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Testolactone

Testolactone is a synthetic steroidal antineoplastic agent and a first-generation steroidal aromatase inhibitor, primarily developed for the palliative treatment of advanced or disseminated breast cancer in postmenopausal women whose disease has progressed following other hormone therapies.^[1] Chemically, it features a six-membered lactone ring attached to the D-ring of an androstane structure, with the molecular formula C₁₉H₂₄O₃ and a molecular weight of 300.40.^[1] Administered orally as 50 mg tablets under the brand name Teslac, it was well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver to derivatives that retained the lactone ring, with primary excretion via urine.^[1] As an aromatase inhibitor, testolactone exerted its therapeutic effects by noncompetitively and irreversibly blocking the enzyme aromatase, thereby inhibiting the conversion of androgens (such as androstenedione) to estrogens (such as estrone), which reduced estrogen levels in hormone-dependent tissues.^[1] This mechanism showed efficacy in approximately 15% of treated postmenopausal breast cancer patients, manifesting as tumor regression or stabilization, though it lacked androgenic, estrogenic, or progestational activity.^[1] The recommended dosage was 250 mg four times daily, with treatment continuation for at least three months unless disease progression occurred, and it was also applicable in premenopausal women with surgically or radiation-induced ovarian function cessation.^[1] Beyond breast cancer, testolactone found off-label applications in pediatric endocrinology, particularly for managing gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty. In girls with McCune-Albright syndrome, long-term therapy suppressed estradiol levels and reduced the frequency of menses, with variable effects on bone age and predicted adult height.^[2] Similarly, in boys with familial male-limited precocious puberty (testotoxicosis), it slowed pubertal progression by blocking the conversion of androgens to estrogens, often combined with other agents like spironolactone for better outcomes; measured androgen elevations were artifactual.^[3] Studies also explored its use in obese hypogonadal men to boost testosterone by inhibiting estrogen synthesis, though evidence was limited to small trials.^[4] Despite its historical utility as a first-generation aromatase inhibitor, testolactone (Teslac) has been discontinued from the market, with no generics available, and is no longer in routine clinical use due to the advent of more selective and potent third-generation inhibitors like anastrozole and letrozole.^[5] Contraindications included hypersensitivity to the drug and its use in men with breast cancer, while warnings highlighted risks of hypercalcemia (requiring monitoring) and potentiation of oral anticoagulants.^[1] Approved by the FDA in 1969, its development marked an early milestone in targeted endocrine therapy for hormone-sensitive cancers.^[6]

Medical uses

Indications

Testolactone is indicated as an adjunctive palliative therapy for advanced or disseminated breast cancer in postmenopausal women or in premenopausal women whose ovarian function has been terminated, when hormone therapy is deemed appropriate.^[7]^[6]^[8]^[1] This use targets estrogen-sensitive tumors by inhibiting steroid aromatase activity, thereby reducing estrone synthesis from adrenal androstenedione and limiting estrogen production that fuels tumor growth.^[7]^[6] Investigational applications of testolactone have included the treatment of precocious puberty, particularly in combination with other agents like spironolactone for familial male precocious puberty or in girls with McCune-Albright syndrome exhibiting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-independent forms.^[9]^[10]^[2] Clinical studies have demonstrated that testolactone can slow bone maturation and growth rates in these patients, though efficacy varies and long-term outcomes require further evaluation.^[11]^[12] Limited evidence from randomized trials has explored testolactone for idiopathic oligozoospermic male infertility, aiming to improve semen parameters through aromatase inhibition, but results showed no significant changes in sperm output or quality compared to placebo.^[13]^[14]^[15] Testolactone has also been investigated in small trials for treating hypogonadism in obese men, where it increased testosterone levels by inhibiting estrogen synthesis, though evidence is limited to short-term studies.^[16] These off-label uses highlight testolactone's role in modulating estrogen levels, but its application remains investigational with variable clinical benefits.^[12]

Dosage and available forms

Testolactone is administered orally at a standard dosage of 250 mg four times daily, totaling 1 g per day, for the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women or in premenopausal women whose ovarian function has been terminated.^[1]^[17] The medication is available in the form of oral tablets, each containing 50 mg of testolactone; historically marketed under the brand name Teslac by Bristol-Myers Squibb, with tablets supplied in bottles of 100.^[1]^[8] Generic versions of testolactone tablets have been discontinued, and the brand Teslac was discontinued in 2008 once inventories were depleted.^[5]^[18] Therapy with testolactone is typically continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs, with a minimum duration of three months required to evaluate response unless clear progression is evident earlier; ongoing monitoring for clinical response is essential during treatment.^[1]^[8]

Safety profile

Adverse effects

Testolactone is generally well-tolerated, with a low overall incidence of adverse effects reported in clinical use, primarily consisting of mild to moderate gastrointestinal disturbances.^[12]

Common Adverse Effects

The most frequently observed side effects involve the gastrointestinal system, including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, glossitis, diarrhea, and hot flushes, which have been noted in patients receiving the drug for breast cancer treatment.^[1]^[6]^[19] Edema of the extremities occurs commonly, while hair loss (alopecia) is rare and may be accompanied by nail growth disturbances that resolve without interrupting therapy.^[1]^[20] These effects are typically self-limiting and do not require discontinuation of treatment in most cases.^[12]

