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CCD

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is a syndrome affecting managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, characterized by the abrupt disappearance of the majority of adult worker bees from the hive, leaving behind the queen, ample honey stores, and nurse bees tending to capped brood, with an absence of dead bees in or surrounding the colony.^[1]^[2] First widely reported by commercial beekeepers in the United States during the winter of 2006–2007, CCD resulted in colony losses exceeding 30% in affected operations, prompting extensive research into its etiology.^[3]^[4] Empirical investigations have identified no single causative agent for CCD, but rather a confluence of stressors including parasitic mites such as Varroa destructor, viral pathogens like deformed wing virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus, bacterial and fungal diseases (e.g., Nosema spp.), nutritional deficits from poor forage quality, and environmental pressures including pesticide exposure.^[4]^[5]^[6] Federal assessments by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency emphasize that while pesticides, particularly neonicotinoids, have been implicated in sublethal effects on bee navigation and immunity, they do not constitute the primary driver of CCD, with mite-vectored viruses emerging as a dominant factor in colony mortality patterns.^[5]^[7] Controversies surrounding CCD have centered on the role of systemic insecticides, fueling regulatory actions such as the European Union's partial bans on neonicotinoids since 2013, despite ongoing high colony loss rates in banned regions and evidence that mite infestations better predict collapse events.^[3]^[7] These debates highlight tensions between beekeeper observations, academic studies favoring multifactorial models, and industry-funded research, with U.S. government reports underscoring that improved mite management and viral screening have mitigated losses more effectively than pesticide restrictions alone.^[5]^[6] Despite reduced incidence of classic CCD symptoms post-2010, annual U.S. honey bee colony losses remain elevated at 40–50%, driven by similar interacting threats, underscoring the vulnerability of pollinator-dependent agriculture valued at billions in economic contributions.^[1]^[3]

Electronics and imaging technology

Charge-coupled device

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a semiconductor integrated circuit that captures images by converting photons into electrical charges stored in an array of capacitors, which are then sequentially transferred and read out as digital signals. Invented on October 17, 1969, by physicists Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith at AT&T Bell Laboratories, the CCD originated from efforts to develop a novel form of semiconductor memory but rapidly proved superior for light detection and imaging.^[8]^[9] Boyle and Smith shared half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for this breakthrough, which revolutionized digital imaging by enabling precise, quantifiable capture of light intensity across a broad spectral range.^[10] The device's operation relies on the photoelectric effect in a depleted silicon layer beneath a mosaic of insulated electrodes. Incident photons generate electron-hole pairs, with electrons accumulating in potential wells created by voltage-biased gates; the charge in each pixel corresponds to local light intensity integrated over the exposure time. Clocked voltages then shift these charge packets row-by-row through the array to a serial output register and on-chip amplifier, where they produce measurable voltage pulses for analog-to-digital conversion—yielding a linear response with quantum efficiencies often exceeding 90% in optimized designs.^[11]^[12] This charge-transfer efficiency, typically above 99.999%, minimizes signal loss and supports high-fidelity readout, though it requires cooling to suppress thermal noise in low-light scenarios.^[13] CCDs excel in applications demanding superior low-light sensitivity, uniformity, and dynamic range, including astronomical telescopes (e.g., enabling Hubble Space Telescope imagery), scientific microscopy, and spectroscopy, where they outperform earlier photographic plates by quantifying faint signals with minimal read noise—often below 5 electrons RMS.^[14] Early consumer digital cameras adopted CCDs for their high fill factor and consistent pixel response, though complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors have since dominated consumer markets due to lower power use and faster readout; CCDs persist in professional niches like astrophotography for their edge in quantum efficiency and reduced fixed-pattern noise.^[15]^[16]

