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Ha

Ha is an interjection in English and various other languages, typically uttered as a sharp, monosyllabic exclamation to express surprise, triumph, derision, joy, or amusement.^[1]^[2] Its form mimics natural human vocalizations, appearing in texts as early as the 14th century and rooted in imitative origins common to Indo-European linguistic traditions.^[3] Variants like "hah" intensify skepticism or mockery, while repetitions such as "ha-ha" conventionally denote laughter, distinguishing it from isolated uses signaling discovery or schadenfreude.^[4] Though ubiquitous in everyday speech and writing, "ha" lacks formal grammatical structure, functioning purely as an emotive outburst without semantic content beyond context.^[2]

Units of measurement

Hectare

The hectare (symbol: ha) is a unit of area in the metric system equal to 10,000 square metres, equivalent to a square measuring 100 metres on each side.^[5] This definition derives from the base unit "are," which equals 100 square metres, with the prefix "hecto-" denoting a factor of 100.^[6] Although not part of the International System of Units (SI), the hectare remains widely accepted for non-SI measurements, particularly in contexts requiring decimal scalability.^[7] The hectare originated in France in 1795 during the establishment of the metric system amid the French Revolution, when reformers sought standardized units based on natural constants to replace inconsistent local measures for land taxation and agriculture.^[6] The term combines the Greek "hekaton" (hundred) with the Latin "area," reflecting its derivation as 100 ares, and was formalized to enable precise cadastral surveys and yield calculations free from regional variations.^[8] By the early 19th century, Napoleon Bonaparte mandated its use in France, promoting uniformity that later influenced international adoption.^[9] In practice, the hectare facilitates empirical land assessment in agriculture, forestry, and urban planning, where it supports verifiable quantification of plots for crop yields, timber volumes, and development zoning.^[10] Globally, arable land totals approximately 1.38 billion hectares as of 2019 estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), underscoring its role in aggregating data for food security analyses across diverse terrains.^[11] Total agricultural land reached 4.781 billion hectares in 2022, with hectares enabling consistent reporting that reveals trends like slight declines in per capita availability due to population growth and urbanization.^[12] Compared to imperial units like the acre (approximately 4,047 square metres), the hectare offers advantages in computational precision and international interoperability, as its alignment with the decimal metric framework minimizes conversion errors in global trade and scientific modeling—dividing or multiplying by powers of 10 rather than irregular factors like 2.471 acres per hectare.^[13] This standardization reduces subjectivity in cross-border land valuation and supports scalable applications, such as integrating with kilometre grids for large-scale mapping.^[14]

Science and medicine

Hyaluronic acid

Hyaluronic acid (HA), also known as hyaluronan, is a naturally occurring, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1,4-linked D-glucuronic acid and β-1,3-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, forming long, unbranched polymeric chains with molecular weights ranging from thousands to millions of daltons.^[15] It is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases in cell membranes and is ubiquitous in vertebrate extracellular matrices, particularly in connective tissues, synovial fluid, vitreous humor, and skin dermis.^[16] HA's polyanionic nature enables extensive hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with water molecules, contributing to tissue turgor and viscoelasticity, though claims of binding up to 1,000 times its weight in water overestimate direct molecular capacity, as each disaccharide unit supports only limited hydrogen bonds (approximately 6-8 water molecules per unit via available hydroxyl and carboxylate groups). Physiologically, HA maintains hydration and lubrication in joints by increasing synovial fluid viscosity, supports cartilage resilience under load, and facilitates cell migration in embryonic development and tissue remodeling.^[17] In biological contexts, HA modulates inflammation and wound healing: high-molecular-weight HA (>500 kDa) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting tissue repair, while low-molecular-weight fragments (<500 kDa), generated by hyaluronidases or reactive oxygen species, can stimulate innate immunity via receptors like CD44 and TLR4, potentially exacerbating chronic inflammation in conditions such as arthritis.^[18] Empirical evidence from in vitro and animal models confirms HA's role in enhancing fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition during dermal wound closure, with human studies showing accelerated epithelialization when topically applied in concentrations of 0.1-1%.^[19] Degradation occurs primarily via enzymatic hydrolysis by hyaluronidases (e.g., HYAL1 and HYAL2), with a native half-life of hours to days in plasma but weeks in tissues, influenced by molecular weight and local pH.^[20] Medically, intra-articular HA injections (viscosupplementation) provide symptomatic relief in knee osteoarthritis, with meta-analyses of randomized trials demonstrating small but statistically significant pain reductions (standardized mean difference -0.21 to -0.37) and functional improvements versus placebo, lasting 3-6 months, particularly in mild-to-moderate cases (Kellgren-Lawrence grades I-III).^[21]^[22] However, these effects are not disease-modifying, showing no consistent impact on cartilage volume or radiographic progression in long-term follow-ups exceeding 12 months, and efficacy varies by HA molecular weight (higher weights correlating with better viscosupplementation).^[23] In cosmetics, cross-linked HA formulations serve as dermal fillers for volume augmentation, with clinical persistence of 6-18 months before enzymatic and oxidative degradation, though evidence for sustained skin rejuvenation is limited to transient hydration without altering intrinsic aging processes like collagen loss.^[24] Potential adverse events include localized inflammation from uneven degradation or hyaluronidase-resistant residues, underscoring the need for patient-specific dosing over routine synthetic supplementation.^[25]

