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Trijet

A trijet is a jet aircraft powered by three jet engines, often configured either with two engines mounted under the wings and a third in the tail section or all three at the rear fuselage for enhanced thrust and balance during takeoff and climb.^[1] The first trijet was the British de Havilland DH.121 Trident, which had its maiden flight in 1962. Trijets emerged as a significant innovation in commercial aviation during the mid-20th century, bridging the gap between early quad-engine airliners and the later dominance of twin-engine designs. The configuration offered improved efficiency over four-engine aircraft for medium- to long-haul routes while providing the redundancy needed for extended overwater flights before advancements in engine reliability. Notable examples include the Boeing 727, the first American trijet with its first flight in 1963 and entry into service in 1964, which featured a rear-mounted triple-engine setup with a T-tail and became one of the best-selling commercial airliners with 1,832 units produced for short- to medium-range operations.^[1]^[2] Other prominent models were the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, a widebody trijet that entered service in 1971 (initial -10 variant with a maximum takeoff weight of about 430,000 pounds and range of 3,500 nautical miles; later variants up to 590,000 pounds and 6,500 nautical miles), and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, which made its maiden flight in 1970 and began commercial operations in 1972, incorporating advanced avionics and a center-tail engine.^[3]^[4] The popularity of trijets peaked from the 1970s to the 1990s, driven by their quieter cabins, faster passenger boarding via centralized doors in some designs, and superior performance at high-altitude or hot airports. However, by the 2000s, trijets largely faded from production as twin-engine aircraft like the Boeing 767 and Airbus A330 gained favor through the introduction of Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards (ETOPS) regulations in the 1980s, which certified twins for long overwater routes with lower fuel consumption and maintenance costs. High operating expenses and the evolution of more powerful, efficient turbofan engines further accelerated their obsolescence, leaving only a handful of models, such as the business-oriented Dassault Falcon 900 series, in limited use as of 2025.^[5]^[6]

Design and Configuration

Engine Arrangements

The primary engine arrangement in trijet aircraft features two engines mounted under the wings and a third in the rear fuselage, positioned tail-mounted to balance thrust and enhance overall aircraft stability. This configuration emerged as a practical solution for medium- to long-range operations, providing the necessary redundancy for safe overwater flights during an era when regulatory restrictions limited twin-engine aircraft to routes within 60 minutes of a suitable diversion airport. By incorporating three engines, trijets were certified for extended overwater operations under multi-engine rules without the added weight, drag, and maintenance complexity of four-engine designs, which were common on larger widebody jets of the time.^[7] Trijet central engine placements typically employ either a straight-duct or S-duct intake system to route airflow efficiently while minimizing aerodynamic penalties. In straight-duct designs, such as those on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and MD-11, the center engine is mounted at the base of the vertical stabilizer, with a linear intake pathway that draws air from the lower fuselage aft section, allowing straightforward airflow and easier scalability for higher-thrust engines or fuselage extensions. This arrangement positions the engine higher relative to the fuselage, reducing exposure to ground debris but requiring careful design to manage potential ingestion of fuselage boundary layer air. Conversely, S-duct configurations, used in aircraft like the Boeing 727 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, feature a curved, serpentine intake duct that draws air from the top of the fuselage, curving downward to feed the engine buried within the aft fuselage structure. The S-duct helps avoid ingestion of wingtip vortices and low-energy fuselage boundary layer flows by sourcing cleaner, higher-altitude air, though it introduces manufacturing complexity and slight pressure losses due to the bends.^[8]^[9] Specific examples illustrate the performance benefits of these arrangements. The Boeing 727's S-duct central engine, powered by a Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan, contributed to exceptional short-field capabilities, enabling operations on runways as short as 4,500 feet even under hot-and-high conditions, thanks to the combined thrust of approximately 13,600 to 17,400 pounds per engine and the duct's role in optimizing airflow for rapid acceleration. In the DC-10, the straight-duct setup facilitated reliable thrust for high-altitude takeoffs from airports like Denver or Mexico City, with the tail-mounted engine providing critical additional power while maintaining a simpler exhaust path that supported growth variants. These designs prioritized redundancy and thrust distribution, allowing trijets to operate versatile routes in the 1960s and 1970s before advancements in twin-engine reliability diminished their necessity.^[10]^[7] Intake and exhaust systems in trijets incorporate unique adaptations for the central engine, including integration with auxiliary power units (APUs) and specialized thrust reverser mechanisms. The APU, often located in the tail cone adjacent to the central engine compartment, supplies bleed air for starting all three engines and provides ground electrical power, with ducting arranged to avoid interference with the main intake pathways— for instance, in the L-1011, the APU's exhaust is routed separately to prevent contamination of the S-duct airflow. Thrust reversers on the central engine mirror those on wing-mounted units, typically employing clamshell or target-type mechanisms that redirect up to 50% of exhaust forward for deceleration; however, their fuselage-embedded position necessitates hydraulic or pneumatic actuation systems designed for limited access, ensuring symmetric reversal across all engines to maintain directional control during landing. These features enhance operational safety and efficiency, particularly on contaminated runways, by providing balanced braking without excessive reliance on wheel brakes.^[11]^[12]

