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Under the Banner of Heaven

Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith is a 2003 nonfiction book by American author Jon Krakauer that investigates the 1984 murders of Brenda Lafferty, a 24-year-old member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and her 15-month-old daughter Erica, committed by Ron and Dan Lafferty, two brothers who had embraced Mormon fundamentalism.^[1]^[2] The Lafferty brothers claimed the killings fulfilled a divine revelation received through Ron, targeting Brenda for her resistance to their advocacy of polygamy and a breakaway "School of Prophets."^[1]^[3] Krakauer structures the narrative around the American Fork, Utah, police investigation led by Detective Jeb Pyre, paralleling it with an account of Mormonism's founding by Joseph Smith in the 19th century, including early practices like polygamy and prophetic revelations that fundamentalists later invoked to justify violence.^[4]^[5] The book highlights how splinter groups, rejecting the mainstream church's 1890 renunciation of plural marriage, maintain doctrines emphasizing direct communication from God, which the Laffertys interpreted as authorizing the slayings.^[4] Ron Lafferty received a death sentence in 1985, later upheld after appeals, while Dan was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.^[1] Published by Doubleday, the work became a bestseller and drew acclaim for its detailed reportage on religious extremism, though it faced pushback from LDS leaders who argued it inaccurately associated isolated fundamentalist acts with the broader church.^[6]^[4] In 2022, the book inspired a seven-part FX on Hulu miniseries adaptation scripted by Dustin Lance Black, featuring Andrew Garfield as Pyre and emphasizing the tensions between faith, law enforcement, and historical Mormon doctrines.^[5] The series amplified debates over depictions of Mormon history, with critics noting potential dramatizations but affirming the core events' basis in court records and interviews.^[2]^[5]

Publication History

Author Background

Jon Krakauer, born April 12, 1954, is an American author and mountaineer renowned for his investigative nonfiction works that probe the boundaries of human endurance, ambition, and belief.^[7] Raised in Corvallis, Oregon, he graduated from Hampshire College in 1976 and initially pursued manual labor as a carpenter and commercial salmon fisherman before transitioning to journalism, contributing to outlets such as Outside magazine, The New York Times, and National Geographic.^[7] ^[8] His early career emphasized firsthand reporting on outdoor pursuits, establishing a style grounded in empirical observation and personal involvement to dissect individual motivations amid perilous environments.^[9] Krakauer's breakthrough came with Into the Wild (1996), which chronicles the fatal Alaskan odyssey of Christopher McCandless, a young idealist who rejected societal norms for self-reliant wilderness living, highlighting themes of autonomy's perils and the allure of transcendental isolation.^[10] This was followed by Into Thin Air (1997), a firsthand account of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster in which he participated as a client on a commercial expedition, critiquing the risks of guided high-altitude climbing and the hubris driving human limits-testing.^[11] These works exemplify his method of blending rigorous research with immersive narrative to empirically analyze how ordinary individuals confront existential extremes, often revealing causal links between ideology, preparation, and catastrophe.^[12] Krakauer's oeuvre reflects a consistent scrutiny of ideological fervor, extending from physical survival quests to the psychological drivers of extreme convictions, informed by his agnostic perspective that views unchecked devotion—religious or otherwise—as prone to overriding rational judgment.^[13] This pattern of dissecting fanaticism through verifiable evidence and historical parallels contextualizes his approach to faith-driven extremism, prioritizing causal mechanisms over doctrinal sympathy.^[14] Under the Banner of Heaven was published in July 2003 by Doubleday, attaining New York Times bestseller status and broadening his inquiry into belief systems' violent potentials.^[15] ^[16]

Initial Release and Commercial Success

Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith was published by Doubleday on July 15, 2003.^[17] The book featured an initial print run of 350,000 copies, signaling strong publisher confidence in its market potential given Krakauer's established reputation from works like Into the Wild.^[18] It rapidly achieved commercial success, debuting on The New York Times bestseller list for hardcover nonfiction and climbing to the #3 position by early September 2003 after five weeks on the chart.^[19] Marketing positioned the title as a gripping true crime narrative interwoven with historical and religious analysis, targeting readers drawn to investigative nonfiction and Krakauer's style of probing extreme human experiences.^[20] The book's appeal extended internationally, with translations into numerous languages that supported ongoing sales and reflected sustained public interest in its examination of Mormon fundamentalism.^[21] By the mid-2000s, it had sold over 500,000 copies in the United States alone, cementing its status as a commercial hit in the true crime genre.^[22]

Core Content

The Lafferty Brothers' Crimes

On July 24, 1984, brothers Ronald Watson Lafferty and Dan Lafferty entered the home of their brother Allen Lafferty in American Fork, Utah, where they murdered Allen's wife, Brenda Sue Wright Lafferty, aged 24, and their daughter, Erica Ann Lafferty, aged 15 months.^[2]^[23] Brenda was beaten unconscious, stabbed multiple times, and had her throat slit, while Erica was killed by having her throat slit.^[23]^[24] The brothers had planned to kill additional targets, including Chloe Low and Richard Stites, whom Ron Lafferty viewed as obstacles to his religious objectives, but abandoned those attempts after the initial killings and fled.^[23]^[3] Ron Lafferty, the elder brother, later claimed that he received a divine revelation approximately six months prior commanding the deaths of Brenda, Erica, Low, and Stites, attributing the order to God due to their opposition to his embrace of Mormon fundamentalist principles, including plural marriage.^[3]^[2] This claim followed Ron's excommunication from the mainstream Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints earlier in 1984 for advocating fundamentalist doctrines incompatible with the church's positions.^[2] Dan Lafferty participated in the acts, later testifying in his own defense that he alone carried out the killings of both victims.^[25] The brothers were arrested on July 27, 1984, in Reno, Nevada, after being identified by Allen Lafferty based on prior family tensions and the intruders' descriptions.^[26] Accomplices Charles Carnes and Lawrence "Chip" Knapp, who had traveled with the Laffertys but did not enter the home during the murders, provided key testimony implicating the brothers in the planning and execution.^[27] Forensic evidence included the victims' wounds consistent with a sharp blade, such as a barber's razor, and the scene showed signs of forced entry and struggle.^[24] In separate trials in 1985, Ron Lafferty was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and sentenced to death, with the jury finding aggravating factors including the especially heinous nature of the crimes and multiple victims.^[23]^[2] Dan Lafferty, representing himself, was convicted of two counts of second-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, after a jury deadlocked on capital charges due to a single holdout juror.^[2]^[25] Ron's conviction was briefly overturned on appeal in 1991 but reinstated in 1996 following retrial.^[1]

