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Trollinger

Trollinger, also known internationally as Schiava or Vernatsch, is a dark-skinned red wine grape variety originating from the Trentino-Alto Adige region of northern Italy, where it has been cultivated for centuries, and is now most prominently grown in Germany's Württemberg region as the area's leading red grape.^[1]^[2]^[3] This late-ripening variety is prized for its vigorous growth, high yields often exceeding 100 hectoliters per hectare, and ability to produce light-bodied, fresh red wines with bright acidity, ruby hues, and aromas of strawberries, cherries, currants, and subtle muscat notes.^[1]^[2] In Württemberg, Trollinger covers approximately 1,855 hectares as of 2023, representing a key part of the region's viticulture on warm, frost-free sites with soils like Keuper limestone or shell limestone, where it thrives despite its sensitivity to poor conditions.^[1] The grape's cultivation expanded significantly from 1,500 hectares in 1960 to a peak of 2,500 hectares in 1995, though it has since stabilized, underscoring its status as a "Swabian national drink" often enjoyed young and paired with local hearty fare like white meats or cream cheese.^[1] Beyond standalone varietal wines, which may include off-dry styles or rosés known as Weißherbst, Trollinger is frequently blended with varieties like Lemberger (Blaufränkisch) to add freshness and structure.^[1]^[2] Historically linked to Slavic roots—reflected in the name Schiava meaning "Slavic"—the variety has numerous synonyms such as Grossvernatsch, Blauer Trollinger, and Frankenthaler Blau, highlighting its spread across Germanic and Italian wine cultures at the crossroads of Europe.^[2]^[3] In Italy's Alto Adige, particularly the Santa Maddalena DOC, it remains a cornerstone for elegant, perfumed reds. It is a parent of modern hybrids such as Kerner and Rotberger.^[2]^[3] Overall, Trollinger exemplifies a versatile, high-acid grape that bridges traditional table grape uses with contemporary winemaking, yielding approachable wines ideal for everyday consumption.^[1]^[3]

Origins and History

Historical Cultivation and Spread

Trollinger, known locally as Schiava or Vernatsch, was first documented in cultivation in the regions of South Tyrol and Trentino, Italy, dating back to at least the 13th century, where it thrived on the steep slopes of the Alpine foothills.^[4] Historical records indicate its presence in these areas as a key red grape variety, contributing to the early viticultural traditions of the Tyrolean wine landscape.^[5] By the 14th century, the variety had migrated northward across the Alps to Württemberg in Germany, likely transported along medieval trade routes connecting Italy and central Europe.^[6] In Württemberg, Trollinger quickly established itself as a staple of Swabian viticulture, becoming integral to the region's agricultural and cultural identity during the medieval period.^[7] It supported local consumption patterns, often enjoyed as a light, everyday wine paired with hearty regional fare, and was also utilized as a table grape under the synonym Black Hamburg, particularly in northern European markets. The grape's role extended to the medieval wine trade, where Swabian producers exported modest quantities to nearby principalities, reinforcing its position as an accessible, high-yielding variety suited to the cooler continental climate.^[8] The 19th and early 20th centuries brought significant challenges for Trollinger, as the phylloxera epidemic ravaged European vineyards, including those in Germany, leading to widespread replanting on resistant rootstocks but also a shift toward more robust varieties.^[9] This crisis, combined with growing preferences for higher-quality grapes like Pinot Noir, contributed to a decline in Trollinger's prominence, with many growers prioritizing varieties that produced more concentrated wines.^[10] In the mid-20th century, as viticulture in Württemberg recovered following World War II, Trollinger cultivation expanded, with planted area growing from around 1,500 hectares in 1960 to a peak of 2,500 hectares in 1995, regaining favor in regional blends for its reliability and ability to yield fresh, approachable wines that reflected local traditions.^[1]

Genetic Analysis and Parentage

DNA-based studies have established that Trollinger, synonymous with Schiava Grossa, represents a distinct genetic identity separate from other Schiava types such as Schiava Gentile, Schiava Grigia, and Schiava Nera, as demonstrated through microsatellite marker analysis that reveals no close relatedness among these varieties. Microsatellite profiling in a 2010 study further confirmed this distinction while reconstructing pedigrees involving Schiava Grossa, highlighting its unique profile within Italian germplasm. A key finding from 2010 DNA analysis linked Schiava Grossa (Trollinger) to ancient Italian varieties, identifying it as one parent in the natural crossing that produced Uva Tosca, with Crepallocchi as the other progenitor; this parent-offspring relationship was verified using genetic markers.^[11] Despite extensive genotyping, no confirmed parentage has been identified for Trollinger itself, supporting its probable autochthonous origin in South Tyrol, where it likely emerged as an ancient, locally adapted variety without evidence of hybridization from known progenitors.^[12] The Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) documents this genetic identity through confirmed marker-based pedigrees, associating Trollinger with over 200 synonyms across regions, including Vernatsch, Frankenthal, and Black Hamburg, all tied to the same core genotype.^[13] These synonyms underscore its historical dissemination while affirming its separation from unrelated varieties like Gamay, whose distinct parentage (Pinot Noir × Gouais Blanc) and microsatellite profile rule out any genetic connection.^[14] This genetic stability reinforces Trollinger's autochthonous status while facilitating its spread from South Tyrolean origins to German viticulture.^[15]

