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Tereus

Tereus is a figure in Greek mythology, depicted as the king of Thrace who aids Athens in war and subsequently marries Procne, daughter of King Pandion, but becomes infamous for his lust-driven rape of her sister Philomela, which unleashes a chain of familial vengeance culminating in divine metamorphosis.^[1] In the primary account preserved in Ovid's Metamorphoses (Book 6), Tereus first earns Pandion's gratitude by defeating an enemy invasion of Athens with his Thracian forces, leading to his marriage to Procne despite his foreign origins and the cultural divide between Thrace and Attica.^[1] Consumed by desire for Philomela, Tereus deceives Procne by claiming her sister has died, then abducts and assaults Philomela in a remote cabin, severing her tongue to prevent her from speaking of the crime.^[1] Philomela, undeterred, weaves a tapestry depicting the atrocity and sends it to Procne, who, upon learning the truth, joins her sister in plotting revenge by murdering their young son Itys and serving his flesh to Tereus during a feast.^[1] The myth reaches its climax when Tereus discovers the deception and pursues the sisters in fury; the gods intervene, transforming Philomela into a nightingale (ever lamenting with her song), Procne into a swallow, and Tereus into a hoopoe, a bird associated with vengeance and ill omen.^[1] This narrative, drawing from earlier Greek traditions including a lost tragedy by Sophocles titled Tereus, exemplifies themes of hubris, silenced voices, and the inescapable consequences of violence in classical mythology, influencing later literature and art.^[2]

Etymology

Linguistic Origins

The name Tereus derives from the Ancient Greek Τηρεύς (Tēreús), pronounced approximately as /tɛː.reús/ in Attic Greek, with the Latin transliteration Tereus. This form is etymologically linked to the verb τηρέω (tēréō), which means "to guard," "to watch over," "to obey," or "to observe carefully," as attested in classical Greek lexicons. The connection is further supported by the noun τήρ (tēr), denoting a "guard" or "watcher," suggesting the name evokes themes of vigilance and protection. A para-etymology associating Tereus specifically with τηρέω in the sense of "to stare" or "to watch intently" appears in an ancient scholium to Aristophanes' Birds, where the playwright puns on the transformed Tereus as a hoopoe bird, an observant creature. As Tereus is portrayed in mythology as a king of Thrace, the name likely incorporates Thracian linguistic influences, adapted into Greek phonology and morphology to reflect warrior-like qualities of guardianship in a borderland context. Thracian, an Indo-European language related but distinct from Greek, left few written records, but names of Thracian figures often entered Greek literature with hybrid forms emphasizing protective or martial connotations. The verb τηρέω itself lacks clear direct cognates in other Indo-European languages, pointing to a possible pre-Greek substrate origin, though potential semantic links exist to guardianship terms in Mycenaean Greek, such as forms related to observation or preservation in Linear B tablets. This etymology underscores the name's alignment with Tereus's role as a ruler tasked with oversight, without established broader Indo-European roots beyond Greek usage.

Historical Name Usage

The name Tereus (Τηρεύς) appears in ancient Thracian records as a male personal name, primarily among the nobility during the classical and Hellenistic periods, suggesting connotations of royal or elite status within Thracian society. In the 5th century BCE, the closely related name Teres (Τήρης) was borne by the Odrysian king Teres I, founder of the expansive Thracian kingdom that stretched from the Danube to the Hellespont, and who forged alliances with Athens against Persian threats, as detailed by Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides explicitly differentiates this historical Teres from the mythological Tereus, noting differences in name spelling, regional origins, and lack of kinship to underscore the distinct historical context of Thracian-Athenian relations.^[3] A direct attestation of Tereus as a historical name occurs in the early 3rd century BCE (c. 300–280 BCE) Oath of Berenike inscription from Seuthopolis, a key Thracian center founded by King Seuthes III. In this legal document, carved on marble and set up in temples at Seuthopolis and Kabyle, Tereus is listed as one of four sons of Queen Berenike (likely of Macedonian origin) and Seuthes III—alongside Ebryzelmis, Satokos, and Sadalas—swearing an oath to protect the interests of the courtier Epimenes and ensure his service to the royal family under penalty of divine retribution. This usage highlights the name's place within the Thracian aristocracy during the Hellenistic era, amid interactions with Macedonian rulers like Lysimachus.^[4] There is no epigraphic or literary evidence for widespread adoption of Tereus beyond Thrace, though its sporadic appearance in Hellenistic noble families may evoke symbolic associations with guardianship or vigilance, aligning with broader Indo-European naming patterns in the region. Historical instances, such as the Seuthopolis prince, bear no direct relation to the mythological Tereus but reflect shared Thracian onomastic traditions favoring names with protective or martial implications, akin to variants like Teres.^[5]