Hahnium

Hahnium (symbol Ha) was the proposed name for the synthetic superheavy element with atomic number 105 by a team of researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California.^[26] In April 1970, the Berkeley group, led by Albert Ghiorso, reported the production of isotopes of element 105 through the bombardment of a californium-249 target with nitrogen-15 ions, yielding nuclides such as dubnium-260, which decayed via spontaneous fission.^[26] They advocated for the name hahnium to honor Otto Hahn, the German radiochemist credited with the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938, reflecting a tradition of naming elements after prominent scientists.^[27] The proposal emerged amid competing claims of discovery, fueling the "Transfermium Wars"—a decade-spanning dispute over naming rights for superheavy elements beyond fermium (atomic number 100).^[28] Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna had reported synthesizing element 105 as early as 1968 by bombarding americium-243 with neon-22 ions, though formal publication followed in 1971; they initially suggested names like nielsbohrium before settling on dubnium after their laboratory's location.^[29] The Berkeley team's independent confirmation in 1970 intensified the rivalry, with American researchers temporarily using the symbol Ha in publications and arguing their methods provided superior evidence of the element's chemical properties.^[30] Resolution came through International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) arbitration, prioritizing verifiable synthesis and international consensus over national precedence. In 1992, IUPAC's initial recommendation for joint credit was contested, but by 1997, the name dubnium (Db) was officially adopted, acknowledging the Dubna team's pioneering work despite Berkeley's contributions to isotope identification.^[30] This decision underscored the need for reproducible evidence in nuclear synthesis claims, as Dubna's earlier experiments laid foundational data, even if Berkeley's heavier-ion techniques advanced understanding of the element's behavior.^[31] Element 105, now dubnium, exemplifies challenges in extending the periodic table, existing only in particle accelerators with no stable isotopes and rapid radioactive decay. Known isotopes range from dubnium-255 to dubnium-270, with half-lives typically under an hour; for instance, dubnium-262 decays in approximately 34 seconds via alpha emission or spontaneous fission.^[32] These fleeting existences limit practical applications but enable studies of relativistic effects on group 5 chemistry, where dubnium's predicted properties deviate from lighter homologues like niobium and tantalum due to strong spin-orbit coupling.^[29] The naming saga highlighted tensions between empirical verification and institutional prestige in superheavy element research.

Linguistics

Interjection

"Ha" functions as an onomatopoeic interjection primarily denoting laughter, mimicking the phonetic burst of exhalation associated with amusement, triumph, or surprise through a simple glottal fricative followed by an open vowel sound.^[33] This form arises from the ease of articulation in human vocalization, where the voiceless "h" approximates a sudden breath release and the "a" vowel requires minimal oral constriction, facilitating rapid repetition in sequences like "ha ha" during genuine mirth.^[34] Cross-cultural linguistic observations confirm similar onomatopoeic representations in diverse languages, attributed to phonetic universals rather than learned convention, as laughter's acoustic structure—irregular vowel bursts with voiced onsets—transcends specific tongues due to shared respiratory physiology.^[35] Empirical studies link "ha" vocalizations to authentic emotional states, where genuine laughter correlates with spontaneous neural activation in reward centers, producing variable timing and pitch modulation distinguishable from volitional or sarcastic imitations.^[36] Sarcastic usage, often elongated or mechanically repeated as "ha ha," signals irony or derision rather than joy, with acoustic analyses revealing greater regularity in fake laughter's rhythm and reduced breathiness, allowing listeners to detect inauthenticity at rates above chance via evolved perceptual mechanisms.^[37] Psychological research underscores that while "ha" can convey triumph or mock politeness, its mocking contexts exploit the form's familiarity without eliciting the endorphin release of true amusement, prioritizing social dominance over affiliative bonding.^[38] In ethological terms, human laughter via "ha" serves as a social signal evolved for group cohesion, yet authenticity cues—such as micro-variations in duration and intensity—enable rapid assessment of sincerity, favoring genuine expressions in cooperative interactions over performative ones that risk signaling deception.^[39] This distinction reflects causal priorities in non-verbal communication, where verifiable physiological markers (e.g., elevated heart rate variability in real laughter) underpin trust formation, contrasting with scripted "ha" that may fulfill normative expectations but fail to convey adaptive emotional realism.^[40] Observational data from naturalistic settings further indicate that ironic "ha" deployments often correlate with power asymmetries, debunking notions of laughter as inherently positive by highlighting its role in conflict or exclusionary signaling.^[41]

Ha language

The Ha language, also known as Kiha or Igiha, is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo family spoken primarily by the Ha people in northwestern Tanzania, particularly in the Kigoma Region bordering Lake Tanganyika, and to a lesser extent in northern Burundi.^[42] It falls within Guthrie's Bantu classification zone G, specifically group G.42, alongside close relatives such as Kirundi (spoken in Burundi) and Kinyarwanda (in Rwanda), sharing lexical and structural similarities that trace to shared proto-Bantu roots.^[42] Estimates of first-language speakers range from 800,000 (older data) to around 1.6–1.8 million as of the early 21st century, concentrated in rural homestead-based communities where it serves as the primary medium of daily communication, though exact figures vary due to limited recent censuses and multilingualism.^[42] ^[43] Linguistically, Ha exemplifies Bantu agglutinative morphology, featuring a system of 16–18 noun classes that govern agreement across nouns, adjectives, verbs, and pronouns, with prefixes marking singular/plural distinctions (e.g., class 1/2 for humans: mu-ha- vs. a-ba-ha).^[43] Verbal structures are complex, incorporating tense-aspect-mood markers, object infixes, and applicative extensions, as in root-derived forms like kugura ("to buy") extended to kugurira ("to buy for"). A pitch-accent tonal system distinguishes lexical items and grammatical functions, with high tones often signaling focus or question intonation, though tones are not fully contrastive in all dialects.^[43] Writing remains non-standardized, relying on Latin script adaptations without official orthography; it persists mainly in oral traditions, folktales, and limited religious translations (e.g., Bible portions), rather than formal education or literature.^[43] ^[42] The language's historical spread aligns with Bantu migrations into the region around 1000–1500 CE, as Ha-speaking groups moved eastward from proto-Bantu homelands near the Cameroon-Nigeria border, settling Buha (modern Kigoma) and displacing or assimilating earlier hunter-gatherer populations through agricultural expansion.^[44] Later cross-border movements, including from Burundi into Tanzania since the 1600s, reinforced dialectal continuity amid kinship-based chiefdoms.^[45] In contemporary Tanzania, Ha faces pressures from Swahili as the national lingua franca, with loanwords entering lexicon (e.g., for modern trade terms) and urban youth showing code-switching, yet community retention remains high—classified as institutionally supported and intergenerational—due to endogamous rural networks resisting full assimilation, contrary to earlier predictions of rapid decline under urbanization.^[46] No evidence indicates imminent endangerment, as speaker proficiency holds steady in core areas despite national policies prioritizing Swahili in schools.^[46]