Characteristics and Varieties

Ampelographic Traits

Trollinger, also known as Blauer Trollinger, exhibits a medium to strong growth vigor, making it suitable for various training systems in viticulture. The young shoots open fully and display medium to dense woolly hair coverage, with anthocyanin coloration ranging from very low to slight, often appearing green with subtle red tinges at the tips.^[16] The mature leaves are medium to large in size, featuring strong to very strong blistering and typically three to five lobes, though weakly expressed in some cases. The leaf margins are unevenly toothed, with the petiolar sinus showing slight to wide overlapping; veins carry low to medium anthocyanin pigmentation, sometimes appearing yellowish in specific clones like Gelbholziger Schwarzblauer Trollinger. The overall leaf shape is pentagonal, contributing to the vine's distinctive silhouette for identification purposes.^[16] Clusters are medium to medium-large, cylindrical-conical in shape, and medium in density, often described as loosely packed with berries that detach relatively easily. Berries are medium-sized, spherical or broadly ellipsoidal, covered in a thick, dark red-violet to blue-black skin; the flesh lacks anthocyanin and has no special taste, remaining juicy and mildly acidic at maturity.^[16] Phenologically, Trollinger shows early to medium budburst and flowering, with veraison and ripening occurring medium to late, typically in late October depending on climate conditions. The wood ripens to a yellowish-brown hue in autumn, a trait particularly pronounced in yellow-wooded clones, aiding in seasonal identification.^[16] In comparison to similar varieties like Lemberger, Trollinger is distinguished by its looser cluster density and less intense berry coloration, which result in lighter extraction during processing.^[16]

Sub-varieties and Regional Clones

Trollinger encompasses several sub-varieties and regional clones, primarily within the Schiava group, which exhibit differences in yield, berry size, and resulting wine quality. The most widely planted clone in Germany is Schiava Grossa, also known as Blauer Trollinger, characterized by its vigorous growth, large berries, and high yields averaging around 100 hl/ha, making it suitable for extensive cultivation on poorer soils in Württemberg.^[1]^[3] This clone produces light-bodied wines with delicate aromas, though it is often considered less distinguished due to its neutral flavors and tendency toward higher volumes at the expense of concentration.^[17] In contrast, Schiava Gentile, sometimes referred to as Schiava Piccola or Klein Vernatsch, features smaller berries and compact clusters, leading to lower yields and greater flavor concentration, which enhances its aromatic profile with notes of red fruit and spice.^[17]^[18] This clone is favored in Italy's Alto Adige region for premium wines, such as those in the Santa Maddalena DOC, where its late ripening and smaller fruit size contribute to higher quality expressions despite reduced productivity.^[19]^[17] Another notable low-yielding clone is Tschaggle, which produces grapes with deeper color and is particularly adapted to steep slopes in challenging terrains, offering improved tannin structure and intensity compared to higher-yielding variants. Regional adaptations further distinguish Italian Vernatsch clones, like Schiava Gentile, which tend to retain higher acidity due to cooler high-altitude sites, from the German Blauer Trollinger selections that exhibit slightly softer tannins and lighter profiles suited to warmer Württemberg valleys. These genetic variations among clones stem from selective propagation over centuries, as confirmed by ampelographic studies.^[18]^[1]