Mythology

Family and Background

Tereus was a king in Greek mythology, renowned as the son of Ares, the god of war, which imbued him with a divine heritage tied to martial prowess and Thracian ferocity.^[6] He was the brother of Dryas, another figure linked to martial exploits in Theban and Calydonian legends.^[7] In some traditions, his mother was identified as the naiad Bistonis, daughter of the river god Strymon, connecting Tereus geographically to the Strymon River region in Thrace and reinforcing his ties to the local hydrology and divine lineage of the area.^[8] As ruler of Thrace—or, in variant accounts, of Daulis in Phocis, a region with Thracian settlers—Tereus embodied the warlike ethos of his northern homeland, often portrayed in Greek sources as a land of barbarism and savagery in contrast to the civilized sophistication of Athens.^[6] This cultural dichotomy highlighted Thrace's reputation for violence and otherness, with its inhabitants viewed as fierce warriors dwelling beyond the civilized Greek world. Tereus forged a key alliance with Athens by providing military aid to King Pandion I during a war against Labdacus of Thebes, a pivotal bond that bridged the Athenian and Thracian realms.^[6] In reward for his support, Pandion granted Tereus the hand of his daughter Procne in marriage, solidifying the political and familial ties between the two kingdoms.^[6] The union produced a son, Itys, whose birth further entrenched these Athenian-Thracian connections at the heart of the myth.^[9] This account follows Ovid's version; in Apollodorus, Tereus instead deceives Pandion by claiming Procne's death to wed Philomela directly.^[6]

The Narrative of the Myth

Tereus, the king of Thrace and husband of Procne, daughter of the Athenian king Pandion, was dispatched to Athens at Procne's request to escort her sister Philomela for a visit, as Procne longed to see her after years of separation. Pandion, reluctant to part with his younger daughter, entrusted her to Tereus only after oaths of safe conduct, and the journey began with Philomela's hopeful departure from Athens.^[10]^[6] Upon reaching a remote location in the woods, Tereus, overcome by lust, seized Philomela and raped her despite her resistance and pleas, declaring his possession of her as a conquest. To prevent her from revealing the assault, he seized her by the hair, dragged her to a shack, and cut out her tongue with a sword, leaving it quivering on the bloodied ground as she attempted to speak. He then returned alone to Procne in Thrace, fabricating a tale of Philomela's death in a shipwreck and feigning deep mourning with tears, which prompted Procne to mourn deeply and erect an empty tomb.^[10] Imprisoned in a secluded house and unable to speak, Philomela endured a year of captivity before weaving a tapestry that depicted the rape in vivid crimson threads, which she sent to Procne via a trusted servant. Procne, recognizing the truth upon seeing the artwork, rushed to her sister's rescue during a Bacchic festival, disguising herself to infiltrate the remote site and reunite with the mutilated Philomela, whom she brought back to the palace in secrecy.^[10]^[6] Grief and rage consuming her, Procne resolved on vengeance and, with Philomela's aid, seized their young son Itys, slitting his throat while he called for his mother; they then dismembered and boiled his flesh for a feast. Procne served the meal to the unsuspecting Tereus, who praised its flavor, after which she barred the doors and summoned Philomela. As Tereus demanded to see Itys, Philomela emerged with the boy's severed head and hurled it at him, revealing the cannibalism; Tereus, in horror, vomited and lunged for his sword to pursue the sisters.^[10]^[6]

