aid and troop rotations while adhering to non-escalation policies.^[17] Technological integrations have transformed staging operations, with radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking enabling real-time visibility of assets from ports to forward sites, as mandated by Department of Defense policies for in-transit inventory management.^[18] Automated inventory systems, such as the Defense Logistics Agency's Warehouse Management System, further streamline processes by using software to optimize storage, retrieval, and distribution at staging points, reducing manual errors and accelerating throughput for high-volume deployments.^[19] Drone surveillance complements these by providing overhead monitoring of staging perimeters and supply routes, enhancing security against threats like unauthorized access or sabotage during assembly phases.^[20] Civilian logistics draws parallels from military practices, with port staging areas in global supply chains functioning similarly to fulfillment centers, such as Amazon's facilities, where goods are received, sorted, and staged for onward distribution to optimize delivery timelines.^[21] These centers employ automated sorting and predictive algorithms to manage inventory flows, mirroring military efficiencies in scaling operations for e-commerce demands. Contemporary challenges include adapting staging sites to climate impacts, as outlined in the Department of Defense's climate adaptation strategies, which address disruptions from extreme weather like flooding and heat that can degrade site infrastructure and delay assemblies.^[22] Cybersecurity threats to digital logistics planning pose additional risks, with vulnerabilities in interconnected systems potentially compromising supply chain integrity and enabling adversarial interference in staging coordination.

Performing Arts

Theater and Live Performance

In theater and live performance, the backstage area functions as an offstage preparation space where actors, crew, and technical staff ready themselves, props, and scenery before entering the visible performance area. This essential zone enables seamless transitions during live productions by providing a controlled environment away from the audience's view, allowing performers to focus on character immersion and crew to manage logistics without disruption.^[23]^[24] Typical layout components of a theater backstage include dressing rooms for costume application and makeup, green rooms for performer relaxation and waiting, prop storage for quick access to handheld items, quick-change areas near stage entrances for rapid wardrobe shifts, and fly systems—overhead rigging mechanisms using counterweights, pulleys, and battens to raise and lower scenery and lighting elements. These elements are interconnected via wings (side areas flanking the stage) and crossovers (passages behind the stage), facilitating efficient movement and storage in space-constrained environments. For instance, quick-change stations often feature privacy screens and organized racks to support changes in under 30 seconds, as seen in high-paced musicals. Fly systems, integral to the backstage infrastructure, allow for dynamic scene changes by flying elements out of sight, enhancing production fluidity.^[25]^[26]^[27] Historically, the concept of the backstage preparation area evolved from rudimentary Elizabethan setups in 16th-century England, where the "tiring house"—a multi-level structure behind the stage at venues like the Globe Theatre—functioned as a combined dressing room, prop storage, and exit point for actors entering through doors in the frons scenae. This open-air design prioritized minimalism due to limited resources, with actors changing costumes in shared spaces amid the yard's bustle. By the 20th century, advancements led to modern black-box theaters, which feature flexible, minimalist preparation areas with modular walls, integrated storage, and adaptable layouts to accommodate experimental productions, contrasting the fixed hierarchies of earlier proscenium stages.^[28]^[29]^[30] Safety protocols and workflow in backstage areas emphasize quiet movement to avoid audible distractions during performances, with stage managers coordinating cues via headsets and sign language to maintain silence among crew. Emergency exits are strategically placed throughout backstage—often marked and unobstructed—to ensure rapid evacuation, complying with fire codes that require clear pathways and regular drills. Crew training includes risk assessments for rigging and props, preventing accidents in high-traffic zones like fly rails.^[31]^[32] Variations in backstage areas reflect production scale: opera houses, such as the Metropolitan Opera, feature expansive facilities with large wardrobe teams handling elaborate, period-specific costumes stored in climate-controlled closets, supporting casts of dozens with dedicated quick-change booths and extensive fly systems for massive sets. In contrast, community theaters often utilize multi-use spaces where dressing rooms double as green rooms and prop storage, adapting limited backstage areas for volunteer-run shows with simpler logistics and shared facilities.^[33]^[34]