Crossings and Derived Hybrids

Trollinger, known synonymously as Schiava Grossa, has played a significant role in German grape breeding programs, particularly at institutions like the Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein- und Obstbau in Weinsberg and the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute, where it has been crossed with other Vitis vinifera varieties to produce hybrids suited to cool climates, early ripening, and enhanced aroma profiles. These efforts, dating back to the early 20th century, aimed to combine Trollinger's vigor and adaptability with the quality traits of noble varieties, resulting in both white and red wine grapes that have gained commercial importance in Germany and beyond.^[20]^[3] A prominent example is Kerner, a white-berried hybrid created in 1929 by breeder August Herold at Weinsberg through the crossing of Trollinger and Riesling. Released in 1969, Kerner inherits Riesling's aromatic potential while gaining Trollinger's frost resistance and productivity, making it well-suited to cooler growing regions like the Pfalz and Rheinhessen, where it yields wines with citrus, peach, and floral notes and crisp acidity. DNA analysis in 2012 confirmed this parentage, underscoring its intraspecific V. vinifera lineage.^[21]^[22]^[23] Another key hybrid from the same parental combination is Rotberger, developed in 1928 by Heinrich Birk at Geisenheim and released in 1947 as a light-red variety for early-maturing, fruity wines. Rotberger combines Trollinger's color and yield with Riesling's finesse, producing low-tannin reds with red berry aromas that are popular in blends or as varietal wines in Württemberg and Baden; its parentage was verified through genetic markers. This cross highlights the breeding focus on creating accessible, high-volume grapes for regional production.^[24]^[3]^[25] Black Muscat, also called Muscat of Hamburg or Muskat Trollinger, represents an older hybrid originating from the mid-19th century, resulting from the cross of Schiava Grossa (Trollinger) and Muscat of Alexandria. This dark-skinned variety is prized for its intense muscat flavor, making it suitable for both table grapes and sweet, aromatic wines or sparkling styles; genetic studies using isozymes and microsatellites in 2003 and 2015 confirmed the pedigree, tracing its likely English or German origins to around 1850. It remains cultivated in small quantities in Germany and Italy for its dual-purpose utility.^[26]^[27]^[28] Trollinger also contributes indirectly to modern red varieties like Dornfelder, bred in 1955 at Weinsberg by August Herold from Helfensteiner (itself a 1931 cross of Trollinger and Frühburgunder) and Heroldrebe (Portugieser x Lemberger). This lineage imparts Dornfelder's deep color, robustness, and berry-driven flavors, enabling full-bodied reds that have become a cornerstone of German viticulture since its 1977 release; pedigree confirmations via markers support Trollinger's foundational role in enhancing hybrid resilience.^[29]^[30]^[31] In contemporary breeding at Geisenheim and other institutes, Trollinger's adaptable genetics continue to inform the development of PIWI (pilzwiderstandsfähig) hybrids, which incorporate disease resistance traits for sustainable viticulture amid climate challenges, though specific crossings remain part of ongoing experimental programs focused on interspecific resilience.^[32]

Cultivation Practices

Viticultural Requirements and Techniques

Trollinger thrives in warm, sunny environments, particularly on south-facing slopes in the foothills of the Alps, where elevations typically range from 300 to 600 meters provide optimal sunlight exposure and temperature moderation. The variety prefers well-drained soils such as shell limestone (Muschelkalk) and Keuper formations, which offer good warmth retention and nutrient availability while preventing waterlogging; gravelly substrates also support healthy root development in these settings.^[13] Due to its vigorous growth and tendency toward high yields—often exceeding 100 hl/ha in wine equivalent, corresponding to roughly 8-10 tons per hectare—the vine requires rigorous canopy management techniques, including shoot thinning and leaf removal, to balance vegetative growth with fruit quality.^[13] Green harvesting, where excess clusters are removed mid-season, is commonly employed to restrict yields and concentrate flavors, especially on fertile sites where overcropping can dilute berry composition. As a late-ripening cultivar, Trollinger demands extended growing seasons with sufficient heat units to achieve full maturity, often harvesting 20 days after varieties like Chasselas.^[33] Training systems are adapted to regional practices: in Germany, single or double Guyot is favored for its ability to control vigor on steeper terrains, while in Italy's Trentino-Alto Adige, the overhead pergola system is prevalent to shade clusters and manage the vine's prolific nature.^[17]^[34] Historical records note occasional confusion of Trollinger with Piccola Nera in Trentino due to superficial ampelographic similarities in berry size and cluster structure, though modern morphological studies have clarified their genetic distinctions.

Challenges, Pests, and Climate Impacts

Trollinger vines exhibit notable susceptibility to fungal diseases such as downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator), and botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), largely due to their loose cluster structure that can retain moisture in humid conditions, necessitating rigorous fungicide application programs throughout the growing season.^[35] The variety's thin, porous berry skins further exacerbate vulnerability to these pathogens, particularly in cool and wet weather, where infection rates can lead to significant yield losses if not managed. High yields, often exceeding 100 hl/ha, pose a challenge by potentially diluting fruit quality and flavor concentration if crop levels are not controlled through pruning and thinning; additionally, Trollinger's relatively late budburst heightens sensitivity to late spring frosts, which can damage emerging shoots in regions like Württemberg.^[1]^[35] Climate change has intensified these issues since the 2010s, with rising temperatures and frequent droughts—exemplified by the 2022 heatwaves in Germany—accelerating ripening and reducing acidity levels in Trollinger wines, resulting in softer, less balanced profiles in warmer vintages.^[36]^[37] To adapt, growers are increasingly shifting plantings to higher altitudes for cooler conditions and employing drought-resistant rootstocks to mitigate water stress and maintain vine health as of 2025.^[37]^[38]