Divine Transformations

In the climax of the myth, following the revelation of the gruesome revenge, Tereus pursues Procne and Philomela with a sword in hand, intent on vengeance.^[11] As he closes in on the fleeing sisters, divine intervention occurs, with the gods—often unspecified Olympians—transforming the trio into birds to halt the cycle of violence and impose eternal punishment.^[6] This metamorphosis serves as a merciful yet punitive resolution, preserving their forms while condemning them to avian existences that echo their human tragedies. The specific avian assignments vary across ancient accounts, though the theme of perpetual retribution remains consistent. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Philomela becomes a nightingale (aëdon), whose ceaseless, mournful song laments her suffering; Procne transforms into a swallow (chelidon), forever flitting restlessly in search of safety; and Tereus is turned into a hoopoe (epops), a crested bird symbolizing his tyrannical vigilance and infamy.^[11] Conversely, Apollodorus's Library reverses the sisters' forms, with Procne as the nightingale, her cries evoking grief for her slain son Itys, Philomela as the swallow, and Tereus again as the hoopoe.^[6] Some variants, such as those preserved in Hyginus's Fabulae, occasionally depict Tereus as a hawk instead, emphasizing his predatory pursuit, but the hoopoe predominates as a marker of his barbaric guilt. These transformations carry profound symbolic weight, embedding the myth's horror into the natural world. The nightingale's nocturnal, sorrowful melody—whether attributed to Philomela or Procne—perpetuates the memory of violation and loss, as if the bird's voice replays the tragedy indefinitely.^[11] The swallow's erratic, house-seeking flights reflect unending exile and evasion, while the hoopoe's aggressive crest and calls signify Tereus's enduring watchfulness and shame, ensuring the principals' fates are eternally visible in avian behaviors.^[6] Through these changes at Daulia in Phocis, the gods not only end the immediate bloodshed but also immortalize the narrative in the patterns of nature.^[6]

Ancient Sources

Primary Accounts

The myth of Tereus is preserved in several key ancient texts, each offering distinct versions that highlight elements of genealogy, violence, revenge, and transformation. One of the most detailed accounts appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Book 6, composed around 8 CE, where the narrative unfolds as a poetic tale emphasizing emotional pathos and metamorphic consequences. In this version, Tereus, king of Thrace and son of Mars, aids King Pandion of Athens in war and marries his daughter Procne; longing for Procne's sister Philomela, Tereus fetches her from Athens, rapes her, cuts out her tongue to silence her, and imprisons her. Philomela weaves her story into a tapestry to inform Procne, who then kills their son Itys and serves his flesh to Tereus in revenge; as Tereus pursues the fleeing sisters, the gods transform Procne into a swallow, Philomela into a nightingale whose song laments her suffering, and Tereus into a hoopoe bird armed with a crest like a battle axe.^[1] A more concise prose summary is found in Apollodorus's Bibliotheca (Library), Book 3.14.8, dating to the 1st or 2nd century CE, which focuses on familial lineage and key events without Ovid's elaborate pathos. Here, Pandion of Athens allies with Tereus, son of Ares, against Labdacus of Thebes, rewarding him with Procne's hand; their son Itys is born, but Tereus lusts for Philomela, deceives her by claiming Procne's death, rapes her, and mutilates her tongue. Philomela signals her plight via an embroidered robe, prompting Procne to murder Itys and feed him to Tereus; in their flight, pursued by the enraged Tereus, Procne becomes the nightingale, Philomela the swallow, and Tereus the hoopoe.^[6] Hyginus's Fabulae 45, a brief mythological compendium from the late 1st century BCE, underscores the cannibalism and avian transformations in a succinct fabula style. Tereus, son of Mars and Thracian king married to Procne (daughter of Pandion), pretends Procne's death to wed Philomela, whom he rapes after slaying her escorts; hidden away, Philomela is eventually reunited with Procne, who slays Itys and serves him to Tereus at a feast. As Tereus chases the sisters, divine intervention turns Procne into a swallow, Philomela into a nightingale, and Tereus into a hawk.^[12] Earlier allusions appear in Homer's Odyssey 19.518-523 (8th century BCE), where Penelope likens her grief to the nightingale, "daughter of Pandareus," who wails for her son Itylus, slain unwittingly by the sword— an embryonic variant linking the bird's lament to maternal sorrow without naming Tereus or Philomela directly, though later traditions associate it with their tale.^[13] Sophocles's lost tragedy Tereus (ca. 5th century BCE) survives only in fragments, which highlight Philomela's central role as a victim of violation and her ingenious communication of trauma. Key fragments depict her lamenting her silenced state and the sisters' shared outrage; for instance, one notes the "barbarian" Tereus's brutality and Philomela's woven message revealing the rape, leading to Itys's death and the pursuit ending in transformations, with emphasis on themes of voicelessness and revenge.^[14] Thucydides provides a historical allusion in History of the Peloponnesian War 2.29 (5th century BCE), using the myth to explain cultural associations with bird behaviors rather than narrating the full story. He clarifies that the Tereus of legend, husband of Procne and father of Itys (whose murder by the women prompted their flight), ruled in Daulis (then Thracian-inhabited Phocis, near Athens), distinguishing him from the Odrysian king Teres; poets call the nightingale the "Daulian bird" due to this outrage, linking the myth etiologically to the bird's mournful song.^[15]

Variations and Interpretations

Ancient accounts of the Tereus myth display notable geographic variations, with some sources depicting him as a Thracian king whose aid to Athens against Thebes represents foreign barbarian support, while others situate him as ruler of Daulis in Phocis, framing the alliance as a regional pact within central Greece that alters the narrative's emphasis on cultural proximity.^[6]^[15] The avian transformations assigned to the protagonists also differ across traditions. Ovid's Metamorphoses transforms Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a swallow, and Philomela into a nightingale, reversing the Greek convention where Procne becomes the nightingale and Philomela the swallow, with Tereus as a hoopoe; certain earlier versions, including Aeschylus's influence preserved in Hyginus, instead render Tereus a hawk.^[1]^[6] Sophocles's lost tragedy Tereus (before 414 BCE) and Philocles's Tereus, integrated into his Pandion tetralogy (c. 429 BCE), both dramatize the myth through surviving references and fragments.^[16]^[17] Aristophanes's comedy The Birds (414 BCE) offers an early parodic interpretation, casting Tereus as a hoopoe who guides humans in founding an avian utopia, satirizing the myth to blur distinctions between human society and bird existence.^[18]

Themes and Symbolism

Core Motifs

The myth of Tereus prominently features the motif of the silenced voice, exemplified by Philomela's mutilation when Tereus cuts out her tongue to prevent her from revealing his rape, rendering her initially voiceless in a patriarchal society that suppresses women's testimony.^[10] Despite this, Philomela subverts her silencing by weaving a tapestry that depicts the assault, serving as an alternative form of expression and a symbol of subjugation overcome through indirect communication.^[19] This motif underscores the broader theme of women's constrained agency in ancient narratives, where verbal silence forces reliance on visual or artistic means to assert truth.^[20] Cannibalism and filicide emerge as central symbols of ultimate familial betrayal and the perpetuation of violence in the myth, as Procne murders their son Itys and serves his flesh to Tereus in revenge for his crimes against Philomela.^[10] This act represents the cycle of retribution escalating to horrific extremes, where parental love twists into destruction, mirroring the breakdown of kinship bonds.^[19] The consumption motif highlights the myth's exploration of irreversible moral corruption within the family unit.^[21] The pursuit and flight motif drives the narrative's tension, portraying Tereus's relentless chase of Procne and Philomela after the feast, which emphasizes the inescapability of fate and conflict until divine intervention halts it through metamorphosis.^[10] This chase symbolizes unending hostility and the futility of human evasion, resolved only by transformation into birds—Procne as nightingale, Philomela as swallow, and Tereus as hoopoe—eternalizing their antagonism in nature.^[19] It reinforces the myth's fatalistic undertones, where pursuit embodies inexorable consequences.^[20] Barbarism versus civilization forms a key oppositional motif, with Tereus as the Thracian king embodying foreign savagery and tyranny in contrast to the civilized Athenian origins of Procne and Philomela, critiquing unchecked kingship and rigid gender hierarchies.^[21] Thrace serves as the "other," a locus of violence that corrupts even the Greek sisters' actions, blurring cultural lines and questioning the boundaries of civility.^[19] This dichotomy highlights Roman-era anxieties about foreign influences and power imbalances.^[20] Weaving and art recur as motifs of truth-telling and female creative agency, particularly through Philomela's tapestry, which not only exposes Tereus's violation but also transforms passive suffering into active resistance within the constraints of her imprisonment.^[10] The woven work functions as a narrative artifact, linking to broader mythic traditions where women's crafts convey unspoken realities and reclaim narrative control.^[19] This element symbolizes the enduring power of artistic expression to challenge oppression and preserve memory.^[20]