Exploration of Mormon Fundamentalism

Mormon fundamentalism, as depicted in Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven, consists of splinter groups that reject the mainstream Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' (LDS Church) 1890 Manifesto, issued by President Wilford Woodruff, which publicly renounced plural marriage to comply with U.S. anti-polygamy laws. These fundamentalists argue that the Manifesto represented political expediency rather than divine will, preserving polygamy—viewed as a core eternal principle—as central to salvation and priesthood authority. This schism arose from beliefs that post-Manifesto LDS leaders lacked full prophetic keys, leading to independent communities practicing "true" Mormonism untainted by institutional compromise.^[28]^[29] The book contrasts this with the Lafferty brothers' brief involvement in the School of Prophets, a small, short-lived fundamentalist group established around 1984 that elevated personal revelation above hierarchical oversight. Ron Lafferty, claiming prophetic visions, aligned with the group's emphasis on direct divine commandments, which he cited as justification for the 1984 murders of his sister-in-law Brenda Lafferty and her infant daughter Erica. This collective, drawing from broader fundamentalist rejection of modern LDS authority, fostered isolation from societal norms and legal accountability, prioritizing unmediated godly instruction over church discipline. Court records from Ron Lafferty's 1985 trial reveal his assertions of revelation as overriding human law, underscoring the doctrinal rift where individual prophecy supplants collective governance.^[30]^[1] Fundamentalist practices highlighted include plural marriage, often involving underage brides and large family units, alongside geographic and social isolation in enclaves like those of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS) under Rulon Jeffs, who led until his death on September 8, 2002. These groups maintain self-sufficient compounds to evade prosecution, as documented in legal proceedings against polygamist leaders for related abuses. Krakauer draws from interviews and trial evidence to illustrate how such isolation reinforces doctrinal purity, enabling unchecked authority claims that diverge from the LDS Church's monogamous, integrated structure.^[31]^[3]

Historical Contexts in Early LDS History

In Under the Banner of Heaven, Jon Krakauer references the Mountain Meadows Massacre of September 11, 1857, as an illustrative episode of violence in early Latter-day Saint (LDS) history, portraying it as a consequence of religious zeal intertwined with territorial anxieties. Approximately 120 members of the Baker-Fancher wagon train, emigrants from Arkansas en route to California, were killed by a militia of Mormon settlers and allied Paiute Indians in southern Utah Territory.^[32] The event unfolded amid escalating tensions of the Utah War (1857–1858), during which federal troops marched toward Utah under orders from President James Buchanan to replace Brigham Young as territorial governor, fueled by reports of theocracy, polygamy, and defiance of federal authority. Primary accounts, including settler journals and military dispatches, indicate local leaders incited the attack under paranoia of invasion and rumors of poisoned water supplies or retaliatory threats from the emigrants, rather than direct orders from church headquarters; Brigham Young dispatched a messenger on September 10 urging restraint, though communication delays and pre-existing hysteria contributed to the tragedy.^[33] ^[34] Krakauer draws parallels to modern fundamentalist extremism by emphasizing the role of prophetic authority in mobilizing settlers, but causal analysis points to frontier isolation, supply shortages, and war-induced fear as amplifying factors in this isolated atrocity, with no evidence of recurrence as doctrinal policy.^[32] The doctrine of blood atonement, briefly articulated by Brigham Young in sermons during the mid-1850s, serves in the book as another historical lens for examining absolutist interpretations of LDS theology that fundamentalists later invoked. Young preached that for heinous sins such as murder, adultery, or apostasy—acts deemed to place individuals beyond the redemptive reach of Christ's atonement—the sinner required shedding their own blood to achieve forgiveness and exaltation, drawing from interpretations of Old Testament practices and passages in the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants.^[35] This teaching emerged in the theological flux following Joseph Smith's 1844 death, amid Utah's theocratic experiments and reformist impulses, with Young referencing it in at least five discourses between 1856 and 1857; however, church records show no verified executions under this rationale, and it was not codified in scripture.^[36] By the 1880s, subsequent leaders like Wilford Woodruff de-emphasized and effectively disavowed it, aligning with broader doctrinal refinements to mitigate federal scrutiny and internal moderation.^[37] Krakauer highlights its rhetorical intensity to underscore continuities in fundamentalist rhetoric, yet empirical review of trial transcripts and diaries reveals it as hyperbolic sermonizing rather than systematic practice, constrained by practical and legal realities.^[35] Polygamy, or plural marriage, figures prominently in the book's historical backdrop as a practice that propelled early LDS communal expansion while precipitating conflicts with American legal norms, which Krakauer links to theocratic impulses persisting in fundamentalist sects. Joseph Smith privately introduced the principle in the early 1840s, based on a purported 1831 revelation, with public acknowledgment by Young in 1852; by the 1860 U.S. Census, analysis of Salt Lake Valley households indicates 20–30% involvement among adult LDS members, facilitating frontier population growth through larger family units and widow support in a harsh environment.^[38] Diaries from pioneers, such as those of Wilford Woodruff, document its role in church cohesion and economic pooling, yet it clashed with antipolygamy laws like the 1862 Morrill Act, escalating to the Utah War and Supreme Court challenges that pressured adaptation.^[39] Facing arrests and territorial disenfranchisement, the church issued the 1890 Manifesto under Woodruff, curtailing new plural marriages and enabling Utah statehood in 1896, as corroborated by membership rolls showing a decline from peak prevalence.^[40] The book posits polygamy's endurance among fundamentalists as echoing early revelations' authority, but census and probate data underscore its pragmatic evolution amid external coercion rather than immutable dogma.^[41]

