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Vlastimir

Vlastimir (Serbian: Властимир; fl. c. 830–851) was the prince (knez) of the Serbs and the founder of the Vlastimirović dynasty, the first royal house of medieval Serbia.^[1] Ruling during a period of regional instability in the Balkans, he established the first independently attested Serbian state, free from direct Frankish or Bulgarian overlordship, centered in the region between the Sava and Adriatic coast.^[1] His reign is primarily known through Byzantine sources, such as Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus's De Administrando Imperio, which lists him among early Serbian rulers and notes his three sons: Mutimir, Strojimir, and Gojnik.^[2] Vlastimir's most notable achievements include military successes against Bulgarian expansionism. In the war of 839–842 against Presian I of Bulgaria, Serbian forces under his command repelled invasions into Serbian territory, preserving independence and preventing Bulgarian dominance in the western Balkans.^[1] He further expanded Serbian influence westward, subordinating areas like Trebinje and possibly Konavli through alliances, including marrying his daughter to the local župan.^[1] Following his death around 851, his sons continued resistance against Bulgaria, culminating in a decisive ambush on Boris I's army in 853–854, which captured high-ranking Bulgarian nobles and secured a peace treaty favorable to the Serbs.^[1] These victories marked a period of consolidation for the nascent Serbian principality amid threats from neighboring powers.^[1]

Historical Context

Origins and Early Serbian Principality

The South Slavic tribes identified as Serbs settled in the western Balkans amid the broader Slavic migrations of the late 6th and early 7th centuries, displacing or assimilating Avar and earlier inhabitants in the process. Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) reportedly resettled Serb groups in depopulated territories to counter Avar remnants and secure Byzantine frontiers, as recounted in the mid-10th-century De Administrando Imperio (DAI, chapters 30–32), which describes their origins near "White Serbia" and initial Christianization under Heraclius before partial apostasy. This narrative, however, reflects retrospective Byzantine imperial perspective rather than contemporaneous records, with archaeological continuity in Slavic material culture (e.g., pottery and hillforts) supporting broader settlement but not a distinct "Serb" ethnonym until later.^[3] The ethnonym "Serbs" (Sérbloi in Byzantine Greek) first appears in verifiable 9th-century sources, such as the Royal Frankish Annals of 822, which reference "dukes of the Serbs" (duces Sorabos) in Dalmatia amid conflicts with Frankish and local Slavic groups.^[3] Empirical evidence from this period, including limited epigraphic and numismatic finds, indicates small-scale elite migrations or ethnogenesis rather than mass 7th-century influx, with the name possibly deriving from Polabian Sorbs or adopted for prestige among Slavic confederations.^[3] DAI extends the Serb sphere to include Pagania, Zahumlje, and Travunija, but these claims align with 10th-century Byzantine interests in legitimizing alliances, underscoring the text's utility as a political tool over strict historiography. The early Serbian principality coalesced as a decentralized network of županates—tribal territories ruled by župans (local chieftains)—united under a paramount archon or prince, adapting to the fragmented topography of river valleys and highlands in the Raška region (centered near modern Ras and the Ibar-Lim basins).^[4] This proto-state structure, evident by the 8th–9th centuries through Byzantine oversight and occasional Frankish interactions, prioritized defensive consolidation over expansion, with suzerainty involving tribute payments and military levies to Constantinople while permitting internal autonomy.^[3] Primary records like DAI portray an unnamed archon ruling before the Bulgar arrival (c. 680), followed by a lineage stabilizing these arrangements, though causal factors—geographic isolation, kinship ties, and pragmatic deference to Byzantine power—drove the shift from tribal raiding to hierarchical governance without reliance on mythic origins.