Medical conditions

Cleidocranial dysostosis

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as cleidocranial dysostosis, is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterized by delayed ossification of midline structures, particularly the clavicles, skull, and pelvis, along with dental anomalies.^[17] The condition results from impaired bone formation due to disruptions in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.^[18] Affected individuals typically exhibit hypoplastic or aplastic clavicles, allowing the shoulders to approximate anteriorly, and persistent open fontanelles with wide cranial sutures due to delayed closure of skull sutures.^[19] Prevalence is estimated at less than 1 in 1,000,000 individuals, with no significant sex predilection.^[20] The primary genetic cause is heterozygous mutations in the RUNX2 gene on chromosome 6p21, which encodes a transcription factor essential for osteoblast maturation and chondrocyte hypertrophy during endochondral and intramembranous ossification.^[21] Over 200 distinct RUNX2 mutations have been identified, including missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site variants, leading to haploinsufficiency where one functional allele produces insufficient protein activity.^[22] De novo mutations account for approximately 40% of cases, while inheritance from an affected parent occurs in the remainder; rare recessive forms linked to other loci exist but are exceptional.^[17] Functional studies confirm that these mutations disrupt RUNX2's DNA-binding runt domain or transactivation domains, impairing downstream targets like osteocalcin and osteopontin.^[23] Clinical manifestations form a spectrum, with classic features including partial or complete absence of clavicles (observed in 90-100% of cases), brachycephaly or dolichocephaly from open sutures, and midface hypoplasia.^[18] Dental issues affect nearly all patients, featuring delayed or absent secondary tooth eruption, supernumerary teeth (in up to 65%), and enamel hypoplasia, often requiring orthodontic intervention.^[19] Skeletal involvement extends to short stature (average adult height 140-160 cm), widened pubic symphysis, and vertebral anomalies; hand and foot brachydactyly or clinodactyly may occur.^[17] Extraskeletal features are uncommon but can include mild intellectual disability in severe cases or hearing loss from recurrent ear infections due to Eustachian tube dysfunction.^[18] Diagnosis relies on clinical triad of clavicular hypoplasia, characteristic skull radiographs showing wormian bones and persistent fontanels, and dental anomalies, confirmed by genetic testing for RUNX2 variants via sequencing.^[17] Prenatal diagnosis is possible through ultrasound detection of clavicular agenesis or molecular analysis in at-risk pregnancies.^[21] Differential diagnoses include hypophosphatasia, pycnodysostosis, and 6p deletion syndromes, distinguished by genetic confirmation and absence of RUNX2 involvement in those conditions.^[19] Management is multidisciplinary and symptomatic, focusing on orthopedic corrections for severe deformities (e.g., clavicle reconstruction or spinal fusion if needed), dental extractions or orthodontics for supernumerary teeth to facilitate eruption, and prophylactic cranial closure surgery in infancy to prevent complications like hydrocephalus.^[24] Hearing evaluations and speech therapy address potential conductive hearing loss or articulation issues; bisphosphonates may be considered for associated osteopenia, though evidence is limited.^[18] Genetic counseling is recommended for families, emphasizing 50% recurrence risk in offspring of affected individuals. Prognosis is favorable with early intervention, yielding normal life expectancy and minimal functional impairment in most cases, though untreated dental and skeletal issues can lead to chronic pain or cosmetic concerns.^[25]

Canine cognitive dysfunction

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), also known as cognitive dysfunction syndrome, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting geriatric dogs, characterized by behavioral changes resulting from brain aging and pathology analogous to Alzheimer's disease in humans.^[26] It manifests as deficits in learning, memory, and adaptive behaviors, with prevalence increasing markedly with age; studies report behavioral changes indicative of CCD in 28% of dogs aged 11-12 years and up to 68% in dogs over 15 years.^[27] Other estimates suggest 14-35% of dogs over 8 years exhibit signs, rising to approximately 45% by age 15.^[28] ^[29] The condition often goes underdiagnosed due to overlap with normal aging or unreported mild signs by owners.^[30] Clinical signs of CCD are commonly assessed using the DISHAA framework: disorientation (e.g., getting lost in familiar environments or staring blankly), interaction changes (altered social engagement with owners or other pets), sleep-wake disturbances (increased nighttime activity or reversed cycles), house-soiling (incontinence or accidents despite intact urinary function), activity alterations (apathy, purposeless wandering, or restlessness), and anxiety (pacing or vocalization).^[31] These symptoms develop gradually, often starting subtly after age 8-10, and worsen over time, correlating with neuropathological changes.^[32] Comorbidities like osteoarthritis may exacerbate signs, as pain influences mobility and behavior.^[33] Pathologically, CCD involves accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, primarily Aβ-42 peptides, in the brain cortex and hippocampus, leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss similar to human Alzheimer's disease.^[34] ^[29] Additional mechanisms include tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species damaging lipids and proteins, and chronic neuroinflammation, which collectively impair synaptic function and contribute to cognitive decline.^[35] ^[36] Aβ levels in brain tissue directly correlate with CCD severity scores, supporting a causal role in the disorder.^[37] Risk factors include breed (e.g., higher in certain small breeds), neuter status, and environmental factors, though age remains the primary driver.^[38] Diagnosis relies on owner-reported history and validated screening tools such as the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating Scale (CCDR) or CAnine DEmentia Scale (CADES), which quantify DISHAA signs.^[36] ^[39] Veterinary evaluation includes a thorough physical and neurological exam, bloodwork, urinalysis, and imaging to rule out differentials like hypothyroidism, infections, or tumors; cerebrospinal fluid analysis or advanced MRI may confirm pathology in research settings but are not routine.^[40] ^[29] Early detection improves management outcomes, as mild cases (e.g., 35% prevalence in some cohorts) respond better than severe ones.^[39] No curative treatment exists, but interventions aim to slow progression and alleviate symptoms. Pharmacologic options include selegiline (e.g., Anipryl), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that modestly improves cognition in some dogs by enhancing dopamine levels.^[41] Antioxidant-enriched diets (e.g., containing vitamins E and C, selenium, and fruits/vegetables) reduce oxidative damage and Aβ accumulation, correlating with better cognitive performance in longitudinal studies.^[42] Non-pharmacological approaches, such as environmental enrichment, regular exercise, and puzzle toys, promote neuroplasticity and mitigate behavioral decline.^[43] Multimodal therapy combining diet, supplements like S-adenosylmethionine, and behavioral modifications yields synergistic benefits, though efficacy varies by individual and disease stage.^[41] Owners should monitor progression, as untreated CCD leads to welfare decline and euthanasia in advanced cases.^[44]

Canine compulsive disorder

Canine compulsive disorder (CCD) is a behavioral condition in dogs characterized by repetitive, stereotypic actions that interfere with normal functioning and appear driven by internal conflict rather than external stimuli, resembling aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder in humans. These behaviors often emerge as exaggerated forms of normal species-typical activities, such as locomotion or grooming, but become excessive and ritualistic, potentially leading to self-injury or social withdrawal. CCD typically manifests between 12 and 36 months of age, though onset can vary, and affects dogs of any sex or neuter status.^[45]^[46]^[47] Common manifestations include tail chasing or spinning, flank sucking, excessive licking or chewing (which may result in acral lick dermatitis or alopecia), pacing in fixed patterns, freezing episodes, and snapping at imaginary flies. Less frequent behaviors encompass light or shadow chasing, repetitive digging, or over-grooming of paws. These actions are often triggered or worsened by stress, boredom, or environmental changes, and dogs may display displacement activities like yawning or lip-licking concurrently. Breeds predisposed to specific compulsions include Doberman Pinschers (flank sucking), Bull Terriers (tail chasing), German Shepherds (spinning), and Jack Russell Terriers (self-directed aggression), with higher prevalence reported in these genetically isolated populations compared to mixed breeds.^[48]^[49]^[50] Etiology involves genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Genome-wide studies have identified risk loci, including a significant association on canine chromosome 7 near the CDH2 gene, which influences neural connectivity and compulsive susceptibility, particularly in Dobermans. Additional candidates like PPP2R2B and ADAMTSL3 implicate pathways in synaptic signaling and extracellular matrix regulation. Neuroimaging reveals structural brain abnormalities, such as reduced white matter in frontal regions, alongside serotonin system dysregulation akin to human OCD. While inheritance follows a polygenic pattern with breed-specific penetrance, early stressors like inadequate socialization or confinement exacerbate expression, supporting a gene-environment interaction model over purely psychosocial causation. Medical differentials, including pruritic dermatopathies, neurological lesions, or gastrointestinal issues, must be excluded via diagnostics like dermatologic exams, bloodwork, and imaging.^[51]^[52]^[53] Diagnosis requires a thorough veterinary behavioral evaluation, including owner history of behavior onset, frequency, and triggers, combined with ruling out organic causes through physical exams, allergy testing, and advanced imaging if indicated. No single biomarker exists; confirmation relies on persistence of behaviors despite environmental enrichment and absence of medical etiology. Treatment emphasizes multimodal management: behavioral interventions like increased aerobic exercise, puzzle toys for mental stimulation, and counter-conditioning to interrupt cycles, often yielding partial success when initiated early. Pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine at 1-2 mg/kg daily) or tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., clomipramine) targets neurochemical imbalances, with response rates of 60-80% in controlled cases, though relapse occurs upon discontinuation. Prognosis improves with owner compliance but remains chronic, as CCD reflects underlying predispositions rather than transient habits.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Agricultural and environmental phenomena

Colony collapse disorder

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a beekeeping syndrome characterized by the rapid disappearance of adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) from a hive, leaving behind a live queen, capped brood, nurse bees, and ample honey stores, typically resulting in colony failure within weeks.^[2] The primary symptom is an abrupt reduction in adult bees, with few or no foragers returning, distinguishing it from typical winter die-offs or predation where corpses accumulate inside the hive.^[4] Affected colonies often show delayed invasion by robbers or pests due to the presence of honey, and surviving nurse bees may rear replacement workers from the brood, but the colony rarely recovers without intervention.^[57] First reported widely in the United States during the winter of 2006–2007, CCD affected an estimated 30–90% of commercial beekeepers' colonies in some regions, with losses exceeding 1 million colonies nationwide by mid-2007.^[58] Similar symptoms had been noted sporadically in the U.S., Europe, and Asia prior to 2006, but the scale and synchronicity prompted formation of the CCD Working Group by the USDA and EPA in 2007 to investigate.^[4] By 2010, annual U.S. honey bee colony losses peaked at around 34%, though not all were confirmed CCD cases, and total managed colonies rebounded to over 2.5 million by 2011 through aggressive replacement by beekeepers.^[5] No single causative agent has been identified for CCD, with research indicating a multifactorial etiology involving interactions among pathogens, parasites, environmental stressors, and management practices. Varroa mites (Varroa destructor), which vector viruses like deformed wing virus, are a leading contributor, as mite-infested bees show weakened immunity and higher mortality; studies found higher Nosema fungal loads and Israeli acute paralysis virus in CCD-affected colonies, though these were not unique or sufficient alone.^[4]^[59] Pesticide exposure, particularly neonicotinoids, has been implicated in sublethal effects like impaired foraging and learning, but field trials show synergistic toxicity with pathogens rather than direct causation; for instance, imidacloprid residues correlate with some collapses, yet bans in Europe did not eliminate losses.^[60] Poor nutrition from monoculture foraging and stressors like long-distance transport exacerbate vulnerability, as pollen diversity influences gut microbiota resilience against pathogens.^[60] As of 2025, confirmed CCD incidents have substantially declined from peak levels, with the EPA noting fewer reports over the past five years amid improved mite management and diagnostics, though overall U.S. colony losses reached 40–50% in winter 2024–2025, driven more by varroosis and viral outbreaks in miticide-resistant mite populations than classic CCD symptoms.^[1] USDA surveys recorded 148,410 colonies lost with CCD-like symptoms from January to July 2025, representing under 5% of total managed colonies (approximately 3.8 million), but beekeepers attribute recent high mortality—up to 70% in some operations—to escalating mite resistance and secondary infections rather than a novel syndrome.^[61]^[62] Ongoing research emphasizes integrated pest management, including selective breeding for hygienic bees and diversified forage, over attributing collapses to any isolated factor like pesticides, given stable or increasing total colony numbers despite annual turnover.^[60]

Religious and educational associations

Confraternity of Christian Doctrine

The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine is a voluntary Catholic association dedicated to the catechetical instruction of the faithful, particularly children and youth, through organized teaching of core Christian beliefs. Its primary aim is to supplement parental and parochial efforts in religious formation by equipping lay volunteers as catechists to deliver systematic lessons on doctrine, sacraments, and moral teachings. Membership involves commitment to regular instruction sessions, often in parish settings, with participants gaining spiritual benefits such as indulgences for their efforts.^[63] Originating in the post-Tridentine era amid efforts to counter Protestant Reformation influences through renewed emphasis on doctrinal clarity, the confraternity was established in Rome on June 29, 1562, initially under lay initiative to provide structured religious education amid widespread illiteracy in faith matters. Early models drew from Milanese practices promoted by St. Charles Borromeo, who integrated similar groups into diocesan structures for weekly catechism classes. By the late 16th century, it expanded as a parish-based society, with bishops encouraged to foster its growth to ensure uniform teaching of the Catechism of the Council of Trent.^[64] Papal support solidified its role: Pope Pius V, in his 1571 brief Ex debito pastoralis officii, commended its efficacy and urged bishops to erect it in every parish, granting indulgences to members. Pope Paul V elevated it to archconfraternity status in 1607 via the brief Ex credito nobis, centralizing authority in Rome's San Lorenzo in Damaso while extending privileges like plenary indulgences for active participants. Later, Pope Pius X in his 1905 encyclical Acerbo nimis mandated its canonical erection in all parishes, viewing it as essential for combating religious ignorance and mandating twice-weekly classes during missions. These endorsements underscore its function as a grassroots mechanism for doctrinal fidelity, independent of clerical shortages.^[63] In the United States, the Confraternity gained structured oversight in 1934 when U.S. bishops formed an episcopal committee under the National Catholic Welfare Conference (predecessor to the USCCB) to promote parish-level programs, particularly for children not attending Catholic schools. Incorporated in 1936, the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine entity serves as a USCCB subsidiary, handling scriptural publications like the New American Bible and funding biblical literacy initiatives, with grants totaling $107,896 awarded in 2019 for related projects. Today, "CCD" commonly denotes the parish religious education classes themselves, involving volunteer-led sessions on doctrine, though participation has declined with secularization; Vatican II decrees like Christus Dominus (1965) reaffirmed its value in sanctifying the laity through education.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Commercial and organizational entities

Café Coffee Day

Café Coffee Day (CCD) is an Indian chain of coffeehouses headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka, operating as a subsidiary of Coffee Day Enterprises Limited.^[68] Founded on July 11, 1996, by V. G. Siddhartha with an initial investment of ₹1.5 crore, it opened its first outlet in Bengaluru as a coffee shop combined with a cyber café, pioneering the organized café culture in India by offering affordable coffee and a social hangout space.^[69] The company leveraged vertical integration in coffee sourcing and roasting through its parent group's plantations and exports to maintain cost advantages.^[68] At its peak around 2018–2019, CCD expanded to over 1,700 outlets across more than 200 cities in India and select international locations in six countries, serving approximately 1.6 billion cups of coffee annually.^[69] It diversified into related ventures like vending machines, home-brew products under the "Fresh & Ground" brand (launched 1995), and international expansion starting with a café in Vienna, Austria, in 2005.^[68] However, aggressive diversification into non-core areas such as real estate, technology parks, and logistics contributed to mounting financial pressures.^[69] By March 2019, Coffee Day Enterprises reported a debt of ₹6,547 crore for the listed entity alone, with total group liabilities estimated at up to ₹10,000 crore across Siddhartha's companies, exacerbated by falling coffee prices and high interest costs.^[70] ^[69] In April 2019, the chain shuttered around 500 underperforming outlets amid liquidity issues.^[71] On July 29, 2019, founder V. G. Siddhartha died by suicide, jumping into the Netravati River in Karnataka, citing harassment from tax authorities and private lenders in a purported note; subsequent probes revealed he had routed approximately ₹2,700 crore from company accounts for personal or undisclosed uses.^[71] ^[72] Following Siddhartha's death, his widow and daughter Malavika Hegde assumed leadership in December 2020, implementing a turnaround by divesting non-core assets like technology parks and shares in Mindtree, which reduced group debt from around ₹7,200 crore to ₹1,363 crore by March 2024.^[69] Outlet numbers contracted significantly to about 550 by 2021, with annual revenue falling from ₹3,575 crore in 2019 to ₹923 crore in 2024, though the company entered insolvency resolution processes and earned recognition for business transformation in 2022.^[69] ^[68] As of 2024, CCD continues operations focused on core café retail, emphasizing menu innovations and digital ordering amid competition from global chains.^[69]

Community College of Denver

The Community College of Denver (CCD) is a public two-year institution established in 1967 as part of the Colorado Community College System, one of 13 colleges in the statewide network.^[73] ^[74] It operates primarily from the Auraria Campus in downtown Denver, a site with historical roots tracing to a 1858 gold strike that founded the original Auraria town, and maintains additional facilities including a downtown location and the former CCD North campus opened in 1985.^[75] ^[76] The college emphasizes accessible education for underserved populations, workforce training, and transfer pathways to four-year institutions, serving over 7,700 students annually as of the 2023-2024 academic year, with a full-time enrollment of approximately 1,889 and part-time of 5,826.^[74] ^[77] ^[78] CCD offers more than 100 degrees, certificates, and programs across fields such as business administration, dental hygiene, information technology, elementary education, and general associate of arts/science degrees designed for transfer.^[79] ^[80] These include accelerated options, fully online courses through CCD Online, and noncredit continuing education for professional development.^[81] The institution is accredited and focuses on high-quality, affordable education, with in-state tuition historically around $4,745 annually as of recent reporting, though rates vary by residency and program.^[82] ^[83] Known for its diversity, CCD ranks among the most demographically varied community colleges in Colorado, prioritizing student success through support services like community clinics and pathways for academic and career advancement.^[73]

Government and data systems

Consular Consolidated Database

The Consular Consolidated Database (CCD) is a centralized data warehouse operated by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs to store and manage current and archived records from consular posts worldwide, encompassing visa applications, passport issuances, and American citizen services.^[84] It aggregates transactional data in near real-time, with replications occurring every 60 seconds from individual post databases, functioning as a primary backup system while enabling advanced analytics, metrics generation, and reporting through a dedicated web portal.^[85] The database supports core consular functions, including automated applicant screening via integrated systems like the Consular Lookout and Support System (CLASS), biometric verification, and interagency data sharing under formal agreements with entities such as the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.^[84] Data in the CCD includes personally identifiable information (PII) on both U.S. persons—such as citizens and lawful permanent residents—and non-U.S. persons, primarily visa applicants.^[85] Categories encompass biographical details like names, addresses, dates of birth, nationalities, and passport information; contact data including phone numbers and email addresses; biometric identifiers such as fingerprints and facial images; financial records; and supplementary elements like medical, legal, educational, family history, arrest records, and social media indicators where applicable.^[85] Access is restricted to authorized consular personnel, with encryption, role-based controls, and privacy safeguards enforced; data retention follows schedules outlined in system-of-records notices, with periodic Privacy Impact Assessments (PIAs) conducted triennially to evaluate security and compliance, the most recent completed in November 2022.^[84] Operationally, the CCD integrates with the Consular Affairs Enterprise Service Bus for data routing and recovery, facilitating global visa processing and national security vetting by cross-referencing applicant histories against archived records.^[84] It has experienced intermittent technical disruptions, such as a mid-2014 outage affecting visa and passport operations and a partial restoration on July 23 following unspecified issues, underscoring its critical role in daily consular workflows.^[86] Security audits have identified vulnerabilities, including in 2016 reports of potential cyber risks to its federated structure, prompting ongoing assessments and authorizations for operational technology.^[87] The system remains foundational to U.S. immigration and border management, interfacing with programs like US-VISIT for biometric and biographic exchanges.^[88] As of 2016 estimates, the CCD contained approximately 290 million passport records, 184 million visa records, and 25 million entries on U.S. citizens abroad, reflecting its vast scale amid growing global application volumes.^[87] Earlier figures from 2014 indicated over 100 million visa cases and 75 million passport records, demonstrating expansion tied to increased consular activity post-9/11 enhancements in screening protocols.^[89] This repository's size and integration position it as a key element of U.S. national security infrastructure, though its reliance on legacy custom applications has drawn recommendations for modernization to improve reliability and efficiency.^[90]

Other specialized uses

Caput-collum-diaphyseal angle

The caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle, also termed the femoral neck-shaft angle, measures the inclination between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the longitudinal axis of the femoral diaphysis (shaft).^[91]^[92] This angle reflects proximal femoral geometry and is evaluated primarily through anteroposterior radiographic projections of the hip or femur.^[93] In adults, the normal CCD angle ranges from 125° to 135°, with a mean value of approximately 126.4°.^[91] Values below 120°–125° indicate coxa vara, characterized by a decreased angle that elevates the greater trochanter and limits hip abduction, while angles exceeding 135°–140° denote coxa valga, which increases the mechanical lever arm on the femoral head and predisposes to subluxation or dysplasia.^[94]^[95] In pediatric populations, the angle is higher, averaging 150° at birth and progressively decreasing to 130° by adolescence before stabilizing in adulthood.^[96] Measurement involves identifying the central axis of the femoral shaft—typically along its longitudinal midline—and the axis of the femoral neck, drawn through its midpoint from the femoral head center to the intertrochanteric line.^[93] The angle is the acute intersection of these axes on standardized radiographs, though femoral neck anteversion can introduce projectional errors, with studies showing up to 5°–10° discrepancies between anteroposterior and lateral views or 2D versus 3D reconstructions.^[97]^[98] Advanced techniques, including computed tomography or deep learning algorithms on X-rays, enhance precision for surgical planning.^[99] Clinically, the CCD angle informs diagnosis of developmental hip disorders, fracture risk assessment, and orthopedic interventions such as proximal femoral osteotomies or intramedullary nailing.^[94] In intertrochanteric fractures, preoperative measurement guides implant selection to match native anatomy, preventing varus malreduction (CCD <125°) or valgus overcorrection (>135°).^[100]^[92] Lower CCD angles correlate with intracapsular fractures, while higher values predict extracapsular patterns, aiding preoperative templating.^[101] Abnormalities also factor into hip osteoarthritis progression and total hip arthroplasty offset optimization.^[102]

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Diagnosis of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: A Narrative ...
Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting elderly dogs (~8 years old) and the relationship between animals and their ...
[30]
Assessment of risk factors in dogs with presumptive advanced ...
Oct 18, 2022 · Canine cognitive dysfunction is a commonly underdiagnosed syndrome, as mild signs of cognitive impairment are often unreported. In this study, ...
[31]
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Dogs - Veterinary Partner - VIN
Aug 7, 2024 · It stands for Disorientation, Abnormal Interactions, Sleep/wake cycle disturbances, House soiling, Activity changes, Anxiety, and Learning/ ...
[32]
Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) - VetSpecialists.com
Nov 15, 2022 · Dogs with CDS often display slowly progressive signs of behavioral change and dementia. This may include confusion, anxiety, changes in sleep ...
[33]
Canine cognitive dysfunction and its relation to osteoarthritis
Feb 28, 2024 · Clinical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction · Disorientation – getting lost in familiar surroundings, getting stuck or not recognising people ...Missing: symptoms | Show results with:symptoms
[34]
Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease - Frontiers
Dogs show cognitive deficits that could be paralleled to human symptoms such as disorientation, memory loss, changes in behavior, and in their brains, beta ...
[35]
Oxidative Stress, Aging and CNS disease in the Canine Model of ...
Beta-amyloid accumulation correlates with cognitive dysfunction in the aged canine. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1996;66(1):11–23. doi: 10.1006/nlme.1996.0039. [DOI] ...
[36]
Canine cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease: clinical insights to ...
Sep 27, 2023 · The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): a data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool. Vet J. 2011;188(3):331-336 ...
[37]
Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for canine ...
Apr 29, 2025 · Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) scores correlate with amyloid beta. 42 levels in dog brain tissue. Geroscience. 2021;43(5):. 2379–2386. doi ...
[38]
Prevalence and risk factors of canine cognitive dysfunction ...
This study aimed to investigate the possible risk factors and prevalence of CCD in South Korea. The Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating Scale (CCDR) was used to ...
[39]
Comparing standard screening questionnaires of canine behavior ...
May 20, 2024 · For the CADES, 29% of dogs showed no cognitive impairment, 35% showed mild, 21% moderate, and 15% severe signs of CCD (Supplementary Figure S1A) ...
[40]
Cognitive dysfunction syndrome
CDS is diagnosed based on the demonstration of clinical signs. Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam and recommend checking blood and urine ...
[41]
Management of Dogs and Cats With Cognitive Dysfunction
Treatment options include pharmaceutical agents, dietary therapy, nutritional supplements, and behavioral enrichment.Management Of Dogs And Cats... · Diagnosis · Treatment<|separator|>
[42]
Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces ...
To test the hypothesis that a cascade of mechanisms centered on oxidative damage and Aβ results in cognitive dysfunction we have evaluated the cognitive effects ...
[43]
Non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of canine ...
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disease, likened to Alzheimer's, most commonly seen in dogs over the age of 10 years. CCD is difficult ...
[44]
What Is Dog Dementia? Signs of Canine Dementia and ... - PetMD
Aug 6, 2025 · Cognitive dysfunction is usually a very gradual, slowly worsening syndrome. Affected dogs often wander the house aimlessly, sometimes forgetting ...
[45]
Compulsive and Repetitive Behavior in Dogs - Veterinary Partner - VIN
May 24, 2023 · Dogs and cats of any age, breed, or sex can develop a compulsive or repetitive behavior disorder. The average age of onset is 12-36 months ...
[46]
Canine Compulsive Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, Management
Canine compulsive disorder (CD) involves abnormal, repetitive behavior resulting from anxiety or stress without an apparent inciting trigger.
[47]
Canine Compulsive Behavior - AKC Canine Health Foundation
When ordinary behaviors become repetitive and borders on frantic activity, it can add up to canine compulsive disorder (CCD).
[48]
Recognizing Compulsive Disorders in Dogs and Cats
Jul 6, 2023 · Common compulsive behaviors in dogs can include tail chasing, licking, spinning, pacing, chewing, barking, and biting at invisible objects.
[49]
OCD in Dogs: Can it Happen? - American Kennel Club
Dec 29, 2023 · Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is also known as Canine Compulsive Disorder or CCD. It's identified by normal behaviors that a dog performs in an extreme, ...
[50]
Candidate genes and functional noncoding variants identified in a ...
Canine OCD is a naturally occurring model for human OCD that is genetically more complex than induced animal models [8]. Phenotypically, canine and human OCD ...
[51]
A canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder ... - Nature
Dec 22, 2009 · The highly significant association of CCD with the CDH2 region on chromosome 7 is the first genetic locus identified for any animal compulsive ...
[52]
Canine Compulsive Disorder Gene Identified in Dogs - Tufts Now
Jan 6, 2009 · A canine chromosome 7 locus that confers a high risk of compulsive disorder susceptibility has been identified through a collaboration between the Behavior ...
[53]
Whole genome analyses reveal significant convergence in ...
