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Tisiphone

Tisiphone (Ancient Greek: Τισιφόνη, romanized: Tisiphónē; from tisis "retribution" and phonos "murder," meaning "avenger of murder") was one of the three Erinyes, chthonic goddesses embodying vengeance in ancient Greek mythology.^[1]^[2] Her sisters, Alecto and Megaera, shared her domain in the Underworld, where they relentlessly pursued perpetrators of grave offenses, especially familial murder and blood-guilt.^[3] Tisiphone's particular role focused on inflicting retribution for homicide, tormenting the guilty with madness, serpentine afflictions, and inescapable pursuit until confession or doom.^[1] Classical accounts vary on her origins, with Hesiod describing the Erinyes as born from the blood of the mutilated Uranus spilled upon Gaia, symbolizing primordial curses against kin-slaying.^[1] Aeschylus portrays them as Gorgon-like figures with black-veiled forms, snake-entwined hair, and blood-dripping eyes, evoking terror in their nocturnal visitations.^[1] In the Oresteia, Tisiphone and her kin hound Orestes for slaying his mother Clytemnestra, highlighting their pre-juridical enforcement of oaths and familial piety before Athena's intervention establishes civic justice.^[3] Depictions in art and literature emphasize Tisiphone's fearsome attributes: disheveled hair masking serpents, a whip or torch in hand, and wings for swift pursuit, underscoring her function as a divine instrument of inexorable punishment rather than mere caprice.^[1] Later Roman traditions equated her with the Dirae, preserving her as guardian of Tartarus' gates, but Greek sources prioritize her as avenger within the cosmic order of retribution.^[1]

Mythological Origins

Etymology and attributes

The name Tisiphone derives from Ancient Greek Τισιφόνη (Tisiphónē), a compound of τίσις (tísis, "retribution" or "vengeance") and φόνος (phónos, "murder" or "slaughter"), translating to "avenger of murder" or "retribution for bloodshed".^[1] This etymology reflects her specialized role among the Erinyes as the enforcer of justice against blood crimes, as noted in classical mythographic texts such as Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheca (1.1.4), where she is described as the one who most relentlessly pursues murderers. Tisiphone's attributes in ancient depictions emphasize her terrifying punitive function: she is portrayed as a winged female figure with serpents entwining her hair, arms, and waist, wielding a scourge or whip for flogging the guilty and blood-steeped torches to ignite madness.^[1] These elements, drawn from sources like the Orphic Hymns (69.2) and Aeschylus' Eumenides (line 968), underscore her association with chthonic vengeance, often appearing in black robes or huntress garb stained with gore to symbolize the bloodshed she avenges. Her presence evokes torment through venomous poisons and psychological affliction, as she drives perpetrators to insanity, distinguishing her from her sisters Alecto (unceasing anger) and Megaera (jealousy) by her focus on retributive slaughter.^[1]

Role among the Erinyes

Tisiphone constituted one of the three Erinyes, primordial chthonic deities in Greek mythology tasked with enforcing retribution for violations of sacred oaths, familial piety, and blood guilt, alongside her sisters Alecto and Megaera.^[1] The Erinyes embodied the inexorable pursuit of justice, manifesting as relentless tormentors who afflicted the guilty with madness, disease, and social ostracism until purification rites or expiation occurred.^[1] Among the triad, Tisiphone held the distinct province of avenging murder, particularly kin-slaying and other homicidal offenses that polluted the community.^[4] Her name, etymologically linked to "avenger of blood" or "voice of retribution," underscored this specialization, as she wielded instruments of torment such as whips, serpents, and poisonous draughts to induce paralyzing remorse and insanity in perpetrators.^[4] Ancient accounts portray her intervening in myths involving familial bloodshed, such as driving King Athamas to infanticide through hallucinatory frenzy as punishment for prior crimes.^[1] This division of roles, while not uniformly attested in earliest sources like Hesiod's Theogony—which describes the Erinyes collectively as daughters of Gaia born from Uranus's blood—crystallized in later Hellenistic and tragic traditions, reflecting evolving conceptions of differentiated divine justice.^[1] Tisiphone's emphasis on murderous guilt aligned with broader Greek cultural imperatives to maintain purity from miasma, ensuring societal order through supernatural enforcement.^[3]

