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Currant

A currant is a small, tart berry produced by deciduous shrubs in the genus Ribes (family Grossulariaceae), comprising over 150 species native to the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America.^[1] These berries grow in clusters on multi-stemmed plants typically reaching 1–2 meters in height, with lobed leaves and small, pendulous flowers that develop into translucent, jewel-like fruits varying in color from red and white to black and golden.^[1] The term "currant" also denotes a distinct dried fruit: a small, seedless raisin derived from the Black Corinth (Vitis vinifera) grape variety, originally from the eastern Mediterranean, primarily produced in Greece (about 80% of global supply), with significant production also in California, South Africa, and Australia.^[2] The Ribes currants are divided into several key types based on fruit color and flavor profile, with black currants (Ribes nigrum) noted for their intense, musky taste and high vitamin C content, red currants (Ribes rubrum) offering a brighter acidity, and white currants as sweeter albino variants of the red.^[1] These shrubs thrive in cool, temperate climates with well-drained, slightly acidic soils (pH 6.5–6.8) and full sun to partial shade, producing harvests of up to 5 kg per mature bush annually after 2–3 years of growth.^[3] Domesticated in Europe since the 15th century, currants faced restrictions in the United States until the mid-20th century due to their role as hosts for white pine blister rust, but they remain a staple crop in Europe for fresh eating, preserves, juices, and liqueurs, valued for their antioxidant-rich profiles.^[1] In contrast, Zante currants—named after the Greek island of Zakynthos where they were historically traded—are sun-dried Black Corinth grapes, measuring about 3–4 mm in diameter, with a tangy flavor suited to baking and savory dishes like scones, mincemeat, and pilafs. Unlike larger raisins from Thompson Seedless grapes, Zante currants retain a compact texture and are graded under U.S. standards for uniformity, cleanliness, and moisture content not exceeding 20% by weight (typical levels 14-18%).^[4] This dual nomenclature often leads to confusion, but the Ribes berry represents the botanical currant, while the raisin form highlights a longstanding trade commodity. The term "currant" can also refer to various animals, people with the surname, places, and other uses (see sections below).^[5]

Plants

Ribes genus

The genus Ribes, the sole genus in the family Grossulariaceae, comprises over 150 species of deciduous shrubs primarily native to the Northern Hemisphere, including parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.^[6] These shrubs are distinguished from related genera by their unarmed stems in currant species, with many serving as sources of edible berries valued for their flavor and nutritional content.^[7] Key cultivated species include the blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), a European native known for its dark berries; the redcurrant (Ribes rubrum), which produces bright red fruits; the white currant, a pale-fruited variant of Ribes rubrum; and the American black currant (Ribes americanum), a North American species with similar dark berries.^[8] Physically, Ribes species typically grow as multi-stemmed shrubs reaching 1-2 meters in height, featuring alternate, palmately lobed leaves (often 3-5 lobes) that are 2-7 cm long and coarsely toothed.^[9] They produce clusters of small, pendulous flowers in racemes during spring, followed by translucent berries in shades of red, black, or white that ripen in summer, each containing multiple seeds.^[10] Cultivation of Ribes species originated in Europe and Asia, where they have been grown since at least the Renaissance for their berries, with European varieties introduced to North America by early colonists in the 1700s and widely planted in the 1800s, particularly in New England.^[11] However, in the United States, blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum) faced a federal ban starting in 1911 due to their role as an alternate host for white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), a fungal pathogen introduced from Europe that devastated white pine forests; this prohibition lasted until 1966, when the federal government lifted it, allowing states to regulate individually.^[12] By 2025, the ban has been fully lifted in numerous states, including New York (2003), Ohio, and others, enabling renewed commercial and home cultivation of rust-resistant varieties, though restrictions persist in some western states to protect timber industries.^[13] Today, Ribes shrubs are propagated primarily through softwood or hardwood cuttings for clonal reproduction, or by seeds that require cold stratification for germination, supporting both fruit production and ornamental landscaping.^[14] Nutritionally, Ribes berries, especially blackcurrants, are rich in vitamin C, with levels reaching up to 181 mg per 100 g of fresh weight—far exceeding many common fruits—and also provide antioxidants such as anthocyanins (160-411 mg/100 g) and dietary fiber (around 6.8 g per serving).^[15] These nutrients contribute to their uses in fresh consumption, processing into juices, jams, and liqueurs, and as hardy ornamental plants in gardens for their attractive flowers and foliage.^[16] Ecologically, Ribes species thrive in temperate climates within USDA hardiness zones 3-8, favoring moist, well-drained soils with a pH of 6.0-7.0 and partial shade to full sun, often found in forest understories, thickets, or along streams in their native habitats.^[17] They support biodiversity by providing food for birds and small mammals while playing a historical role in forest pathology due to their interaction with pathogens like blister rust.^[18]

