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Stirling-Rawdon

The Township of Stirling-Rawdon is a rural lower-tier municipality in , east-central , , encompassing the former Village of and Rawdon Township. Formed on January 1, 1998, through municipal amalgamation, it covers approximately 282 square kilometres with a population of 5,015 as of the . The community is situated about 25 minutes north of Belleville and 30 minutes northeast of Trenton, between Ontario Highways 7 and 401, making it accessible for regional from larger centres like and . Historically, Rawdon Township traces its origins to early 19th-century settlement, with permanent European occupancy beginning around 1820 by descendants of Loyalists along the front concessions, following surveys as early as 1794. The Village of developed from early mills on Rawdon Creek around the 1820s and was officially incorporated in 1858, named after the in because the surrounding countryside resembled that of . The township's economy remains rooted in agriculture, as one of the largest farming areas in , producing dairy, cash crops, and supporting related industries like cabinet-making and a historic . Stirling-Rawdon is noted for its charming downtown district featuring antique shops, home décor boutiques, and small-batch breweries, alongside cultural landmarks such as the Stirling Festival Theatre; the building, constructed in 1927, served as a community venue for various social events. The area preserves rural heritage through attractions like Farmtown Park, which includes the Plowing Museum and antique tractor collections, and the Heritage Trail for outdoor exploration. Community events, including the annual Stirling Fair, emphasize its welcoming, nostalgic atmosphere and commitment to sustainable rural living.

History

Formation and amalgamation

The Township of Stirling-Rawdon was officially created on January 1, 1998, through the amalgamation of the Village of Stirling and the Township of Rawdon, as part of the Province of Ontario's broader municipal restructuring initiative in the late 1990s aimed at reducing the number of local governments. This merger reunited the village, which had been separated from the surrounding township in 1858, under a single administrative entity to streamline governance and services in rural Hastings County. The post-amalgamation boundaries combined the territories of the former Village of Stirling and Rawdon Township, resulting in a total land area of 282.48 square kilometres. This expansive rural landscape, characterized by agricultural lands from Rawdon Township's longstanding farming tradition, provided the foundation for unified planning and development policies. In the immediate years following formation, the new township administration encountered challenges in integrating services from the predecessor municipalities, including harmonizing administrative operations, financial systems, and public service delivery to ensure continuity for residents. To address these, key policies were enacted, such as the comprehensive By-law No. 320-03 in 2003, which established unified across the entire township to facilitate consistent and development administration.

Early settlement and development

The area that would become began to see settlement in the early , with opening for colonization around 1820, initially attracting descendants of Loyalists to its front concessions. immigrants arrived in significant numbers during the 1830s and 1840s, drawn by opportunities in timber and land clearance; key early figures included Edward Fidlar from the Orkney Islands and Robert Parker from , , who established mills along Rawdon Creek to support logging operations. These settlers transformed the dense forests into habitable farmland, laying the foundation for community growth amid the challenges of pioneer life in . The community, initially known as Rawdon Mills or Fidlar's Mills after the milling activities, was renamed Stirling in the 1830s, reflecting the Scottish heritage of the settlers, and officially incorporated as a village in 1858, honoring the and the surrounding landscape that reminded immigrants of their homeland. Incorporation marked a key milestone, with a combined , , and meeting place erected to serve the growing population. Early infrastructure focused on resource extraction and transport; mills for sawing timber and grinding grain were operational by 1807, expanded by to encourage further , while the arrival of the Grand Junction Railway in 1877—later integrated into the Grand Trunk system in 1884—connected Stirling to larger markets in Belleville and beyond, boosting trade in and agricultural goods. By the late , the local economy shifted from logging-dominated activities to , as cleared lands proved fertile for crops and , sustaining a that reached approximately 1,000 by 1900. In 2008, Stirling commemorated its 150th anniversary with celebrations that highlighted these foundational milestones, including the 1858 incorporation and the enduring Scottish roots of the community. This period of development continued until the 1998 amalgamation with Rawdon Township to form the modern municipality.