Thematic Elements

Derivation and Significance of the Title

The title Under the Banner of Heaven derives from a declaration published in the Deseret News in 1857 by Charles W. Wandell, an assistant Church historian for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, writing under the pseudonym "Argus." During the Utah War, amid escalating tensions between Mormon settlers and the U.S. federal government, Wandell articulated the settlers' allegiance to divine authority over secular power, stating: "when the Government conflicts with Heaven we will be ranged under the banner of Heaven, and against the Government."^[42]^[43] This phrase encapsulated the pioneers' view of their westward exodus and establishment of a theocratic society in Utah as a divinely mandated mission, symbolizing unwavering commitment to God's banner amid persecution and conflict.^[42] Jon Krakauer adopted the title for his 2003 book to evoke the perilous intersection of fervent religious conviction and violence within Mormon history and fundamentalism. By invoking the pioneers' symbolic "banner of heaven," Krakauer draws parallels to apocalyptic rhetoric that has recurred in both early Latter-day Saint experiences—such as the Utah War—and fringe fundamentalist groups, where perceived divine imperatives justified extreme actions, including the 1984 murders committed by the Lafferty brothers.^[44]^[45] The title's significance lies in its ironic juxtaposition of celestial aspiration and terrestrial brutality, framing the narrative's focus on how unyielding faith in heavenly guidance can precipitate zealotry without direct endorsement of causal mechanisms explored elsewhere. It underscores the empirical pattern of religious symbolism motivating defiance against earthly authorities, as observed in the Lafferty case where Ron Lafferty claimed prophetic revelation for his crimes.^[46]^[44]

Central Thesis on Faith and Violence

Krakauer's central thesis contends that fundamentalist religious doctrines prioritizing personal revelation and unquestioning obedience to divine commands inherently risk fostering extremism by subordinating empirical reasoning and moral autonomy to subjective prophetic interpretations. In fundamentalist settings, claims of direct godly instruction—such as Ron Lafferty's purported revelation mandating the elimination of perceived apostates—bypass societal norms and legal accountability, framing violence as sacred duty rather than criminality. This mechanism, Krakauer argues, arises from the epistemological primacy granted to faith over verifiable evidence, allowing adherents to rationalize atrocities as fulfillment of higher purpose.^[47]^[48] To demonstrate the phenomenon's broader applicability, Krakauer draws parallels between Mormon fundamentalists and extremists in other Abrahamic traditions, noting how Islamic militants citing Quranic surahs or Christian radicals invoking Old Testament precedents similarly invoke supernatural authority to legitimize bloodshed against perceived enemies of faith. Psychological underpinnings, including cognitive dissonance resolution through absolute certainty and group reinforcement of delusional convictions, underpin these cases, with historical precedents like medieval inquisitions or modern jihadist networks illustrating recurrent patterns independent of specific creeds. Such comparisons, grounded in Krakauer's analysis of doctrinal texts and perpetrator testimonies, underscore a universal vulnerability in revelation-centric belief systems where dissent is equated with diabolical rebellion.^[49]^[17] Causally, Krakauer emphasizes how insular communities exacerbate these dynamics by shielding believers from countervailing information, rigid authority hierarchies enforce compliance without interrogation, and eschatological narratives—positing imminent divine judgment—impart urgent imperatives for purifying violence to avert catastrophe. These elements, corroborated through Krakauer's interviews with ex-fundamentalists and scrutiny of primary sources like Joseph Smith's revelations, create feedback loops amplifying radicalization, wherein isolation curtails exposure to alternative viewpoints and apocalyptic timelines demand immediate, unhesitating action.^[50]^[51]

Reception and Analysis

Critical Praise

Under the Banner of Heaven garnered acclaim for its masterful narrative style and rigorous journalistic approach to true crime. The New York Times lauded Krakauer's ability to effectively recount the Lafferty brothers' violent acts while illuminating Dan Lafferty's mindset and providing thorough historical and scriptural context for Mormon fundamentalism, describing the work as an arresting portrait that explores faith-based violence and extremism.^[4] Similarly, the Washington Post highlighted the book as offering a compelling examination of the events and motivations involved.^[52] Critics and true-crime enthusiasts praised Krakauer's empirical detail in reconstructing the 1984 murders through primary sources such as trial transcripts, affidavits, and interviews, blending investigative depth with engaging prose akin to his earlier works like Into Thin Air.^[4] The book was named one of the notable books of 2003 by the New York Times, underscoring its impact in illuminating obscure religious subcultures.^[53] Its commercial success as a national bestseller reflected broad appeal, contributing to discussions on religious extremism in popular discourse following its July 2003 release, including author media appearances that amplified its reach among readers interested in the intersection of faith and violence.^[17]