Zante currant

The Zante currant, also known as the Corinth or Black Corinth raisin, is a dried fruit derived from small, seedless grapes of the Vitis vinifera cultivar Black Corinth.^[19] This variety originated in ancient Greece, with cultivation centered on the Ionian island of Zakynthos (Zante), where the Mediterranean climate proved ideal for growing these petite grapes.^[11] The name "currant" stems from the French "raisins de Corinthe," reflecting the historical association with the Greek region of Corinth, though production shifted to Zante by the early 16th century due to favorable conditions there.^[20] The production process begins with harvesting the grapes in late summer, typically August to September, when they reach optimal ripeness.^[21] These small, seedless berries are then sun-dried on racks or trays for 2-3 weeks, transforming them into dark, wrinkled raisins with reduced moisture content.^[22] Traditional methods in Greece often involve shade or indirect sun drying to preserve quality, avoiding direct exposure that could degrade flavor compounds.^[21] This drying concentrates the natural sugars and intensifies the fruit's character, distinguishing Zante currants from other raisins. Historically, Zante currants have been a staple in Mediterranean cuisine since ancient times, with references to dried grapes in Homeric texts and trade records dating back to the 12th century AD.^[20] By the 16th century, they were imported to Europe from the Levant under the name "Corinths," becoming a key commodity in English markets and fueling maritime trade routes.^[19] Their export from ports like Zante supported economic prosperity in Greece, with raisins serving as a durable, nutrient-dense food across the region during the Greek and Roman eras.^[20] Physically, Zante currants measure 4-6 mm in diameter, appearing as tiny, dark brown to black wrinkled spheres. They offer an intense sweet-tart flavor, attributed to their high sugar content, around 66% of dry weight after drying, primarily in the form of glucose and fructose.^[23] This concentration results from the evaporation of water during the drying process, enhancing their tangy profile compared to larger raisins.^[22] Global cultivation remains dominated by Greece, which accounts for about 80% of output, followed by smaller producers in California and Australia.^[24] Greece typically produces around 20,000 metric tons annually, though the 2024 crop was reduced to approximately 12,000 metric tons due to adverse weather.^[25] Economically, Zante currants play a vital role as a key ingredient in baking and confectionery, prized for their chewy texture and ability to plump during cooking, as seen in traditional scones, buns, and fruitcakes.^[26] Their small size and robust flavor make them indispensable for adding depth without overpowering other elements in recipes. This versatility has sustained their market value, with global trade emphasizing their unique qualities over generic raisins.^[27] Due to the shared common name, Zante currants are sometimes confused with the fresh berries of the Ribes genus, though they are botanically unrelated as grape products.^[11]

Other plants

Several plants from diverse regions bear fruits resembling currants or share similar vernacular names, though they belong to unrelated botanical families and differ in structure and habitat from the temperate Ribes genus. For instance, Carissa spinarum, a spiny evergreen shrub in the Apocynaceae family native to tropical Africa, southern Asia, and northern Australia, produces clusters of small, red, edible berries that are sometimes called native currants. These berries, which ripen to about 1-2 cm in diameter, are used locally to make jams and preserves due to their tart flavor.^[28] In New Zealand, species of Coprosma in the Rubiaceae family, often referred to as mirror plants or tea trees, yield small, colorful drupes that evoke currants in appearance and name, such as Coprosma rhamnoides, known as red-currant coprosma. This divaricate shrub grows up to 2 meters tall in coastal and lowland forests, producing translucent red drupes about 5-8 mm long that are mildly sweet and edible, attracting birds as a wildlife food source. Unlike the pome-like berries of Ribes, Coprosma fruits are true drupes with a single seed encased in a fleshy layer. Further afield, Mahonia trifoliolata, an evergreen shrub in the Berberidaceae family endemic to arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, is commonly called Texas currant-of-Texas or wild currant. Reaching 1-3 meters in height, it features holly-like leaves, clusters of fragrant yellow flowers in spring, and bright red berries in summer that measure around 6-8 mm and offer a raspberry-like tartness, though they are less commercially cultivated than Ribes species. These berries serve as an antioxidant-rich food for wildlife in dry scrublands.^[29] Regional variants include Australian natives like Leucopogon parviflorus, or coastal beard-heath, a shrub in the Ericaceae family that produces abundant small white drupes known as native currants. Growing 1.5-5 meters tall along coastal dunes and heathlands in southern Australia and New Zealand, its lemony-tasting fruits, about 3-5 mm in size, are smaller and drupe-structured compared to the multi-seeded berries of true currants, with limited commercial prominence but value in traditional bush foods. Ecologically, these plants thrive in subtropical, arid, or coastal environments rather than the cooler temperate zones preferred by Ribes, often providing medicinal benefits such as anti-inflammatory properties from their antioxidant compounds and serving as key forage for local fauna.^[30]