Ancestral Lineage and Predecessor Rule

Vlastimir succeeded his father, Prosigoj, as župan (prince) of the Serbs around 830, marking the continuation of a nascent hereditary dynasty amid sparse historical documentation. The De Administrando Imperio, a mid-10th-century treatise by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, provides the sole detailed account of these early rulers, naming Višeslav as the progenitor, followed by his son Radoslav, then Prosigoj, and finally Vlastimir. This sequence underscores a patrilineal succession pattern that likely reinforced authority within the Serb tribal confederation, though no contemporary annals or inscriptions corroborate the details, leaving room for interpretive uncertainties in the Byzantine compilation's reliance on oral traditions collected over a century later.^[5] Prosigoj's rule, estimated in the early 9th century prior to approximately 830, followed Radoslav's brief tenure, with Višeslav's leadership dated roughly to circa 780; these approximations derive from cross-referencing the De Administrando Imperio with broader Balkan chronologies, as no precise regnal years are recorded. Hereditary transmission from Prosigoj to Vlastimir exemplified an adaptive strategy for leadership continuity in a region characterized by decentralized župas (clans or districts), enabling resilience against external incursions without evidence of major internal disruptions during the transition. The absence of additional primary sources—such as Frankish or Bulgarian annals mentioning these figures—highlights the evidential limitations, necessitating cautious reconstruction grounded in the available Byzantine testimony rather than speculative elaboration.^[6]^[7]

Geopolitical Pressures from Bulgaria and Byzantium

The First Bulgarian Empire exerted significant westward pressure on Slavic territories during the early 9th century, particularly under Khan Krum (r. 803–814), who defeated the Avars in 805 and seized lands along the middle Danube, effectively doubling Bulgaria's territory and encroaching on regions adjacent to Serb settlements.^[8] This expansion included conquests in Pannonia and incursions into areas populated by Slavic tribes, creating migration pressures and border instabilities that affected the nascent Serbian principality in the western Balkans.^[9] Khan Omurtag (r. 814–831) continued this aggressive posture after securing a 30-year peace with Byzantium in 816, which freed resources for campaigns against Slavic groups such as the Timočani tribes between the Morava and Timok rivers—ethnically related to Serbs and previously nominal Bulgarian vassals.^[10] Omurtag's subjugation of these tribes in the 820s through military expeditions and fortification-building intensified tensions, as Bulgarian control sought to secure trade routes and buffer zones, prompting defensive consolidations among independent Serb zhupans (rulers) without leading to outright conquest of the core principality.^[11] Byzantine influence over the Serbs remained nominal, stemming from Emperor Heraclius's (r. 610–641) 7th-century resettlement of Serb tribes as foederati to counter Avar incursions, after which they transitioned from initial tribute-paying clients to de facto autonomous entities by the 9th century.^[12] Constantinople's preoccupation with Arab invasions and Bulgarian threats limited direct intervention, though occasional embassies from Serbian rulers acknowledged theoretical overlordship, positioning the Serbs as a strategic buffer against Bulgarian advances without enforceable alliances or military aid prior to Vlastimir's accession around 830.^[13] These dual pressures fostered Serbian resilience, as empirical records indicate no full subjugation of the western principalities despite Bulgarian numerical and organizational advantages; instead, localized skirmishes and tribal migrations underscored a pattern of resistance rooted in geographic fragmentation and adaptive alliances, countering narratives of inevitable Bulgarian hegemony.^[14]

Reign and Achievements

Serbian-Bulgarian Conflicts

During Vlastimir's rule, the Serbs maintained peaceful relations with their Bulgarian neighbors as mutual tributaries of the Byzantine Empire, but this equilibrium ended with the accession of Presian I as Bulgarian ruler around 836. Presian invaded Serbian territory circa 839, seeking to impose Bulgarian overlordship, which initiated a protracted conflict.^[5]^[1] The ensuing war lasted three years, marked by Bulgarian advances into Serbian lands but ultimately resulting in Presian's failure to subdue Vlastimir's forces; heavy Bulgarian casualties compelled withdrawal without territorial gains or subjugation.^[5]^[1] Serbian resilience during these engagements allowed Vlastimir to consolidate control over additional Slavic tribes, such as the Ljudumiri and Timochani, extending influence toward the Bosna River valley and Dalmatian hinterlands.^[5] Peace was secured post-conflict through diplomatic pragmatism, including a marriage alliance between Vlastimir's daughter and Presian's son Boris (referred to as Kral in Serbian usage), averting further escalation and preserving Serbian autonomy amid regional pressures.^[1] This resolution underscored the limits of Bulgarian expansionism against a unified Serbian defense, though underlying rivalries persisted into subsequent reigns.^[5]