Jan 30, 2021 · Through gene expressional analysis and functional exploration, we found that two candidate OCD risk genes, PPP2R2B and ADAMTSL3, affected the ...
[54]
An Interdisciplinary Approach for Compulsive Behavior in Dogs
Mar 23, 2022 · Compulsive disorder diagnosis requires to rule out all possible medical causes inciting such a behavior, including food intolerance, parasites, ...Abstract · Introduction · Diagnostic Assessment · Discussion
[55]
An Interdisciplinary Approach for Compulsive Behavior in Dogs - NIH
Mar 24, 2022 · Compulsive disorder diagnosis requires to rule out all possible medical causes inciting such a behavior, including food intolerance, parasites, ...
[56]
Canine Compulsive Disorder in Dogs - Symptoms, Causes ... - Wag!
Treatment of Canine Compulsive Disorder in Dogs. Most cases of canine compulsive disorder can be managed with many of the same techniques as other behavior ...
[57]
What's Killing American Honey Bees? - PMC - NIH
Here, I try to get to the bottom of the unsolved mystery of colony collapse disorder (CCD)—the official description of a syndrome in which many bee colonies ...
[58]
Colony Collapse Disorder - Solutions for Your Life - UF/IFAS Extension
Apr 4, 2025 · Since 2006, beekeepers have reported higher-than-normal colony losses, which are called colony collapse disorder. Bee colonies affected by CCD ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[59]
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and bee age impact honey bee ...
In this study we examined the specific pathologies associated with honey bees collected from colonies suffering from Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)
[60]
Factors Associated with Honey Bee Colony Losses: A Mini-Review
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) has been reported for the first time in 2006 in the USA [1]. Although some bee losses have also been reported in China and ...
[61]
[PDF] Honey Bee Colonies 08/01/2025 - usda-esmis
Aug 1, 2025 · Honey bee colonies lost with Colony Collapse Disorder symptoms on operations with five or more colonies was 148,410 colonies from January ...
[62]
USDA Researchers Find Viruses from Miticide Resistant Parasitic ...
Jul 16, 2025 · ARS scientists screened the mites from collapsed colonies and found signs of resistance to amitraz, a critical miticide used widely by beekeepers.
[63]
Acerbo Nimis (April 15, 1905) - The Holy See
In each and every parish the society known as the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine is to be canonically established. Through this Confraternity, the ...
[64]
the confraternity of christian doctrine
In 1571 the Confraternity was recognized by Pope Pius IV, who recommended its establishment in every parish. Pope Paul V made the society into an Arch- ...
[65]
Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Funds Catholic Biblical Literacy ...
Dec 12, 2019 · WASHINGTON- This fall, the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD) has awarded $107,896 in grants to fund six projects that support the goals ...
[66]
Milestones and Foundations | USCCB
1934: Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD) made an episcopal committee of the U.S. Bishops to support the faith formation of young people who could not ...
[67]
Christus dominus - The Holy See
... Confraternity of Christian Doctrine. In discharging their duty of sanctifying their people, pastors should see to it that the celebration of the Eucharistic ...
[68]
ABOUT US - COFFEEDAY GROUP
We are the parent company of the Coffee Day Group, which houses Café Coffee Day that pioneered the coffee culture in the chained café segment in India.
[69]
The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Cafe Coffee Day: A Debt Story
Aug 24, 2024 · founder V. G. Siddhartha dreamed of a successful coffee chain. Everything was going well until he accumulated ; ~₹10,000 crore in debts, making ...
[70]
VG Siddhartha's total debt may have touched Rs ... - India Today
Aug 2, 2019 · Besides the liability of listed firm Coffee Day Enterprises Limited (CDEL), which reported a debt of Rs 6,547 crore on March 31, 2019, his ...
[71]
Explained: The rise and fall of Cafe Coffee Day - Storyboard18
Sep 13, 2023 · Storyboard18 takes you through the good old days of CCD, the changes it brought in and the bankruptcy case it is dealing with.Missing: financials | Show results with:financials
[72]
Cafe Coffee Day Probe Finds Late Founder Took Out $360 Million
Jul 24, 2020 · Coffee Day Enterprises Ltd., the owner of India's largest coffee chain, has found that its late founder routed 27 billion rupees ($360 ...
[73]
Office of the President | Community College of Denver
Founded in 1967, CCD is a vibrant community that prepares students for academic and life success. We are proud to be one of the most diverse colleges in ...
[74]
Community College of Denver
Community College of Denver (CCD) focuses on innovation, training a skilled workforce, and supporting underserved students. It has campuses at Auraria and ...
[75]
About CCD - Campus Information | Community College of Denver
The campus has a unique history, beginning with a gold strike near the site of the campus in 1858. CCD also has additional locations right in downtown Denver.
[76]
Community College of Denver History - Zippia
Originally established in 1967 for the Colorado Legislature, CCD is housed in the oldest neighborhood in Denver. 1985. In 1985 CCD North opened on Downing ...<|separator|>
[77]
CCD - Student Population and Demographics
Community College of Denver has a total of 7,715 enrolled students for the academic year 2023-2024. All 7,715 students are enrolled into undergraduate programs.
[78]
Community College of Denver | Data USA
The full-time enrollment at Community College of Denver is 1,889 students and the part-time enrollment is 5,826. This means that 24.5% of students enrolled at ...Missing: 2024 2025<|separator|>