Animals

Insects

Several insect species are associated with currant plants (Ribes spp.), particularly as pests that damage foliage, stems, or fruit, or as pollinators that support berry production. Key pests include moths and sawflies whose larvae feed on Ribes tissues, leading to defoliation or structural weakening, while beneficial insects like bees and hoverflies facilitate pollination.^[31]^[32] The currant pug moth (Eupithecia assimilata), a small geometrid moth native to Europe, has a wingspan of 20-25 mm and features greyish wings with subtle markings. Adults are active in spring (May-June), with a partial second brood in southern regions during August; larvae feed on leaves of black currant (Ribes nigrum), red currant (Ribes rubrum), and related hosts like hop (Humulus lupulus), causing defoliation by consuming leaf tissue. This feeding reduces photosynthesis and can weaken young plants, though severe outbreaks are uncommon in established orchards.^[33]^[34] The currant clearwing moth (Synanthedon tipuliformis), a sesiid moth that mimics wasps for camouflage, is distributed across Europe and has been introduced to North America. Adults, with a wingspan of 16-20 mm, emerge in summer (late May to July in temperate regions), mate during sunny afternoons, and females lay eggs near stem nodes or under bark; larvae overwinter in canes, resuming feeding in spring to bore into pith, which girdles stems and causes wilting or dieback above the tunnel. This internal damage can kill canes and reduce yields, with larvae tunneling up to 15 cm long; populations are naturally regulated by parasitic wasps and fungi like Cordyceps spp. Control often involves pheromone traps for monitoring and cultural practices such as removing infested canes before June.^[35]^[36] The currant sawfly (Nematus ribesii), a hymenopteran pest native to Europe and invasive in North America since the early 1800s, poses a significant threat through larval outbreaks that skeletonize leaves. Adults are black sawflies, 8-9 mm long, with yellow abdominal markings, emerging in early spring to lay eggs along leaf veins; greenish larvae, up to 12 mm long, often with dark spots, hatch in 7-10 days, feeding gregariously at first before dispersing, maturing in about 3 weeks and causing extensive defoliation by consuming all leaf tissue except veins. Two generations occur annually; overwintering pupae in soil enable rapid population buildup, leading to complete defoliation in severe cases and reduced fruit quality or plant vigor.^[31]^[37]^[38] In contrast, pollinators such as bees (including bumblebees and honeybees) and hoverflies are attracted to the early-spring flowers of Ribes species, feeding on nectar and pollen to aid cross-pollination and berry set; hoverflies, which mimic bees, contribute significantly by visiting flowers like those of flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum). These interactions enhance fruit development in both wild and cultivated settings.^[32]^[39] Management of currant-associated insects emphasizes integrated approaches, including organic methods and cultural controls, such as pruning infested stems and encouraging natural enemies; in commercial orchards, unchecked pest outbreaks can incur economic losses through diminished berry quality and increased control costs, particularly for black currant production in North America and Europe.^[31]

Other fauna

In North America, several bird species consume berries from Ribes shrubs, contributing to seed dispersal through their digestive processes. The American robin (Turdus migratorius) frequently feeds on fruits of species such as red-flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum) and wild black currant (Ribes americanum), with these berries forming a notable portion of its diet during late summer and fall.^[40]^[41] Similarly, the cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) targets berries from golden currant (Ribes aureum) and other Ribes varieties, often in flocks that strip shrubs efficiently, aiding in the spread of seeds across habitats.^[42] Among mammals, deer species like mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) browse on Ribes shrubs, including twigs and leaves of Sierra gooseberry (Ribes roezlii), though palatability is rated as fair to poor. Squirrels, such as gray squirrels, consume berries from golden currant and wild black currant, sometimes caching seeds that promote plant propagation. In wilder settings, the American black bear (Ursus americanus) forages on Ribes fruits, particularly in late summer when berries ripen in forested areas of the western United States.^[14]^[42]^[41]^[43] Domestic livestock interact with Ribes plants through grazing, with sheep and goats consuming leaves and young shoots of species like Sierra gooseberry, rated as fair forage in rangeland contexts. Regarding toxicity, berries from Ribes species (true currants) are generally safe for dogs and pose minimal risk beyond potential mild stomach upset in large quantities, unlike Zante currants derived from grapes (Vitis vinifera), which can cause acute kidney failure in canines.^[14]^[44] Associations with named animal species beyond these are limited, though currant shrubs enhance biodiversity when incorporated into hedgerows, providing cover, nectar, and fruit that sustain wildlife corridors for birds and mammals while fostering habitat connectivity in agricultural and natural landscapes.^[45]^[46]

People

Surname origin

The surname Currant is primarily an English and Irish variant of the more common surname Curran, with the addition of an excrescent final "-t" that emerged as a phonetic or spelling adaptation.^[47]^[48] It derives from the Irish Gaelic Ó Corráin or Ó Corraidhín, meaning "descendant of Corraidhín," a personal name that is a diminutive of corradh, signifying "spear."^[49] Alternatively, in English contexts, it may stem from Old French courir ("to run"), serving as a nickname possibly linked to courant ("running") or an elliptical reference to a "chien courant" (running dog or hunter).^[47] Early bearers were associated with County Waterford in Ireland's ancient Deise region, reflecting Gaelic roots before anglicization.^[50] Historical records of the Currant surname are sparse, indicating its rarity, with the earliest documented instances appearing in 19th-century British and American sources rather than earlier periods. In England and Ireland, the name gained traction amid 19th-century migrations driven by economic pressures and the Great Potato Famine, leading families to settle in urban centers and contribute to infrastructure projects like railways and canals.^[50] The 1840 U.S. Census recorded 22 Currant families in the United States, with 8 households in Massachusetts—about 36% of the total U.S. incidence—suggesting early immigration clusters in New England rather than widespread distribution.^[47] No prominent ties to nobility or specific trades, such as fruit commerce, are evident in surviving records. Globally, Currant remains a rare surname, borne by approximately 323 individuals as of 2014, ranking it as the 847,909th most common family name worldwide.^[51] It is most prevalent in the British Isles and former colonies, with the highest incidences in England (104 bearers), the United States (104), and Australia (88); Northern Ireland shows the greatest density relative to population.^[51] The surname's frequency has declined in recent generations, dropping 10% in England, 46% in the U.S., and 50% in Ireland between the late 19th century and 2014.^[51] Common variants include Curran (the predominant form) and occasional spellings like Currens or Corren, all tracing back to the same Irish Gaelic origins without connections to aristocratic lineages.^[47]^[49] The name's cultural footprint is minimal, largely overshadowed by its more widespread counterparts, though it occasionally appears in genealogical contexts highlighting Irish diaspora stories.^[50]