Current Cultivation Statistics

Trollinger is predominantly cultivated in Germany, where it occupies 1,940 hectares nationwide as of 2022, representing 1.9% of the total German vineyard area.^[39] This marks a decline from 2,526 hectares in 2010, with the variety almost exclusively grown in the Württemberg region, accounting for 1,855 hectares as of 2023 or 16.7% of that region's vineyards.^[1]^[39] A further reduction of 213 hectares occurred in Württemberg by 2024–2025, attributed to shifts toward PIWI (fungus-resistant hybrid) varieties amid ongoing viticultural adjustments and climate adaptations, with PIWI now comprising 3.5% of Germany's total vineyard area.^[40]^[41]^[42] In Italy, Trollinger is known as Schiava or Vernatsch and is primarily planted in Alto Adige (South Tyrol) within Trentino-Alto Adige, covering approximately 468 hectares as of 2024, or 8% of Alto Adige's total 5,850 hectares under vine (the broader Trentino-Alto Adige region totals around 13,700 hectares).^[43] Cultivation here remains stable but with ongoing reductions, as Schiava now accounts for less than 10% of Alto Adige's vineyards, concentrated in DOC zones such as Santa Maddalena and Colli di Bolzano, where it supports light-bodied red wines.^[44] Globally, Trollinger's total planted area remains under 3,000 hectares, with minor holdings in Austria and Switzerland that do not exceed a few dozen hectares combined, and no notable expansions outside Europe as of 2025. Production trends in Germany emphasize quality improvements over volume since 2020, with annual yields for Trollinger estimated around 100,000–150,000 hectoliters based on regional averages of 89 hl/ha, though growers prioritize lower yields for enhanced concentration.^[39] Climate-driven declines have contributed to this contraction, prompting adaptations in cultivation practices.^[40]

Wine Production Regions

Germany

Trollinger is the dominant red grape variety in the German wine region of Württemberg, where it accounts for approximately 25% of all red grape plantings, covering around 1,855 hectares as of 2023.^[45] This region, Germany's fourth-largest by vineyard area at about 11,392 hectares, produces roughly 64% red wines, with Trollinger leading ahead of Lemberger (Blaufränkisch) and Schwarzriesling.^[45] The variety is primarily vinified into Qualitätswein and Landwein categories, often as light, fruity reds that reflect the region's cool climate and focus on everyday drinking wines.^[1] Blends combining Trollinger with Lemberger are common, enhancing structure and depth while maintaining the former's signature freshness.^[46] Key sub-regions for Trollinger cultivation include the Remstal and Neckar areas, where vineyards cling to steep slopes of limestone and loess soils, promoting slow ripening and concentrated flavors.^[47] These terraced sites, some exceeding 30% incline, challenge mechanization but yield wines with vibrant acidity and minerality.^[48] Under German wine regulations, Trollinger faces no specific varietal labeling restrictions beyond the standard requirement of at least 85% of the named grape for varietal wines, allowing flexibility in blending.^[49] However, it is frequently produced as a monovarietal in trocken (dry) styles, emphasizing its low-tannin, berry-driven profile without residual sweetness.^[1] Economically, Trollinger underpins Württemberg's wine sector, which prioritizes local consumption—one of the highest per capita wine consumption rates in Germany—due to the region's dense population around Stuttgart.^[46] Exports have grown modestly in recent years, fueled by international interest in natural and low-intervention Trollinger wines that align with trends toward lighter, terroir-expressive reds.^[50]