Film, Television, and Recording

In film production, staging areas, often referred to as base camps, serve as centralized holding zones for cast and crew between takes, accommodating equipment, vehicles, and personal trailers for actors to rest, change costumes, or prepare lines away from the active set. These areas are essential when on-location filming limits parking or space near the shooting site, functioning as temporary hubs that include dressing rooms and meal services to maintain workflow efficiency. Craft services personnel operate within or near these base camps, providing snacks, beverages, and light meals to sustain energy during long production days without interrupting shoots.^[35]^[36]^[37] In television production, studio backlots like Warner Bros.' expansive facility in Burbank, California, incorporate dedicated staging areas for multi-episode shoots, where exterior sets are redressed repeatedly to support ongoing series narratives. For instance, the backlot's Midwest Street has been configured as the fictional town of Stars Hollow for multiple seasons of Gilmore Girls, allowing crews to stage props, wardrobe, and actor preparations in adjacent holding zones without relocating daily. These backlots enable segmented filming schedules, with staging areas facilitating quick transitions between interior soundstages and outdoor scenes.^[38]^[39] In music recording contexts, green rooms within studios provide pre-session preparation spaces for performers to conduct vocal warm-ups, such as lip trills, humming, and breathing exercises, ensuring optimal performance before entering the tracking booth. These areas also accommodate instrument setups, like adjusting intonation and action on guitars or tuning percussion, to minimize downtime during sessions. Examples include dedicated green rooms in facilities like those offered by City Wide Studios, where artists relax and prepare in acoustically treated lounges equipped for initial rehearsals.^[40]^[41]^[42] Post-2010 advancements in virtual production have introduced digital staging via green screens, enabling real-time CGI integration during filming to preview environments and reduce post-production edits, as seen in films like The Mandalorian (2019). However, physical staging areas remain crucial for practical effects, where crews construct tangible props and sets—such as mechanical creatures or pyrotechnics—that interact with actors in controlled holding zones to ensure safety and authenticity. This hybrid approach maintains the need for on-set base camps to house these elements alongside virtual tools.^[43]^[44] SAG-AFTRA regulations mandate specific provisions in staging zones, requiring producers to provide meal breaks of at least 30 minutes within six hours of an actor's call time, with escalating penalties—starting at $25 for the first half-hour delay—for non-compliance to protect performer well-being. Additionally, facilities in these areas must support a 12-hour rest period between dismissal and the next day's call, often utilizing trailers for private recovery, while studio zones define geographic boundaries where such amenities are accessible without extra travel pay. Background performers receive similar meal timing, with six-hour intervals from first call, reinforcing the structured use of holding areas for breaks.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]

Computing and Data Management

Database and ETL Processes

In data management, a staging area serves as an intermediate repository—typically a database or file system—where raw data extracted from various source systems is temporarily held during Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) pipelines before undergoing processing and integration into production data warehouses or analytics environments. This setup allows for isolated handling of incoming data without impacting operational source systems or final targets, ensuring efficient data flow in batch or real-time scenarios.^[49]^[50] The primary purposes of the staging area include data cleansing to filter and remove inconsistencies, validation through audits to confirm accuracy and compliance, deduplication to eliminate redundant records, and schema mapping to reformat data into structures compatible with the target database, thereby preventing propagation of errors to downstream systems. These steps enhance overall data quality and reliability, enabling transformations that standardize disparate formats from sources like databases, APIs, or files into a cohesive dataset suitable for querying and analysis.^[49]^[50] The concept of the staging area emerged in the 1990s alongside the rise of data warehousing, as articulated in methodologies by Bill Inmon, who described it as a dedicated space for local or global data preparation before loading into normalized warehouse structures to support enterprise-wide reporting. Inmon's approach emphasized the staging area's role in managing data granularity and integration from heterogeneous sources, laying the foundation for scalable ETL architectures that separate raw ingestion from refined storage.^[51] Technically, staging areas often employ simple table structures mirroring source schemas, though they may incorporate star or snowflake designs for preliminary organization, with fact and dimension tables facilitating initial joins and aggregations during transformation. Common tools for implementing these components include Apache NiFi, which automates data routing and ingestion into staging via flow-based processors, and Talend, which supports visual job design for loading and preprocessing data in staging environments. These tools integrate with database management systems to handle high-volume transfers while maintaining traceability.^[52]^[53]^[54] Best practices for staging areas emphasize partitioning large datasets by date or key attributes to accelerate query performance and parallel processing, alongside strategic indexing on frequently accessed columns to optimize transformation speeds without overburdening resources. Additionally, implementing retention policies—typically limiting data hold to short periods such as days—helps control storage costs and ensures only necessary historical snapshots are maintained, often through automated purging after successful loads to the target system. These measures promote scalability and error isolation in production ETL workflows.^[52]^[55]