Aerodynamic and Structural Features

The placement of the third engine in the tail of a trijet aircraft shifts the overall center of gravity rearward compared to equivalent twinjet configurations, requiring careful management through forward cargo or fuel loading to maintain longitudinal balance during flight and ground operations. This aft shift influences landing gear positioning, with the nose gear placed further forward to achieve optimal load distribution and propeller or jet clearance, as exemplified in the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 design where the gear arrangement supports the aft-biased weight while ensuring static stability on the ground.^[13] The integration of a central tail-mounted engine in trijets minimizes aerodynamic interference between the nacelles and the main wing, potentially reducing induced drag from pylon-wing interactions, but it introduces additional fuselage drag due to the complex S-duct intake required for air supply. Noise considerations are significant, as the tail engine's exhaust contributes to jet noise propagation; mitigation strategies include the use of vortex generators on control surfaces to manage airflow separation and boundary layer effects. These features help trijets meet certification noise limits, though the central engine's position can amplify perceived community noise compared to wing-mounted alternatives.^[14]^[15] Structural adaptations for the tail engine necessitate fuselage modifications, including reinforced bulkheads at the engine attachment points and robust pylon structures to distribute loads from the thrust reverser and vibration damping systems. These reinforcements, often integrated with the vertical stabilizer, impose weight penalties from additional ducting and mounting hardware, primarily due to the need for strengthened aft pressure bulkheads and thrust load paths.^[12]^[16] Trijet configurations enhance directional stability, particularly in engine-out scenarios, by leveraging the centerline tail engine to counteract asymmetric thrust from wing engine failure, retaining approximately 67% of total thrust and reducing the yawing moment arm compared to twins (where only 50% thrust remains). The tail engine's thrust line is typically canted slightly upward to align with the aircraft's center of gravity, minimizing pitch excursions during power changes, while hydraulic actuators on the rudder provide augmented yaw control authority to maintain coordinated flight and prevent sideslip buildup. This setup allows for a more compact vertical tail surface, optimizing overall stability without excessive drag penalties.^[17]^[16]

Historical Development

Origins and Early Prototypes

The three-engine configuration for aircraft traces its roots to the piston-engine era of the 1920s, when trimotors like the Ford Trimotor were developed to enhance reliability and safety on early commercial routes, featuring a central engine supplemented by two wing-mounted units for redundancy.^[18] This design addressed the limitations of single- and twin-engine planes in an age of rudimentary aviation infrastructure, carrying passengers and mail across challenging terrains. As jet propulsion emerged post-World War II, the need for extended transatlantic range drove experimentation with multi-engine jet concepts, evolving from these early trimotors to meet demands for speed and endurance over oceans where diversion options were scarce.^[19] In the early 1950s, regulatory pressures from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) further propelled trijet exploration, as rules under the Civil Air Regulations—later codified in FAR Part 121—restricted twin-engine aircraft to operations within approximately 60 minutes' flying time of a suitable airport for extended overwater flights, due to engine reliability concerns.^[5] These requirements, rooted in 1950s safety standards and amended through the late 1950s to accommodate jet technology, made trijets (with three engines) preferable for longer routes, as they were exempt from the 60-minute limit and provided additional redundancy.^[20] The de Havilland Comet, the world's first commercial jet airliner with its 1949 prototype flight, indirectly influenced this shift by demonstrating jet viability but also underscoring multi-engine redundancy after its 1954 crashes highlighted operational vulnerabilities over remote areas.^[19] Key early developments included de Havilland's DH.121 proposal in 1957 for British European Airways (BEA), leading to the Hawker Siddeley Trident after de Havilland's acquisition by Hawker Siddeley in 1960; the Trident prototype first flew on January 9, 1962.^[21] Boeing's concurrent initiation of trijet transport studies in late 1959 focused on a rear-engine layout to improve short-field performance and access to regional airports while benefiting from the relaxed overwater rules for three-engine designs.^[22] This led to the creation of mockups by 1960 and culminated in the 727 prototype's first flight on February 9, 1963. Concurrently, European efforts like Sud Aviation's 1951 X-210 proposal for the SE-210 Caravelle envisioned a trijet with three SNECMA Atar turbojets—two in rear nacelles and one integrated into the fuselage—to achieve medium-haul range of over 2,000 km with 55-65 passengers.^[23] However, by 1953, advances in Rolls-Royce Avon engines enabled a switch to a more efficient twin-engine configuration, abandoning the trijet amid shifting priorities for quieter cabins and lower operating costs.^[23] Several early trijet initiatives faltered due to market and technical challenges. For instance, while Boeing and Hawker Siddeley persisted toward certification, other proposals like potential variants of existing designs struggled against the rising dominance of efficient twins and quads, highlighting the transitional nature of trijet concepts before widespread adoption in the mid-1960s.^[24]