Italy

In Italy, Trollinger is primarily known as Schiava or Vernatsch and serves as a cornerstone of viticulture in the Trentino-Alto Adige region, particularly within the Alto Adige DOC and Trentino DOC appellations.^[51] This light-bodied red grape thrives in the alpine foothills, contributing to both varietal wines and blends that reflect the area's cool-climate terroir. In the Santa Maddalena subzone of Alto Adige DOC, regulations mandate at least 85% Schiava, frequently blended with up to 15% Lagrein to add structure and depth, resulting in elegant, fruit-forward reds with notes of red berries and spice.^[52] These wines embody the region's tradition of balancing Schiava's delicacy with complementary indigenous varieties. Cultivation of Schiava centers around the Bolzano area, where vines are traditionally trained on pergola systems to shield against intense sunlight and hail while accommodating the grape's vigorous growth.^[5] This overhead trellising, common on south-facing slopes at elevations of 200-500 meters, promotes even ripening and protects the thin-skinned berries. Among Schiava clones, Schiava Gentile is prized for its compact clusters and enhanced aromatic intensity, yielding wines with pronounced floral and almond nuances that elevate the variety's profile in premium expressions.^[53] Historically, Schiava has deep roots in Tyrolean culture, with records tracing its presence in Alto Adige to the 13th century, where it became integral to local customs and communal winemaking practices in this former Austrian territory.^[54] In recent decades, following EU reforms that streamlined protected designation of origin rules and encouraged quality-focused production, winemakers have shifted toward terroir-driven Schiava wines, emphasizing site-specific expressions from limestone and gravel soils rather than high-volume blends. Plantings have declined significantly, from around 556 hectares in 2023 to approximately 467 hectares as of 2024, representing 8% of the region's total vineyards.^[55]^[51] The surge in enotourism, particularly along the Strada del Vino Alto Adige, has spurred increased bottling of single-varietal Schiava, highlighting its refreshing acidity and versatility for pairing with alpine cuisine like speck and cheeses.^[17]

Other Regions

In Austria, Trollinger (known locally as Vernatsch) is cultivated on a very small scale, with plantings estimated at less than 50 hectares nationwide, primarily incorporated into field blends in regions like Burgenland and Styria rather than as a standalone variety.^[56] These modest areas reflect its niche role in Austrian viticulture, where it contributes to blended reds suited to the continental climate, though specific trials for climate resilience are ongoing in experimental settings.^[57] Switzerland hosts limited plantings of Trollinger, referred to as Vernatsch, mainly in the Italian-speaking regions of Ticino and the French-speaking Valais, where it appears in small quantities within natural wine productions emphasizing minimal intervention.^[58] These vineyards, often on steep slopes, leverage the grape's adaptability to alpine conditions for light, fruity expressions in low-volume, terroir-driven wines, though total acreage remains under 10 hectares.^[59] Experimental plantings of Trollinger have emerged outside Europe, notably in New Zealand's Central Otago region since around 2021, where historic vines discovered at Monte Christo Winery were identified through DNA testing and propagated as descendants for trial cultivation.^[60] These efforts, totaling fewer than 5 hectares by 2025, aim to explore the variety's potential in cooler, high-altitude sites reminiscent of its Tyrolean origins, producing small lots of fresh, berry-forward reds. In the United States, Trollinger features indirectly through hybrids like Kerner (Trollinger × Riesling) in California, particularly in Lodi's Mokelumne Glen Vineyards, where experimental blocks of over 50 rare German varieties include such crossings on less than 15 hectares overall.^[61] These plantings test Trollinger-derived grapes for heat tolerance in warmer climates, yielding aromatic whites and light reds with citrus and stone fruit notes. As global temperatures rise, Trollinger shows promise for expansion into warming regions due to its early ripening and refreshing acidity, which suit evolving conditions, but faces adaptation challenges from increased drought and disease pressure.^[37] Ongoing trials in these minor areas highlight its resilience potential, though commercial scale remains limited by phylloxera susceptibility and yield variability.

Wine Characteristics

Production Methods and Styles

Trollinger wines are primarily vinified through short maceration periods of 5 to 10 days during alcoholic fermentation to yield light-bodied reds with minimal tannin extraction. This technique involves destemming the grapes and allowing skin contact at controlled temperatures around 24°C, followed by pressing to separate the juice.^[62] In natural winemaking approaches, carbonic or semi-carbonic maceration is occasionally applied to emphasize fresh, fruity expressions. The resulting styles emphasize Trollinger's inherent lightness, with dry trocken versions predominant in Germany at 11-12% ABV, showcasing its role as an approachable everyday red. In Italy, under the Schiava name, wines are similarly dry but can exhibit a perceived subtle sweetness from ripe fruit notes. Rosé variants, such as Weißherbst, and sparkling interpretations like Sekt are produced through direct pressing or secondary fermentation methods, remaining niche yet increasingly explored by producers.^[63]^[64] Aging occurs predominantly in stainless steel tanks to preserve the grape's vibrant acidity and primary aromas, with fermentation and maturation completed without malolactic conversion in many cases to retain freshness. Oak aging is uncommon due to the variety's delicate profile but may be employed sparingly for premium selections from select clones, adding subtle complexity.^[65] Blending constitutes a key practice, with Trollinger frequently combined with more structured varieties like Lemberger (Blaufränkisch) to bolster color, body, and tannic backbone in regional cuvées, reflecting its supportive role in Württemberg's red wine portfolio.^[66]

Sensory Profile and Pairing

Trollinger wines typically exhibit a pale ruby color with clear, bright appearance, reflecting their light-bodied nature.^[37] They feature low to mild tannins and medium to high acidity, often ranging from 7 to 10 g/l, which contributes to their refreshing and easy-drinking profile.^[1]^[63]^[67] The aroma and flavor spectrum of Trollinger is characterized by vibrant red berry notes, including raspberry, strawberry, red currant, and cherry, accompanied by subtle herbal undertones and hints of spice or violet.^[63]^[37]^[67] This profile evokes a Gamay-like freshness, with tart elements such as pomegranate or sour cherry adding vivacity in many expressions.^[6] Trollinger wines are best consumed young, ideally within 1 to 2 years of vintage, to preserve their fruity vibrancy.^[63]^[37] Premium versions from old vines or natural winemaking approaches may develop subtle earthiness with modest aging, enhancing complexity without significant evolution.^[46] Due to their low tannins and bright acidity, Trollinger wines pair excellently with light meats such as roasted chicken, turkey, pork, or white meats, as well as salads and fresh dishes.^[63]^[68] They complement Swabian cuisine, including Maultaschen, Spätzle, and roast onions, while also suiting cold cuts, cheeses, and pasta with tomato sauce for casual, everyday drinking.^[69]^[63]^[70]

Synonyms and Nomenclature

Primary Synonyms

Trollinger, a red grape variety, shares several primary synonyms across its cultivation regions, with genetic analyses using AFLP and SSR markers confirming that these names refer to the same cultivar or closely related biotypes within the Schiava group.^[71] In Italy's Trentino-Alto Adige region, the variety is known as Schiava, where Schiava Grossa (with larger berries and higher yields) and Schiava Gentile (with smaller, more aromatic berries) serve as the official biotypes for DOC labeling, particularly in Alto Adige Schiava DOC wines that must contain at least 85% of these grapes.^[72] Vernatsch, derived from the local South Tyrolean dialect, is widely used in branding for wines from Alto Adige, reflecting the region's German-speaking heritage and emphasizing the variety's role in light, fruity local styles.^[3] Blauer Trollinger, incorporating the German term for "blue" to describe the grape's dark skin, is an official descriptor in German ampelography and appears in VDP classifications for premium Württemberg estates producing dry Trollinger wines.^[73] Frankenthal, an older German synonym likely originating from the Palatinate town of the same name, persists in some clonal selections and historical references but is less common in modern labeling.^[3]

Historical and Regional Names

Trollinger, known scientifically as Vitis vinifera 'Schiava Grossa', boasts an extensive nomenclature with over 190 documented synonyms, reflecting its widespread cultivation and historical dissemination across Europe.^[74] Many of these names emerged from its early popularity as a table grape, particularly under the export designation Black Hamburg, which gained prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries for its large, sweet, dark berries suitable for fresh consumption and shipping. In the United Kingdom during the 19th century, it was also referred to as Prince Albert, a name tied to royal gardens and horticultural interests of the era.^[3] Regional variations further highlight its adaptability and local adaptations. In the Rhineland area of Germany, particularly around Cologne, the grape was historically called Koelner Blau, emphasizing its blue-black berry color and use in regional viticulture.^[74] Similarly, in southern Germany, the name Aegypter—meaning "Egyptian"—arose from folklore associating the grape's vigorous growth or berry appearance with exotic origins, though it likely stems from medieval trade routes introducing the variety.^[3] The nomenclature of Trollinger evolved significantly after 1900, shifting from table grape aliases like Black Hamburg—prevalent in pre-phylloxera exports—to wine-oriented names such as Trollinger in Württemberg, as replanting efforts post-phylloxera prioritized vinification over fresh market use. This transition underscored its role in light-bodied regional reds rather than international table fruit trade.