Geography

Places

Hå is a coastal municipality in Rogaland county, Norway, forming part of the Jæren district's southern extent. Covering 247.7 km² with a population of 20,067 as estimated for 2025, it exhibits a density of about 81 inhabitants per km², sustained by flat arable plains that support intensive farming as the economic mainstay. Agriculture here leverages the region's fertile soils and mild climate for crop production, outweighing contributions from energy or visitor sectors in local GDP metrics. In Vietnam's northern borderlands, areas associated with "Ha" variants, such as those bordering Hà Giang Province, encompass rugged terrain in districts like Bắc Hà (in adjacent Lao Cai Province), home to ethnic minorities including Hmong groups reliant on subsistence farming and herding amid steep karst formations. These zones feature populations under 100,000 across expansive rural communes, with economies anchored in low-yield terraced cultivation and cross-border trade, shaped by historical military outposts rather than modern infrastructure.^[47]^[48] Lesser-known locales named Ha, including potential villages in Somalia's arid eastern regions or Estonia's rural parishes, yield scant empirical documentation on demographics or viability, underscoring their negligible role in broader geographical or economic contexts due to data paucity from official surveys.^[49]

People and surnames

Ha (surname)

Ha is a surname of primarily Korean origin, romanized from the Hangul 하, which corresponds to hanja characters such as 河 (meaning "river") for the Ha River clan (Haha Ha-ssi) or 夏 (meaning "summer") for the Summer clan (Ha Ha-ssi).^[50] These two distinct bon-gwan (clans) trace their lineages to historical figures in Korea, with records indicating establishment during the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE), though without evidence of exclusive noble descent across all branches.^[50] In South Korea, the surname Ha ranked approximately 25th in commonality as of early 21st-century estimates, with around 214,000 bearers recorded in the 2000 national census, representing about 0.5% of the population; globally, including variants, the name appears in over 1.6 million instances, though many are concentrated in Vietnam due to phonetic similarities with the Vietnamese họ Hà derived from the same Chinese character 夏.^[51] Korean Ha bearers are linked to specific regional origins, such as Yeongdo for one clan, reflecting localized historical settlement patterns rather than widespread aristocratic myths.^[50] Outside Korea, Ha appears in smaller numbers among immigrant communities, including potential Ashkenazi Jewish variants incorporating Hebrew "ha-" (meaning "the"), as in occupational or descriptive names like Ha-Kohen, though direct evidence of widespread independent Ha adoption in Jewish lineages is limited and often tied to anglicization during 19th-20th century migrations to the United States and Europe.^[52] U.S. Census data from the early 2000s shows Ha most prevalent in states with high Asian immigration, such as California and New York, comprising under 0.01% of the population but clustered in Vietnamese (39%) and Korean-descended groups, attributable to post-1965 immigration waves rather than earlier European patterns.^[53]^[51] Distribution remains heavily skewed toward East and Southeast Asia (98% of bearers), with lower incidences in Western countries driven by 20th-century labor and refugee migrations, such as Vietnamese diaspora after 1975; this contrasts with rarer European or Jewish concentrations, underscoring causal ties to colonial-era transliterations and modern relocation over indigenous development elsewhere.^[51] Notable individuals include Ha Seung-su, a South Korean diplomat who served as acting prime minister in 2004, recognized for stabilizing government transitions amid political crises.^[51]

Organizations and groups

Hells Angels

The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) originated on March 17, 1948, in the Fontana/San Bernardino area of California, formed by World War II veterans and aviation mechanics disillusioned with civilian life who sought camaraderie through motorcycle riding amid affordable surplus military bikes.^[54]^[55] The club expanded rapidly post-war, establishing a hierarchical structure with autonomous local chapters governed by elected officers like presidents and sergeants-at-arms, where prospects must prove loyalty through extended trials before earning full "patch" status symbolizing commitment via embroidered wings and death-head insignia.^[56] By the 2020s, it had grown to approximately 6,000 members across 592 chapters in 66 countries, emphasizing rituals of brotherhood such as mandatory club runs and oaths of mutual protection, though empirical studies describe it as an associational network providing belonging rather than a centralized command.^[57]^[58] Members highlight internal cohesion and positive activities, including annual charity toy runs supporting programs like Toys for Tots, with chapters collecting hundreds of toys locally and participating in veteran aid reflecting their military roots.^[59]^[60] Economically, the club sustains through licensed merchandise sales—trademarked apparel and gear generating revenue via a corporate entity—and sanctioned events like rallies, operating without monopoly as competitors such as the Bandidos and Outlaws vie in similar markets through individual member enterprises rather than unified illicit control.^[61]^[62]^[56] Legal interactions intensified in the late 20th century, with U.S. Department of Justice classifications as an outlaw gang leading to RICO prosecutions for alleged racketeering, including a 1979 case against leaders for violence and drug ties, though club figures like Sonny Barger have portrayed operations as fraternal pursuits amid law enforcement scrutiny.^[63]^[64] Notable incidents include the December 6, 1969, Altamont Speedway concert, where Hells Angels hired as security clashed with attendees; member Alan Passaro stabbed 18-year-old Meredith Hunter after he drew a revolver, resulting in Passaro's acquittal on self-defense grounds despite media framing it as emblematic of club brutality.^[65]^[66] While violence persists in rivalries—evidenced by 2024 arrests of an entire chapter for kidnapping and assaults—causal analyses from member accounts stress defensive responses to threats over proactive criminality, contrasting sensational reports with documented acquittals and localized prosecutions potentially amplified by infiltrations.^[67]^[68]