Software Deployment and CI/CD

In software deployment, a staging area serves as an isolated pre-production environment—typically comprising servers, databases, and configurations that mirror the live production setup—to test builds, integrate components, and perform user acceptance testing (UAT) before releasing changes to end users. This setup allows developers and stakeholders to validate functionality, detect integration issues, and assess overall system behavior in a controlled manner without risking production stability.^[56]^[57]^[58] Staging environments are integral to continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines, where they act as a critical checkpoint following initial unit and integration tests. In these workflows, code commits that pass automated checks are deployed to staging for comprehensive validation, such as end-to-end testing and performance simulations; for example, Jenkins pipelines automate the progression from build to staging deployment, while GitHub Actions facilitate similar automated releases from repository branches, ensuring seamless transitions to production upon approval.^[59]^[60]^[61] This integration minimizes deployment risks by enforcing quality gates, such as automated smoke tests and manual reviews, before promotion. Key features of staging environments include load balancing simulations to replicate real-world traffic distribution and identify bottlenecks, A/B testing configurations to evaluate feature variants against user-like loads, and rollback mechanisms that enable rapid reversion to previous stable states if defects emerge during validation. These capabilities ensure that staging not only emulates production conditions but also supports iterative improvements, such as feature flag toggles for safe experimentation.^[62]^[63] The evolution of staging areas traces back to the 2000s, when on-premises servers dominated, requiring manual provisioning and often leading to configuration drift between environments; by the 2020s, adoption of containerization shifted practices toward Docker for lightweight, portable application packaging and Kubernetes for orchestrating scalable, multi-node clusters, facilitating consistent deployments and easier maintenance across hybrid cloud infrastructures.^[64]^[65] To maintain reliability, staging environments employ monitoring tools like Prometheus, which collects time-series metrics on resource usage, latency, and error rates, enabling teams to quantify performance differentials against production—such as variances in throughput under simulated loads—and address discrepancies proactively.^[66]^[67] This observability supports data-driven decisions, ensuring staging accurately predicts production behavior.

Other Contexts

Construction and Event Planning

In construction projects, staging areas serve as designated on-site zones for the temporary storage and organization of tools, scaffolding, prefabricated components, and other materials prior to their assembly and integration into the structure. These areas facilitate efficient workflow by allowing crews to assemble elements like rebar modules or cladding sections at ground level before hoisting them via cranes, thereby reducing on-site congestion and enhancing safety. For instance, they often include space for vehicles, stockpiles, and waste bins to support phased construction activities.^[68]^[69] Safety regulations, particularly those from the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), mandate specific practices for these areas to prevent accidents. Materials must be stacked, racked, or interlocked to avoid sliding or collapse, with maximum safe load limits clearly posted in pounds per square foot for floors in storage zones. Aisles and passageways must remain clear and well-maintained to ensure safe employee and equipment movement, while stored items inside buildings under construction cannot be placed within 6 feet of hoistways or floor openings, or within 10 feet of exterior wall openings. For temporary staging platforms like scaffolds, OSHA requires a safety factor of four times the maximum intended load, with platforms at least 18 inches wide and access provided via ladders or ramps when more than 2 feet above or below entry points.^[70]^[71] A prominent example of phased material staging occurred during the construction of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, completed between 2004 and 2010. The 105,600 m² site was divided into zones for logistics, where rebar was prefabricated in double-story modules at ground level before crane installation, and high-performance concrete was pumped vertically from staging points using specialized equipment like the Putzmeister BSA-14000-SHP-D. This approach enabled a rapid 3-day cycle for structural pours up to over 700 meters, minimizing delays in the multi-use tower's build.^[72] In event planning, staging areas function as temporary backstage zones at venues for arranging decor, sound equipment, lighting gear, seating, and props before the main event unfolds. These spaces, often called "boneyards" in festivals or concerts, are organized by vendor or stage with color-coded sections for quick access, including vehicle loading zones and fenced perimeters for security. For example, at large concerts, backstage setups include green rooms with furniture and amenities adjacent to production offices, allowing crews to stage cables, instruments, and visual elements efficiently while maintaining performer privacy and operational flow.^[73]^[74] Sustainability in staging areas emphasizes waste reduction through recycling programs and modular designs that promote material reuse. Construction projects can minimize environmental impact by segregating waste at staging sites for recycling—such as concrete, metals, and wood—and designing buildings for disassembly to extend material lifecycles, potentially diverting up to 90% of debris from landfills. Modular prefabrication, common in staging for elements like panels or scaffolding, cuts on-site waste by up to 90% compared to traditional methods due to factory precision and controlled environments, while enabling reusable components that lower overall resource consumption.^[75]^[76]