Territorial Expansion and Internal Consolidation

Following military successes against Bulgarian forces in the wars of approximately 839–842, Vlastimir's principality expanded by incorporating adjacent Slavic groups previously under loose Roman or independent control. According to the De Administrando Imperio of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Vlastimir "waxed strong" after these victories and subjugated the Zachlumians, Guduscani, and Docleians.^[1] The Zachlumians occupied territories along the Dalmatian coast, extending Serbian influence towards the Adriatic, while the Docleians held areas in the Gulf of Kotor region.^[15] The Guduscani, inhabiting the highlands of the upper Bosna River valley in what is now central Bosnia, represented a key inland expansion that bolstered Serbian control over strategic mountainous passes and resources. This annexation, directly linked to the prestige gained from repelling Bulgarian khans Presian and Boris I, secured buffer zones against eastern threats without provoking immediate Byzantine retaliation, as the empire focused on internal and Arab fronts during Theophilos's reign (829–842).^[1] Empirical records from the Byzantine court, while potentially emphasizing imperial suzerainty, confirm these gains as limited territorial assertions rather than aggressive conquests far beyond ethnic Slavic kin groups.^[15] Internally, these victories enabled Vlastimir to consolidate authority over fragmented Serbian tribes under a centralized županate centered in the Ras region. Military cohesion fostered administrative integration, with tribal chieftains increasingly subordinate to the prince's directives, reducing inter-tribal autonomy that had prevailed under predecessors like Višeslav.^[1] This strengthening, evidenced by the sustained peace with Bulgaria post-842 and absence of recorded revolts, laid foundations for dynastic continuity without evidence of overextension or administrative collapse. Later nationalist interpretations in Serbian historiography have occasionally inflated these developments into proto-imperial ambitions, but primary sources indicate pragmatic consolidation confined to viable adjacent territories for defense and economic stability.^[15]

Relations with Byzantine Empire

![Emperor Theophilos][float-right] Vlastimir's authority as prince of the Serbs was formally acknowledged by the Byzantine Empire during the 830s, positioning him as archon under nominal imperial suzerainty established since the Serbs' settlement as foederati in the 7th century. The 10th-century administrative manual De Administrando Imperio by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus lists Vlastimir among the sequence of Serbian rulers succeeding Prosigoj, confirming Byzantine recognition of dynastic continuity and his role in governing the principalities around the Sava and Drina rivers.^[16]^[17] This acknowledgment aligned with Constantinople's policy of maintaining semi-autonomous Slavic buffer states to counter Bulgarian territorial ambitions, as the Serbs' location facilitated resistance to Presian of Bulgaria's expansions without direct imperial entanglement.^[18] Under Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842), Byzantine-Serbian relations emphasized strategic interdependence amid the 816 peace treaty with Bulgaria, which precluded overt military support during early Bulgarian incursions into Serbian territory circa 839–842. Vlastimir's successful repulsion of these attacks without recorded imperial intervention underscores the principality's operational autonomy, while imperial overlordship provided diplomatic legitimacy and potential refuge, evident in the cessation of tribute payments post-Vlastimir as detailed in De Administrando Imperio.^[17]^[19] Trade along Balkan routes connecting the Adriatic to Thessalonica further bound the entities economically, with Byzantine silver dirhams circulating in Serbian hoards from the period, reflecting indirect cultural and commercial influence without thematic incorporation.^[20] Christianization efforts exerted subtle pressure from Byzantium, leveraging Vlastimir's overlord ties to promote orthodoxy as a stabilizing force, though the Serbs under his rule predominantly retained pagan practices, prioritizing internal consolidation over religious conformity. This pragmatic balance—autonomy under suzerainty—stemmed from causal alignments: Byzantium's need for a northern flank ally against Bulgarian Khanates, and Serbia's interest in imperial prestige to deter aggression, avoiding the full subjugation seen in thematic provinces. Later dynastic baptisms under Mutimir reinforced these ties, but Vlastimir's era marked the transition to de facto independence within the imperial orbit.^[21]^[17]