Family and origins

In Greek mythology, Tisiphone is one of the three Erinyes, or Furies, deities embodying vengeance, particularly for crimes of murder and familial bloodshed, alongside her sisters Alecto and Megaera.^[1] These figures are consistently depicted as a triad in ancient sources, with Tisiphone distinguished by her role in punishing homicide, as her name derives from tisiphonein, meaning "avenging murder."^[1] The canonical origin of the Erinyes, including Tisiphone, traces to Hesiod's Theogony (c. 700 BCE), where they spring from the blood of the primordial sky god Uranus that drips onto Gaia (Earth) after his castration by his son Cronus.^[5] This event, described in lines 183–200, generates not only the Erinyes but also the Giants and Meliae nymphs, positioning the Furies as chthonic offspring tied to primal violence and the earth's fertility from divine ichor rather than conventional parentage.^[5] Hesiod does not name the Erinyes individually, but later traditions retroactively assign Tisiphone to this genesis, emphasizing their emergence as embodiments of cosmic retribution against patricidal and kin-slaying acts.^[1] Variant genealogies appear in other ancient accounts; for instance, Aeschylus' Eumenides (458 BCE) portrays the Erinyes as self-proclaimed daughters of Nyx (Night), independent of Olympian lineage, underscoring their ancient, pre-Olympian status. Some Hellenistic sources, like those compiled by Apollodorus, reaffirm the Hesiodic blood-origin while integrating them into broader Titanomachic narratives, though without altering their core chthonic nature.^[1] These discrepancies reflect evolving mythic traditions rather than contradictory canon, with the Uranus-blood account privileging empirical primacy in early hexameter poetry over later dramatized etiologies.^[6]

Depictions in Ancient Sources

Hesiod and early poetry

In Hesiod's Theogony, composed around 700 BCE, the Erinyes emerge collectively from the blood of the primordial sky-god Uranus, which falls to earth after his castration by Cronus. Gaia, the earth goddess, receives this blood and, in due season, gives birth to the "strong Erinyes" alongside the Giants and Meliae nymphs, portraying them as formidable chthonic entities linked to retribution for familial crimes and violations of natural order.^[5] This origin underscores their role as embodiments of curses and inexorable justice, without specifying individual identities, numbers, or names such as Tisiphone.^[1] Early Greek poetry, including Homeric works predating or contemporaneous with Hesiod, invokes the Erinyes as a group rather than naming Tisiphone distinctly, emphasizing their function in enforcing oaths and punishing moral transgressions like blood-guilt. For instance, in the Iliad, the Erinyes serve as witnesses to solemn vows, ensuring vengeance against perjurers through affliction and madness. Individual designations for the Erinyes, including Tisiphone—etymologically tied to tisis (retribution) and phonos (murder)—appear only in later archaic and classical traditions, reflecting an evolution from anonymous collective forces to personified avengers in tragedy and lyric poetry.^[3] Hesiod's anonymous depiction thus forms the foundational mythological framework for Tisiphone's later attribution as the avenger of homicide among kin.^[1]

Tragedy and drama

In Aeschylus' Libation Bearers (458 BCE), Tisiphone is invoked among the Erinyes as a terrifying figure with Gorgon-like features and serpentine hair, tormenting Orestes in visions following his matricide of Clytemnestra; Orestes describes her as part of the avenging chorus driving him to madness with their relentless pursuit.^[1] This depiction underscores her role in enforcing familial retribution, aligning with the trilogy's exploration of inherited guilt and divine justice in the Oresteia cycle.^[1] In Aeschylus' Eumenides (458 BCE), the concluding play of the Oresteia, Tisiphone is identified as one of the three principal Erinyes (alongside Alecto and Megaera), manifesting as a chorus of winged, black-robed avengers who prosecute Orestes before Athena; their transformation into benevolent Eumenides symbolizes the shift from primal vengeance to civilized law, with Tisiphone embodying the unyielding aspect of blood guilt.^[1] Sophocles references Tisiphone in Oedipus at Colonus (406 BCE), portraying her as one of the Erinyes—daughters of Earth and Darkness—who initially haunt but ultimately soothe Orestes after his acquittal, highlighting her dual capacity for curse and clemency in the context of exile and purification.^[1] This invocation ties her to themes of sanctuary and resolution in Sophoclean drama, contrasting the more chaotic pursuits in Aeschylean works. Euripides depicts the Erinyes, including Tisiphone as a collective avenger, in Orestes (408 BCE), where they appear as winged tormentors afflicting Orestes with hallucinations and paralysis post-matricide; the play's scholia explicitly name Tisiphone alongside Megaera and Alecto, emphasizing her punitive agency in driving the protagonist toward suicide and moral despair before divine intervention.^[1]^[7] Unlike Aeschylus' structured trial, Euripides uses Tisiphone's influence to critique Athenian society's instability, portraying vengeance as psychologically corrosive rather than redemptive.^[1]