Other agencies

The Highways Agency, formed in 1994 as an executive agency under the UK Department of Transport, oversaw the operation, maintenance, and enhancement of England's strategic road network, encompassing motorways and major trunk roads totaling 4,500 miles (7,242 km).^[69] Its functions emphasized infrastructure integrity and traffic flow efficiency, with safety metrics tracked through indicators like collision rates and response times to incidents, contributing to a reported 20% reduction in road fatalities on managed routes between 2015 and 2020 via targeted engineering interventions such as barrier upgrades and signage improvements.^[70] The agency transitioned to Highways England in 2015 under a government-owned company model and was rebranded National Highways in 2021 to reflect expanded accountability for performance against road investment strategies.^[71] In the United States, local Housing Authorities (HAs), operating as Public Housing Agencies under the Department of Housing and Urban Development, manage federally subsidized low-income housing programs, administering approximately 1.1 million public housing units and serving over 2 million residents as of 2023. These entities provide rental subsidies and unit development, achieving successes in initial provision such as constructing over 800,000 units post-World War II through programs like the Housing Act of 1937.^[72] However, empirical analyses reveal systemic challenges, including a $26 billion capital backlog leading to deferred maintenance and physical deterioration in 40% of units, as documented in oversight reviews, alongside evidence of concentrated poverty fostering dependency cycles where residents remain in subsidized housing for extended periods without upward mobility pathways.^[73] ^[74] Government Accountability Office evaluations recommend enhanced financial indicators for at-risk agencies to mitigate these outcomes, prioritizing preventive repairs over reactive funding.^[74] UK Health Authorities, operational from the 1970s to the late 1990s as intermediate bodies like District Health Authorities within the National Health Service, coordinated local healthcare delivery including hospital services and resource allocation for populations averaging 250,000.^[75] These structures were progressively consolidated in the 2000s into primary care trusts and subsequently abolished in favor of clinical commissioning groups by 2013, aiming to streamline decision-making but exposing causal inefficiencies such as fragmented accountability contributing to waiting time escalations.^[75] Empirical studies attribute persistent delays—reaching over 7 million patients awaiting elective procedures by 2023—to supply-side constraints and administrative layering, with post-consolidation reforms yielding temporary reductions (e.g., 50% drop in median waits from 2000-2010 via capacity investments) but failing to resolve underlying mismatches between demand and provider output.^[76] ^[77]

Transportation

Hawaiian Airlines

Hawaiian Airlines, the flag carrier of Hawaii, was founded on January 30, 1929, as Inter-Island Airways, initially providing inter-island mail and passenger service using single-engine aircraft, and later renamed Hawaiian Airlines in 1941.^[78] Headquartered at Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in Honolulu, the airline holds IATA code HA and ICAO code HAL, operating primarily scheduled passenger flights connecting Hawaii's islands with the U.S. mainland, Asia, and select Pacific destinations.^[79] As of 2025, it maintains a fleet of approximately 75 aircraft, including Airbus A330 widebodies for long-haul routes, Boeing 717s for inter-island operations, and Airbus A321neo narrowbodies introduced for fuel efficiency on mainland flights.^[80] The carrier conducts around 200 daily flights, with a network spanning over 30 destinations driven by tourism demand rather than government subsidies, reflecting Hawaii's reliance on visitor arrivals for economic causality.^[81] Pre-pandemic, Hawaiian Airlines transported over 11 million passengers annually in 2019, supported by high load factors averaging above 80% amid strong leisure travel to Hawaii.^[82] Post-2020 recovery has seen passenger volumes rebound, with 2023 load factors reaching 82.7% as U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) statistics indicate restored capacity utilization tied to tourism resurgence rather than fiscal aid dependency.^[83] DOT data underscores its market position as Hawaii's dominant carrier, handling a significant share of state O&D traffic with operational efficiency evidenced by consistent on-time performance exceeding industry averages.^[84] Safety records show minimal major incidents relative to operational scale, with no fatal passenger jet accidents since the airline's transition to turbine-powered aircraft in the 1950s, though early propeller-era operations in the 1930s and 1940s included two fatal crashes involving small aircraft, the most severe being a 1948 Douglas DC-3 incident claiming multiple lives.^[85] This contrasts with broader U.S. carrier benchmarks, where empirical data from aviation authorities highlight Hawaiian's low incident rate per departure million, attributable to rigorous maintenance and route-specific environmental factors over competitor systemic issues.^[86] Following its 2024 merger with Alaska Airlines, integrated operations continue to prioritize verifiable safety metrics without reported lapses.^[87]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Titles and works

"Ha Ha Ha" is a 2010 South Korean film directed by Hong Sang-soo, centering on interconnected stories of friends reflecting on life through ironic conversations; it premiered in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival but grossed approximately 57 million KRW (about $50,000 USD) at the domestic box office, indicating niche appeal.^[88] "Ha! Ha! Ha!" refers to a 1934 Fleischer Studios animated short featuring Betty Boop as a dentist administering laughing gas that induces uncontrollable laughter among characters, including Koko the Clown; the cartoon, running about 7 minutes, drew attention for its exaggerated humor but faced later censorship in some markets over implied depictions of intoxication effects.^[89]^[90] Other minor films include the 2021 Filipino drama "History of Ha" by Lav Diaz, a 4-hour experimental narrative set in 1957 exploring national identity through personal vignettes, which screened at international festivals but lacked wide theatrical release or measurable box office data.^[91] In music, "Ha" is a 1998 hip-hop track by Juvenile from his album 400 Degreez, produced by Mannie Fresh with lyrics boasting street credibility; the single peaked at number 56 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and contributed to the album's multi-platinum certification (over 2 million units sold in the US), though the song itself saw modest radio play outside urban markets. No major albums titled simply "Ha" or "HA" achieved significant chart positions, with indie releases like those from Ha Ha the Moose remaining confined to underground scenes without verifiable sales figures exceeding niche distribution.^[92] Literature includes "The Ha-Ha" (2005), a novel by Dave King depicting a mute landscaper's post-traumatic life and unexpected family dynamics, which received modest literary praise but sold fewer than 50,000 copies in initial printings based on publisher reports.^[93] Jennifer Dawson's "The Ha-Ha" (1961) is a semi-autobiographical work drawn from the author's psychiatric experiences, portraying a young woman's institutionalization and delusions at Oxford; reissued in 2024, it has garnered retrospective interest for its raw depiction of mental health struggles but originally circulated in limited editions under 10,000 copies.^[94] A 1983 self-published book titled "Ha Ha Ha" exists in obscure mystery genres, with no documented sales or critical reception beyond collector mentions.^[95]

Computing and technology

High availability

High availability (HA) in computing denotes the engineering practice of designing systems to achieve sustained operational uptime, often quantified as 99.99% availability, permitting fewer than 53 minutes of annual downtime calculated from total operational hours (365 days × 24 hours × 60 minutes × 0.0001 downtime fraction).^[96] This approach prioritizes redundancy to mitigate single points of failure, drawing on causal principles where component independence reduces propagation of disruptions. NIST defines HA features as failover mechanisms ensuring continuity amid hardware or software interruptions, aligning with empirical reliability engineering over mere theoretical uptime targets.^[97] Core techniques encompass clustering, which distributes workloads across interdependent nodes for load sharing and redundancy; automated failover, triggering seamless resource migration upon failure detection via heartbeat monitoring; and RAID arrays, providing data striping and mirroring (e.g., RAID 1 or 5) to guard against disk failures without interrupting access.^[98]^[99] These methods yield measurable resilience, as evidenced by failover clusters reducing recovery times from hours to seconds in distributed environments, though efficacy depends on rigorous testing to validate against real-world fault scenarios rather than simulated ideals.^[100] In server and cloud deployments, HA manifests through architectures like AWS multi-availability zone configurations, employing Elastic Load Balancing and Auto Scaling Groups to reroute traffic dynamically, thereby sustaining service levels during zonal outages.^[101] Quantifiable returns stem from averting outage costs, with Ponemon Institute analyses pegging average data center downtime at $7,900 per minute across sectors, escalating to $740,000 per incident when factoring lost productivity and revenue—figures underscoring ROI for mission-critical systems where even brief interruptions compound exponentially.^[102]^[103] Critiques highlight risks of over-engineering, where HA pursuits inflate upfront costs (e.g., redundant hardware doubling capital outlay) and operational complexity, yielding diminishing marginal gains in low-stakes contexts; cost-benefit realism demands selective application, as excessive redundancy can introduce latency or failure modes absent in simpler designs, per engineering trade-off analyses favoring targeted resilience over blanket implementation.^[104]^[105]