Family and Dynastic Foundations

Immediate Family Members

Vlastimir's immediate family is sparsely documented in primary Byzantine sources, with no mention of his wife or her origins, reflecting limited contemporary records focused on male rulers in patrilineal Slavic traditions.^[22] The De Administrando Imperio (DAI) by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, compiled in the mid-10th century from earlier annals and oral reports, identifies three sons as his direct heirs: Mutimir, Strojimir (sometimes rendered as Stan), and Gojnik. These sons jointly inherited rule circa 851 following Vlastimir's death, dividing the principality per custom, though Mutimir emerged as senior.^[22] During the Bulgarian invasion under Knyaz Presian (ca. 839–842), the younger sons Strojimir and Gojnik were captured and held as hostages by Bulgarian forces, an event underscoring the familial stakes in the conflicts; Mutimir orchestrated their release through diplomacy, reportedly returning them with Bulgarian gifts as tribute.^[23] Vlastimir had one known daughter, unnamed in sources, whom he married off circa 847/848 to Krajina Belojević, son of the local zhupan Beloje of Terbounia (modern Trebinje region), to consolidate control over newly subdued territories amid Bulgarian pressures. This alliance targeted regional Bulgarian nobility, aligning with pragmatic kinship strategies, though DAI provides no further details on her descendants or role.^[22]

Marriage Alliances and Succession Planning

Vlastimir arranged a strategic marriage between his unnamed daughter and Krajina, the son of Beloje, the župan of Trebinje in Travunija, around 847–848. This union elevated Krajina from a local noble to a figure with enhanced status within the Serbian hierarchy, effectively binding the influential Belojević family to the central Vlastimirović lineage and securing administrative control over the principality's southern Adriatic-facing territories.^[24]^[25] The alliance countered potential disloyalty among peripheral župans, who might otherwise exploit post-war vulnerabilities from the Bulgarian conflicts of the 840s to seek autonomy or external patronage; by intermarrying with Beloje's line, Vlastimir ensured that regional governance remained aligned with the princely court in the Neretva valley core, fostering deterrence against revanchist pressures through familial obligation rather than coercion alone. Primary Byzantine records, such as those in De Administrando Imperio, imply this move stabilized internal cohesion without direct military intervention, prioritizing verifiable ties of kinship to underpin diplomatic gains in a fragmented tribal landscape.^[26] In parallel, Vlastimir prepared for dynastic continuity by grooming his three sons—Mutimir, Strojimir, and Gojnik—for collective rule, as evidenced by their subsequent joint governance of the principality after his death circa 851. This reflected a deliberate partitioning of authority among male heirs, a common mechanism in early Slavic polities to distribute župas while maintaining overarching princely oversight, often with an implied seniority for the eldest (Mutimir).^[25]^[27] Such succession planning mitigated risks of vacuum-induced instability by embedding shared rule in familial consensus, allowing the brothers to coordinate defenses and administration initially; historical analyses note this as a pragmatic adaptation to the principality's decentralized structure, where undivided inheritance could provoke fratricidal contests, though it later yielded to Mutimir's dominance amid emerging power struggles.^[1]

Death, Succession, and Immediate Aftermath

Circumstances of Death and Power Transition

Vlastimir died circa 851, though precise records are absent, with contemporary sources like De Administrando Imperio offering no explicit details on the event or cause, implying natural death in old age absent evidence of assassination, battle, or dynastic foul play.^[1]^[11] This paucity of information cautions against speculative reconstructions of dramatic intrigue, as primary Byzantine annals prioritize geopolitical alliances over personal demise.^[1] Power transitioned seamlessly to Vlastimir's three attested sons—Mutimir, Strojimir, and Gojnik—who partitioned governance per Slavic tribal custom of fraternal co-rule, with Mutimir emerging as primus inter pares.^[28]^[1] This arrangement preserved Serbian cohesion amid the fragile truce forged with Bulgaria after Presian I's campaigns (ending c. 842–845), averting immediate fragmentation despite the realm's decentralized županates.^[11] The sons' subsequent repulsion of Boris I's incursion (c. 853–854) attests to effective continuity, underscoring Vlastimir's prior consolidations in enabling stable handover.^[1]