Other classical references

In the Bibliotheca attributed to Apollodorus, a mythological handbook compiled in the 2nd century BCE, Tisiphone is identified as one of three Erinyes born to Gaia from the blood of Uranus or alternatively to Night, named alongside Megaera and Alecto as enforcers of retribution for crimes like murder and oath-breaking. This enumeration reflects a systematization of earlier traditions, distinguishing Tisiphone particularly for her role in pursuing blood-guilt.^[1] Hellenistic and later Greek literature occasionally invokes Tisiphone in epic contexts beyond core genealogies. In Nonnus' Dionysiaca, an epic poem from the 5th century CE drawing on classical motifs, she emerges in Book 12 during Dionysus' campaign against the Indians, paired with Megaera as a serpentine, torch-bearing agent of chaos and familial strife, shaking her hair to unleash terror.^[8] Such depictions emphasize her as a dynamic force of unyielding vengeance, extending her archaic attributes into narrative action.^[1]

Adaptations in Roman Mythology

As one of the Furiae

In Roman mythology, Tisiphone formed one of the triad of Furiae, the Latin counterparts to the Greek Erinyes, embodying divine retribution especially against murderers and familial transgressors. The Furiae, deriving their name from furor (madness or rage), were depicted as winged, serpentine females wielding whips, torches, and snakes to torment the guilty, often driving them to insanity as punishment. Tisiphone, whose name translates to "avenger of blood," retained her specialized role in prosecuting homicide, appearing in Roman literature as a fearsome enforcer of cosmic order.^[1] Virgil's Aeneid prominently features Tisiphone in its underworld catalog, where she is stationed before an iron tower at the gates of Tartarus, clad in a blood-soaked robe and eternally vigilant over the damned souls' descent. In Book 6, lines 576–579, she is described as "girt with a gory robe" (sanguineam vestem), underscoring her association with bloodshed and unyielding watchfulness. Later, in Book 10, Tisiphone manifests amid the Trojan War's chaos, raging pale and furious among the combatants, amplifying the epic's themes of inevitable vengeance and the gods' wrath against hubris. These portrayals align her with Juno's interventions, portraying the Furia as an instrument of divine fury rather than independent actors.^[9] Ovid's Metamorphoses provides a vivid invocation of Tisiphone in Book 4, where Juno summons her to afflict Athamas and Ino with madness for their Theban lineage's offenses. Tisiphone emerges from the underworld armed with a gore-steeped torch, donning a blood-dripping robe and coiling serpents around her form, her hair a writhing mass of vipers that hiss threats. She exhales pestilent vapors and scatters poisons derived from Cerberus's foam and Echidna's venom, successfully inciting familial murder by clouding the victims' minds. This episode, drawn from earlier myths but dramatized in Roman epic style, emphasizes Tisiphone's capacity to embody and propagate murderous delusion, reinforcing her as the Furiae’s preeminent punisher of kin-slaying.^[10]^[11]