Emergency Response and Disaster Management

In emergency response and disaster management, staging areas function as centralized, temporary hubs for assembling and organizing first responders, medical teams, volunteer personnel, and essential supplies, positioned at safe distances from active hazard zones to minimize risks while enabling rapid deployment to affected sites. These areas facilitate efficient resource allocation under the Incident Command System (ICS), providing services such as fueling, sanitation, and temporary feeding to maintain operational readiness without congesting the incident scene. By serving as a buffer between incoming aid and the disaster zone, staging areas help prevent bottlenecks and support scalable response efforts in dynamic crisis environments. FEMA guidelines integrate staging areas into the broader framework of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which builds on the ICS—a standardized approach developed in the 1970s and nationally adopted in the 1980s to coordinate multi-agency responses. Under ICS, the Staging Area Manager oversees check-in, resource tracking, and dispatch from these locations, ensuring alignment with incident objectives and safety protocols. This structure emphasizes pre-designated sites with adequate access for vehicles and aircraft, often selected based on proximity, terrain, and security to support seamless integration into command operations. A prominent example occurred during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, when Baton Rouge, Louisiana, was established as a primary staging area for federal, state, and nongovernmental aid, serving as a logistical hub for relief workers and resources amid the evacuation of hundreds of thousands from New Orleans. The site handled incoming supplies and personnel coordination, with federal agencies distributing essentials, contributing to support for the influx of approximately 100,000 to 200,000 evacuees that swelled the local population by up to 50 percent.^[77] Similarly, in 2021, staging areas adapted as points of distribution (PODs) for COVID-19 vaccines across the U.S., such as drive-through sites managed by FEMA and state agencies, where millions of doses were received, stored under controlled conditions, and allocated to vaccination centers to accelerate public health response. In 2024, during Hurricane Helene, staging areas in Florida and neighboring states managed rapid deployment of FEMA resources, incorporating satellite communications for real-time coordination amid widespread flooding and power outages.^[78] Logistical challenges in these settings include achieving rapid scalability to accommodate surging resource needs, often requiring on-site expansion with modular tents and equipment within hours of activation. Communication disruptions in remote or damaged areas are addressed through satellite systems, which provide reliable connectivity for coordinating arrivals and updates when terrestrial networks fail. Decontamination procedures are critical, particularly in biological or chemical incidents, involving designated zones for cleaning personnel and gear to prevent secondary contamination, as outlined in NIMS protocols for hazmat-integrated responses. Internationally, the World Health Organization (WHO) employs staging areas in global health emergencies, such as the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, where the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER) established staging hubs to preposition medical teams, protective equipment, and transport assets for rapid deployment to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. These sites enabled coordinated surges of international aid, including isolation units and contact-tracing supplies, helping to contain the epidemic that reported over 13,000 cases by late 2014.

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Below is a merged summary of "Staging Area" and "Staging" from JP 3-35 (31 January 2013), consolidating all information from the provided segments into a dense, comprehensive response. To maximize detail and clarity, I’ve organized the information into a table format (presented as CSV-style text) followed by a narrative summary that integrates additional context and details not easily captured in the table. This ensures all information is retained while maintaining readability.
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Studio Zone (Theatrical and Television): The performer is entitled to a 12 hour rest period from the time he is dismissed until the first call for the next day.Missing: staging film
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In the staging area, the raw data undergoes data processing. Here, the data is transformed and consolidated for its intended analytical use case. This phase of ...
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Bill Inmon, the father of the data warehouse concept, has written 40 books on ... cussed is to allow a global data warehouse “staging” area to be kept at the ...
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Both ETL and ELT processes involve staging areas. In ETL, these staging areas are found within the ETL tool. In ELT, by contrast, the staging area is within ...Astrazeneca: Etl Into A Data... · Doubledown: From Etl To Elt · Data Quality Tools
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A staging environment is a pre-production environment used for testing and validating software changes before they are deployed to the production environment.
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Construction Staging Area Definition | Law Insider
Construction Staging Area means a designated area for the storage of equipment and vehicles, stockpiles, waste bins, and other construction- related materials.
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### Summary of Guidelines for Safe Storage and Staging of Materials in Construction Sites
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This OSHA guide provides a generic overview of scaffold use in construction, but does not alter compliance responsibilities. Consult OSHA standards for ...
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