Geography

Physical features

Stirling-Rawdon is situated in Hastings County, Ontario, within the Quinte region of eastern Canada. The township lies approximately 25 minutes north of Belleville and is bordered to the south by the Trent River and the adjacent Trent-Severn Waterway. The topography of Stirling-Rawdon consists primarily of expansive farmlands interspersed with pockets of forests and characterized by gently rolling hills. Major waterways include Rawdon Creek, which meanders through the central area providing a vital source, and Marsh Creek, located to the west. These features contribute to a diverse that supports local ecosystems and, briefly, . The region experiences a , typical of , with distinct seasons marked by cold winters and warm summers. Average annual totals around 860 mm, distributed fairly evenly throughout the year with peaks in late summer. Mean temperatures range from approximately -5°C during winter months to 20°C in summer, with occasional extremes influenced by proximity to . Environmental protections in Stirling-Rawdon are managed largely by the Lower Trent Conservation Authority, which oversees several conservation areas along the creeks to preserve wetlands, springs, and riparian habitats. Notable sites include Douglas Springs, a 17-acre property safeguarding a primary headwater for Rawdon Creek, and Kings Mill Conservation Area, featuring historic mill remnants amid protected creek environments. These initiatives focus on , maintenance, and within the .

Communities

Stirling serves as the administrative and commercial hub of the of Stirling-Rawdon, with a population of 2,074 residents as of the 2021 census. The community features a compact downtown layout centered along Front Street, characterized by well-preserved historic buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the restored 1857 Stirling Train Station, which now houses exhibits and event spaces managed by the local Rotary Club. Amenities here include boutique shops specializing in antiques and home décor, the Stirling Festival Theatre in the 1927 Community Service Building, and essential services like the municipal offices, library, and schools. Surrounding Stirling are several smaller hamlets that contribute to the township's rural fabric. Bonarlaw, a rural residential community formerly known as Big Springs and Bellview, focuses on quiet countryside living at a key crossroads, offering basic services such as a and the historic St. John's Anglican Church, completed in the early . Anson lies on the agricultural outskirts, emphasizing farmland and sparse residential development amid rolling terrain. Sine, another modest hamlet, centers around community-oriented amenities like Reid's , which has served locals since the mid-20th century. Stockdale, positioned slightly to the east, maintains a small-scale rural character with community initiatives such as local gardening networks. These hamlets, each under 200 residents, provide a contrast to Stirling's vibrancy through their emphasis on farming, historical ties, and simple crossroads infrastructure. The communities are linked by a network of local roads, including County Road 14 () running through Stirling and Bonarlaw, and Township Road 1 connecting to Anson and Sine, enabling efficient travel for residents between residential, agricultural, and commercial areas. Settlement patterns in these hamlets were shaped by proximity to natural water features like local creeks, supporting early agricultural and milling activities.

Government and administration

Municipal structure

The municipal council of the Township of Stirling-Rawdon is composed of a , a , and three councillors, totaling five elected officials who serve four-year terms. Members are elected at-large across the township's two wards during municipal held every four years, with the most recent election occurring in 2022. The current council includes Bob Mullin, Jeremy Solmes, and Councillors Dean Graff, Caroline Smith, and Don Stewart. Administrative operations are managed by the (CAO), who reports to council and oversees key departments such as (handled by the CAO-Treasurer), and development (including building permits and ), (responsible for and facilities ), and environmental services (covering and recycling). The CAO position is currently held by Shelley Stedall, who assumed the role on August 26, 2025, and coordinates policy implementation and budgeting. These departments support council's decision-making through reports and recommendations presented at regular meetings. As a lower-tier municipality within , Stirling-Rawdon engages in regional governance by sending its mayor to the , which addresses like social housing, transit, and . Mayor Bob Mullin currently serves as Warden of for the 2025-2026 term, having been sworn in for his second term on December 5, 2024, leading county-wide initiatives and representing the region in the Wardens' Caucus, a body of 11 upper-tier municipalities focused on provincial advocacy. This structure ensures coordinated policy-making on issues transcending municipal boundaries. Following the challenges of the , the township developed a Strategic Plan for 2024-2034, emphasizing through goals like renewal, , and fostering economic partnerships. This plan, approved by council, guides long-term decision-making and includes metrics for tracking progress in areas such as and community well-being.