Notable individuals

Christopher Frederick "Bunny" Currant (1911–2006) was a distinguished British Royal Air Force fighter pilot during the Second World War, renowned for his role in the Battle of Britain. Serving with No. 605 Squadron, he achieved multiple aerial victories, including destroying 10 enemy aircraft individually and sharing in five others, earning him ace status.^[52] For his bravery and leadership, Currant was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar, as well as the Distinguished Service Order, and he continued his service postwar until retiring from the RAF in 1959.^[53]^[54] Nelly Currant (born 2005) is an emerging English actress known for her roles in television series. She gained recognition playing Toni Trent in the CBBC series The Dumping Ground from 2015 to 2017, alongside her twin sister Gwen. She portrayed Jenny in the HBO Max fantasy drama The Nevers in 2021 and appeared as a street singer in the Disney+ historical adventure Renegade Nell in 2024.^[55] Born in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Currant has appeared in additional projects such as Silverpoint (2022) and the short film Ivy (2024).^[55] Individuals bearing the surname Currant are few in prominent records, with notable figures spanning military service and entertainment.

Places

Settlements

Currant, Nevada, is an unincorporated community located in Nye County, in the central part of the state. Established through homesteading in 1868, it initially developed as a small farming settlement with around ten families and later became a vital supply point for stage routes connecting mining districts such as Tybo, Eureka, and Hamilton in the 1870s. By 1883, the population had reached approximately 50 residents, supported by a few stores, a saloon, and other basic buildings, with a post office operating briefly from 1883 to 1884.^[56] Mining activities emerged in the early 20th century, beginning with small gold discoveries at the Shepherd Ranch in 1914 and the short-lived Sunrise mine in 1916, followed by productive magnesite claims in the Currant Creek Mining District starting in 1939, which operated until 1942. Today, with a population of around 65 residents, Currant functions primarily as a ranching hub, reflecting a shift from its historical mining and stagecoach roles to agriculture in the rural U.S. West, supplemented by limited tourism drawn to the area's remote desert landscapes. The community lies near Currant Mountain, contributing to its isolated, high-desert setting.^[56] Infrastructure in Currant remains minimal, with no active businesses since the closure of the last gas station, store, cafe, and motel in 1996, and the local school shuttered in 1966 before being destroyed by fire in 1970. A key feature is the Currant Ranch Airport (9U7), a small private airstrip situated about one mile southwest of the community, at an elevation of 5,181 feet, serving general aviation in this sparsely populated region. No major cities bear the name Currant.^[57]^[56]

Natural features

Currant Creek in Utah originates in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest within the Wasatch Range, flowing approximately 50 miles northwest through montane meadows and coniferous forests before reaching the Strawberry Aqueduct system. The creek is impounded by Currant Creek Dam, creating Currant Creek Reservoir with a total storage capacity of 15,671 acre-feet, which diverts water from the creek and five tributaries primarily for irrigation in the Central Utah Project's Bonneville Unit.^[58] This reservoir supports agricultural water needs in the arid Strawberry Valley while providing seasonal habitat for fish species like cutthroat trout amid surrounding riparian zones.^[59] Currant Mountain, rising to an elevation of 11,513 feet (3,509 m) in White Pine County, Nevada, is the highest peak in the White Pine Range and lies within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest.^[60] This fault-block mountain features steep granitic slopes, alpine tundra, and aspen groves, serving as critical habitat for desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), with ongoing management efforts including wildlife water guzzlers to sustain populations in the rugged terrain. Encompassed by the 47,311-acre Currant Mountain Wilderness established in 1984, the peak anchors watersheds feeding the White River and exemplifies isolated arid mountain hydrology.^[60] These Currant-named features, predominantly in the western and central United States, occur in regions blending arid basins with forested uplands, where hydrological patterns involve intermittent flows sustained by snowmelt and springs, often reflecting local naming after native currant shrubs (Ribes spp.) abundant in the understory vegetation.^[61]