Roman literary depictions

In Virgil's Aeneid, Tisiphone appears as a guardian of the underworld in Book 6, where Aeneas witnesses her in Tartarus, "sitting girt with a bloody pall" and maintaining eternal vigil at the gates amid the groans of the punished, emphasizing her role in eternal retribution against grave sins like adultery and perjury.^[9] Later, in Book 7, while Allecto takes the primary role in inciting war by maddening Queen Amata and Turnus at Juno's behest, Tisiphone is referenced as her sister among the Furiae, underscoring the familial unity of vengeance deities in Roman epic.^[1] Ovid's Metamorphoses (Book 4, lines 450–511) provides a vivid invocation of Tisiphone, summoned by Juno via Iris to punish Athamas and Ino for sheltering Dionysus; she emerges from the underworld "clothed in a blood-wet dress," uncoils her serpentine hair, and infuses the household with madness using poisons from Cerberus' foam and other infernal toxins, driving Athamas to tearful frenzy and Ino to infanticide, thus illustrating her as an agent of divine retribution through psychological torment.^[1] This episode adapts Greek mythic elements into a Roman narrative framework, highlighting Tisiphone's capacity for direct intervention in mortal affairs under higher godly command. Statius expands Tisiphone's agency in the Thebaid (Books 1 and 11), portraying her as a proactive instigator of the Theban civil war; in Book 1 (lines 88–96), she is roused by the shades of the Spartoi to avenge Oedipus' curse, descending with flaming torches and serpents to poison the minds of Eteocles and Polynices, while in Book 11 she orchestrates battlefield horrors, embodying escalated Fury influence in Flavian epic compared to Virgilian restraint.^[12] Seneca's tragedies, such as Oedipus (lines 637–640), invoke Tisiphone alongside her sisters to afflict Oedipus with visions of retribution, depicting her as a spectral tormentor wielding whips and serpents to enforce familial guilt, aligning with Stoic themes of inexorable fate and moral consequence.^[13] These portrayals collectively adapt Tisiphone from passive avenger to dynamic catalyst of chaos, reflecting Roman literature's emphasis on her punitive mechanisms in epic and dramatic contexts.

Symbolic Role and Interpretations

Retributive justice in ancient context

In ancient Greek mythology, Tisiphone embodied retributive justice as the Erinys specifically charged with avenging homicide and blood guilt, enforcing punishment proportional to crimes against familial and natural order.^[1] Her name, derived from the Greek words tisis (retribution or vengeance) and phonē (murder or slaying), underscores her role in pursuing killers with unrelenting torment, often driving them to madness until atonement or death.^[1] This divine retribution targeted offenses such as matricide, patricide, and violations of oaths or hospitality, reflecting archaic Greek society's reliance on supernatural enforcers to maintain moral equilibrium before formalized legal systems predominated.^[1] ^[14] Tisiphone's mechanisms of justice mirrored the principle of talio—an eye for an eye—manifesting through psychological affliction and physical scourging with whips, torches, or serpents, as depicted in ancient accounts of her underworld duties overseeing the Dungeon of the Damned.^[1] In texts like Hesiod's Theogony (ca. 700 BCE), the Erinyes, including Tisiphone in later identifications, emerge from primordial blood, symbolizing inevitable cosmic payback for kin-slaying that disrupts social harmony.^[1] Unlike human courts, which evolved toward persuasion and civic reconciliation in classical Athens, Tisiphone's vengeance was inexorable and personal, compelling perpetrators to relive their victims' suffering, thus restoring balance through suffering equivalent to the harm inflicted.^[15] ^[16] This retributive framework influenced Greek tragedy, where Tisiphone and her sisters pursued figures like Orestes for matricide, highlighting tensions between blood vengeance and emerging democratic justice, as explored in Aeschylus' Oresteia (458 BCE), though individual Erinyes names appear more explicitly in post-Homeric sources.^[1] Ancient thinkers viewed such divine intervention as essential for deterring chaos, with Erinyes ensuring that unpunished murder invited broader societal curse, prioritizing causal retribution over mercy or rehabilitation.^[6]