References

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Oct 16, 2025 · The meaning of HA is —used especially to express surprise, joy, or triumph ... interjection · ˈhä. variants or hah · Synonyms of ha. —used ...
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HA | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
used to express satisfaction that something bad has happened to someone who deserved it, or to show that you have succeeded in something: He left her? Ha!
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ha(interj.) natural expression of surprise, distress, etc.; early 14c., found in most European languages (including Latin and Old French) ...
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Ha-ha definition: (used as an exclamation or representation of laughter, as in expressing amusement or derision.). See examples of HA-HA used in a sentence.
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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hectare
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Lesson Summary. A hectare is a measure of area within the metric system of weights and measurements. It is equivalent to 10,000 square meters. The following ...
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Originating in 1817 from French hectare, formed from Greek hekaton "a hundred" + Latin area "vacant ground," it means a unit of area equal to 100 ares.Missing: unit | Show results with:unit<|separator|>
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Who invented the hectare originally, before it became a metric basic ...
Sep 18, 2021 · It was invented in France, and first used nationally by Napoleon Bonaparte when he made it's use mandatory. Bonaparte also decreed the use of ...International System of Units: What is a hectare? - QuoraWhat is the reason behind the perception that 'hectares ... - QuoraMore results from www.quora.com
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A hectare is a special unit used for measuring land. ️ It is equal to 10,000 square meters or about the size of two soccer fields! ⚽Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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According to the FAO, the world's arable land amounted to 1.38 billion hectares (5.34 million square miles) in 2019. Arable land worldwide has decreased by ...
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Jul 4, 2024 · In 2022, world total agricultural land was 4 781 million hectares (ha), more than one-third of the global land area. Within agricultural land ...
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Dec 13, 2007 · However, one advantage of using hectares is that more detailed maps use grid lines where the distance between the lines is equivalent to 100 ...
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In general, HA may be involved in various cellular interactions (cell differentiation, proliferation, development, and recognition) and physiological functions ...
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Jun 18, 2023 · It plays a crucial role not only in maintaining tissue hydration but also in cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and the ...
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Its intracellular functions have not yet been fully characterized but a role in controlling cell proliferation and inflammation has been hypothesized. The ...
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Binding of HA with cell surface receptors activates various signaling pathways that regulate cell function, tissue development, inflammation, wound healing and ...
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We performed a narrative review on spontaneous and induced degradation of dermal fillers in vitro and in vivo.
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Jun 18, 2015 · 105. Db. (268). The chemical element dubnium is classed as a transition metal. It was discovered in 1970 by a team of scientists led by Georgy ...
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Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table
Element 105 should be given the name dubnium, symbol Db, after the town the Russian scientists came from.
[31]
Overview of Dubnium Facts and Physical Properties - ThoughtCo
Jul 25, 2019 · The IUPAC assigned the name unnilpentium for element 105 until a naming decision could be reached. It wasn't until 1997 it was decided the ...
[32]
Dubnium - EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements
There are now five known isotopes of dubnium. The longest-lived is dubnium-262, with a half-life of 34 seconds.
[33]
(PDF) The iconicity ring model for sound symbolism - ResearchGate
... language include ideophones for human voice, such as. ha-ha for laughter. Voice ideophones are clearly iconic because they mimic vocal sounds by. means of ...
[34]
The naturalistic approach to laughter in humans and other animals
Sep 21, 2022 · This opinion piece aims to tackle the biological, psychological, neural and cultural underpinnings of laughter from a naturalistic and evolutionary perspective.
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[PDF] Laughter as language - HAL
B: Ha ha. b. MR. WHITE: You talked to Nice Guy ... studies about cross-linguistic or cross-cultural variation in the basic meanings associated with laughter.
[36]
The neural basis of authenticity recognition in laughter and crying
Dec 9, 2021 · Deciding whether others' emotions are genuine is essential for successful communication and social relationships.
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UCLA's 'Laughter Guy' dissects features of counterfeit chortling
May 1, 2014 · Bryant analyzed the acoustic features of the two kinds of laughs. Both consist of two parts: the vowel sounds in “Ha, ha, ha” and the breathy ...Missing: psychological | Show results with:psychological
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Detecting social cues conveyed by laughter and associations with ...
3–5-year-olds distinguished between friendly and mean laughter and showed increasing accuracy across ages 3 to 5 years.
[39]
[PDF] Evolution, Structure, and Functions of Human Laughter
When humor is used as a social assortment device, laughter can function as a covert signal of shared information, affording adaptive strategies of social ...
[40]
The evolutionary origins of laughter are rooted more in survival than ...
Apr 13, 2016 · While laughter has been linked to higher pain tolerance and the signalling of social status, its principal function appears to be creating and ...
[41]
Laughter with Friends Sounds More Authentic and Less Vulnerable ...
Jul 1, 2022 · Study 2, which involved 58 raters, revealed that prototypical friendship laughter sounded more spontaneous (eg, natural) and less “vulnerable” (eg, submissive)
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[PDF] Research on the Ha language - GUPEA
The Ethnologue (Grimes 1996) lists the number of Kiha speakers as 800 000. The Ha language is closely related to Kirundi of Burundi and Kinyarwanda of Rwanda.
[43]
The Ha Language of Tanzania: Grammar, Texts, and Vocabulary
Ha is a typical Bantu language with 16 noun classes and complex verbal morphology. It is highly agglutinative. The tonal system is analysed here as a pitch- ...
[44]
History of Buha Pre-Colonial Social Formation up to 1890
Nov 21, 2023 · Referring to the Ha society, the migration of the Ha to Buha areas had impact on their social formation. The moment Waha arrived in Buha was ...
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[PDF] Ethnicity and Burundi's Refugees
Eastern movement from Burundi into Tanzania's Kigoma Region was common in the past; beginning in the 1600s, most of Kigoma Region was settled by migrants from ...