Short-term Consequences for Serbian Stability

Following Vlastimir's death circa 851, his sons Mutimir, Strojimir, and Gojnik divided rule over the Serbian lands, maintaining the principality's structure amid ongoing regional threats.^[29] In 853 or 854, Bulgarian forces under Knyaz Boris I invaded, prompting a unified Serbian response that resulted in the defeat of the attackers and the capture of Boris's son Vladimir along with twelve prominent boyars.^[29] Mutimir forwarded the prisoners and accompanying gifts to Byzantine Emperor Basil I, who returned valuables and basilika (imperial legal texts), solidifying the pre-existing Byzantine orientation and facilitating Serbian Christianization via Constantinopolitan clergy.^[29] This exchange underscored preserved autonomy, as the gesture acknowledged imperial overlordship in name only, without ceding territory or internal governance to either Bulgaria or Byzantium. Tribal unity held firm, evidenced by the coordinated military success against a numerically superior foe shortly after the dynastic transition, with no primary accounts indicating defection or dissolution among Serbian clans.^[29] By around 860, Mutimir sidelined his brothers through imprisonment, assuming sole authority and extending rule until at least 880 without documented incursions eroding central control or provoking widespread revolt.^[29] Such continuity refuted inferences of inherent instability, as the polity withstood immediate external aggression while leveraging inherited diplomacy to deter subjugation.

Legacy and Scholarly Evaluation

Long-term Contributions to Serbian State-Building

Vlastimir's rule from approximately 830 to 851 established the Vlastimirović dynasty as the governing house of the Serbian principality, providing dynastic continuity that persisted until the death of the last ruler, Časlav, around 960–971 AD. This lineage, originating from earlier tribal leaders but prominently consolidated under Vlastimir, transitioned Serbia from loose tribal confederations to a more structured polity capable of withstanding external pressures, such as Bulgarian incursions under Khan Presian in the 830s.^[11]^[5] The dynasty's endurance facilitated successive rulers' expansions, including territorial gains along the Bosna River following Vlastimir's defensive victories, which delineated nascent borders encompassing regions from the Drina to parts of modern Bosnia.^[30] These military achievements under Vlastimir directly contributed to the unification of Serbian tribes by necessitating coordinated defenses and internal alliances, fostering a shared political framework amid the Bulgarian Khanate's expansionist threats during the 9th century. Prior to widespread Christianization under his successors in the late 870s, this consolidation enabled the development of a proto-national identity rooted in collective resistance and territorial control, rather than religious or imperial oversight. The principality's stability during this pagan era allowed for administrative practices, such as županate governance, that supported economic activities like agriculture and trade, laying empirical foundations for later state institutions.^[14]^[31] In De Administrando Imperio, compiled around 950, Vlastimir is depicted as the pivotal progenitor whose lineage and statecraft—evidenced by his three sons' joint rule and the principality's survival post-conflict—exemplified pragmatic governance through warfare and kinship ties, underscoring a legacy of resilient entity-building over legendary narratives. This portrayal highlights how Vlastimir's expansions and defenses created causal preconditions for Serbia's recognition as a distinct power by the Byzantine Empire, enabling dynastic successors to negotiate baptisms and alliances that further entrenched the state's geopolitical viability.^[5]^[32]