Modern philosophical and psychological views

In psychoanalytic interpretations, the Furies, including Tisiphone as the embodiment of vengeful destruction for murder, symbolize the internalized torment of guilt and the superego's punitive function following violations of kin-based taboos. Freud drew on myths like Orestes' pursuit by the Erinyes to illustrate how matricide evokes primal remorse, manifesting as hallucinatory persecutors that parallel neurotic symptoms of unresolved Oedipal conflict.^[17] This view posits Tisiphone's relentless pursuit not as supernatural but as a psychic projection of conscience-driven madness, akin to clinical cases of moral injury where perpetrators experience intrusive vengeance fantasies.^[18] Jungian psychology extends this by framing the Furies as archetypes of the shadow, representing repressed aggressive instincts that demand integration to avoid destructive outburst; Tisiphone, tied to blood guilt, evokes the psyche's need to confront homicide's archetypal horror for individuation.^[19] Modern extensions in depth psychology interpret their transformation in Aeschylus' Eumenides—from avengers to Eumenides—as a model for sublimating vengeful drives into societal order, reflecting ego mediation over chthonic fury.^[20] Philosophically, Tisiphone and her sisters critique modern retributivism by highlighting vengeance's emotional primacy over abstract justice; Robert Solomon argued that failures in legal systems stem not from excessive personal retribution but from insufficient channeling of such furies into accountable moral response.^[21] Martha Nussbaum contrasts their contingency-sensitive outrage with Kantian ideals of impartial will, viewing the Furies as exposing how human vulnerability to kin murder undermines universal ethics, urging philosophy to integrate affective realism over detached rationalism.^[22] These perspectives underscore Tisiphone's enduring role in debates on whether retribution's psychological imperatives can be civilized without eroding causal accountability for grave harms.^[23]

Cultural and Scientific Nomenclature

Astronomy

466 Tisiphone is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid in the outer region of the main asteroid belt, orbiting among the Cybele dynamical group with a semi-major axis of 3.36 AU.^[24] It was discovered on January 17, 1901, by German astronomer Max Wolf and Italian astronomer Luigi Carnera at Heidelberg Observatory in Germany, receiving the provisional designation 1901 FX.^[25] The naming honors Tisiphone, one of the Erinyes (Furies) in Greek mythology, personifying vengeance and retribution.^[26] The asteroid's orbit has a perihelion distance of approximately 3.03 AU and an eccentricity that places it beyond the 3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter, characteristic of Cybele asteroids.^[27] Its absolute magnitude is 8.43, corresponding to an estimated diameter of about 100–135 km, depending on albedo assumptions for C-type bodies.^[27] ^[28] Photometric observations, including CCD studies from 1997–1999, have analyzed its lightcurve and rotational period, confirming its primitive composition typical of outer-belt carbonaceous asteroids.^[24] Tisiphone is not classified as potentially hazardous by NASA JPL standards and poses no known threat to Earth.^[29] Occultation events, such as those predicted for October 30, 2016, and June 1, 2022, have provided opportunities to refine its size and shape parameters through stellar occultations observed by astronomical networks.^[30] ^[28]

Naval vessels

HMS Tisiphone was a fireship launched on 9 May 1781 by builder Henry Ladd at Dover, Kent, for the Royal Navy, ordered on 4 November 1779 as the lead ship of the Tisiphone class.^[31] Initially armed with 8 × 12-pounder guns and a complement of 55 men, she measured 108 feet 9 inches on the gundeck and 425 tons burthen.^[31] Commissioned on 22 June 1781 under commanders including James Saumarez, she participated in the Second Battle of Ushant on 12 December 1781.^[31] Refitted in September 1791 as a 16-gun unrated ship with 14 × 18-pounder carronades and 2 × 6-pounder guns, she captured French privateers including L'Outarde on 5 March 1793, Le Prosper on 22 July 1797, Le Cerf Volant on 6 September 1797, and Le Hazard on 22 June 1811.^[31] By July 1803, she had been converted into a floating battery, armed with 4 × ½-pounder swivels.^[31] The vessel was sold for breaking up on 11 January 1816 for £1,000, concluding over three decades of service primarily in fireship and sloop roles during the American Revolutionary War, French Revolutionary Wars, and Napoleonic Wars.^[31] No other historical naval vessels bore the name Tisiphone in major fleets, though the class included sister ships like HMS Spitfire (1782).^[32]