Other uses

Culinary applications

Currants, encompassing both the fresh berries from the Ribes genus and the dried Zante variety (a type of raisin), play a versatile role in culinary traditions worldwide, valued for their tart flavor and nutritional profile. Fresh Ribes currants, such as black, red, and white varieties, are often enjoyed raw in fruit salads or as garnishes on cheese boards, providing a vibrant, tangy contrast to milder ingredients.^[62]^[63] They are also cooked into preserves, with blackcurrant jelly commonly prepared using a 1:1 ratio of fruit to sugar to achieve a firm set due to the berries' natural pectin content.^[64] Cordials made from Ribes currants involve simmering the berries with sugar to create a concentrated syrup, which is then diluted with water for a refreshing drink.^[65] In desserts, these berries feature in classics like fools—whipped cream folded with pureed currants—or pies, where their acidity balances sweet pastry and custards.^[66]^[67] Dried Zante currants, small and intensely sweet, are staples in baking and savory mixes, offering a chewy texture and concentrated flavor. They are incorporated into scones, often at a rate of about 200 grams per batch to yield a dozen, enhancing the dough with their subtle fruitiness alongside butter and buttermilk.^[68] Similarly, currant buns use these raisins folded into enriched dough for soft, spiced loaves. In mincemeat fillings for holiday pies, Zante currants provide bulk and sweetness when combined with suet, apples, and spices. They also appear in trail mixes and granolas as a nutrient-dense addition, boasting a calorie density of approximately 300 kcal per 100 grams due to their dehydrated nature.^[69] Historically, "currants" in Elizabethan recipes often referred to Zante raisins, as seen in 17th-century tarts filled with these dried fruits, citrus peel, and spices, baked in flaky pastry for a rich, portable treat.^[70] In modern French cuisine, blackcurrants inspire crème de cassis, a sweet liqueur macerated from the berries since the 19th century, typically enjoyed in cocktails like the kir or drizzled over desserts.^[71] Beyond flavor, currants contribute to health-focused preparations; blackcurrant seed oil, extracted from Ribes nigrum seeds, is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid valued for its anti-inflammatory properties in supplements or culinary infusions. Fresh or frozen Ribes currants boost vitamin C intake in smoothies, where one cup provides over 200 mg—more than triple the daily recommendation—supporting immune function when blended with yogurt or other fruits.^[72]^[73]^[74] Global dishes highlight regional adaptations, such as the Scandinavian rødgrød med fløde, a Danish pudding simmered from redcurrants and other berries with sugar and cornstarch, served chilled with cream for a summery dessert. In Britain, Eccles cakes enclose a spiced filling of Zante currants, butter, and citrus zest within puff pastry, traditionally baked in Lancashire since the 18th century.^[75]^[76]

Color and nomenclature

Currant red is a deep purplish-red hue, with approximate RGB values of 173, 61, 60 (hex #ad3d3c), evoking the rich tone of blackcurrant berries.^[77] This shade, part of the British Standard BS 381C color system, draws inspiration from the dark pigmentation of Ribes nigrum fruits and has been employed in fashion and interior design palettes for its warm, opulent appearance.^[77] Its use traces back to the 19th century, when berry-inspired reds gained popularity in textile and decorative arts amid the Victorian era's fascination with natural motifs.^[78] The term "currant" originates from the Anglo-French "corauntz" or "reisin de Corauntz," a corruption of "raisins de Corinthe," referring to small, seedless raisins exported from Corinth (modern-day Greece) via the island of Zante.^[79] This etymological root, dating to around 1500, initially denoted the dried Zante grape rather than the Ribes berry, leading to a historical linguistic confusion where the name transferred to the unrelated fresh fruits of the Ribes genus by the 16th century.^[79] The shift arose as English speakers mistook the plural "-s" in the French phrase for a descriptor, blending the identities of Mediterranean raisins and European berries in culinary and botanical nomenclature.^[80] In British slang, "currant bun" serves as Cockney rhyming slang for "son," a playful substitution reflecting the fruit's cultural familiarity in everyday language.^[81] Additionally, extracts from currant berries, particularly red and black varieties, have historically provided natural dyes for fabrics, yielding shades from pink to deep red or black depending on the mordant and fiber type.^[82] These dyes, derived from the berries' anthocyanin content, were utilized in traditional practices for coloring wool, silk, and cotton, offering an eco-friendly alternative in pre-synthetic eras.^[83] In heraldry and art, currants feature as emblems of abundance, their clustered fruits representing plentiful harvest and generosity, as noted in 19th-century floral heraldry texts. This symbolism underscores themes of prosperity and delight, with the red currant shrub praised for its universally appealing bounty in illustrative works combining botany and symbolic design.