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[24]
Kerner | wein.plus Lexicon
Oct 23, 2024 · The white grape variety is a new breed between Schiava Grossa (Trollinger) x Riesling, which was confirmed by DNA analyses conducted in 2018.
[25]
https://glossary.wein.plus/rotberger
[26]
Rotberger - wein.plus - Lexicon
Oct 15, 2024 · The red grape variety is a new breed between Schiava Grossa (Trollinger) x Riesling. Synonyms are Geisenheim 3-37 and Redberger.Missing: pedigree | Show results with:pedigree
[27]
https://ojs.openagrar.de/index.php/VITIS/article/view/4418
[28]
The parentage of Muscat of Hamburg | VITIS
Apr 21, 2015 · ... Schiava Grossa x Muscat of Alexandria. Two isozymes (GPI and PGM), 30 nuclear and 5 chloroplastic microsatellite markers were used. Two ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
https://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=passport/view&id=3659
[30]
https://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=passport/view&id=5345
[31]
https://fps.ucdavis.edu/fgrdetails.cfm?varietyid=3230
[32]
Grape Variety: Dornfelder - Foundation Plant Services
Pedigree, Helfensteiner (Pinot Precoce noir x Schiava Grossa) x Heroldrebe ... The VIVC underwent a significant update beginning in 2007. Corresponding ...
[33]
https://www.coop.ch/en/wine/wine-knowledge/grape-varieties/trollinger.html
[34]
https://winefolly.com/deep-dive/grape-vine-training-methods-illustration/
[35]
Illustrated Grape Vine Training Methods | Wine Folly
Let's go over the basics and discuss several common vine training systems that you're likely to see on your next journey through wine country.Missing: Trollinger | Show results with:Trollinger
[36]
Trollinger - Wikipedia
Trollinger, Schiava, or Vernatsch, is a red German/Italian wine grape variety that was likely first originally cultivated in the wine regions of South Tyrol ...History · Sub-varieties and crossings · Wine regions
[37]
Trollinger | theatrum vinum
Jul 12, 2022 · Ist es insgesamt aber zu kühl und feucht, ist Trollinger relativ anfällig für Fäulnis, aber auch für andere Pilzkrankheiten wie Mehltau.
[38]
Germany sees record-breaking heat, drought, and sun in 2022 - DW
Dec 30, 2022 · In 2022, the country has been on average 1.7 degrees Celsius (3.06 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was since recordkeeping began in 1881.Missing: Württemberg wine
[39]
The Trollinger Grape - Tasteandterroir.com
The Trollinger grape is used to make a variety of wine styles. The majority of wines from this grape are red, but some dark rosé varieties are also produced.
[40]
Droughts, heat and fire: the future of wine in the climate crisis
Sep 20, 2022 · In just the past two years, we've had vast wildfires caused by drought and extreme heat laying waste to thousands of hectares of vineyard (and ...Missing: Württemberg | Show results with:Württemberg
[41]
[PDF] Deutscher Wein Statistik
Die Weinmosternte des Weinjahrgangs 2022 fiel mit. 9,1 Mio. Hektolitern besser aus als nach dem trockenen. Sommer erwartet wurde. Das bedeutet ein Plus von.
[42]
New grape varieties continue to gain ground - Deutsches Weininstitut
Mar 25, 2025 · In Württemberg, solely fewer red grape varieties were cultivated, especially less Trollinger. The Mosel (-95 ha) and Franken (-45 ha) also ...
[43]
[PDF] Winegrowing Region of Alto Adige/Südtirol
The “Alto Adige Colli di Bolzano” is a Schiava. (Vernatsch) whose growing area is like a belt around the “Santa Maddalena” area and may contain up to. 15% of ...
[44]
[PDF] Deutscher Wein Statistik
Due to the above-average loss in sales, the market share of. German wines in the volume of wine purchased in 2023 fell by two percentage points to 42 per cent, ...
[45]
Württemberg: The Insider Hotspot for German Red Wines
Climate change has been, if anything, a boon to Württemberg's wine scene. Red grapes routinely reach full ripeness. The Red Wine Varieties. schiava-trollinger- ...Württemberg Wine Guide · Wines To Know · The Red Wine VarietiesMissing: phylloxera impact decline revival
[46]
Remstal - Wine Region in Württemberg, Germany | Winetourism.com
Other grape varieties that grow here are Trollinger, Lemberger, Schwarzriesling, Pinot Noir, Kerner and Muller-Thurgau. The Remstal region produces ...
[47]
Württemberg: Wine miracle for all - ProWein
Württemberg can only do Trollinger? Not at all! With its long history, unique geographical conditions and variety of grape varieties, Württemberg wines ...
[48]
Discover Württemberg: Germany's Hidden Red Wines - MaxiWines
Approximately 15% of Württemberg's vineyards now operate under certified organic or biodynamic practices, with this percentage growing annually. Many producers ...
[49]
How To Read A German Wine Label