Modern media and literature

In David Weber's science fiction novel In Fury Born (2006), an expanded edition of his earlier work Path of the Fury (1992), Tisiphone manifests as an ancient, vengeful entity—ultimately revealed to be an alien artificial intelligence—that possesses the protagonist Alicia DeVries following the massacre of her family, enabling her pursuit of retribution against interstellar corporate forces.^[33] The narrative portrays Tisiphone as a manipulative force drawing on mythological attributes of vengeance, blending Greek lore with futuristic elements to explore themes of justice and survival.^[34] Tisiphone features prominently in video games as a combatant embodying her classical role as punisher of murder. In Hades (2020), developed by Supergiant Games, she appears as a mini-boss in Tartarus alongside her sisters Megaera and Alecto, wielding a whip for area attacks and characterized by erratic behavior and a vocabulary limited to words like "murder," reflecting her tormentor aspect.^[35] Similarly, in God of War: Ascension (2013), produced by Santa Monica Studio, Tisiphone serves as a secondary antagonist among the Furies pursuing Kratos for oath-breaking, distinguished by her ability to create illusions and shapeshift, culminating in a fused battle form with Alecto as a massive sea creature.^[36] In television, Tisiphone appears in the Disney+ series Percy Jackson and the Olympians (2023), adapted from Rick Riordan's novels, where she assaults the young demigods Percy, Annabeth, and Grover in a New Jersey encounter during their quest, portrayed by actress Sara J. Southey and defeated in combat to advance the plot.^[37] This depiction aligns with the source material's use of Furies as Hades' enforcers, emphasizing swift, monstrous confrontation over extended mythological exposition.^[38]

References

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HESIOD was a Greek epic poet who flourished in Boeotia in the C8th B.C. He was alongside Homer the most respected of the old Greek poets.The Theogony, Translated By... · Hymn To The Muses · The Titanomachy
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And the names of the Erinyes are Tisiphone, Megaera, Alecto. LEMMA: MBCPraRf, ὀνομάζειν δ' αἰδοῦμαι θεὰς V, ὀνομάζειν γὰρ αἰδοῦμαι Rb, 38 εὐμενίδας MlRwSa ...
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Without delay, Tisiphone, the troubler, grasped a torch soaked with blood, put on a dripping red robe, coiled a writhing serpent round her waist, and left the ...
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– When Juno ended speech, Tisiphone, whose locks entangled are not ever smooth, tossed them around, that backward from her face such crawling snakes were ...
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9 2b ~ GREEK TERMINOLOGY ~ In the Greek texts discussed here, there is no clear linguistic distinction made between violent vengeance and retributive justice.
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Jan 15, 2021 · Despite Apollo's earlier prophecy, Orestes finds himself tormented by Erinyes or Furies to the blood guilt stemming from his matricide . The ...Why was Electra not haunted by the Furies (Erinyes/Eumenides ...Are Freud's theories still accepted or have they been either ... - QuoraMore results from www.quora.com
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Feb 19, 2020 · Often they are inspired by a prevalent modern philosophical view: the good will is not affected by contingencies beyond people's control.
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The observations of 466 Tisiphone we report here were made at the Paul Feder Observatory ... orbital distance between asteroid and planet orbits. (Bowel! and ...
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Named for one of the three Furies. Tisiphone was represented with a whip in her hand and with snakes for bracelets. See also planet (464). (H 50) _ _.Missing: astronomy | Show results with:astronomy
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Epoch of elements: 25 January 2025 ; Mean Anomaly at epoch: 330.14° ; Absolute mag (H): 8.43 ; Slope parameter (G): 0.15 ; Perihelion: 3.03 AU.
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Apr 15, 2022 · ... Tisiphone Update Map. On 2022 Jun 01 UT, the 103 km diameter asteroid (466) Tisiphone will occult a 11.0 mag star in the constellation Pisces ...
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4–8 day deliveryNow Alicia is the only survivor of a brutal attack on her frontier-world family. Not since the mighty Achilles has the ancient spirit of the Fury Tisiphone ...
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Debi Mae West is the voice of Tisiphone in God of War: Ascension, and Masako Katsuki is the Japanese voice. Video Game: God of War: Ascension
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Tisiphone. (as Sara J. Southey). 1 episode • 2023. Julia Lee · Julia Lee · Child #1. 1 episode • 2024. Jennifer Shirley · Jennifer Shirley · Oracle.
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Dec 27, 2023 · Inside the store, Annabeth detects the presence of a monster—specifically the fury Tisiphone—which clues her into Mrs. Dodds' presence on the ...