References

[1]
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/562
[2]
7 CFR 989.110 -- Varietal types. - eCFR
(f) Zante Currant includes all raisins that possess characteristics similar to those produced from Black Corinth or White Corinth grapes. (g) Monukka ...
[3]
Currants | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation
Blackcurrants, or currants, are a temperate shrub of the species Ribes nigrum which is grown both commercially and domestically for its flavorful berries.
[4]
Subpart E—United States Standards for Grades of Processed Raisins
(a) “U.S. Grade A” is the quality of Zante Currant Raisins that have similar varietal characteristics; that have a good typical color; that have a good ...
[5]
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Ribes, also known as currant or gooseberry, includes about 150 species of shrubs. Unarmed species are called currants, and prickly ones are gooseberries.Missing: count | Show results with:count
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Missouri Gooseberry
Globally, there are about 150 species in genus Ribes, and they are often divided (in an oversimplified way) into “currants” (with jointed flower stalks) and “ ...
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Red-flowering Currant (Ribes sanguineum) - USDA Forest Service
Red-flowering currant is a deciduous shrub typically 1-3 m (3.2-9.8 feet) tall. Leaves are 2-7 cm (0.8-2.8 inches) long with five palmate lobes.Missing: height | Show results with:height
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A medium-sized, deciduous, and multi-stemmed shrub in the Grossulariaceae or currant family that is grown primarily for its early showy spring flowers.
[11]
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Known currant culture in farms and gardens dates back at least as far as the Renaissance in Europe, and to the arrival of early colonists in North America in ...
[12]
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Jul 26, 2006 · The growing and importation of currants were banned in New York and other parts of the United States for more than half a century.
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Jun 2, 2015 · Pfister [59] provides information on propagation of Sierra gooseberry and other Ribes from seed and cuttings. The minimum planting density ...
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vitamin C (up to 181 mg/100 g fresh berries) than blackberries, blueberries ... berries includes 6.8 g fiber, 0.26 mg manganese, 0.4 mg vitamin B5, 1.4 ...
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Currants and gooseberries are two closely related species within the genus Ribes. This genus is diverse with more than 150 known species and hundreds of ...
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[20]
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Most of the Corinth grapes are dried by the traditional drying system (5.3. 2). In an alternative method, Corinth grapes can be laid directly on the racks. Due ...
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Jul 16, 2018 · In this regard, Corinthian currant drying is performed by allowing grapes to hang on racks, protected from direct sunlight exposure by simple ...
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Apr 15, 2017 · Corinthian currant simple sugar profile was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with refractive index detection.
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Oct 28, 2024 · The 2024 Greek Black Currant crop season is progressing, with production volumes anticipated to remain below 10,000 metric tons.
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a very special variety grown in select California vineyards.
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As per our latest research, the global Zante Currant market size reached USD 345 million in 2024, demonstrating a robust performance driven by increasing ...
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https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Carissa+spinarum
[29]
Mahonia trifoliolata (Agarita) | Native Plants of North America
This 3-6 ft. evergreen shrub, can reach 10 ft. in favorable conditions. The rigid, spreading branches often form thickets.
[30]
Leucopogon parviflorus - PlantNET - FloraOnline
Leucopogon parviflorus, also known as Coastal Beard-heath, is an erect shrub or small tree, 120-500 cm high, with white flowers and white, edible, sweet fruit.
[31]
Currant and gooseberry-Imported currant worm
Nematus ribesii. Pest description and crop damage Adults are black sawflies about 8-9 mm in length with light yellow marks on the abdomen.
[32]
The best plants for bees and pollinators - The Wildlife Trusts
Butterflies, moths, bees and hoverflies all need sources of nectar and pollen to thrive. ... Currant - Ribes spp. Lavender - Lavandula angustifolia, Golden rod - ...
[33]
https://www.ukmoths.org.uk/species/eupithecia-assimilata
[34]
Currant Pug - Eupithecia assimilata - NatureSpot
Flies during May and June, with a second brood in the south during August. Life History. The larvae lives on Hop and Red or Black Currant. UK Status. Fairly ...Missing: biology | Show results with:biology
[35]
Currant Clearwing - Butterfly Conservation
The caterpillars can be found from August to the following April or May overwintering once as larvae in a stem of the foodplant. Size and Family. Family – ...
[36]
Currant and gooseberry-Currant borer
Larvae feed for a short time in the spring, chew a hole in the side of the cane, then cover the hole with silk and pupate in the cane. Adult moths emerge from ...
[37]
[PDF] Imported Currantworm - Colorado Insect of Interest
Life History and Habits: The imported currantworm spends the winter in a cocoon in the soil around previously infested currants and gooseberries. The adults ...
[38]
[PDF] Insects That Feed on Colorado Trees and Shrubs