Public services

Public safety in the Township of Stirling-Rawdon is primarily managed through contracted and volunteer-based services. Policing is provided by the detachment, which assumed responsibility in October 2017 following the dissolution of the former local police force. Residents can access emergency services by dialing 9-1-1, while non-emergency matters are handled through the at 1-888-310-1122 or online reporting systems. Fire protection is delivered by the volunteer-based Stirling-Rawdon Fire Service, operating from two stations: Station 1 in South Hall at 2529 Stirling-Marmora Road and Station 2 in North Hall at 2508 Springbrook Road. The service responds to fire, rescue, and hazardous materials incidents, supported by recruitment programs for volunteer firefighters and a junior program for ages 16-18. The department collaborates with for broader emergency coordination. Waste management emphasizes environmental responsibility, with residential garbage collected weekly in Ward 2 () on Wednesdays, requiring clear bags affixed with $3 red bag tags purchased from local vendors. , managed by Circular Materials, occurs weekly on Mondays for eligible households, following provincial guidelines. Two sites— at 141 Fairground Road and Rawdon at 3091 Springbrook Road—operate Saturdays from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., accepting yard waste and large items for a fee. Emergency preparedness aligns with Hastings County's framework, requiring municipalities like Stirling-Rawdon to maintain plans for large-scale incidents affecting and public safety. Residents are encouraged to assemble 72-hour survival kits, with public alerting via the system and monthly "Do 1 Thing" initiatives promoting proactive measures. The township's serves as the initial contact for emergencies at 613-395-0214. Access to health and social services is facilitated through Community Care for Central , a volunteer-based non-profit serving seniors and adults with physical disabilities in Stirling-Rawdon and surrounding areas. Programs include , home maintenance, transportation, , reassurance calls, and footcare to support . Community support hubs, such as the Stirling-Rawdon & District Recreation Centre at 435 West Front Street, provide spaces for social gatherings and wellness activities. The township council oversees these services to ensure alignment with community needs.

Demographics

Population trends

According to the 2021 Census of Population conducted by , the Township of Stirling-Rawdon had a total of 5,015 . This marked an increase of 2.7% from the 4,882 recorded in the 2016 census. The stood at 17.8 people per , based on a land area of 281.89 square kilometres. Historical trends indicate relative stability typical of rural communities, with the at 4,978 in the 2011 census, reflecting a slight decline of 1.9% between 2011 and 2016 before the modest rebound in the following period. This pattern underscores the township's consistent size over the past decade, influenced by limited urban development and agricultural focus. The age distribution in 2021 showed a median age of 46.4 years, higher than the average of 41.6 years. Approximately 17% of the was under years old (850 individuals), while 23% were years and over (1,130 individuals). This structure highlights an aging demographic common in rural areas. Future projections, aligned with broader trends in , anticipate modest growth for Stirling-Rawdon at approximately 0.6% annually. This outlook is based on county-level forecasts showing County's population rising from 42,700 in to 46,300 by 2031.

Socioeconomic profile

The socioeconomic profile of Stirling-Rawdon reflects its rural character in , with a of $81,000 in 2020, below the provincial of $91,000, largely attributable to stable agricultural contributions in the local economy. Employment in the township is diverse yet anchored in traditional sectors, with about 8.7% of the workforce engaged in , , and , 11.4% in , and an overall rate of 8.6%, indicating moderate labor market stability compared to broader rural trends. Educational attainment aligns with rural patterns, where approximately 48% of residents aged 25 to 64 hold postsecondary certificates, diplomas, or degrees, emphasizing practical and vocational training suited to local industries. Cultural diversity remains limited, with the predominantly of descent, a of 1.2%, and an community comprising approximately 3%, complemented by modest immigrant groups, fostering a cohesive yet evolving fabric. This composition supports community-oriented socioeconomic dynamics, with ongoing efforts to integrate diverse perspectives through local initiatives.

Economy

Primary industries

Agriculture serves as the dominant in the of Stirling-Rawdon, characterized by a mix of , production including corn and soybeans, and operations such as and specialty animals like . In 2016, the township hosted 147 farms, reflecting its strong agricultural base within , where such operations are concentrated south of Highway 7. These activities utilize a substantial portion of the rural , supporting production and innovative practices promoted by the township. Local farms primarily supply regional markets in , contributing to the broader agri-food economy that generates significant value through cash receipts and related processing. For instance, dairy parlors and operations in Stirling-Rawdon, such as Springhill Farm, exemplify the township's focus on , while cash crops align with county-wide trends in production. Overall, and natural resources employed 205 residents as of the 2021 census, underscoring its role in local livelihoods. Historical remnants of resource extraction include small-scale and from the , when lumbering interests targeted timber stands and minor mineral prospects, though these have played a limited role in the modern economy. Support for these industries comes from organizations like the Stirling Agricultural Society, which promotes agricultural awareness through events such as the annual Stirling Fair, fostering community ties and showcasing local farming achievements.