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[PDF] A study of 'swahilization' in a Tanzanian vernacular language - CORE
The aim of this study is to describe how Swahili is influencing the vocabulary of. Bena (G63), one of the vernacular languages of Tanzania. The paper is written.
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The BEST Bac Ha District Tours and Things to Do in 2025
Find the top-rated and best-reviewed tours and activities in Bac Ha District for 2025. From prices and availability to skip-the-line options and mobile ...
[48]
10 Things to Know Before You Visit Bac Ha Market in Vietnam
Nov 26, 2022 · ... Ha District is the 'capital' of the Hmong Hoa (Flower Hmong), one of Vietnam's most vibrant ethnic groups. Once a week, the Hmong are joined ...
[49]
Geographic Names - The World Factbook - CIA
British Somaliland (former name for northern Somalia), Somalia, 10 00 N ... Eesti (local name for Estonia), Estonia, 59 00 N, 26 00 E. Eire (local name for ...
[50]
Ha Surname Meaning & Ha Family History at Ancestry.com®
Korean: written 하 in Chinese characters 河 meaning 'river' and 夏 meaning 'summer'. There are two Ha clans in Korea, each designated by a different Chinese ...Missing: 한자 bearers<|separator|>
[51]
Ha Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The last name Ha occurs predominantly in Asia, where 98 percent of Ha are found; 73 percent are found in Southeast Asia and 71 percent are found in Viet-Asia.
[52]
10 Keys to Understanding Many Ashkenazi Surnames - Chabad.org
A name can shed light on an ancestor, revealing information about his or her hereditary status, place of origin, profession, or other personal details.Missing: Ha | Show results with:Ha
[53]
Ha Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin, Family History 2024
The most commonly-observed ancestry found in people with the surname Ha is Vietnamese, which comprises 39.3% of all ancestry found in people with the surname.Missing: 한자 prevalence bearers
[54]
History - Hells Angels MC Wolverhampton
On March 17th 1948, the first Hells Angels Motorcycle Club was founded in the Fontana/San Bernardino area in the United States of America.
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The real story of the Hell's Angels biker gang and the military
Mar 15, 2023 · The first Hell's Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) was founded in the areas of Fontana and San Bernardino, California in 1948.
[56]
[PDF] THE MYSTERIOUS MC-CLUBS - DiVA portal
The final category and highest up in the hierarchy are the one percenters themselves. These are the biggest clubs such as Hells Angels and Bandidos. (Quinn & ...
[57]
How Many Motorcycle Clubs Are There - MARSHAL
Sep 8, 2025 · Hells Angels: As the world's largest outlaw motorcycle club, it boasts approximately 6,000 members and 592 chapters worldwide, covering 66 ...
[58]
Inside the Dutch Hells Angels: an empirical study into the club's ...
Jan 9, 2024 · The findings showed that the Dutch Hells Angels can be seen as an associational structure that provides members with a sense of belonging, ...Missing: rituals | Show results with:rituals
[59]
Does the Hells Angels motorcycle club donate to charity? - Quora
Jul 13, 2024 · Yes they do. They donate to their local area charities, like Toys for Tots, with the Marines, also in the local neighborhoods that their clubhouses are located.What are the biggest charity initiatives organized by motorcycle clubs?Which motorcycle charity organizations make the biggest impact?More results from www.quora.com
[60]
Hells Angels motorcycle group hosts toy drive - WIFR
Dec 22, 2018 · In just two days, the group came up with about 300 to 400 toys for a toy drive. At one point, the group says, they almost ran out of toys.<|separator|>
[61]
Hells Angels™ Motorcycle Corporation in the Fashion Business - jstor
Oct 5, 2016 · In 1992, the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation, a non-profit organization estab- lished in California in 1970 and represented by Fritz Clapp, ...
[62]
Free riders: the economics and organization of outlaw motorcycle ...
Aug 7, 2025 · This paper investigates the organizational structure of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, one of the largest and best known North American ...Missing: merchandise | Show results with:merchandise
[63]
The Hell's Angels and the Early Struggles of the RICO Statute - CAFE
Nov 11, 2021 · In 1979, one of the first major RICO cases targeted the motorcycle club Hell's Angels, leading to a tumultuous prosecution that illustrated both the statute's ...
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Hell's Angels Criminal Enterprise | Office of Justice Programs
Although Ralph "Sonny" Barger, the president of the Hell's Angels Motorcycle Club, describes the organization as "a bunch of fun loving guys who just ride ...
[65]
Murder at the Altamont Festival brings the 1960s to a violent end
On December 6, 1969, in a shocking act of violence, a Hells Angel biker stabs to death an 18-year-old concertgoer during a set by the British rock group ...
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On Dec. 6, 1969, Altamont concert came to a tragic end - KCRA
Dec 7, 2023 · The Hells Angels security parried the pistol with a knife and stabbed Hunter, killing him. The Hells Angels member was tried but exonerated as ...
[67]
Entire Hells Angels chapter arrested on kidnapping, robbery, assault ...
Jun 26, 2024 · The motorcycle club is considered an organized crime syndicate by the U.S. Department of Justice and other agencies.
[68]
Sixteen Hells Angels & Red Devils Motorcycle Gang Members Face ...
the Hells Angels ...Missing: interactions | Show results with:interactions
[69]
Roads we manage - National Highways
It comprises more than 4,500 miles of motorways and major A roads which are at the core of our national transport system. Its many arteries connect our major ...
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[PDF] Highways England Operational Metrics Manual - GOV.UK
On 1 December 2014 the government issued its first Roads Investment Strategy (RIS), setting out a long-term vision for our motorways and major roads to ...
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History of roads and National Highways
Key dates in the history of the road network's development and National Highways.
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Comparing the Characteristics and Costs of Housing Programs
Federal Housing Assistance: Comparing the Characteristics and Costs of Housing Programs (31-JAN-02, GAO-02-76). For more than 60 years, ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
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[PDF] Public Housing, Private Landlords: Managing Poverty with Patient ...
May 17, 2021 · Public Housing Authorities (PHA) across the United States are grappling with a $26 billion public housing capital needs backlog. Long ...<|separator|>
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GAO-09-33, Public Housing: HUD's Oversight of Housing Agencies ...
... data HUD collects to focus on housing agencies at risk of these potential problems. For example, HUD could use financial indicators to identify housing ...
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[PDF] Waiting Time Policies in the Health Sector: What Works? - OECD
The book summarises and discusses the effectiveness of the most common policies to address long waiting times in 13 OECD countries in Chapter 3. Chapters 4-16 ...<|separator|>
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NHS performance and waiting times | The Health Foundation
Essential parts of the NHS in England are experiencing the worst performance against waiting times targets since the targets were set.
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A waiting crisis? - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