Nematus ribesii (Scopoli). Family: Tenthredinidae. Appearance: Adult - A dark ... Life History and Habits: The currant borer spends the winter as a ...
[39]
[PDF] Attracting Pollinators to Your Garden Using Native Plants
Hover flies mimic bees and wasps in coloration and behavior to avoid predators. Hover flies feed on the same flowers preferred by bees, such as golden currant, ...
[40]
Currant and gooseberry-Currant aphid
azadirachtin/neem oil -Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. bifenthrin; esfenvalerate (gooseberry only); horticultural oils; imidacloprid ...
[41]
Graft-Transmissible Diseases of Ribes – Pathogens, Impact, and ...
Feb 9, 2021 · This article provides an up-to-date review of disease-causing viruses and phytoplasmas of currants including symptoms, transmission, detection, economic impact ...Missing: orchards | Show results with:orchards
[42]
[PDF] RED-FLOWERING CURRANT - Ribes sanguineum Pursh
Numerous birds including grouse, quail, robins, finches, towhees, and woodpeckers, and small mammals consume the berries. Red-flowering currant provides ...Missing: eat | Show results with:eat
[43]
Ribes americanum (Wild Black Currant) Saxifragaceae | Lake Forest ...
Ribes americanum, or the Wild Black Currant, is a flowering shrub that is native to most of North America, including Lake County.
[44]
Golden Currant - Missouri Department of Conservation
The fruit is eaten by several bird species and by squirrels and chipmunks. Birds that eat berries, no doubt including golden current, include catbirds ...
[45]
Black Bear feeding on wild currants - DIOMEDIA
Black Bear (Ursus americanus) feeding on wild currants (Ribes sp.). Uinta National Forest, Utah, October. Credit Science Source / Jeffrey Lepore. Dimensions
[46]
Currants Is Toxic To Dogs | Pet Poison Helpline®
True currants (including black, red, and white currants) belong to a different group of plants (genus Ribes) and are not considered toxic to dogs.
[47]
Jamaican Fruit-Eating Bat | National Wildlife Federation
These bats are found mostly in humid tropical forests, but they are also found in drier habitats. They even frequent gardens and agricultural areas where fruit ...
[48]
[PDF] Designing and INstalling an Agricultural Hedgerow To Restore ...
May 4, 2016 · Shrubs that provide excellent habitat and nectar for pollinators include evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), red- flowering and golden ...
[49]
A Guide to Hedgerows: Plantings That Enhance Biodiversity ...
The hedgerow habitat creates cover for wildlife so they can feed, nest and care for their young. Provide habitat for beneficial insects and pollinators.
[50]
Currant Surname Meaning & Currant Family History at Ancestry.com®
The Currant family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The most Currant families were found in USA in 1880. In 1840 ...Missing: 16th century
[51]
Currant Name Meaning and Currant Family History at FamilySearch
We found 5,358,470 records for the Currant last name. Explore historical collections, such as birth records, death certificates, immigration data ...Missing: 16th century
[52]
https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/44345/Currant-Christopher-Frederick-Bunny.htm
[53]
Currant History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - HouseOfNames
The surname Currant was first found in County Waterford (Irish: Port Láirge), anciently the Deise region, on the South coast of Ireland in the Province of ...Currant History · Etymology · Early Origins · Early History
[54]
Currant Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
Currant Surname Definition: Has probably some connection with the Latin curro, and the French courant. Currant Surname Distribution Map. JavaScript is required ...
[55]
Currant, Christopher Frederick "Bunny" - TracesOfWar.com
At the end of World War Two, Bunny Currant had destroyed 10 enemy aircraft himself and five shared. After the war he remained in the RAF and was discharged in ...Missing: Philip | Show results with:Philip
[56]
The Airmen's Stories - F/Lt. CF Currant - Battle of Britain Monument
Currant joined the RAF in 1936 as a direct-entry Airman u/t Pilot. He began training on 6th January 1936 and was immediately given the nickname 'Bunny'.Missing: WWII | Show results with:WWII
[57]
£80000 auction for the RAF medals of 'Bunny' Currant, a great British
Dec 19, 2007 · MEDALS awarded to one of our greatest Second World War fighter aces were sold for more than £80000 yesterday.Missing: Philip | Show results with:Philip
[58]
Nelly Currant - IMDb
Nelly Currant was born in 2005 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, UK. She is an actress and producer, known for The Nevers (2021), Renegade Nell (2024) ...
[59]
Nelly Currant - Biography - IMDb
Nelly Currant was born in 2005 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, UK. She is an actress and producer, known for The Nevers (2021), Renegade Nell (2024) and ...
[60]
Is This New York's Idaho Potato?; Entrepreneur Has Grand Plans for ...
Oct 16, 2003 · Greg Quinn, potato farmer in Clinton, NY, manages almost singlehandedly to have state overturn ban on cultivation of black currants, ...
[61]
https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/ribes_aureum.shtml
[62]
Currant - Nevada Expeditions
Though the post office has been closed for over half a century, Currant still maintains a population of around sixty-five. The school closed in 1966, and was ...
[63]
https://www.saveur.com/ingredient-spotlight/black-currants-guide/
[64]
Current River | Missouri Department of Conservation
From its beginnings the river flows approximately 184 miles in a southeasterly to south direction before flowing into the Black River near Pocahontas, Arkansas.
[65]
Current River (upper) | Missouri Department of Conservation
With camping, trout fishing, and canoeing, the 19 miles of Current River from Montauk State Park to Akers Ferry in Dent and Shannon counties has it all.
[66]
[PDF] Streamflow Information for the Jacks Fork and Current River in the ...