Major Production Models

The Hawker Siddeley Trident, originally the de Havilland DH.121, was the first commercial trijet airliner, with its prototype first flying on January 9, 1962, and entering service with BEA on April 1, 1964.^[21] This narrow-body aircraft was designed for short- to medium-haul routes, accommodating 101 to 180 passengers depending on configuration, and featured rear-mounted engines with a T-tail for efficient operations at smaller airports. Key variants included the initial Trident 1 series and stretched models like the Trident 2 and 3, introduced in the late 1960s with improved range and capacity; a total of 117 units were built between 1962 and 1978.^[21] The Boeing 727 debuted in service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964 following its maiden flight on February 9, 1963.^[25]^[26] This narrow-body aircraft was designed for short- to medium-haul routes, accommodating 149 to 189 passengers depending on configuration, and featured rear-mounted engines that enhanced short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities suitable for smaller airports.^[25] Key variants included the original 727-100 and the stretched 727-200, introduced in 1967 with extended range for transcontinental operations; a total of 1,832 units were built between 1963 and 1984, making it one of the most prolific trijets in history.^[26]^[27] In the Soviet Union, the Yakovlev Yak-40 emerged as an early regional trijet for short-haul routes, with its first flight on October 21, 1966, and entry into service with Aeroflot on September 30, 1968.^[28] This narrow-body aircraft seated 27 to 32 passengers and was tailored for operations on unpaved runways common in the region, powered by three Ivchenko AI-25 turbofans in a configuration with two rear fuselage-mounted engines and one in the tail; a total of 1,011 were produced from 1967 to 1981.^[28] McDonnell Douglas followed with the wide-body DC-10, which made its first flight on August 29, 1970, and entered service in 1971, capable of carrying 250 to 380 passengers on medium- to long-haul flights.^[29]^[30]^[31] The DC-10's trijet configuration, with engines under the wings and one in the tail, provided redundancy and efficiency for transoceanic routes; production totaled 446 aircraft from 1970 to 1989.^[30] Its successor, the MD-11, debuted with a first flight on January 10, 1990, and entered service later that year with Finnair, offering improved range for up to 410 passengers or dedicated freighter roles with strengthened floors and cargo doors.^[32]^[33] McDonnell Douglas produced 200 MD-11s between 1990 and 2000, many adapted for freight to extend their utility beyond passenger service.^[32] Lockheed's L-1011 TriStar, another wide-body trijet, achieved its first flight on November 16, 1970, and began operations in 1972 with Eastern Air Lines, designed for 250 passengers on long-haul routes with advanced features like automatic landing systems.^[34]^[35] Powered exclusively by three Rolls-Royce RB211 high-bypass turbofan engines, it emphasized fuel efficiency and sophisticated avionics for all-weather operations; Lockheed built 250 units from 1970 to 1984.^[35]^[35] In the Soviet Union, the Yakovlev Yak-42 emerged as a regional trijet for short-haul routes, with its first flight on March 7, 1975, and entry into service with Aeroflot in December 1977.^[36] This narrow-body aircraft seated 100 to 120 passengers and was tailored for operations on unpaved runways common in the region, powered by three Ivchenko D-36 turbofans; a total of 187 were produced from 1977 to 2003.^[36]^[37] For the business aviation sector, Dassault's Falcon 900 series debuted with a first flight on September 21, 1984, entering service in 1986 as a long-range executive trijet derived from the Falcon 50, accommodating 12 to 19 passengers in a luxurious cabin.^[38] Variants such as the 900B (1991), 900EX (1999), and 900LX (2005) progressively extended range to over 4,500 nautical miles with updated avionics and engines; more than 500 units of the series have been produced since 1984.^[38]^[39] Trijet production peaked during the 1970s amid booming air travel demand, with major models like the 727, Trident, Yak-40, and DC-10 driving output that collectively exceeded 2,000 units globally by the decade's end, before declining as twin-engine efficiency standards evolved and trijet development ceased with the MD-11 in 2000.^[26]^[30]