Less Common or Serious Adverse Effects

Less common effects include paresthesia (numbness or tingling in fingers, toes, or face), malaise, general aches in the extremities, increased blood pressure, and maculopapular erythema (skin rash).^[1]^[19]^[20] Cardiovascular changes such as elevated blood pressure warrant monitoring during therapy, particularly in patients with preexisting conditions.^[1] Serious allergic reactions, including difficulty breathing or swelling, are rare but require immediate medical attention.^[19] In historical clinical trials for advanced breast cancer, gastrointestinal adverse effects were the predominant toxicities, though specific incidence rates were not consistently quantified across studies; overall, severe effects were infrequent and primarily linked to higher doses like 2000 mg/day.^[12] No significant endocrine, hepatic, or renal effects have been reported in human studies.^[12]

Contraindications and precautions

Testolactone is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the drug, as severe allergic reactions may occur. It is also contraindicated for the treatment of breast cancer in men, where alternative therapies are more appropriate.^[1] The drug is intended for use only in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer, as aromatase inhibitors like testolactone are ineffective in premenopausal women without concurrent ovarian suppression, due to the ovaries' ability to maintain estrogen production via increased gonadotropin stimulation. Caution is recommended in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, given reports of blood pressure elevation and peripheral edema associated with its use. Additionally, plasma calcium levels should be monitored in patients with bony metastases, as hypercalcemia may develop during treatment. Testolactone is classified as pregnancy category C and should not be used in pregnant women, due to risks of fetal harm observed in animal studies; its safety in nursing mothers and pediatric patients has not been established, and geriatric patients require careful monitoring for reduced renal or hepatic function.^[1]^[21] Drug interactions with testolactone are minimal, with the primary concern being potentiation of oral anticoagulants, necessitating close monitoring and potential dosage adjustments to avoid bleeding risks. Potential additive estrogen-suppressive effects may arise when combined with other aromatase inhibitors or agents that lower estrogen levels, though such combinations are rarely used. No significant inhibitory interactions with cytochrome P450 enzymes have been identified, as testolactone primarily acts as a substrate for CYP3A4 without notable induction or inhibition of other isoforms.^[1]^[7]^[21]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Testolactone is a non-selective, irreversible steroidal inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme, known as cytochrome P450 19A1 (CYP19A1).^[22]^[1] It binds to the enzyme and inactivates it through a noncompetitive mechanism, thereby blocking the final step in estrogen biosynthesis where androgens such as androstenedione and testosterone are converted to estrogens like estrone and estradiol, respectively.^[7]^[1] This inhibition occurs in peripheral tissues, including adipose and adrenal sources, with effects also observed in gonadal tissues.^[1] By suppressing aromatase activity, testolactone significantly reduces circulating estrogen levels, which in turn inhibits the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors, such as those in advanced breast cancer among postmenopausal women.^[7]^[6] As a first-generation aromatase inhibitor, it exhibits broader effects on steroidogenesis compared to later non-steroidal agents, potentially influencing multiple steps in androgen metabolism due to its structural similarity to endogenous steroids.^[23]^[12] Although structurally related to testosterone, testolactone is a synthetic derivative featuring a six-membered lactone ring attached to the D-ring of the androstane structure, and it demonstrates no significant in vivo androgenic, estrogenic, or progestogenic activity, with its primary pharmacological effect being anti-estrogenic through aromatase blockade.^[7]^[6]^[12]

Pharmacokinetics

Testolactone is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration, though its bioavailability has not been precisely quantified.^[1]^[7] Following oral administration, testolactone reaches peak plasma concentrations within 1 to 2 hours, with an elimination half-life of approximately 1 to 5 hours, though data are limited.^[24] The drug undergoes hepatic metabolism to several derivatives, all of which retain the lactone D-ring structure; one identified metabolite is 4,5-dihydrotestolactone.^[1]^[7]^[24] No major active metabolites have been identified among these derivatives.^[1] Testolactone and its metabolites are primarily excreted in the urine, with some unmetabolized drug also appearing in this route; additional pharmacokinetic data in humans remain limited.^[1]^[7] The drug and its metabolites are substantially excreted by the kidneys, necessitating caution in patients with impaired renal function.^[1]

Chemistry

Chemical structure and properties

Testolactone is a synthetic steroidal lactone with the molecular formula C_{19}H_{24}O_{3} and a molecular weight of 300.398 g/mol.^[6] It is structurally derived from androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and characterized by a six-membered lactone ring fused to the steroid nucleus in place of the typical five-membered carbocyclic D-ring.^[7] Testolactone is a white, odorless crystalline solid that exhibits good solubility in ethanol but only slight solubility in water (approximately 27.4 mg/L). Its melting point ranges from 218 °C to 219 °C.^[1]^[6]