Scholarly Analysis

Modern scholarly analysis of the Tereus myth has increasingly emphasized its role in exploring power dynamics, identity, and cultural boundaries through contemporary theoretical lenses, particularly since the late 20th century. Feminist interpretations highlight the narrative as an allegory for systemic violence against women and the emergence of female solidarity in resistance. The bond between Procne and Philomela exemplifies women's subversive agency against patriarchal oppression, where the sisters' revenge disrupts male dominance and reclaims narrative control through acts of defiance. This reading positions the myth within broader critiques of rape culture, viewing Philomela's mutilation and subsequent weaving as symbols of enforced silence and ingenious circumvention of it, themes that resonate with modern discussions of gendered marginalization.^[22] Similarly, analyses like those in "Intertextual Philomela" underscore how the tale's focus on violation and retaliation challenges traditional victimhood tropes, framing the women's actions as empowered responses to subjugation.^[23] Psychoanalytic approaches to the myth delve into its exploration of repressed desires, familial trauma, and symbolic punishment. Interpretations drawing on Freudian theory often interpret the tongue-cutting as a metaphor for castration anxiety, with Tereus's mutilation of Philomela representing the fear of female sexuality and the suppression of voice as a means to control the uncanny.^[24] These readings emphasize the transformative endings as projections of the psyche's attempt to resolve irreparable ruptures, aligning the characters' metamorphoses with processes of mourning and sublimation. From an anthropological perspective, the cannibalism motif in the Tereus story invites comparisons to ritual practices and cultural taboos in ancient societies. Walter Burkert's seminal study in Homo Necans (1983) connects such elements to Dionysian rites and sacrificial patterns, suggesting that the serving of Itys to Tereus evokes the blurred boundaries between human consumption and sacred offering, reflecting Thracian customs as perceived through Greek lenses of otherness. This interpretation views the act not merely as revenge but as a symbolic inversion of kinship norms, akin to broader Mediterranean myths where anthropophagy underscores transitions from civilization to savagery, thereby reinforcing communal boundaries through horror.^[25] Postcolonial critiques frame Thrace as a liminal "barbarian" space, with the myth serving to construct Athenian superiority amid imperial expansions. Recent scholarship, such as in analyses of Greek-Thracian interactions, posits Tereus's brutality as a projection of Athenian fears and justifications for dominance over peripheral regions, where the narrative exoticizes and demonizes non-Hellenic identities to affirm cultural hegemony.^[26] Works exploring Thrace's portrayal highlight how the myth's violence relocates Athenian anxieties about internal discord to an external "other," using ethnic stereotypes to negotiate alliances and conquests in the classical period.^[27] The evolution of the myth's variations, particularly in 5th-century BCE Athenian tragedy like Sophocles' Tereus, reflects contemporary civic concerns over gender roles and interstate relations. Scholars note that adaptations during this era amplified themes of marital betrayal and foreign alliances, mirroring Athenian apprehensions about democratic stability, women's influence in the oikos, and volatile ties with Thracian polities amid the Peloponnesian War.^[28] These shifts underscore how the story was molded to address societal tensions, evolving from earlier epic fragments into a vehicle for exploring the fragility of civic harmony.^[29]