[79]
Programs A-Z | Community College of Denver
Our Associate of Arts degree in elementary education is designed for you to transfer to a four-year college, which not only provides you with a solid ...ProgramsBrowse by CertificateBusiness AdministrationDental HygieneInformation Technology
[80]
Programs & Courses - Community College of Denver
You can choose from more than 100 degrees and certificates in 45 different programs of study that prepare you for a new career or for transfer to a four-year ...
[81]
Academics | Community College of Denver
Academics & Programs. Degrees & Certificates; Academic Programs · Accelerated Programs · CCD Online · High School Diploma · Continuing Education & Noncredit ...
[82]
Community College of Denver
We know your life is about more than college. As a fully accredited two-year college, an education from Community College of Denver can take you anywhere.Academic ProgramsCCDConnectAcademics & ProgramsCCD OnlineStudent Hub
[83]
Community College of Denver in Denver, CO | US News Education
The in-state tuition and fees for 2020-2021 were $4,745, and out-of-state tuition and fees were $16,167. There is no application fee.<|separator|>
[84]
[PDF] Consular Consolidated Database (CCD) - State Department
CCD is a data warehouse storing data from Consular Affairs posts, providing a backup and enabling advanced metrics and data delivery.
[85]
[PDF] Consular-Consolidated-Database-CCD.pdf - State Department
The CCD stores data from consular posts, including names, addresses, birthdates, biometric data, phone numbers, email, financial, race, gender, and passport ...
[86]
Important Message RE: The Consular Consolidated Database (CCD)
Jul 31, 2014 · The OIS has been advised by the Department of State that the consular systems experienced technical difficulties beginning in mid-July.
[87]
EXCLUSIVE: Security Gaps Found in Massive Visa Database
Mar 31, 2016 · The Consular Consolidated Database is the “ ... records, 184 million visa records and 25 million records on U.S. citizens overseas.
[88]
[PDF] GAO-06-296 Homeland Security: Recommendations to Improve ...
Feb 14, 2006 · In particular, US-VISIT receives biographic and biometric information from State's Consular Consolidated Database as part of the visa ...
[89]
Department of State Passport And Visa Issuance Database Crash ...
Aug 13, 2014 · DOS' global database (also known as the Consular Consolidated Database or CCD) holds more than 100 million records of visa cases and 75 million ...
[90]
Improving the Visa Processing System at Department of State - USDS
These processes largely are conducted through a collection of custom applications that depend on a system called the Consular Consolidated Database (CCD). Many ...
[91]
Femoral neck-shaft angle | Radiology Reference Article
Aug 16, 2020 · The femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) or caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle is one of the most frequently applied measurements to assess hip morphology.
[92]
The caput-collum-diaphyseal angle (CCD) was defined as the angle...
The CCD is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the longitudinal axis of the femoral shaft ( Figure 1b) [31] . For each radiograph, ...
[93]
Femoral neck shaft angle measurement on plain radiography
Dec 14, 2022 · Femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), also known as the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle, is the intersection between the proximal femoral shaft axis ...
[94]
Femoral Neck Shaft Angle and Management of Proximal Femur ...
Understanding of the patient's native NSA, also known as the caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle, is crucial to avoid varus malreduction (12). In the frequent ...
[95]
Coxa valga | Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org
Aug 7, 2024 · Coxa valga occurs when the angle formed between the neck of the femur and its shaft (also known as the caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle or ...
[96]
Pediatrics | Caput-collum-diaphyseal Angle: How to perform
Aug 1, 2024 · The normal femoral neck shaft angle in children changes with age: it is approximately 150° at birth and then gradually decreases to 130° by ...
[97]
[PDF] Does the Femoral CCD Angle Measurement in a Standard AP ...
in case is the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle (CCD angle). This angle is defined as the angle between the femoral long axis (FLA) and the femoral neck axis.
[98]
Neck-shaft angle measurement in children: accuracy of the ... - Nature
Oct 3, 2022 · Aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of widely used conventional radiography-based (2D) neck-shaft angle measurements compared to 3D reconstruction.<|control11|><|separator|>
[99]
Calculation of Femur Caput Collum Diaphyseal angle for X-Rays ...
Apr 30, 2024 · The CCD angle is an important measurement in the diagnosis of hip problems, and correct prediction can help in the planning of surgical ...Missing: normal range significance
[100]
Mechanical effect of different implant caput-collum-diaphyseal ...
In a femur with an in-between angle, it is acceptable to use implants with a caput-collum-diaphysis (CCD) angle of either 125° or 130° after anatomical ...Original Article · 2. Methods · 4. Discussion
[101]
CCD angle & hip fractures – Predictor of fracture symmetry? - PMC
Our data suggest that the CCD angle can be used as an easy available predictor of extra or intra capsular femur fractures.Missing: range | Show results with:range
[102]
Hip Axis Length and Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle as Risk Factors for ...
Jul 12, 2024 · The aim of this study was to determine if the hip axis length (HAL) and the neck-shaft angle (caput–collum–diaphyseal CCD) are risk factors for those fractures.<|separator|>