The Jacks. Fork and Current River were the Nation's first congressionally designated scenic riverways. The Jacks Fork and Current River are ideal for ...
[67]
Strawberry Aqueduct and Collection System - DOI.gov
Currant Creek Reservoir, with a total capacity of 15,671 acre-feet, diverts Currant Creek and five tributaries into the Strawberry Aqueduct. The size and ...Missing: irrigation | Show results with:irrigation
[68]
Currant Creek Dam - Bureau of Reclamation
Currant Creek Reservoir diverts water from Currant Creek and five of its smaller tributaries into the aqueduct.Missing: Range irrigation
[69]
https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/food-volume-to-weight/substance/currants-coma-and-blank-zante-coma-and-blank-dried
[70]
Golden currant (Ribes aureum) - USDA Forest Service
Golden currant (Ribes aureum) is a non-spiny shrub with stems 4-5 feet tall and mostly three-lobed, maple-like leaves.Missing: height | Show results with:height
[71]
What to Do With Fresh Gooseberries and Currants | Epicurious
Jul 20, 2015 · Pull off the top stems and bottom tails of the berries and swap them in for raspberries or blackberries in mixed berry jam, or use them in place of rhubarb.
[72]
Black Currants Are the Bold Berry You're Not Using (Yet) - Saveur
Jul 14, 2025 · Though they make a nice addition to fruit salads or cheese boards when raw, they truly shine when cooked—into jams, syrups, sauces, and ...
[73]
The Best Black Currant Jelly - Where Is My Spoon
Rating 5.0 (4) · 35 minJul 27, 2023 · I use sugar in a 1:1 ratio, I've never used less for this recipe. If you use less sugar it will take longer for the jelly to set. Setting ...Reasons to make black currant... · How to check if the jelly is set? · Recipe FAQ
[74]
How Garden Currants Can Be a Delicious Addition to Your Kitchen
Jul 26, 2021 · Another simple way to use currants from your garden is to make a simple syrup with red currants or black currants and sugar, honey, or another sweetener.
[75]
Top 10 Blackcurrant Recipes | Good Food
We love delicious juicy blackcurrants, and we have plenty of recipe ideas for making the most of them, from blackcurrant jam and puddings to a savoury sauce.Missing: culinary Ribes
[76]
50+ Blackcurrant Recipes - Adamant Kitchen
Jul 2, 2023 · Often used in pies, tarts and preserves, blackcurrants make a wonderful addition to many culinary dishes. Currants can be dried and added to ...Blackcurrant Recipes · Blackcurrant Savory Main... · Blackcurrant Dessert Recipes<|separator|>
[77]
Buttermilk Currant Scones - joshuacooksthendraws
Apr 2, 2025 · Preheat the oven to 400 degrees F. Soak 200 g Zante currants with warm water and set aside. Sift 1360 g flour, 2 tbs baking powder, and 1.5 ...
[78]
Currants, zante, dried volume to weight conversion - Aqua-Calc
CALIFORNIA SUN-DRIED ZANTE CURRANTS, UPC: 041143049419 weigh(s) 169 grams per metric cup or 5.6 ounces per US cup, and contain(s) 300 calories per 100 grams (≈ ...
[79]
Tarts, Pasties, and other Georgian Delights - The Historic Interpreter
Apr 2, 2016 · ... currants, raisins, prunes, dates and orange peel. He also suggested that beef or veal might be used in place of mutton. (Markham, 1615).
[80]
Crème de Cassis | Taste France Magazine
Crème de cassis is a blackcurrant liqueur often paired with white wine to make a kir. Since the 19th century, this liqueur has been loved in France and beyond.
[81]
Black Currant: Uses and Risks - WebMD
Jan 29, 2025 · Black currant contains: Anthocyanidin, a type of pigment; Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid; Alpha-linolenic acid (an ...
[82]
6 Health Benefits of Black Currant - Healthline
Sep 14, 2017 · Studies have shown that they may help to boost the immune system and reduce inflammation in the body. Dosage recommendations include one glass ...
[83]
4 Health Benefits of Black Currants
Jun 3, 2025 · Absorb iron; Build collagen for wound healing; Protect against cataracts and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD); Reduce inflammation and ...
[84]
Danish Red Berry Pudding (Rødgrød med fløde)
Rating 4.9 (15) · 1 hr 15 minJun 19, 2019 · This Danish dessert contains four different red berries which are cooked together with sugar and water into a thick berry pudding.
[85]
Traditional Eccles Cakes - The Daring Gourmet
Rating 5.0 (92) · 1 hr 20 minApr 29, 2023 · If you've never heard of them, Eccles Cakes are small, round cakes made from flaky pastry that is filled with dried currants, candied lemon, ...
[86]
British Standard BS381 539 - Currant red / #ad3d3c Hex Color Code
The hexadecimal color code #ad3d3c is a shade of red. In the RGB color model #ad3d3c is composed of 67.84% red, 23.92% green and 23.53% blue. In the HSL color ...
[87]
Shades of Victorian Fashion: Crimson, Claret, Scarlet, and Red
Sep 26, 2016 · Shades of red were often used in combination with other colors. In dresses of the Victorian era, reds can frequently be seen coupled with black.
[88]
Currant - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c. 1500 from Anglo-French "reisin de Corauntz," meaning a very small seedless blackish raisin used in cooking, derived from "raisins of Corinth.Missing: surname | Show results with:surname
[89]
https://www.townsends.us/blogs/blog/18th-century-currants
[90]
CURRANT BUN definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
currant bun in British English. noun. 1. British. a sweet bun containing currants. 2. Scottish another name for black bun. 3. Cockney rhyming slang. son.
[91]
Log Cabin Living: Plant Dye Sampler
In addition to their use as food and medicine, red currant berries can create a black dye while their leaves make a shade of yellow. Evergreen huckleberries ...<|separator|>
[92]
Dyeing silk and cotton fabrics using natural blackcurrants
Abstract. Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed using the extract from blackcurrants, and the properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated.