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The Ruby in the Smoke

The Ruby in the Smoke is a by English author , first published in 1985. It serves as the inaugural in the four-part series, set against the backdrop of Victorian in 1872, where the protagonist, a resourceful 16-year-old girl named , grapples with her father's suspicious at sea and delves into a perilous web of intrigue involving a legendary , dens, and ruthless criminals. The narrative unfolds in the foggy, grimy streets of , blending elements of thriller, , and social commentary on issues like , , and . Sally, orphaned and independent, teams up with allies such as the street-smart photographer Frederick Garland and his adopted sister to unravel clues tied to her father's final warning about "the seven blessings" and a shadowy conspiracy spanning trade routes. Pullman's captures the era's atmosphere with vivid detail, drawing on authentic Victorian settings while exploring themes of , , and the dark undercurrents of empire. As the foundation of the quartet—which includes (1986), The Tiger in the Well (1990), and The Tin Princess (1994)—the novel established Pullman as a prominent voice in children's and , predating his international fame with the trilogy. It received the Lancashire Children's Book of the Year Award in 1987 and the International Reading Association Children's Book Award in 1988, praised for its gripping plot and strong female lead. The book has been adapted into a 2006 film directed by , starring as Sally Lockhart, which aired to positive reviews for its faithful rendering of the source material. A stage adaptation toured the in 2016, further extending its cultural reach.

Background

Publication history

The Ruby in the Smoke was first published in 1985 by in the as a edition comprising 230 pages, with the 0-19-271543-7. This initial release targeted young adult readers and marked the debut of Philip Pullman's series. The received its initial publication in 1987 by under the imprint, also in with 230 pages and 0-394-88826-X. Subsequent paperback reissues appeared in the , including a 1988 edition from Laurel Leaf (an imprint of ) with 0-394-89589-4. In the , new editions were released to coincide with media adaptations, such as the 2006 by Scholastic Press ( 0-439-94366-3), which aligned with the production. Post-2010, the book saw further reissues in both print and digital formats, including a anniversary paperback edition by Scholastic to mark years since its debut (ISBN 978-1-407-18010-6) and corresponding e-book versions available through platforms like .

Series context

The quartet represents Pullman's first major series for young readers, comprising four novels published between 1985 and 1994, with The Ruby in the Smoke serving as the inaugural installment set in 1872 Victorian . This historical series draws its atmospheric backdrop from the era's social and economic complexities, establishing Pullman's early style in blending with period detail. Pullman's inspiration for the quartet stemmed from his deep engagement with , particularly the works of and , whose melodramatic narratives and social critiques shaped the series' tone and themes. These ideas developed during his teaching career in the early 1980s, when he worked at middle schools, fostering his interest in historical storytelling as a means to explore educational and societal issues; during this time, he wrote the initial story for the first book as a play for his students before adapting it into a novel. Across the four books, the series follows protagonist as she ages from 16 to 24, confronting interconnected mysteries that delve into , financial intrigue, and broader social injustices of the late . From maritime disasters tied to imperial trade in the first two novels to personal and political upheavals in the later ones, the arc traces Sally's growth from orphaned investigator to independent woman navigating a patriarchal world. The quartet laid the foundation for Pullman's reputation as a versatile author of imaginative fiction, predating the global success of his trilogy and showcasing his ability to infuse historical settings with moral and adventurous depth.

Narrative

Plot summary

In 1872 London, sixteen-year-old arrives at her late father's trading office seeking answers about his recent death at sea in the , only to receive an anonymous warning about "the seven blessings" that triggers a fatal reaction in the firm's secretary. This ominous message propels Sally into a perilous investigation, as she uncovers connections to her father's past dealings and a shadowy network operating in the city's fog-shrouded underworld. The central mystery revolves around a legendary cursed ruby from , known as the Ruby of Agrapur, which is entangled with illicit routes from the East and a web of criminal enterprises exploiting colonial trade. Pursued by formidable antagonists including the manipulative Mrs. and the enigmatic figure Ah Ling, Sally forms an alliance with Garland, a fighting to preserve his family's studio, and his young assistant Jim Taylor. Together, they delve into opium dens in London's East End, evade dangers amid chases along the Thames, and piece together clues revealing her father's unintended role in these illicit activities. As the narrative progresses through narrow escapes and clandestine meetings, the plot builds toward a confrontation that exposes the ruby's origins in Indian colonial exploitation, a trail of associated murders, and the broader corruption of the opium trade. Sally's determination drives the resolution, intertwining personal loss with the dismantling of the villainous conspiracy, ultimately securing a measure of justice and independence for her and her allies.

Characters

Sally Lockhart is the 16-year-old orphaned protagonist of The Ruby in the Smoke, a fiercely independent young woman raised in Victorian who possesses an uncommon intelligence and resourcefulness honed by her late father's teachings in business and finance. Initially somewhat naive about the dangers surrounding her, Sally's arc sees her transform into a determined , confronting mysteries with bravery and while navigating the perils of her social and economic world. Frederick "Fred" Garland serves as Sally's primary ally, a kind-hearted and educated from a respectable middle-class who embodies Victorian ideals of gentlemanly morality and trustworthiness. As the owner of a studio, Fred provides practical support and shelter to , with their relationship gradually developing subtle romantic undertones amid the novel's tensions. Jim Taylor, an adventurous and street-smart office boy from London's working-class underbelly, acts as Sally's loyal , offering through his cheeky demeanor and slang-laden speech while contributing physical agility and survival instincts to their endeavors. Orphaned like Sally, Jim's role highlights the grit of urban youth, evolving from a opportunistic messenger to a steadfast in the face of peril. Among the antagonists, Mrs. Holland emerges as a ruthless and cunning dealer operating from the shadowy Hang-Man's , driven by a personal vendetta and an obsessive pursuit that underscores her malevolent manipulation of those around her. In contrast, Major Marchbanks represents a corrupt figure entangled in the ruby's dark history, his authoritative yet morally compromised nature adding layers of intrigue to the narrative's conflicts. Supporting characters include Rosa Garland, Fred's sister who helps run the photography studio and offers Sally emotional refuge and maternal warmth in a time of upheaval. The Bedwell brothers, (a ) and (a clergyman), serve as minor but significant figures who provide key information related to the mystery. Finally, Captain Lockhart, Sally's presumed deceased father and a shipping company owner, appears through flashbacks that reveal his honorable yet tragic influence on her life and skills.

Themes and analysis

Major themes

The novel critiques British colonialism through its portrayal of the opium trade, which serves as a central symbol of imperial exploitation and the lingering legacy of the . The ruby itself originates from and represents unearned colonial wealth extracted through violence, including ties to the , underscoring the moral and economic costs of empire-building. Smuggling rings and opium dens, such as Madame Chang's, highlight the devastating effects of and British complicity in the trade, with opium grown under government supervision in colonial territories, fueling suffering among both the colonized and the British . This exploitation is depicted as a foundational of the China trade, linking personal betrayals to broader imperial greed. Gender roles in are challenged through the protagonist's independence, as defies expectations by pursuing business ventures and navigating dangers without reliance on male protection, embodying the emerging archetype. Her rejection of marriage and romantic entanglements in favor of economic self-sufficiency subverts norms that confined women to domesticity, allowing her to assert agency in a repressive patriarchal structure. Social inequality and urban permeate the narrative, illustrating the stark class divides in through depictions of the East End's slums, where damp lodgings reek of and desperation. These elements portray not merely as individual hardship but as an entrenched feature of urban life, intertwined with crime and . The theme of mystery encompasses moral ambiguity, exploring and within a melodramatic framework where lines between heroes and villains blur through characters' complex motivations and the pervasive corruption of colonial legacies. This ambiguity underscores the difficulty of discerning truth in a world rife with deceit, as personal loyalties shift amid broader ethical compromises.

Literary style and influences

Pullman's The Ruby in the Smoke employs a structure characteristic of 19th-century sensation novels, featuring cliffhangers at the end of chapters, improbable coincidences that propel the plot, and intense emotional highs and lows to heighten and reader engagement. This approach mirrors the "blood-and-thunder" style of Victorian thrillers, with exaggerated villains and dramatic confrontations that underscore the novel's adventurous tone, as Pullman himself described the series as written "with a genuine cliché of right at the heart of it." The novel achieves historical authenticity through vivid depictions of 1872 London, including the pervasive , the gritty Thames docks, and authentic period that blends factual details with fictional to immerse readers in the Victorian . Elements such as dens and social undercurrents are rendered with meticulous attention to era-specific atmosphere, allowing Pullman to evoke the sensory and cultural texture of the time without sacrificing pace. Narratively, the book utilizes a third-person perspective that shifts between characters, often approaching an omniscient view while building through fragmented revelations and selective insights into protagonists' thoughts. This technique fosters tension by withholding information, aligning with the mystery genre's demand for gradual disclosure. Influences from are evident in the novel's echoes of Charles Dickens's social commentary on and , integrated into the plot's of imperial trade, and Arthur Conan Doyle's , which informs the investigative elements and rational unraveling of clues, all adapted to suit a young adult readership. Pullman draws on these traditions to craft a that critiques societal ills while delivering thrilling .

Reception

Critical response

Upon its publication in 1985, The Ruby in the Smoke garnered praise from contemporary reviewers for its thrilling pace and compelling portrayal of a strong female lead. Publishers Weekly described it as a "Victorian melodrama" boasting a "sufficiency of mystery, murder and hairbreadth escapes" in a "colorful Dickensian tale" featuring a large cast of vivid characters. Similarly, Kirkus Reviews lauded protagonist Sally Lockhart as a "competent, self-reliant heroine" who navigates financial woes and dangers with precocious business acumen, calling the novel an "entertaining yarn" enlivened by humor, vivid characters, and historical details on early photography and the opium trade's evils. Modern evaluations continue to affirm the novel's strengths while offering nuanced critiques. On , it holds an average rating of 3.78 out of 5 based on over 30,000 user ratings, reflecting sustained popularity among readers. Critics commend its rich historical detail and empowerment narrative, with eNotes portraying it as a "melodramatic piece of " that immerses audiences in the sights and sounds of Victorian through fast-paced action and a relatable young heroine. has highlighted its dramatic exploration of love and the trade, noting themes like a maharajah's unattainable for an English and the as a symbol of misfortune. Yet, contemporary critiques occasional in its depiction of Eastern elements, such as Orientalist imagery in opium dens and associations of with mystery and danger, which reinforce stereotypes despite the story's anti-imperial intent; some analyses also note a simplistic treatment of the opium theme, with its anti-opium message occasionally coming across as preachy amid reliance on Victorian tropes that weaken a fuller postcolonial critique. Key reviewers have emphasized specific appeals, including its melodramatic flair suited to young audiences. eNotes observes that Sally's adventures, filled with narrow escapes, foggy , and shadowy pursuits, particularly resonate with young readers through the exotic allure of pirates and the trade. In The , author praised the novel as "splendidly written in the tradition of the Victorian ," where Sally—raised by her father to shoot, fight, and speak Hindustani—rejects simpering to confront threats of and . The work is often viewed as a pivotal bridge in Pullman's oeuvre, linking his early young adult mysteries to later fantasy epics by establishing his signature intricate plotting, unflinching treatment of greed's corruption of innocence, and beautifully paced storytelling that launched his reputation as a distinctive children's author.

Awards and legacy

The Ruby in the Smoke won the 1987 Lancashire Children’s Book of the Year Award, the inaugural edition of the prize, providing early national recognition for Philip Pullman and helping to establish his reputation as an emerging author. It also received the International Reading Association Children's Book Award in 1988. This accolade came shortly after the novel's publication in 1985 and marked a pivotal boost to Pullman's career, enabling him to transition from teaching to full-time writing. As the first installment in the quartet, the novel laid the groundwork for the series' enduring popularity in , particularly among fans of historical thrillers. It has influenced the genre by portraying empowered female protagonists who challenge Victorian gender norms, such as Sally Lockhart's proficiency in and her use of a amid societal constraints. The series gained further attention following the global success of Pullman's trilogy in the late 1990s and 2000s, drawing new readers to his earlier works. The book has contributed to scholarly and literary discussions on Victorian within , offering a critique of British imperialism through its depiction of the trade and colonial exploitation tied to the 1857 Indian Rebellion. By integrating these historical elements into an accessible narrative for young readers, it highlights issues of poverty, ideology, and in , fostering greater awareness of these themes in youth fiction.

Adaptations

Television adaptation

The television adaptation of Philip Pullman's The Ruby in the Smoke was produced by the as a single 95-minute , written by Adrian Hodges and directed by . It premiered on on 27 December 2006 at 8:30 p.m., serving as a holiday special that faithfully adapted the novel's Victorian mystery while incorporating visual elements like foggy streets and dens to heighten the atmospheric tension. Billie Piper starred as the determined Sally Lockhart, marking a shift from her earlier roles by portraying the protagonist as a more mature 19-year-old rather than the 16-year-old from the book. The ensemble cast included Julie Walters as the menacing Mrs. Holland, Matt Smith in his television debut as the street-smart Jim Taylor, JJ Feild as Frederick Garland, Hayley Atwell as Rosa Garland, Robert Glenister as Samuel Selby, and Tim Roth as the sinister Mr. Marchbanks. Production took place primarily in the UK, with key filming at the Bluebell Railway in West Sussex for train sequences and in Chatham, Kent, to recreate 1870s London settings, emphasizing authentic period details such as bustling docks and shadowy interiors. The broadcast drew 7 million viewers in the UK, securing a 28% audience share and outperforming some competing holiday programming, though it trailed ITV's Coronation Street. In the United States, it aired on PBS's Masterpiece Mystery! on 4 February 2007 under the title The Sally Lockhart Mysteries: The Ruby in the Smoke. Critics commended the adaptation's evocative cinematography and strong performances, particularly Piper's portrayal of Sally's resourcefulness and the film's immersive depiction of opium trade intrigue, while noting minor deviations from the source material for dramatic pacing. The production received a 64% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on early reviews, highlighting its success in capturing the novel's suspenseful essence for a modern audience.

Stage adaptation

In 2016, Philip Pullman's The Ruby in the Smoke received its first stage adaptation, written and directed by Madeleine Perham with the author's permission. The production premiered at the on August 10, 2016, at the Pleasance Dome, running until August 29 as part of a limited engagement by Reprint Productions. Following its Fringe run, the show embarked on a national tour across the , including stops in , , and . The featured a cast of six actors—Rebecca Lenihan as , alongside Sydney Austin, Tris Hobson, Martin Coates, Hamish Kerr, and Madeline Golding—who portrayed multiple roles to condense the novel's ensemble into a compact ensemble performance. With a runtime of approximately , the staging emphasized atmospheric design, including a skyline set evoking Victorian at night, effective use of props, and to heighten and period immersion. To suit the stage format, Perham streamlined the novel's intricate , focusing on key mysteries surrounding Sally's father's death and the titular while preserving the story's moral ambiguities and surprises; this necessitated rapid pacing and reliance on and auditory cues over expansive visuals. The adaptation highlighted the book's themes of intrigue and hidden identities through versatile performances, with actors seamlessly shifting between characters to maintain tension. The production earned strong critical acclaim for its faithful yet inventive approach. ThreeWeeks awarded it five stars, praising its "captivating" tension, evocative , and status as "one of the most enjoyable hours" at the . Broadway Baby gave four stars, calling it an "excellent piece of " that delighted in its Victorian setting. Additional four-star reviews from the British Theatre Guide and EdFringeReview commended the skillful handling of comedy, emotion, and detail in a challenging short format. The tour extended its reach to educational audiences, fostering engagement with Pullman's work among younger viewers.

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