Business and commerce

The downtown core of Stirling features a vibrant array of boutiques, shops, and specialty retailers that cater to both locals and visitors seeking unique, locally sourced goods. Notable establishments include the Stirling Shop, housed in a historic railway station and offering curated vintage items and collectibles, and The Vintage Junction, which specializes in home decor and furnishings. These shops contribute to a thriving scene that emphasizes independent artisans and vintage collectors, fostering a through personalized experiences. Small-scale manufacturing, particularly in , supports the local economy with operations like Stirling Creamery, which has produced from local Canadian since 1925, and Gay-Lea Foods Co-op Ltd., a focused on products. Artisanal producers further enhance this sector, including family-run craft makers nestled in the township's rolling hills, offering samples of locally crafted beverages that highlight regional flavors. Jessie's Jams provides another example, producing handmade preserves from area fruits. The rise of home-based businesses and has gained momentum in Stirling-Rawdon following the , aligning with broader rural trends where flexible work arrangements bolster local economic . These ventures, often in creative and service-oriented fields, integrate with the community's fabric by supplying to downtown outlets. initiatives, coordinated through the Stirling-Rawdon Business Improvement Area () established in 1997, promote growth via collaborative campaigns and events that reduce advertising costs for members. Since 2020, provincial and federal grants have local businesses, including a $40,000 contribution from FedDev Ontario to a Stirling enterprise for operational continuity amid pandemic pressures, and ongoing Hastings County programs offering up to $3,000 for facade improvements to enhance . The township's resources page also connects businesses to loans, support, and expert guidance for expansion.

Infrastructure

Education

Stirling Public serves as the primary elementary educational institution in the Township of -Rawdon, providing instruction from Junior through Grade 8 to approximately 700 students as of the 2023–2024 school year. Located at 107 St. James Street in , the school is part of the Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board (HPEDSB) and emphasizes a supportive with a focus on , inclusivity, and community involvement. The curriculum at Stirling Public School includes core subjects such as English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, supplemented by specialized programs like , which allows eligible students to develop bilingual proficiency starting from early grades. classes integrate language instruction across subjects, fostering cognitive benefits and cultural awareness in line with Ontario's provincial standards for French as a second language education. As of the 2023–2024 school year, students at the school demonstrated strong performance, with 71% meeting or exceeding provincial reading standards in Grade 3, compared to 80% in the English stream. For , students from Stirling-Rawdon transition to nearby HPEDSB high schools, including Centennial Secondary School in Belleville (Grades 7-12) or Central Hastings School in (Grades K-12), depending on residential boundaries and program preferences. These institutions offer a range of courses, including continuations of where available, options, and vocational programs to support diverse student pathways. Adult learners in the township have access to continuing education through Quinte Adult Education, an HPEDSB initiative providing free online and in-person courses to complete the or upgrade skills in literacy, numeracy, and essential subjects. Programs are designed for individuals aged 18 and older, with flexible scheduling to accommodate working adults, and include support for learners; in 2024, with 96 total graduates and 34 celebrated at a local event on June 20, highlighting the program's impact on community skill development. The educational landscape in Stirling-Rawdon has evolved to address local needs, including socioeconomic factors that influence access, such as rural geography and family employment patterns, ensuring programs remain inclusive for all residents.

Transportation and utilities

The road network in Stirling-Rawdon is centered on Provincial 62, which serves as the primary north-south artery linking the township to nearby urban centers such as Belleville to the south and to the north. This highway facilitates regional travel and , with ongoing maintenance and resurfacing projects ensuring its reliability. Local roads, including concession roads like Rawdon Concession and the Stirling-Marmora Road, support intra- connectivity and access to rural properties, maintained according to 's minimum standards for seasonal operations such as . Public transit options remain limited due to the rural character of the area, with Central Hastings Transit providing affordable bus services that connect Stirling-Rawdon to surrounding communities including Marmora, , , and Belleville, operating on weekdays with multiple daily routes. These services, coordinated through , enable transfers to at the Belleville station for onward travel to and the . Essential utilities are provided by regional providers, with delivering electricity distribution across the township as the licensed local utility. Water services include a municipal supply in the village of , supported by assessed infrastructure for current and future needs, while rural areas predominantly use private wells; is municipal in , with septic systems common elsewhere. internet expansion has advanced through provincial initiatives in , bolstered by federal and grants announced in 2023 under programs like Broadband Fund to enhance high-speed access for underserved homes and businesses. Historically, the operated a line through starting in the late , following its acquisition of the earlier in 1884, which supported passenger and freight transport until abandonment by in 1987. The disused corridor has since been repurposed in parts for recreational use, contributing to local trails.