It is a repeated refrain across current UK news: waiting times for health care in the National Health Service (NHS) have reached crisis levels.
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The History of Hawaiian Airlines - iFly.com
Hawaiian Airlines History. Hawaiian Airlines, with the IATA code HA, has a rich and fascinating history that spans over nine decades. Founded in 1929, it is ...Missing: ICAO | Show results with:ICAO
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Hawaiian Airlines - IATA
Hawaiian Airlines. Legal Name. Hawaiian Airlines Inc. ICAO Code. HAL. Airline Code. 173. IATA Designator. HA. Region. The Americas. Country. United States.Missing: founded headquarters
[80]
Hawaiian Airlines Fleet Details and History - Planespotters.net
Hawaiian Airlines (IATA: HA / ICAO: HAL) is an airline based in Honolulu, United States founded in 1929 currently operating a fleet of 75 aircraft with an ...Alaska Air Group · N379HA · Airbus A321neo · Airbus A330-200Missing: headquarters code<|separator|>
[81]
Where Does Hawaiian Airlines Fly: U.S. & International Routes ...
As of mid-2025, the airline connects the Hawaiian Islands to the U.S. mainland, Asia, and the South Pacific, serving around 30 destinations. Hawaiian Airlines ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
[82]
Hawaiian Airlines Reports February 2020 Traffic Statistics and ...
Mar 9, 2020 · Hawaiian welcomed more than 856,000 guests in February 2020. Total traffic (revenue passenger miles) increased 6.4 percent on an increase of ...Missing: pre- | Show results with:pre-
[83]
Hawaiian Holdings Reports 2023 Fourth Quarter and Full Year ...
Jan 30, 2024 · Passenger load factor (RPM/ASM). 82.7 % ; Passenger revenue per ASM (PRASM). 11.79 ¢ ; Total Operations: ; Revenue passengers flown. 2,656 ; RPM.Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
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US Air Carrier Traffic Statistics through July 2025 - TranStats
U.S Air Carrier Traffic Statistics through July 2025 ; Revenue Passenger Miles (000) · Available Seat Miles (000) · Passenger Load Factor (%) ; 109,827,696 ...Missing: Hawaiian pre- post- pandemic
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Air safety incidents for Hawaiian Airlines - AeroInside
Do you want to learn about the safety record of Hawaiian Airlines? Read recent air safety reports, incidents and news about Hawaiian Airlines.
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How has Hawaiian Airlines never had a fatal accident in its history?
Oct 24, 2015 · Running since 1929, Hawaiian is among the oldest airlines in the world but, remarkably, it has never suffered a single fatal crash or hull loss.What airlines have never had an accident? - QuoraGiven that they had 3 major accidents with 200+ fatalities in a 10 ...More results from www.quora.com
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https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2025-10-24/hawaiian-alaska-merge-booking-systems-ha-flight-code
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Ha Ha Ha (2010) directed by Hong Sang-soo • Reviews, film + cast
Rating 3.7 (3,933) Ha Ha Ha. 2010. 하하하. Directed by Hong Sang-soo ...
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Cartoon: Ha! Ha! Ha!, 1934 - Public Domain Movies
Jun 15, 2025 · Ha! Ha! Ha! is a 1934 Fleischer Studio animated short film starring Betty Boop, and featuring Koko the Clown.
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Ha Ha Ha is an episode of Betty Boop from 1934 about getting ...
Nov 13, 2021 · In "Ha Ha Ha" (1934), a classic episode of the Fleischer Brothers' Betty Boop cartoon series, we learn about the joys of laughing gas.
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History of Ha (2021) - Lav Diaz - Letterboxd
Rating 3.7 (491) History of Ha is the history of the Filipino people. Shared stories, shared history. A sad yet gleaming love letter to the beloved Philippines. Set in 1957, ...
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Ha (song) - Wikipedia
"Ha" is a 1998 single by rapper Juvenile, from his third album 400 Degreez. It was produced by Mannie Fresh. This song, along with Juvenile's "Back That Azz ...
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Ha Ha the Moose Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & ... | AllMusic
Explore Ha Ha the Moose's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews. Learn all about Ha Ha the Moose on AllMusic.
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The Ha-Ha: A Novel: King, Dave: 9780316156103 - Amazon.com
The Ha-Ha: A Novel · Opens the same content in full screen. What's it about? After a war injury leaves Howard unable to speak for 30 years, his life transforms ...
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The Ha-Ha | Book by Jennifer Dawson - Simon & Schuster
The Ha-Ha by Jennifer Dawson - A prizewinning, semi-autobiographical debut novel that explores a young woman's struggle with mental illness at Oxford ...
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r/nonmurdermysteries - Who wrote the 1983 book 'HA HA HA' - Reddit
Mar 20, 2020 · Copyright 1983, Signum Books, Ltd. (Probably self published.) All from the title page: https://www.etsy.com/listing/252727789/vintage-book-ha ...
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What Is High Availability? - Cisco
A high-availability system designed to provide 99.999%, or five nines, operational uptime expects to see 5.26 minutes of downtime per year. Unlike high ...
[98]
High Availability - Glossary - NIST Computer Security Resource Center
NIST SP 1800-31B, NIST SP 800-41 Rev. 1 Definitions: A failover feature to ensure availability during device or component interruptions.
[99]
What is a Failover Cluster? | Definition - NinjaOne
Jul 14, 2025 · A failover cluster is a specialized form of high-availability infrastructure designed to ensure uninterrupted operation in the event of hardware or software ...
[100]
10 High Availability Concepts and Best Practices - Oracle Help Center
These failover solutions monitor application services on a given primary cluster node. They then fail over such services to a secondary cluster node as needed.
[101]
Failover Strategies for High Availability - InterSystems Documentation
A common approach to achieving HA is the failover cluster, in which the primary production system is supplemented by a (typically identical) standby system, ...
[102]
High availability and scalability on AWS - Real-Time Communication ...
This section describes a subset of core AWS capabilities and design patterns that allow you to build highly available real-time communication applications.
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Downtime costs $7900 per minute, on average | Total Uptime®
The cost of datacenter downtime has increased more than 40% for many companies over the last 3 years, according to a recent study by Ponemon Institute.<|separator|>
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Unplanned Data Center Outages Cost Nearly $9,000 per Minute
The average cost of a data center outage rose from $505,502 in 2010 to $690,204 in 2013 to $740,357 in the latest study. This represents a 38 percent increase ...
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Exploring the Pros and Cons of High Availability
Nov 7, 2024 · Increased Complexity: High Availability systems can add layers of complexity. · Higher Costs: · Risk of Over-Reliance on Automation: · Latency ...
[106]
Reliability and availability cost design tradeoffs for HA systems
This paper discusses the reliability and availability cost relationship and outlines key factors in HA engineering design. The manuscript comprises of five ...Missing: criticisms over-