Cultural Impact

Classical Depictions

In ancient Greek art, the myth of Tereus was primarily depicted in Attic red-figure vase paintings of the 5th century BCE, often focusing on dramatic moments such as the pursuit of Procne and Philomela by Tereus after the murder of Itys, or the sisters seizing the child Itys in preparation for revenge.^[30] These scenes emphasized the chaotic chase and transformation motifs, reflecting the myth's themes of retribution and divine intervention, as seen in an Attic red-figure kylix in the Louvre (ca. 5th century BCE), illustrating Procne and Philomela with Itys, capturing the tense prelude to the banquet scene.^[31] Another example is a bell-krater attributed to the Achilles Painter (ca. 460–450 BCE) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, depicting an early moment where a figure interpreted as Tereus confronts a companion, possibly seeking Procne's hand amid Thracian elements.^[32] Representations of Philomela weaving her tapestry to reveal Tereus's crime appear less frequently, but contribute to the visual narrative of female agency in mythological pottery.^[33] In Greek theater, the myth received prominent treatment in Sophocles' lost tragedy Tereus (5th century BCE), known through fragments that highlight Tereus's hubris as a barbaric Thracian king whose rape of Philomela and mutilation of her tongue provoke the cycle of vengeance.^[34] Surviving lines portray Tereus's overconfidence in silencing Philomela, only for her woven message to expose him, underscoring his tragic downfall through excessive pride, as in fragment 595 referencing the "voice of the shuttle."^[29] Aristophanes parodied this tragic portrayal in The Birds (414 BCE), transforming Tereus into a hoopoe king of the birds, mocking the metamorphosis while retaining ironic echoes of his original savagery and the family's avian fates.^[35] Roman adaptations drew heavily from Ovid's Metamorphoses (ca. 8 CE), influencing frescoes in Pompeii that illustrated metamorphic narratives, including broader banquet and transformation motifs akin to the Tereus story's violent climax and avian changes.^[36] These wall paintings, prevalent in Fourth Style decoration (ca. 1st century CE), integrated Ovidian episodes into domestic spaces, with about 41% of mythological frescoes aligning with Metamorphoses themes of pursuit, revenge, and divine alteration.^[36] Sculptural depictions of Tereus were rare in antiquity. Literary allusions to Tereus occur tangentially in Euripides' fragments, such as in Alcestis (438 BCE), where ironic references to a father's unwitting consumption evoke the tragic banquet's horror for dramatic effect.^[37] Similarly, Apollonius Rhodius's Argonautica (3rd century BCE) references Tereus in passing within Thracian contexts, employing the myth's ironic undertones to heighten the epic's exploration of hubris and familial betrayal.^[38]

Modern Adaptations

In the Renaissance, William Shakespeare's works echoed the Tereus myth through parallels in Titus Andronicus (c. 1594), where the character Lavinia suffers rape and mutilation akin to Philomela's tongue-cutting by Tereus, symbolizing silenced female agency.^[39] Similarly, Cymbeline (c. 1610) incorporates bird motifs and allusions to the nightingale transformation, drawing on the myth's themes of betrayal and metamorphosis to underscore motifs of disguise and revelation.^[40]^[41] Twentieth-century theater reinterpreted the myth with a focus on gender dynamics and revenge. Timberlake Wertenbaker's The Love of the Nightingale (1988) adapts the story as a feminist critique, portraying Philomela and Procne's retaliation against Tereus's violence to highlight patriarchal oppression and female solidarity.^[42]^[43] Modern reconstructions of Sophocles' lost tragedy Tereus have also emerged, such as the 2004 Bates College production Tereus in Fragments, which pieced together fragmentary evidence to stage the myth's themes of familial destruction and divine intervention.^[44] Literary retellings in the modernist and late twentieth centuries emphasized psychological and visceral elements of the myth. Ted Hughes's Tales from Ovid (1995) vividly recounts the rape of Philomela by Tereus and the ensuing transformations into birds, capturing Ovid's erotic violence in stark, contemporary prose.^[45] T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922) alludes to the nightingale's song as a symbol of violated innocence and eternal lament, invoking Philomela's metamorphosis to evoke fragmentation and despair in the modern world.^[46] Recent scholarship has reassembled and analyzed the myth's evolution, with Alessandra Abbattista et al.'s Tereus Through the Ages: Reassembling the Myth of Tereus (2025) compiling variants from archaic epic to Ovid, examining its transmission across Greek and Roman traditions through literary and archaeological lenses.^[48] Conferences and studies, such as the 2019 event "Rape, Revenge and Transformation: Tereus Through the Ages," have explored the narrative's implications for violence and gender, influencing adaptations in performance and criticism.^[49] While operatic versions of related myths exist, cinematic influences like Pier Paolo Pasolini's mythological films (Medea, 1969; Oedipus Rex, 1967) indirectly shape modern receptions by emphasizing ritualistic transformation and taboo desires akin to the Tereus story.^[50] In popular culture, the myth's bird metamorphosis motif appears sporadically in fantasy literature and games, inspiring themes of vengeance and shape-shifting, though no major films directly adapt it as of 2025.^[51]

References

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Tereus of Thrace routed these Barbarians, with his army of auxiliaries, and won a great name by his victory. Since Tereus was a master of men and riches ...
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Agenor went to Phoenicia, married Telephassa, and begat a daughter Europa and three sons, Cadmus, Phoenix, and Cilix.
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Hyginus was a Latin writer who flourished in Roman Spain in the C1st AD. Two extant collections of fables were attributed to him: the Fabulae (or Fables) and ...Missing: Bistonis | Show results with:Bistonis
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§ 45 PHILOMELA: While Tereus, son of Mars, a Thracian, was married to Progne, daughter of Pandion, he came to Athens to his father-in-law Pandion to ask for his ...Missing: Bistonis | Show results with:Bistonis
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The play was produced before 414 B.C., for it was made fun of in Aristophanes' Birds, in which Tereus, in his hoopoe form, plays a not unimportant part. See ...
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May 8, 2015 · Procne, Philomela, Tereus in Ovid's Metamorphoses: A Narratological Approach - Volume 37.
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[26]
[PDF] The Psychoanalytical Interpretations of the Myth
R. Segal noticed that these interpretation of hero myth are the “specialization” of psychoanalysis conceived as some school of myth research.46.
[27]
Theorizing about Myth - Robert Alan Segal - Google Books
A collection of essays analyzing the leading theories of myth. It surveys the contours of this ongoing discussion, comparing and evaluating the theories.Missing: psychoanalytic Tereus
[28]
[PDF] Power and the Representation of Anthropophagy in Antiquity
To alert her sister of Tereus' transgression, Philomela weaves a tapestry of the events. Upon discovering that her husband has raped her sister, Procne ...
[29]
A Post-Colonial View of Thrace: Thracian-Greek Interactions From ...
The aim of this thesis is to explore what forms interactions between communities in Thrace and Greece took in different geographical settings, and how they ...
[30]
(PDF) The Voice of the Shuttle is Ours - ResearchGate
... the violence from Athens' walls to the home of the barbarian. himself: Thrace. Philomela is the marriageable female Tereus seizes to challenge the primacy of.Missing: critiques | Show results with:critiques
[31]
Traces of Sophocles’ Tereus in Ovid’s Metamorphoses 6.424–674
### Summary of Etymology of Tereus from the Chapter
[32]
THE FRENZIED SWALLOW: PHILOMELA'S VOICE IN SOPHOCLES ...
Jan 25, 2024 · This paper investigates Philomela's metamorphosis into a swallow as inferred from Sophocles' fragmentary Tereus.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[33]
Attic vases with thracian iconography - Kallipos Repository
The episode of Tereus chasing Prokne and Philomela and their transformation into birds by the gods, attracted the vase painters who included it on their vases.
[34]
Terracotta bell-krater (bowl for mixing wine and water) - Greek, Attic
$$12.95 deliveryThe preferred interpretation is that this is Tereus, the king of Thrace, who seriously mistreated Philomela and Prokne, the daughters of King Pandion of Athens.
[35]
Detail of attic red-figure kylix depicting Philomela, Procne and Itys ...
Download stock image by Greek school - Detail of attic red-figure kylix depicting Philomela, Procne and Itys - High quality fine art images, pictures, ...
[36]
https://www.academia.edu/9303057/Ovidian_Myths_on_Pompeian_Walls
[37]
None
### Summary of Sophocles' Tereus (David Fitzpatrick, Classical Quarterly, 2001)
[38]
ARISTOPHANES, Birds - Loeb Classical Library
Tereus summons the birds, represented by the Chorus. Being ... Only this element of the myth of Tereus and Procne is relevant; its violent elements (15 n.) ...
[39]
(PDF) Ovidian Myths on Pompeian Walls - Academia.edu
Ovid's Metamorphoses influenced 41% of mythological frescoes in Pompeii, indicating broad literary impact. Approximately 15% of Pompeii homes featured ...
[40]
Ovidian Myths on Pompeian Walls - ResearchGate
A large percentage of the mythological frescoes at Pompeii illustrate stories that occur in Ovid's Metamorphoses. In several cases it can be argued that the ...
[41]
Myth, Meaning, and Memory on Roman Sarcophagi
The mythological sarcophagus reliefs clearly were intended to complement “natural” memories of the dead, and in this sense they function as an example of ...
[42]
[PDF] The reception of Euripides in Ovid's Metamorphoses - Harvard DASH
Both scenes are fraught with tragic irony: the ignorant Tereus' summoning of his son after he has consumed his flesh echoes the innocent child's bidding to ...
[43]
Medea's Flight: The Fourth Book of the Argonautica - jstor
Medea's isolation, the tragic ironies of her posi long before ... Campbell, Echoes and Imitations of Early Epic in Apollonius Rhodius (Leiden,. 1981), p.
[44]
Tereus - A Dictionary of Shakespeare's Classical Mythology
Tereus' main function in Shakespeare and his contemporaries' texts is as an example of a classical rapist (as such, he is often paired with Lucrece's rapist ...
[45]
Philomel in Titus Andronicus and Cymbeline - Shakespeare Survey
Philomel in Titus Andronicus and Cymbeline · Frontmatter · The Ancient World in Shakespeare: Authenticity or Anachronism? · 'A Piece of Skilful Painting' in ...
[46]
Shakespeare's Cymbeline Act 2 Scene 2 - The Chamber Scene
It is thought that Shakespeare himself read the story (see Titus Andronicus, IV. 1. 42-49) of Tereus and Procne in the translation (bk. vi.) of Ovid's ...
[47]
Timberlake Wertenbaker's 'Radical Feminist' Reinterpretation ... - jstor
This study will analyse Timberlake Wertenbaker's The Love of the Nightingale. (1988), which deals with the silencing of women by patriarchal power and elevates ...
[48]
The Love of the Nightingale and violence against women - The Tab
Nov 25, 2015 · Wertenbaker rewrites from a feminist perspective the myth of the rape and silencing of Philomele by her brother-in-law, King Tereus. The content ...
[49]
Bates premieres drama based on ancient myth | News
May 14, 2004 · "Tereus in Fragments: A Lost Play of Sophocles," a dramatic version of one of the more disturbing myths from ancient Greece, premieres on ...
[50]
Changes of mind | Classics | The Guardian
Mar 10, 2000 · Sometimes they echo closely the sinuous, erotic violence in Ovid's own writing - MJ Fitzgerald gives us a retelling of the story of Tereus and ...
[51]
The change of Philomel - The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot
The story of Philomela is given by Ovid in Book VI of Metamorphoses. The beautiful Philomela is kidnapped, raped, and imprisoned by her sister Procne's husband, ...Missing: variation ancient<|separator|>
[52]
Silence | Modernism / Modernity Print+
Mar 4, 2019 · The image of Philomela, raped, her tongue cut out, and her transformation into a nightingale with an “inviolable” song, was for long—and in some ...
[53]
https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/isbn/9783110728705/html?lang=en
[54]
Rape, Revenge and Transformation: Tereus Through the Ages
This event has passed. Rape, Revenge and Transformation: Tereus Through the Ages. December 7, 2019.Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023
[55]
https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/8186-the-elegiac-heart-pier-paolo-pasolini-filmmaker
[56]
Pain's Echo: Lament and Revenge in Ovid's “Procne and Philomela”
Sep 15, 2023 · The article offers a reexamination of Ovid's story of Philomela and Procne, with an emphasis on revenge and lament as two responses to acts of wrongdoing and ...Missing: motifs | Show results with:motifs