Culture and tourism

Attractions and landmarks

Stirling-Rawdon offers a variety of attractions that highlight its rural heritage and natural beauty, drawing visitors interested in history, , and . Key sites include museums preserving local traditions, historic buildings tied to the township's early development, and scenic trails that reflect the area's 19th-century settlement patterns along waterways like Rawdon Creek. One prominent landmark is Farmtown Park, an agricultural heritage museum featuring exhibits on rural life, including antique tractors, farm machinery evolution, and live demonstrations of traditional practices such as cheese and butter making. Opened in 1997 as the Museum of Agricultural Heritage, the park spans nine buildings, including a Heritage Village with recreated storefronts, a one-room schoolhouse, and a discovery centre showcasing toy models of historical vehicles. Visitors can explore interactive displays that emphasize the importance of farming in the region's economy and culture. The Stirling Festival Theatre stands as a cultural , originally constructed in 1927 as a building. This historic venue, with a of around 436, has hosted films, plays, and community events since its early days, evolving into a professional space saved from in 1982. Major renovations in the , totaling over $500,000, included new air conditioning, updated seating, enhanced sound systems, and accessibility improvements, preserving its architectural charm while modernizing facilities for contemporary performances. Another significant heritage site is the Grand Trunk Railway , a refurbished structure from the late that served the Grand Trunk Railway line until 1962. Restored in to mark the town's 150th anniversary, the station features exhibits on history, including artifacts and interpretive displays about its role in transporting goods and passengers during Stirling-Rawdon's growth as a milling and farming hub. The building now functions as a community space, with its exterior repainted in original railway colors and interior preserved to evoke the era of steam travel. Natural attractions in Stirling-Rawdon include trails along Rawdon Creek, which wind through wooded areas and offer opportunities for and amid diverse habitats of trees, groves, and spring wildflowers like red trilliums. These paths, part of local walking routes such as the 3 km loop from Front Street, provide serene access to the creek's meandering waters and surrounding ecosystems, ideal for observing local in a setting that echoes the township's early European settlement along natural waterways.

Events and festivals

The Stirling Agricultural Fair, held annually since 1858, serves as a cornerstone of in the , showcasing agricultural heritage through shows, parades, rides, educational exhibits, and live entertainment such as concerts and demolition derbies. Organized by the Stirling Agricultural Society, the event typically spans three days in mid-August at the Stirling Fairgrounds, drawing families to celebrate rural life with activities like steer auctions, craft displays, and homecraft competitions that highlight local farming practices and skills. In 2012, Stirling-Rawdon was named the winner of the contest, a national competition sponsored by Kraft Canada and the , which awarded the community $100,000 for arena renovations to improve facilities for youth programs. The victory also brought an NHL pre-season to the upgraded Stirling-Rawdon Arena, fostering a surge in local enthusiasm and enabling the hosting of recurring tournaments, including the Stirling Blues Icebreaker and the MILK UP Winter Classic, which attract teams from across Minor leagues. Seasonal markets play a vital role in promoting local artisans and producers, with the Stirling Farmers' Market operating weekly from June to October in downtown Stirling, featuring fresh produce, baked goods, handmade crafts, and direct-from-farm items that emphasize and community commerce. Complementing these are holiday-themed events like the annual Holiday Market in November, which gathers over 40 vendors on Mill Street for crafts, hot foods, and seasonal treats, alongside the Harvest Market that spotlights fall bounty and local distillery offerings. Canada Day celebrations unite residents each July 1 with family-oriented activities at the Stirling Fairgrounds, including free barbecues, live music, play areas, face painting, and at dusk, often incorporating the nearby for additional community gatherings.

Notable residents

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