Synthesis

Testolactone is primarily synthesized from androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) through lactonization at the D-ring, forming the characteristic six-membered δ-lactone ring via either microbial oxidation or chemical methods.^[25] In the microbial route, fungi such as Penicillium chrysogenum or Cylindrocarpon radicola perform a Baeyer-Villiger-type oxidation on progesterone or androstenedione, converting the C17 ketone to the δ-lactone with yields around 50%.^[12] This biotransformation involves enzymatic monooxygenases that insert oxygen stereospecifically, preserving the natural steroid configuration and avoiding harsh chemical conditions. Historical methods for testolactone synthesis emerged in the 1950s, with the first reported preparation in 1953 using microbial fermentation of androstenedione by Cephalosporium species to yield the lactone directly.^[25] By the 1960s, chemical approaches were developed, employing Baeyer-Villiger oxidation on steroidal precursors like Δ⁴-androstene-3,17-dione with peracids such as peracetic acid or m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) to introduce the lactone ring.^[26] For instance, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione is oxidized at the C17 carbonyl, followed by dehydrogenation if needed to form the 1,4-diene system, achieving overall yields of 33–46% from phytosterol precursors like β-sitosterol.^[27] These early chemical syntheses often started from testosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone, involving protection, oxidation, and lactonization steps.^[26] Key challenges in testolactone synthesis include ensuring stereospecificity during D-ring lactone formation, as the Baeyer-Villiger reaction must retain the β-orientation at C17 and maintain trans-fused ring junctions inherent to steroids.^[12] Chemical methods face scalability issues due to the explosive nature of peracids, prompting safer alternatives like magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) for the oxidation step, which provides 98% yield in the final lactonization.^[26] Microbial processes, while more environmentally benign, require optimized fermentation conditions for high yields and purity, addressing limitations in large-scale pharmaceutical production.^[12]

History

Development and approval

Testolactone was first synthesized in 1953 through chemical methods by Fried and colleagues at E. R. Squibb and Sons, as part of broader research into steroidal compounds derived from androgens and progestogens.^[12] Microbial synthesis routes were also developed around this time, utilizing fungi such as Cylindrocarpon radicola to achieve yields of approximately 50% from precursors like dehydroepiandrosterone.^[12] Initial biological evaluations focused on its potential in endocrine therapies, leading to early investigations of its effects on steroid metabolism. The compound entered clinical evaluation for breast cancer in the early 1960s, with the first reported studies by Segaloff et al. in 1960 demonstrating objective remissions in patients with advanced disease treated with Δ¹-testolactone.^[28] These early trials, conducted primarily in postmenopausal women, showed response rates of around 15-20% in palliative settings, prompting further investigation into its hormonal modulatory effects.^[1] Subsequent pivotal trials in the late 1960s, including those by Goldenberg et al., reported objective remission rates of 18-28% in advanced breast cancer cases, supporting its efficacy as an adjunctive therapy and paving the way for regulatory review.^[12] Although testolactone's clinical use began without full understanding of its mechanism, its inhibition of aromatase—the enzyme converting androgens to estrogens—was identified in 1975 by Siiteri and colleagues through studies on human placental aromatase activity.^[12] This discovery provided a mechanistic basis for its estrogen-suppressing effects in estrogen-dependent cancers. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved testolactone in 1969 for the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women, marketed under the trade name Teslac by Bristol-Myers Squibb.^[12] Approvals followed in other countries, including Canada and several European nations, shortly thereafter, reflecting its established role in endocrine therapy.^[7]

Regulatory status and discontinuation

Testolactone, marketed under the brand name Teslac, was classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a synthetic antineoplastic agent. It received FDA approval in 1969 for clinical use in treating advanced breast cancer and became available by prescription in the United States in 1970. The drug was dispensed exclusively through prescription channels, with no over-the-counter availability, and generic forms were limited following the expiration of the original brand patent, though they did not achieve widespread market presence.^[1]^[7]^[12] In February 2008, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced the discontinuation of Teslac (testolactone) 50 mg tablets, citing commercial factors such as declining demand and the emergence of more effective third-generation aromatase inhibitors. Manufacturing ceased, and once existing inventories were depleted, the product was no longer distributed in the United States. The withdrawal was driven by testolactone's relatively weak inhibitory activity on aromatase and moderate clinical efficacy compared to newer agents, rather than any safety concerns, with no FDA-issued recalls or alerts related to adverse events. Formal withdrawal of the New Drug Application (NDA 016118) was approved by the FDA in July 2011 at the request of the manufacturer.^[5]^[12]^[29] As of 2025, testolactone is no longer commercially available in the United States or most global markets, having been fully discontinued without subsequent reintroduction. Its application in investigational or off-label contexts remains exceedingly rare due to the superiority of modern alternatives. Healthcare providers have transitioned to third-generation aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole and letrozole, which offer enhanced potency and better outcomes in estrogen-dependent breast cancer management.^[18]^[12]

References

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[22]
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Quantitation of testolactone and 4,5-dihydrotestolactone in plasma ...
A sensitivity of 20 ng/ml for both testolactone and 4,5-dihydrotestolactone is easily achieved using only 0.5 ml of sample. Mean recoveries for testolactone and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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