Scholarly and LDS Criticisms

LDS-affiliated scholars, including those from the Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR) and BYU Studies, have faulted Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven for conflating fringe fundamentalist extremism with mainstream Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) doctrine and practice. Critics contend that the book erroneously implies an unbroken causal chain from early Mormon historical events—such as the Mountain Meadows Massacre of 1857—to contemporary violence like the 1984 Lafferty murders, despite the perpetrators' prior excommunication from the church and their affiliation with isolated fundamentalist sects. This conflation overlooks the church's formal disavowal of polygamy since 1890 and its rejection of violence-justifying interpretations of scripture, as evidenced by primary doctrinal texts and administrative records showing no endorsement of such acts in modern governance.^[54]^[55]^[56] A central point of contention is Krakauer's treatment of blood atonement, a 19th-century rhetorical concept speculated upon by leaders like Brigham Young but never codified as binding doctrine or systematically implemented, with historical analyses confirming its non-application in church courts or policy after the 1850s. FAIR responses highlight how the book amplifies unverified accounts of the theory to suggest lingering doctrinal influence on the Laffertys' actions, ignoring primary sources like sermons and legal records that demonstrate its rhetorical rather than prescriptive nature, and paralleling it to broader American capital punishment practices without equivalent scrutiny. Scholars such as Richard E. Turley argue this selective emphasis distorts causality, as the Laffertys invoked personal revelations untethered from verifiable LDS teachings, and cite verifiable errors like misstating the theory's scope to imply widespread historical executions unsupported by trial transcripts or eyewitness affidavits.^[54]^[56]^[55] Methodological critiques emphasize Krakauer's reliance on secondary, antagonistic sources—such as Fawn Brodie's biographies or ex-Mormon testimonies—while sidelining church archives, peer-reviewed histories, and balanced exegeses, which results in factual inaccuracies like portraying Joseph Smith's 1826 examination as a fraud conviction (it ended in acquittal on persecution grounds) or exaggerating the church's retention of over 400 Mark Hofmann forgeries (most were inconsequential items later disclosed). BYU Studies reviewers further note the omission of contextual factors in early LDS violence, such as federal military expeditions and mob persecutions, which empirical records from the era attribute as precipitating responses rather than innate doctrinal aggression. This sourcing imbalance, per Turley, reflects an agenda-driven narrative that privileges sensationalism over comprehensive primary evidence, leading to overstated links between faith obedience and irrational violence.^[56]^[55]^[54] Empirical data rebuts the book's implication of elevated violence risk in mainstream Mormonism: Utah, home to approximately 60% of U.S. LDS adherents as of 2020, has maintained violent crime rates 20-30% below national averages over the past two decades, per FBI Uniform Crime Reports, with homicide rates consistently under 2 per 100,000 residents compared to the U.S. figure of around 6. This contrasts sharply with fundamentalist enclaves, where isolation and rejection of legal authority correlate with higher per capita incidents, supporting scholarly arguments that causality lies in schismatic rejection of institutional norms rather than core LDS tenets.^[57]^[54]

Debates on Accuracy and Bias

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued a formal response on June 27, 2003, critiquing Under the Banner of Heaven for numerous factual inaccuracies and misattributions of doctrines to the modern church, such as portraying the Adam-God theory—explicitly denounced by church leaders like Spencer W. Kimball—as contemporary LDS teaching, and linking racial supremacy ideas to current practices despite their disavowal.^[47] Other errors included mischaracterizing Joseph Smith's 1826 trial as involving a defrauded client (when accuser Josiah Stowell testified against fraud claims, leading to acquittal), erroneously labeling apostle Mark E. Petersen as church president, and conflating distinct biblical and Book of Mormon figures named Laban.^[47] Apologetic and scholarly analyses post-2003, including reviews in Mormon studies outlets, identified additional historical overstatements, such as anachronistic references to the FLDS group (founded in 1991, postdating the 1984 Lafferty murders) and selective portrayals of events like the Mountain Meadows Massacre that omitted contextual U.S. persecution of early Mormons while implying inherent doctrinal violence.^[55]^[58] These critiques used archival evidence to argue that Krakauer conflated fundamentalist sects with mainstream LDS practices, exaggerating links between early doctrines like blood atonement (never formalized policy) and the Lafferty crimes, and relying on unverified claims about Joseph Smith's personal life, such as his initial meeting with Emma Hale.^[58] Critics, including church historians and academic reviewers, accused the book of an anti-religious bias rooted in a secular worldview that pathologizes faith as inherently prone to violence, without comparable examination of secular ideologies' roles in 20th-century atrocities like those under Stalinist or Maoist regimes, which claimed tens of millions of lives.^[47]^[55] This perspective, they contended, manifests in a condescending tone toward believers and stereotyping of Mormon culture—e.g., unnatural dialogue emphasizing "Heavenly Father" invocations and portraying fundamentalist practices as extensions of core LDS theology—while sidelining non-doctrinal factors like family dysfunction or mental health in the murders.^[58] Krakauer defended the work in 2003 interviews and responses, asserting it targeted fundamentalist extremism rather than mainstream Mormonism and drew on primary sources like trial records and ex-member accounts to illuminate how absolutist interpretations of revelation could foster violence, distinguishing his analysis from blanket indictments of religion.^[59]^[60] He maintained that historical parallels, such as early LDS theocratic impulses, warranted scrutiny to explain the Laffertys' worldview, though detractors countered that such linkages overstated causal connections absent empirical disproof of doctrinal moderation in modern LDS contexts.^[55]

Adaptations and Media Impact

2022 Television Miniseries

The 2022 television miniseries adaptation premiered on Hulu on April 28, 2022, as a seven-episode limited series produced by FX.^[61] ^[62] Created by screenwriter Dustin Lance Black, who was raised Mormon before disaffiliating from the faith in his youth, the series stars Andrew Garfield as Detective Jeb Pyre, a fictionalized devout Latter-day Saint investigator, and Sam Worthington as Ron Lafferty, the perpetrator of the 1984 murders.^[63] ^[64] Supporting roles include Daisy Edgar-Jones as victim Brenda Lafferty and Gil Birmingham as Detective Bill Taba, Pyre's partner.^[65] ^[66] The narrative structure alternates between the real-time police investigation in 1984 and flashbacks depicting the Lafferty family's descent into fundamentalism and the events culminating in the killings of Brenda and her infant daughter.^[62] Principal filming occurred in Alberta, Canada, including Calgary, Carstairs, and Didsbury, selected for landscapes and architecture evoking 1980s Utah while providing production efficiencies.^[67] ^[68] The production emphasized period-accurate details in sets, costumes, and vehicles to immerse viewers in the Mormon Pioneer milieu, though specific budget figures remain undisclosed in public records.^[68] Unlike Jon Krakauer's book, which centers journalistic accounts of the murders intertwined with Mormon historical critique, the miniseries expands fictional elements around Pyre's character—a composite not drawn from a single real detective—to dramatize personal faith crises, including invented family dynamics such as his daughter's health struggles and marital tensions over religious observance.^[69] ^[70] Core empirical events, including the fundamentalist revelations prompting Ron Lafferty's actions and the crime scene details, align closely with documented trial evidence and survivor testimonies, but the added Pyre arcs serve to humanize the detective's worldview rather than strictly adhere to investigative records.^[71] The series garnered praise for acting, particularly Garfield's portrayal of Pyre's internal conflict, achieving an 87% Tomatometer score from 52 critics on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews highlighting tense storytelling and atmospheric authenticity.^[72] The Lafferty murders have been examined in independent true-crime documentaries and episodes, distinct from adaptations of Krakauer's book. The 2019 short documentary The Removal Revelation: The Ron and Dan Lafferty Story details the brothers' radicalization and the July 24, 1984, killings of Brenda Wright Lafferty and her 15-month-old daughter Erica, drawing on court records and witness accounts to portray the events as driven by the brothers' self-proclaimed divine revelation rather than mainstream LDS doctrine.^[73] Similarly, a 2018 episode of the Investigation Discovery series American Monster titled "Band of Brothers" reconstructs the family's dynamics and the crime using archival footage and interviews, highlighting the brothers' departure from conventional Mormonism into fundamentalist isolationism.^[74] Podcasts have hosted extended discussions on the case, often referencing trial evidence to assess claims of religious motivation. Episodes of Mormon Stories, such as those featuring investigators like Lynn Packer, analyze the Lafferty brothers' actions alongside other instances of fringe Mormon extremism, emphasizing forensic and testimonial data from the 1985-1996 trials where Ron Lafferty was convicted of first-degree murder and Dan Lafferty of second-degree murder.^[75] These discussions critique sensationalized narratives by cross-referencing primary sources like the "removal revelation" document authored by Ron, which instructed the killings, against psychological evaluations presented in court. Post-2022 media critiques, particularly from LDS-affiliated outlets, have focused on dramatizations' fidelity to verified facts. Deseret News articles, for instance, argue that portrayals exaggerate connections between the murders and broader LDS history, urging reliance on trial transcripts showing the perpetrators' explicit rejection of church authority in favor of personal prophetic claims.^[76] Such analyses, while defending institutional Mormonism, underscore empirical discrepancies like the brothers' pre-murder excommunication from the LDS Church on April 27, 1984.^[2] The Lafferty case appears in comparative contexts within true-crime explorations of religious extremism, including Mormon fundamentalism. Series like Netflix's Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey (2022) on the FLDS sect provide data on parallel patterns of prophetic authority and violence, such as Warren Jeffs' convictions for child sexual assault, without conflating them with the Lafferty incident's individualized fanaticism.^[77] Podcasts like Mormon True Crime similarly catalog extremism cases, using conviction rates and survivor testimonies to delineate fundamentalist outliers from mainstream practices.^[78]

Broader Controversies

LDS Church Official Responses

In June 2003, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued a formal response to Jon Krakauer's book Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith, characterizing it as "not history but storytelling" that inaccurately conflates the practices and beliefs of excommunicated Mormon fundamentalists with those of the church's 16 million members worldwide.^[47] Church spokesperson Michael Otterson emphasized that the book relies on biased sources and sympathetic portrayals of fringe groups, while church historian Richard E. Turley Jr. critiqued its one-sided narrative that generalizes isolated violent acts to indict the faith's foundational doctrines and history, including factual errors on events like the 1826 trial of Joseph Smith and the Mountain Meadows Massacre.^[47] BYU professor Robert L. Millet further clarified that fundamentalist rejection of prophetic succession—exemplified by their denial of revelations in Official Declaration 1 ending plural marriage in 1890—marks them as apostates outside the church's covenant path, not representatives of its core teachings on monogamy and obedience to law.^[47] In April 2022, ahead of the Hulu miniseries adaptation, church leaders circulated an internal memorandum to bishops and stake presidents advising members to avoid the production, as it "portrays the Church and its people in a negative light" and perpetuates stereotypes by blurring distinctions between mainstream Latter-day Saints and fundamentalist extremists.^[15] The guidance highlighted the series' promotion of unfounded associations between church doctrine and violence, underscoring that such fundamentalism arises from deliberate schism against living prophetic authority rather than inherent teachings, and noted empirical indicators of Latter-day Saint law-abidingness, including Utah's violent crime rate of 261.8 per 100,000 residents in 2021—below the national average of 387.0—attributable in part to cultural emphases on family stability and moral accountability.^[15]

Influence on Public Perceptions of Mormonism

The publication of Under the Banner of Heaven in 2003 prompted the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to issue a formal statement emphasizing that the book conflates fringe fundamentalist groups, which reject the church's authority and practices like polygamy, with mainstream Latter-day Saints.^[47] This response highlighted efforts to distinguish the Lafferty murders—committed by excommunicated fundamentalists—as unrelated to the church's 11 million global members at the time, amid claims that the narrative blurred doctrinal boundaries to suggest inherent violence in Mormon origins.^[47] No contemporaneous polls directly measured shifts in public views, but the book's prominence contributed to heightened media coverage of Mormon fundamentalism as a distinct, non-mainstream phenomenon, separate from the LDS Church's disavowal of practices like plural marriage since 1890.^[79] The 2022 Hulu miniseries adaptation reignited debates, with LDS critics arguing it perpetuated stereotypes by intertwining fundamentalist violence with mainstream rituals and history, prompting organized pushback including social media campaigns and advertisements to contextualize the portrayal as unrepresentative.^[80] ^[81] Viewership data indicated moderate engagement, with the series averaging around 500,000 U.S. households in its premiere week, but it elicited polarized reactions: non-LDS reviewers often praised its exploration of religious extremism, while church members reported feeling misrepresented, leading to calls for boycotts and clarifications on fundamentalist-LDS distinctions.^[82] Despite these controversies, empirical indicators of public perception showed no correlative downturn; U.S. LDS self-reported membership hovered near 6.7 million in the early 2020s, with global totals rising from 16.8 million in 2021 to 17.25 million by end-2023 at a 1.49% annual growth rate, consistent with pre-series trends unaffected by the adaptation's visibility.^[83] ^[84] Claims of widespread stigmatization remain anecdotal, lacking survey evidence of diminished favorability or conversion rates post-2003 or 2022; instead, the works fed into broader secular critiques questioning absolutist religious interpretations, yet LDS retention and expansion persisted, underscoring a disconnect between media-driven narratives and observable institutional vitality.^[85] ^[83] This stability contrasts with assertions from some outlets that such depictions erode trust in religious authority, though causal links to perception shifts are unverified absent longitudinal data like pre- and post-exposure polling.^[86]

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Jon Krakauer, Climbing's Best-Known Author
Mar 25, 2022 · A regular correspondent for Outside, Krakauer was a member of the Adventure Consultants team involved in the infamous 1996 Everest disaster, ...
[13]
Jon Krakauer describes how he thinks that religion "is the antithesis ...
Mar 8, 2021 · Faith is the very antithesis of reason. Spiritual devotion defies rational analysis. And when religious fanaticism supplants sound judgment, all ...
[14]
Jon Krakauer Biography | Booking Info for Speaking Engagements
Jon Krakauer is an American writer and mountaineer whose work explores the extremes of human ambition, risk, and belief. He is the author of “Into the Wild,” “ ...Missing: career | Show results with:career<|separator|>
[15]
The LDS Church Does Not Want You to Watch “Under the Banner of ...
Apr 26, 2022 · The first edition of my book Under the Banner of Heaven was published in July 2003. Two weeks before it was released, the leaders of the ...
[16]
https://www.audible.com/pd/Under-the-Banner-of-Heaven-Audiobook/B002UZZ922
[17]
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith - Amazon.com
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith [Krakauer, Jon] on Amazon ... Publication date. July 15, 2003. Dimensions. 6.65 x 1.25 x 9.55 inches.
[18]
The Stakes Rise for Chart Toppers - Publishers Weekly
... Under the Banner of Heaven. Jon Krakauer (Doubleday,#350,000) 29. A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson (Broadway,#308,300) 30. American 24/7 ...
[19]
BEST SELLERS: September 14, 2003 - The New York Times
Sep 14, 2003 · 3 5 7 UNDER THE BANNER OF HEAVEN, by Jon Krakauer. (Doubleday, $26.) The author of ''Into Thin Air'' explores the implications of the murder ...Missing: figures | Show results with:figures
[20]
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith - Amazon.com
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith. Opens the same content ... Publication date. June 8, 2004. Dimensions. 5.17 x 0.95 x 8 inches. ISBN-10.
[21]
Editions of Under the Banner of Heaven - Jon Krakauer - Goodreads
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith. Published 2004 by Pan MacMillan. Paperback, 432 pages. Edition Language: English. Under the Banner of ...
[22]
Top 10 Best Selling True Crime Books (2023-2024) - SmartBuy
Oct 9, 2025 · 2, Empire of Pain - Patrick Radden Keefe, 980,000 ; 3, Under the Banner of Heaven - Jon Krakauer, 765,000 ; 4, Captive Audience - Ashley Flowers ...
[23]
State v. Lafferty :: 1988 :: Utah Supreme Court Decisions - Justia Law
Dan killed fifteen-month-old Erica by slitting her throat. Ron, Dan, and their companions subsequently broke into Chloe Low's house, intending to murder her, ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[24]
Lafferty hopes Smart case will help him - Deseret News
Mar 6, 2007 · Both victims were found with their throats slit by what police say was a barber's razor. Police say the murders were a case of misguided ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
STATE v. LAFFERTY (2001) - FindLaw Caselaw
... murders of Brenda and Erica Lafferty. Id ... We have repeatedly upheld the imposition of the death penalty in cases of one first degree murder conviction.
[26]
How Brenda Lafferty Was Killed By Her Fundamentalist Mormon In ...
Sep 5, 2023 · Allen knew exactly who had killed his wife and daughter. The Aftermath Of Brenda Lafferty's Murder. Ron and Dan Lafferty were arrested in Reno, ...
[27]
[PDF] filed - GovInfo
According to the trial testimony of Carnes and. Knapp, on the day of the murders Ron and Dan Lafferty, Carnes, and. ~. - ... capital murder and sentenced to death ...
[28]
Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism - Dialogue Journal
These Latter-day Saints regarded pre-1890 Mormonism as pristine, and defined the post-Manifesto church as compromised in theology and authority. By the 1930s ...
[29]
manifesto (plural marriage) - Utah History Encyclopedia
Mormons who have not accepted the Manifesto as a binding revelation and who openly advocate the practice of polygamy have been subject to church disciplinary ...
[30]
Ronald Lafferty, Mormon Cult Leader on Death Row, Dies at 78
Nov 11, 2019 · Lafferty formed a breakaway polygamous sect with his brothers called the School of the Prophets in 1984. The brothers claimed they received ...
[31]
Warren Jeffs and the FLDS - NPR
May 3, 2005 · 49-year-old Warren Jeffs took over as prophet of the FLDS, or Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in September of 2002.
[32]
The Mountain Meadows Massacre | American Experience - PBS
The massacre came about in the context of a rising conflict between Mormon leader Brigham Young and the federal government. When the Mormons had first arrived ...Missing: primary sources
[33]
The Church and the Utah War, 1857–58 | Religious Studies Center
Also, during the Utah War the most dreadful event in Church history occurred—the Mountain Meadows Massacre. This tragedy occurred as an act related to war ...
[34]
The Mountain Meadows Massacre - History
Central Question. Why did the Mountain Meadows Massacre happen? What caused normally peaceful settlers to commit the crimes that they did?
[35]
Blood Atonement and the Early Mormon Church
The modern Mormon church has abandoned the doctrine of blood atonement, along with its promotion of theocracy, polygamy, communalism, "holy murder," and other ...
[36]
Blood of the Prophets [3] - BYU Studies
Bagley devotes three pages (50–52) to setting the stage for the massacre by arguing that the Mormons believed in and practiced blood atonement, which he argues ...
[37]
Mormonism and doctrine/Repudiated concepts/Blood atonement
Early anti-Mormon writers charged that under Brigham Young the Church practiced "blood Atonement," by which they meant Church-instigated violence directed at ...
[38]
[PDF] How Common the Principle? Women as Plural Wives in 1860
THIS ESSAY EXAMINES HOW COMMON the practice of polygamy was in the Salt. Lake Valley in 1860. We use census data, Ancestral File information, and.Missing: diaries | Show results with:diaries
[39]
Leonard J. Arrington Diaries – “Polygamy” - Mormon Studies
The young women were simply sealed as plural wives of church authorities, so this is how they came under the law of adoption and, or course, that practice ...Missing: census data
[40]
Plural Marriage and Families in Early Utah
This essay primarily addresses plural marriage as practiced by the Latter-day Saints between 1847 and 1890, following their exodus to the US West and before ...Missing: diaries census data
[41]
Mapping the Extent of Plural Marriage in St. George, 1861–1880
For this study, we chose to look at St. George and its Dixie environs in the years for which the federal census and LDS Church records provide reliable sources ...
[42]
[PDF] UNDERSTANDING MORMONISM
When the government conflicts with heaven, we will be ranged under the banner of heaven and against ... Deseret News, Wandell noted in his diary: I notice ...
[43]
9/11 mormon mountian meadows massacre cover-up
Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith was more successful. His study of modern polygamy and violence provoked such a strong ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[44]
[PDF] Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith, by Jon Krakauer
As the title sug- gests, in Under the Banner of Heaven Krakauer makes an ambitious leap from the wilderness to religion, using the 1984 Lafferty murders in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
Jon Krakauer, Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith
His project is ambitious: With Mormon fundamentalism as his chief illustration, he seeks to understand why religious extremism flourishes in a skeptical, ...Missing: interest | Show results with:interest
[46]
What Is The Significance Of The Title 'Under Banner Of Heaven ...
The title 'Under the Banner of Heaven' embodies a striking contrast between piety and violence, making it a thought-provoking choice.
[47]
Church Response to Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven
Jun 27, 2003 · Under the Banner of Heaven is not only a slap in the face of modern Latter-day Saints but also a misrepresentation of religion in general.Missing: depiction | Show results with:depiction
[48]
'Under the Banner of Heaven' - The New York Times
Aug 3, 2003 · They contend that the Mormon leaders made an unforgivable compromise by capitulating to the U.S. government on polygamy over a century ago. They ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[49]
Book club questions for Under the Banner of Heaven - Bookclubs
What other similarities exist between the Mormon and Islamic faiths? How should Joseph Smith be understood: as a delusional narcissist, a con man, or “an ...
[50]
Under the Banner of Heaven - Read Between the Spines
Feb 26, 2023 · Genre Nonfiction: History; Religion; True Crime ; Publication Date July 15, 2003 ; Pages 432 ; Publisher Random House ; Storygraph Rating 3.92 stars.
[51]
Reading Guide from Under the Banner of Heaven
Krakauer draws a clear distinction between law-abiding mainstream Mormons and fanatical Mormon fundamentalists. However, as he alternates between the history of ...
[52]
Blood Brothers - The Washington Post
Aug 2, 2003 · In Under the Banner of Heaven, Jon Krakauer -- best known for Into ... Whatever its subjects' motivation, Krakauer's book offers a compelling ...
[53]
NOTABLE BOOKS - The New York Times
Dec 7, 2003 · A gripping account of the ambush in southern Utah that claimed the ... UNDER THE BANNER OF HEAVEN: A Story of Violent Faith. By Jon ...
[54]
Response to Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith
The author(s) of Under the Banner of Heaven make(s) the following claim: The author claims that Latter-day Saints are raised to "obey figures of Mormon ...
[55]
Under the Banner of Heaven - BYU Studies
His own faith, a faith in secularity as a tempered antidote to religious fanaticism (a term that is, for Krakauer, ultimately a redundancy), obscures a ...Missing: interest | Show results with:interest
[56]
[PDF] Under the Banner of Heaven: A Review - FAIR Latter-day Saints
The author evinces some understanding of the Church's doctrine and administrative structure, yet makes gaffes that signal his generally poor command of the ...
[57]
Mormon Crime Rate: The Truth - Public Square Magazine
Mar 31, 2025 · Utah, where a majority of the population identifies as Latter-day Saint, has consistently lower violent crime rates than national averages.
[58]
What Under the Banner of Heaven Gets Wrong | FAIR
While the series did a better job differentiating between members of the LDS Church and Fundamentalist Mormons than Krakauer's original book, there are still ...
[59]
Krakauer responds to criticism - BYU Daily Universe
Jul 20, 2003 · Krakauer has been criticized by some members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who say the book confuses fundamentalism with ...
[60]
Jon Krakauer author interview - BookBrowse.com
At the end of June 2003, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints issued an official "response" to my new book, Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of ...<|separator|>
[61]
Under the Banner of Heaven: Cast, Trailer, Release Date ... - Collider
Apr 14, 2022 · Under the Banner of Heaven will be streaming in the US on Hulu beginning April 28th. In some overseas markets, including the United Kingdom, the ...
[62]
FX's Under the Banner of Heaven | Watch on Hulu - FX Networks
The seven episode limited series also stars Sam Worthington, Denise Gough, Wyatt Russell, Billy Howle, Gil Birmingham, Adelaide Clemens, Rory Culkin, Seth ...Missing: 2022 creator<|separator|>
[63]
'Under the Banner of Heaven' Is the First Show to Get Mormon ... - GQ
May 13, 2022 · Dustin Lance Black's miniseries starring Andrew Garfield whispers authentically to an ex-believer like me.
[64]
Under the Banner of Heaven (TV Mini Series 2022) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (40,847) "Under the Banner of Heaven" co-stars Andrew Garfield and Daisy Edgar-Jones dig into each other's creative process in this true-crime drama, Andrew's covert ...Awards · Episode list · Full cast & crew · Parents guide
[65]
Under the Banner of Heaven: Miniseries (2022) - Cast & Crew - TMDB
Series Cast 53 · Andrew Garfield · Detective Jeb Pyre (7 Episodes) · Sam Worthington · Ron Lafferty (7 Episodes) · Daisy Edgar-Jones · Brenda Lafferty (7 Episodes).
[66]
Watch Under the Banner of Heaven Streaming Online | Hulu
Detectives Jeb Pyre (Andrew Garfield) and Bill Taba (Gil Birmingham) investigate the brutal, sinister murders of an LDS woman, Brenda Wright Lafferty.Missing: cast | Show results with:cast
[67]
Where Was Under the Banner of Heaven Filmed? - The Cinemaholic
Apr 27, 2022 · 'Under the Banner of Heaven' was filmed in Alberta, particularly in Calgary, Carstairs, and several other places in the Canadian province. This ...Missing: miniseries | Show results with:miniseries
[68]
How Calgary and small-town Alberta became 1980s Utah in Under ...
Jun 10, 2022 · Matt Palmer, locations supervisor for Under the Banner of Heaven, on the Stoney Reserve west of Calgary on the Bow River, one of the ...
[69]
Are Jeb Pyre and Bill Taba Real Detectives in 'Under the Banner of ...
Apr 28, 2022 · However, despite the central role the character plays in the show Detective Pyre is actually not a real person. His partner, Detective Taba, is ...
[70]
Under the Banner of Heaven Repeats the Book's Fundamental ...
May 19, 2022 · In the TV version, the fictional Jeb Pyre, a devout Latter-day Saint, fills that role as well as the role of the series' hero.
[71]
'Under the Banner of Heaven' Book and TV Differences - Esquire
Apr 27, 2022 · The upcoming FX series uses Jon Krakauer's nonfiction book of the same name to tell a heinous story of faith and murder.
[72]
Limited Series – Under the Banner of Heaven - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 87% (52) 5 Revelations from Andrew Garfield, His Under the Banner of Heaven Costars, and Series Creator Dustin Lance Black Content collapsed.
[73]
The Removal Revelation: The Ron and Dan Lafferty Story - IMDb
Bloody Murder - A True Crime Podcast (2017). CrimeDocumentary. On July 24th, 1984, bearded brothers Ron and Dan Lafferty, radicalized by extreme Mormon ...
[74]
"American Monster" Band of Brothers (TV Episode 2018) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (47) CrimeDocumentaryDrama. The Laffertys are pillars of the Mormon community, and known as a flawless example of wholesome family values, as seen in these never ...
[75]
1362: Investigating the Dark Side of Mormonism - Lynn Packer Pt. 4
Nov 19, 2020 · Some of the stories we will cover in this episode include those of: Mark Hofmann, Ervil LeBaron, the Lafferty brothers, and Ted Bundy. Episode ...Missing: case | Show results with:case
[76]
Under the Banner of Heaven on FX is bad for Latter-day Saints ...
Apr 25, 2022 · The redux of “Under the Banner of Heaven” commits similar sins, depicting a fictional detective who gradually becomes disillusioned with his ...
[77]
Review: New Netflix show unveils the horrific truth about Mormon ...
Jun 8, 2022 · Review: New Netflix show unveils the horrific truth about Mormon fundamentalism · The new Netflix docuseries “Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey” delves ...
[78]
Mormon True Crime | Podcast on Spotify
... Mormon Extremists helps us to understand how his parents came to raise him in such an extremist environment, rich with cults, violence, and crime. And it ...
[79]
The Mormon critique of 'Under the Banner of Heaven' endures, even ...
Apr 28, 2022 · The book faced fierce criticism for depicting the religion as one based in violence, and now the show is getting similar critiques.
[80]
Why is it that no one talks about Under The Banner Of Heaven (2022)?
May 8, 2025 · I remember when it came out it had a brief buzz- enough that the Mormon church bought ads on Reddit to try and counteract the show.r/mormon on Reddit: Ten Ways “Under the Banner of Heaven ...Under the Banner of Heaven - too disjointed and bad Mormon ...More results from www.reddit.comMissing: backlash | Show results with:backlash
[81]
Why 'Under the Banner of Heaven' on Hulu offends Mormons
Jun 4, 2022 · ”Under the Banner of Heaven” flashes back from1984 to key moments in early Latter-day Saints history. (Michelle Faye / FX). When Krakauer's ...
[82]
'Under the Banner of Heaven' Is a Failure of Representation
Jun 15, 2022 · Under the Banner of Heaven is one of the most openly hostile ... language and then run through a creepy-Mormon version of Google Translate.
[83]
Ongoing Growth of The Church of Jesus Christ Through 193 Years
Jun 7, 2024 · Church membership during 2023 topped 17.25 million, up more than a quarter-million from the end of 2022. The fillowing charts are compiled using ...
[84]
4 charts show Church's ongoing growth through 193 years
Jun 8, 2024 · Church membership during 2023 topped 17.25 million, up more than a quarter-million from the end of 2022. These charts are compiled using ...
[85]
Why are Mormons so defensive about Under the Banner of Heaven?
Apr 28, 2022 · The line between mainstream and fundamentalist, Krakauer not-so-subtly suggests, is mighty thin. ... Under the Banner of Heaven. It is difficult ...
[86]
FX's 'Under the Banner of Heaven' Adaptation Rejects Reductive ...
Apr 25, 2022 · The TV series does much better than Krakauer's book at depicting the multitudes that Mormonism contains, but it still presents maliciousness as its core.