With this easy guide on what each term indicates, we'll help you decipher just about any German wine label, no matter where it came from!Missing: regulations varietal
[50]
What You're Still Getting Wrong About Trollinger - Trink Magazine
Jan 23, 2024 · Trollinger was long decried as a poor excuse of a wine. Increasingly, growers and drinkers beg to differ.Missing: medieval | Show results with:medieval
[51]
Schiava (Vernatsch) Alto Adige - Red Wine Varieties
Schiava (Vernatsch). Cultivation. 467 hectares (1154 acres). the area of cultivation for Schiava. 8.0 %. out of the total area of cultivation in Alto Adige ...
[52]
https://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-alto%2Badige%2Bsanta%2Bmaddalena
[53]
The Comprehensive Guide to Schiava - Wine Folly
Schiava, a group of several varieties, including Schiava Gentile, produces sweetly aromatic and light-bodied wines with flavors reminiscent of cotton candy ...
[54]
First-Taste Guide to Alto Adige Schiava – Learn Wine
Dec 5, 2019 · Schiava is a group of related grapes, celebrated in Alto Adige, with a light body, aromatics, and notes of almond, strawberries, and ...
[55]
Forget Schiava – try new generation Alpine red Vernatsch instead
May 22, 2024 · The traditional pergola vine training seems to be preferred as there is less sunburn on the grapes – and its growers! Legislative burdens – IGT ...Missing: Trollinger | Show results with:Trollinger
[56]
[PDF] STATISTICS REPORT 2024 AUSTRIAN WINE
Oct 15, 2025 · Grüner Veltliner is by far the most cultivated variety of grape in Austria. ... 111 Austrian Wine, based on data from Statistics Austria.
[57]
Austrian haul: 204 varieties in one go. - Slotovino
Apr 17, 2019 · Trollinger (Steiermark) Trollinger, blauer. Trollinger, Muskat- Urban ... 200) are harvested together as a field blend, pressed, fermented and ...
[58]
https://www.italyabroad.com/grapes/schiava-or-vernatsch
[59]
Grapes — Nom De L'entreprise - Alpina Vina
DNA analysis has shown that it is, in fact, a grandparent of Müller-Thurgau. Associated names: Schiava, Vernatsch, Trollinger. Spargelen (white).
[60]
Rare trollinger grapes identified on Central Otago vineyard
Jan 24, 2022 · Monte Christo viticulturist Sam Wood (pictured) says Trollinger grapes have been found growing in Monte Christo Winery, in Clyde, over the ...Missing: plantings | Show results with:plantings
[61]
https://www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/wine/underdog-lodi-grapes/
[62]
https://www.sagerandwine.com/kleines-gut
[63]
Kleines Gut — Sager and Wine | Importer & Distributor
Winemaking The 2024 red version of Vin de Soif is made up of a blend of mostly Trollinger ... technique of semi-carbonic maceration for 10 days. Once ...
[64]
[PDF] Manual - German Wines USA
Ambitious growers and cooperatives also pro- duce cuvées of Lemberger and trollinger, labeled either as Lemberger with trollinger or trollinger with Lemberger ...
[65]
https://winebow-files.s3.amazonaws.com/public/vintage/techsheets//613869_Tramin_Tramin-Schiava_2024.pdf
[66]
https://trinkmag.com/articles/blaufrankisch-bares-its-soul/
[67]
Blaufränkisch Bares Its Soul - Trink Magazine
May 11, 2022 · Lemberger was primarily used as a blending partner for Trollinger in residually sweet red wines produced using mash heating. ... fermentation and ...What's In A Name · Call Me Lemberger · Blaufränkisch As Chameleon
[68]
Trollinger Grape Variety Guide - Buy Top Wines | VinoVoss
It has crimson-purple colouring, with a berry-like aroma and light tannins. Its taste profile includes aromas of cherries, plums, and spices.Missing: Piccola Nera ampelographic distinction
[69]
Trollinger - El Fashiongton Post
Consider pairing Trollinger with dishes such as roasted chicken, turkey, or pork. The wine's bright acidity complements the flavors of grilled or roasted ...
[70]
Trollinger - vinello.eu
Black Hamburg, Vernatsch, Trollinger or Blauer Trollinger - four titles, one grape variety. As Black Hamburg, it mimes the delicious table grape ...
[71]
2025 Württemberg Wine Region: Germany's Premier Reds
Grape Varieties in Württemberg wine region. The main grape variety grown is Trollinger, which is rarely found outside of this region, followed by Lemberger ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[72]
The use of AFLP and SSR molecular markers to decipher ...
The use of AFLP and SSR molecular markers to decipher homonyms and synonyms in grapevine cultivars: the case of the varietal group known as ''Schiave''.
[73]
Alto Adige Schiava DOC - Italian Wine Guide
Alto Adige Schiava DOC is a semi-dry, light red wine made from Schiava Grossa and Schiava Gentile grapes, with a fruity scent and almond aftertaste.
[74]
https://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=passport%2Fview&id=10823
[75]
SCHIAVA GROSSA
### Synonyms for Schiava Grossa / Trollinger