Operational Characteristics

Performance Advantages

Trijets provided substantial advantages in operational range and route flexibility through their three-engine design, which circumvented the stringent diversion time limits imposed on twin-engine aircraft before the evolution of ETOPS regulations. In the pre-1980s era, twinjets were generally restricted to flights within 60 minutes of an adequate diversion airport, severely limiting their suitability for overwater or remote routes. Trijets, however, were exempt from the 60-minute diversion rule applicable to twinjets, allowing operations on extended transoceanic and remote routes and enabling airlines to serve long-haul international markets. For instance, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 offered a range of about 3,500 nautical miles, sufficient for transatlantic segments such as New York to London, compared to the early Boeing 737-100's limited 1,500 nautical miles, which confined it to shorter domestic routes.^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43] The additional thrust from the third engine also enhanced payload capacity, particularly for operations from challenging airports with short or high-altitude runways. This configuration allowed trijets to outperform early twinjets in carrying heavier loads without compromising takeoff performance. The Boeing 727 exemplified this capability, achieving payloads of up to 40,000 pounds on runways under 5,000 feet, which facilitated efficient cargo and passenger transport to secondary cities ill-equipped for larger aircraft.^[44]^[45] Safety was further bolstered by the trijet's redundancy, ensuring robust engine-out performance where the aircraft could maintain flight and climb with two operational engines. The rear-mounted center engine played a key role in mitigating asymmetric thrust effects; upon failure of a wing engine, the centerline thrust reduced the resulting yaw moment, requiring less rudder deflection for control and easing certification under FAA standards for continued safe operation. This design simplified handling during critical phases like takeoff, where the aircraft retained adequate margins for obstacle clearance.^[46] Short-field operations represented another hallmark advantage, with trijets like the Boeing 727 capable of takeoffs from runways as brief as 4,500 feet at maximum takeoff weight, thanks to the combined thrust and aerodynamic features optimized for low-speed performance. This versatility expanded jet service to over 100 regional airports worldwide, democratizing air travel to areas previously reliant on propeller aircraft.^[10]^[47]

Economic and Maintenance Challenges

Trijets incurred higher acquisition costs due to the inclusion of a third engine, which increased manufacturing complexity and material requirements compared to twin-engine designs. For instance, the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar carried a list price of approximately $20 million upon its entry into service in 1972, reflecting the premium for its advanced trijet configuration over simpler twinjet alternatives of the era.^[48] Operating expenses were similarly elevated, as the additional engine contributed to greater fuel consumption and overall direct operating costs, making trijets less competitive against increasingly efficient twinjets as engine technology advanced in the 1980s and 1990s.^[49] Maintenance presented substantial challenges for trijet operators, primarily because the centrally mounted engine was embedded within the fuselage or tail structure, complicating access for routine inspections and overhauls. In the Boeing 727, for example, servicing the number-two engine often necessitated partial disassembly of the S-duct and surrounding components, leading to extended downtime and labor-intensive procedures that could exceed 100 hours for major checks.^[50] This lack of parts commonality across the three engines further exacerbated costs, as airlines had to maintain separate inventories and training for varied engine types, unlike the streamlined logistics of twinjet fleets.^[51] The rearward placement of engines in many trijets also amplified noise and emissions issues, with exhaust proximity to the cabin elevating interior sound levels. Measurements in the Boeing 727 recorded cabin noise up to 84 dBA during cruise, significantly louder than contemporary twinjets and contributing to passenger discomfort.^[52] Fuel inefficiency translated to higher CO2 emissions per seat-mile, with trijets producing approximately 10-15% more than ETOPS-capable twinjets by the 1990s, as the third engine's drag and weight offset any redundancy benefits.^[53] Certification requirements under FAR Part 36 imposed additional hurdles, as evolving noise standards progressively restricted older trijets. Many models, such as unmodified Boeing 727s classified as Stage 2 aircraft, faced phase-out mandates by the early 2000s unless retrofitted with costly hush kits to achieve Stage 3 compliance, ultimately accelerating the retirement of these designs from commercial service.^[54]

Current Production and Fleet Status

Models Still in Production

As of 2025, the only trijet aircraft models remaining in active production are in the business jet segment, specifically the Dassault Falcon 900LX and Falcon 8X, both manufactured by Dassault Aviation in France.^[55]^[56] These executive jets represent a continuation of trijet designs tailored for long-range private and corporate operations, following the decline of commercial trijet airliners after the McDonnell Douglas MD-11's production ended in 2000.^[57] The Dassault Falcon 900LX, an upgraded variant of the Falcon 900 series introduced in 2010, remains in production for long-range business missions.^[58] Powered by three Honeywell TFE731-60 turbofan engines each delivering 5,000 lbf (22.25 kN) of thrust, it offers a maximum range of 4,750 nautical miles (8,800 km) and accommodates 12 to 16 passengers in a versatile cabin configuration.^[58] Approximately 100 units of the 900LX have been built since its launch, with recent deliveries including the first of three new aircraft to operator LUMINAIR in September 2025.^[59] Certified by both the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for private operations, it features a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of around 53,000 lb (24,040 kg).^[6] The Dassault Falcon 8X, entering service in 2016 as the flagship trijet model, continues production with enhancements over its Falcon 7X predecessor, including advanced fly-by-wire controls and improved aerodynamics.^[60] It is equipped with three Pratt & Whitney PW307D engines, each providing 6,722 lbf (29.90 kN) of thrust, enabling a range of 6,450 nautical miles (11,945 km) and capacity for 12 to 16 passengers.^[60] Over 100 units have been produced to date, with Dassault maintaining an annual output of approximately 10 Falcon 8X aircraft as part of its broader business jet production rate of about 40 units across models in 2025.^[61] Like the 900LX, it holds EASA and FAA certification, with an MTOW of 73,000 lb (33,113 kg).^[60] This focus on executive trijets reflects a post-2000 industry shift away from fuel-intensive commercial airliners toward efficient, specialized business aircraft, with all manufacturing occurring at Dassault's facilities in Martignas-sur-Jaille and other sites in France.^[62]

Active Operators and Usage

In 2025, commercial passenger operations of trijet aircraft have become exceedingly rare, with no major airlines maintaining scheduled passenger services using these models. The Boeing 727, once a staple for short- to medium-haul routes, saw its last regular passenger flights in regions like Iran and Sudan around 2019, driven by stringent noise regulations and the shift to more efficient twin-engine jets. Small regional carriers in Africa and Asia occasionally operate converted 727s for limited passenger duties, but the global active passenger fleet numbers fewer than 10 aircraft, all facing imminent phase-out due to aging airframes and regulatory pressures.^[63] Cargo and freighter conversions represent the primary domain for legacy trijets, particularly in short-haul logistics and long-range express delivery. The McDonnell Douglas MD-11F remains the dominant model, with approximately 56 aircraft active worldwide prior to recent events, operated mainly by FedEx Express (29 units), UPS Airlines, and Western Global Airlines for transcontinental freight routes. However, following a fatal UPS MD-11 crash on November 4, 2025, in Louisville, Kentucky, which prompted FAA-mandated inspections for potential structural issues, both FedEx and UPS grounded their entire MD-11 fleets on November 8, 2025, suspending operations temporarily while awaiting clearance. Boeing 727 freighters, numbering around 22 globally, continue in niche roles, with Serve Air Cargo in the Democratic Republic of Congo operating four for domestic logistics in challenging environments. McDonnell Douglas DC-10 freighters and tankers, limited to fewer than 10 active units, serve specialized purposes such as firefighting by 10 Tanker Air Carrier and medical missions by Orbis International's Flying Eye Hospital; however, on November 17, 2025, the FAA expanded the grounding order to include all DC-10 and MD-10 variants pending inspections for similar structural concerns.^[64]^[65]^[66]^[63]^[67] Business and private aviation sustains the largest segment of active trijets, centered on Dassault Falcon models prized for their balance of range, speed, and reliability in transcontinental operations. The Falcon 7X leads with approximately 299 aircraft in service, followed by the Falcon 8X (108 units) and Falcon 900 series (around 118 units), totaling over 500 Falcon trijets worldwide, often managed by fractional ownership programs like NetJets. These aircraft achieve high utilization rates, averaging more than 400 flight hours per year, supporting executive travel on routes up to 6,450 nautical miles, such as New York to Tokyo. Operators value the trijet configuration for its redundancy and performance in hot-and-high conditions, though maintenance costs remain a consideration for older 900 variants.^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71] The global trijet fleet stands at roughly 500 active aircraft in 2025, a sharp decline from a peak of over 2,500 in the 1980s, with about 80% retired or stored due to economic and environmental factors. Trijets maintain a strong safety profile, with major hull-loss incidents occurring at a rate of approximately one per million flights across models like the 727 and Falcons, bolstered by redundant engine designs and rigorous certification standards. Usage trends indicate continued reliance on Falcons for premium private flights, while legacy cargo trijets like the MD-11 face accelerated retirements amid fleet groundings and the rise of twin-engine alternatives.^[63]

Future Prospects

Proposed and Canceled Concepts

McDonnell Douglas explored the MD-100 in the early 1980s as a proposed stretched trijet successor to the DC-10, retaining the three-engine layout to enhance range competitiveness with ETOPS-certified twins, targeting up to 7,500 nautical miles while accommodating more passengers; the proposal, initiated in 1981 to revive large trijet development, was canceled by November 1983 amid insufficient airline interest and shifting market preferences toward twinjets.^[72] During the 1970s, Airbus conducted studies for a three-engine widebody configuration as part of early A300 development, considering it to match competitors like the DC-10 but ultimately rejected the trijet approach in favor of a twin-engine design for better efficiency, lower operating costs, and differentiation in the market; this decision shaped the A300 as the first twin-engine widebody airliner.^[73] In the Soviet Union and later Russia, the Yakovlev Yak-42 trijet received proposed upgrades in the 1990s through the Yak-42D variant, incorporating extended range via additional fuel tanks, improved avionics, and enhanced performance for mid-range operations up to 120 seats; while some modernization efforts were implemented, broader upgrades including potential re-engining were shelved due to economic constraints and the rise of more efficient twinjets.^[36]

Potential for Revival

Advancements in hybrid-electric propulsion systems present a potential technological enabler for reviving trijet designs by improving the efficiency of a third engine, as NASA and GE Aerospace are developing megawatt-class hybrid-electric components that could integrate into future aircraft configurations to reduce fuel consumption by up to 20% compared to conventional engines.^[74] Although these efforts focus on single-aisle twinjets, the modular nature of the technology could adapt to trijet layouts for enhanced redundancy in long-haul operations. Additionally, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) offers compatibility with existing trijet turbofan engines, such as those on the Dassault Falcon series, enabling up to 80% reductions in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions without requiring aircraft modifications, as SAF is a drop-in replacement for conventional jet fuel.^[75] Market drivers for trijet revival include niches in ultra-long-range business aviation and cargo transport, where configurations like the Dassault Falcon 8X trijet provide ranges of 6,450 nautical miles, supporting nonstop flights such as New York to Dubai without refueling.^[76] In emerging markets with underdeveloped airport infrastructure, trijets could offer advantages over twins by bypassing strict ETOPS requirements for remote or oceanic routes, historically allowing operations up to 120 minutes from diversion airports without the need for extended twin-engine approvals.^[77] Significant challenges hinder trijet development, including the dominance of twinjets, which account for virtually all new long-haul orders due to their fuel efficiency and operational flexibility. Regulatory advancements favoring twins, such as FAA approvals for up to 370 minutes of ETOPS on aircraft like the Airbus A350, enable them to fly nearly any global route, further marginalizing multi-engine designs. Moreover, clean-sheet aircraft programs, including potential trijet variants, face R&D and certification costs estimated at $10-15 billion, deterring investment amid the established Boeing-Airbus duopoly.^[78]^[79] As of 2025, no firm trijet projects have materialized, though ongoing battery technology advancements toward higher energy densities could enable hybrid-electric trijets by 2035, potentially addressing efficiency gaps if integrated with propulsion innovations.^[80] Industry analyses indicate that without substantial breakthroughs in electrification, the economic barriers will likely prevent widespread revival, limiting trijets to specialized roles.^[81]

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McDonnell Douglas DC-10 specs - Aviation Safety Network
DC10. First flight: 29 August 1970. Entry into service: 5 August 1971. Production ended: 1989. Production total: 446. Series: DC-10-10: Initial passenger ...
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McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Production list | Airfleets aviation
Production list ; 48415 · 576, MD-11 F · Western Global Airlines, 30/11/1994 ; 48416 · 466, MD-11 F · UPS, 06/1991 ; 48417 · 467, MD-11 F · UPS, 07/1991 ...
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McDonnell Douglas MD-11 specs - Aviation Safety Network
The MD-11, made by McDonnell Douglas, first flew in 1990, with 200 total built. It has 3 jet engines, a max 410 passengers, and a max take-off mass of 286250 ...
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Timeline of FAA and Aerospace History
Lockheed Tristar L-1011. November 16, 1970. On November 16, the Lockheed TriStar L-1011 first flew. Loading. Safety seat belts. August 30, 1971. On August 30 ...Missing: specs debut
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L-1011: Luxury Among the Clouds | Lockheed Martin
Oct 1, 2020 · Conceived during the mid-1960s to transport 250 passengers on popular transcontinental routes, the L-1011 boasted unheard-of luxuries, ...Missing: specs | Show results with:specs
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Yak-42: Soviet Trijet Tribulations - Key Aero
Oct 15, 2020 · The total number of aircraft produced was 187 – of these, five were prototypes and 63 more built in the baseline Yak-42 version while the ...
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[PDF] Yakovlev Yak-42/MS-21 - Archived 5/2008 - Forecast International
May 21, 2007 · Total Produced. Through 2006, approximately 184. Yak-42 series ... First flight of Yak-42. 1980. Enters scheduled service with Aeroflot.
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Falcon 900: origins, characteristics and performance data
The Falcon 900 took off for the first time on 21 September 1984, with Hervé Leprince-Ringuet and Jérôme Résal in the cockpit.
[37]
The most popular variants of the Dassault Falcon 900 - Globalair.com
Apr 1, 2024 · More than 500 of the Falcon 900 and its variants have been produced to date. The earliest progenitors of the Dassault Falcon 900. The ...
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What Is ETOPS & How Has It Evolved? - Simple Flying
May 9, 2024 · ETOPS is an acronym for “Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards,” it is also humorously known as “engines turn or passengers swim.”
[39]
Extended Operations (ETOPS) of Multi-Engine Airplanes
Jan 16, 2007 · This final rule applies to air carrier (part 121), commuter, and on-demand (part 135) turbine powered multi-engine airplanes used in extended-range operations.
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History: Examining The Development Of The Boeing 737's Early ...
Nov 11, 2024 · Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7. Range: 1,500 NM (2,780 km) ... Initially, the 737-100 wasn't popular with airlines due to its shorter range and smaller ...
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https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/01/16/07-39/extended-operations-etops-of-multi-engine-airplanes
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Boeing 727 - aircraft museum - Aerospaceweb.org
Mar 10, 2011 · Max Payload, 63,100 lb (28,620 kg) ; PROPULSION: ; Powerplant, three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15/-17/-17R turbofans ; Thrust, (-15) 46,500 lb (207 kN)
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[PDF] 727-100 | Boeing - StartupBoeing
Sep 5, 2007 · StartupBoeing. 727-100C Payload-Range. Page 21. Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved. 9/5/2007. StartupBoeing. 727-100C Payload-Range ...Missing: capacity | Show results with:capacity
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[PDF] ETOPS – Extended Operations - Boeing
Aug 13, 2018 · (120 min or equivalent). Initial application at least 60 days before start of ETOPS. 180 minutes ... are used on ETOPS configured aircraft.
[45]
The Boeing 727-200 - Jonathan Beckett
Aug 1, 2025 · This distinctive configuration, powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass turbofans, positioned two engines on either side of the rear ...Missing: straight- | Show results with:straight-
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Lockheed L-1011 Tristar 1 - Price, Specs, Photo Gallery, History
Price: US$20 million (1972). Performance; Weights; Dimensions. Avionics: L-1011 Avionics Flight Control System; Engine: 3x Rolls-Royce RB211-22. Turbofan; Power ...Missing: list | Show results with:list
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Why Trijets Are No Longer Produced - ePlaneAI
May 24, 2025 · ... global aviation industry. The airline has set a target to operate a total of 84 aircraft, but industry-wide delays and logistical obstacles ...
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Why are we seeing fewer and fewer trijet commercial aircraft? - Quora
Sep 29, 2018 · They are simply not economical to build and operate. In particular the middle jet adds to the cost and is difficult to reach. The advantages of ...Why did tri-jet airplanes fall out of favor? - QuoraWhy don't passenger aircraft use the trijet configuration anymore?More results from www.quora.comMissing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
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Private Jets with 3 Engines: Models & Benefits
Bypass of ETOPS Restrictions: One of the strategic advantages of a private jet with three engines is the ability to bypass ETOPS limitations. Trijets are not ...
[50]
Noise exposure and auditory thresholds of German airline pilots - NIH
May 30, 2017 · Begault described higher values between 75 dB(A) for the Airbus A310 and 84 dB(A) for the Boeing B727. The ambient noise in cockpits reported by ...
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5 Reasons Why Trijets Aren't Made Anymore - Simple Flying
May 24, 2025 · ETOPS essentially extends the distance that a twinjet can fly away from a diversion point, in this case, 120 minutes. In practice, it allows for ...
[52]
Aircraft Noise Levels & Stages - Federal Aviation Administration
Sep 14, 2015 · The FAA has undertaken a phase out of older, noisier civil aircraft, resulting in some stages of aircraft no longer being in the fleet. ...
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Dassault Falcon - Home
Every Falcon carries technologies proven in the fiercest environments. With DNA like that, it's no wonder nothing flies or feels like a Falcon.Falcon 900LX · Falcon 8X · Overview of the fleet · Aircraft
[54]
The Reason for Three Engine TriJet Private Jets | CraftPod Fractional
Dec 18, 2024 · Fuel Efficiency and Fuel Economy: Trijets like the Falcon 900LX are designed for optimal fuel burn, achieving greater efficiency despite their ...
[55]
Why the Aviation Industry Phased Out Tri-Jet Commercial Aircraft
Jun 21, 2025 · The principal factor driving the decline of tri-jets has been the advancement in engine technology. Modern turbofan engines deliver substantially greater power ...<|separator|>
[56]
Falcon 900LX
The Falcon 900LX is a reliable, versatile, and fuel-efficient aircraft with a quiet cabin, powered by three engines, and a range of 4,750 nm.
[57]
LUMINAIR takes delivery of first factory-new Falcon 900LX ...
Sep 30, 2025 · German charter operator LUMINAIR has taken delivery of a brand-new Dassault Falcon 900LX, the first of three aircraft ordered in 2024. The ...
[58]
Falcon 8X - Dassault Falcon
The 6,450 nm (11,945 km) Falcon 8X provides a unique combination of efficiency, flexibility, long range and quiet, spacious comfort.Cabin · The Definitive Difference · Technology
[59]
Dassault Falcon 8X Jets for Sale - AvBuyer.com
Manufactured since 2016, Falcon 8X production continues today, and 78 units were built as of August 2021 (per JETNET).
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Dassault Aviation, a major player to aeronautics
Dassault Aviation is a French aerospace company with proven dual expertise as a manufacturer of both military aircraft and business jets.Company Profile · Military Dassault aircraft · Careers · The Dassault Aviation LogoMissing: trijet | Show results with:trijet
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How Many Boeing 727s Are Left? - Simple Flying
Jul 31, 2025 · Less than two dozen Boeing 727s remain operational worldwide in 2025, mainly as freighters. Here's where you can spot them.
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Which Airlines Still Fly Trijets Today? - Simple Flying
May 14, 2024 · With 386 of the DC-10 variant produced, its most prominent historical operators were FedEx Express, American, United, and Northwest Airlines; ...
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https://simpleflying.com/how-many-boeing-727s-left/
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https://simpleflying.com/which-airlines-still-fly-trijets-today/
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Where In The World Is The DC-10 Still Flying?
Jan 26, 2025 · However, in 2025, firefighting DC-10s made a prominent comeback ... The only other active operator of the DC-10 is Orbis International ...
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Dassault Falcon Jets for Sale Worldwide - AvBuyer.com
In July 2024 there were 2,202 Dassault Falcon jets flying worldwide, per JETNET. The Falcon 7X has the largest in-operation fleet, with 299 units in operation.Falcon 8X · Falcon 2000 · Falcon 7X · Falcon 50
[67]
Dassault Falcon 7X brochure, performance, market, operating costs
Falcon 7X. General Information. Start Model Year: 2007. End Model Year: 2023. Fleet Size: 300. Engine Count: 3. passenger icon Typical Passengers: 12.
[68]
Dassault Falcon 8X brochure, performance, market, operating costs
General Information. Start Model Year: 2016. End Model Year: In Production. Fleet Size: 108 ... © 2025 Guardian Jet. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy ...
[69]
Dassault Falcon 900EX - Guardian Jet
Falcon 900EX. General Information. Start Model Year: 1995. End Model Year: 2003. Fleet Size: 118. Engine Count: 3. passenger icon Typical Passengers ...
[70]
Boeing 7J7: A successor to the 727 that was never built - Aeroflap
Feb 6, 2020 · This was confirmed in 1987 when Boeing canceled the smaller 7J7 to expand the fuselage of the Boeing 737 and then replaced GE's concept engines ...Missing: proposal details cancellation
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Saying Goodbye to the MD-11 : AirlineReporter
Oct 24, 2014 · 211. By November 1983, it was clear there was no interest in the MD-100. The board shuttered it. By this point, airlines were starting to ...
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Airbus jetliners: A standard-setting history
Jun 14, 2018 · Choosing an optimised airframe cross-section, the A300 was smaller, lighter and more economical than its three-engine rivals. Not only did the ...Airbus Jetliners: A... · A300 And A310: Widebody Size... · The A320 Family: The Birth...Missing: proposal | Show results with:proposal
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NASA, GE Aerospace Advancing Hybrid-Electric Airliners with HyTEC
Sep 17, 2024 · NASA is working with GE Aerospace to design and build a hybrid-electric engine that burns less fuel using new components to help ...
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Sustainable Aviation Fuel - Alternative Fuels Data Center
Engine and infrastructure compatibility—SAF blended with conventional Jet A can be used in existing aircraft and infrastructure. · Fewer emissions · More ...Missing: trijets | Show results with:trijets
[75]
Dassault Falcon 7X | Tri-Jet Ultra-Long-Range Jet - Magellan Jets
Falcon 7X / 8X ... Paving the way for business trijets, Dassault's Falcon 7X is a revolutionary aircraft designed to provide exceptional performance and comfort.<|separator|>
[76]
ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance ...
Following this, the very first ETOPS certification rating was given in the 1980s when Trans World Airlines wanted to fly their twin-engine 767 from Boston to ...
[77]
ETOPS - Wikipedia
They are a safety measure intended to ensure that in the event of a single engine failure, an aircraft will still be able to reach a diversion airport using the ...Missing: placement 1970s
[78]
[PDF] The Evolving Aerospace R&D Landscape
Clean-sheet aircraft programmes typically cost between $10 and $15 billion, whereas variants and new engine adaptation cost between $1 and $5 billion.
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What Plane Has The Highest ETOPS Rating? - Simple Flying
Jan 18, 2025 · The A350 has the highest ETOPS rating of 370, meaning it can fly up to six hours and 10 minutes from the nearest usable landing strip.
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Advanced Li-ion Batteries 2025-2035: Technologies, Players ...
This report provides in-depth analysis, trends and developments in advanced and next-generation Li-ion cell materials and designs.
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[PDF] Feasibility of Electrified Propulsion for Ultra-Efficient Commercial ...
This report assesses the feasibility of electric, hybrid-electric, and turbo-electric propulsion for ultra-efficient commercial aircraft, defining design ...