Historiographical Sources and Debates

The primary source for reconstructing Vlastimir's reign is the De Administrando Imperio (DAI), composed around 948–952 by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus as a manual for his son on imperial administration and diplomacy.^[33] In chapters 29–32, the DAI describes Vlastimir's conflicts with Bulgarian Khan Presian I (r. 836–852), portraying a Serbian victory in a three-year war (c. 839–842) that included the capture of Presian's son and Bulgarian retreat without conquest.^[1] This account draws from earlier Byzantine records and possibly oral reports from Serbian envoys, but reflects a pro-Byzantine agenda: as nominal overlords of the Serbs since the 7th century, Byzantines had incentives to emphasize the resilience of client states against the rival First Bulgarian Empire, potentially exaggerating Serbian successes to underscore effective imperial policy.^[33] No contemporary Serbian or Bulgarian written annals detail Vlastimir's era, creating significant evidentiary gaps; Bulgarian chronicles, such as the 11th-century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja or later synaxaria, omit the wars entirely, while native Serbian literacy emerges only in the 12th century with charters like the Vukan's Charter.^[1] Historians thus cross-verify DAI claims with archaeology, including 9th-century fortified settlements (e.g., gradine in the Raška region) and pottery distributions indicating Slavic polity consolidation without evidence of Bulgarian overlordship, such as imposed administrative markers or mass destruction layers post-842.^[34] These finds align with DAI's narrative of Serbian autonomy but lack specifics tying to Vlastimir's campaigns, underscoring reliance on textual inference over material contradiction. Scholarly debates center on interpreting war outcomes, with some Serbian interpretations claiming decisive victory and territorial gains based on DAI's language of Bulgarian "devastation," contrasted by Bulgarian-leaning views positing temporary subjugation or expansionist momentum under Presian.^[1] Resolution favors mutual exhaustion over outright dominance, evidenced by post-842 peace enduring until c. 853–854, when Bulgarian ruler Boris I (r. 852–889) invaded, captured Vlastimir's sons, yet negotiated alliance and Serbian baptism under Byzantine auspices—suggesting neither side achieved lasting hegemony, consistent with DAI's later depiction of Serbian envoys to Constantinople bearing Bulgarian captives as tribute equivalents.^[1] This pattern highlights DAI's utility for broad geopolitical shifts but cautions against its unverified tactical details, given the absence of corroborative epigraphy or neutral third-party accounts like Frankish annals.

Modern Interpretations and Nationalistic Perspectives

In 19th- and early 20th-century Serbian historiography, Vlastimir is portrayed as a pivotal unifier who consolidated disparate Serbian župas (tribal districts) into a cohesive polity capable of withstanding Bulgarian incursions under Khan Presian around 839–842, thereby establishing the Vlastimirović dynasty as the foundational lineage of Serbian statehood. This narrative, advanced by historians such as Stojan Novaković, emphasizes Vlastimir's victories—evidenced primarily in De Administrando Imperio (DAI)—as acts of defensive nationalism against expansionist threats from the east, framing early Serbia as an autonomous Byzantine-aligned entity rather than a peripheral tributary.^[35] Such interpretations served to bolster modern Serbian identity amid Ottoman decline and Balkan nation-building, often countering Bulgarian scholarship that downplayed Serbian independence by portraying Vlastimir's realm as loosely integrated into Bulgar spheres of influence until the 10th century.^[36] Western scholarship, exemplified by John V.A. Fine Jr.'s The Early Medieval Balkans (1983), adopts a more restrained approach, stressing the evidentiary limitations of DAI—composed over a century after Vlastimir's death circa 851—and questioning nationalistic overclaims of extensive unification or militarized state-building under his rule. Fine argues that while Vlastimir likely maintained a loose confederation of župans centered in the Raška region, his achievements were pragmatic responses to regional power dynamics rather than deliberate nation-founding, with alliances to Byzantium serving as a counterweight to Bulgar pressure rather than ideological resistance.^[1] This perspective debunks politicized exaggerations in Balkan nationalisms, prioritizing causal analysis of fragmented archaeological and textual data over romanticized continuity, and notes DAI's Byzantine biases toward portraying Slavs as malleable clients rather than sovereign actors. Post-2000 analyses, drawing on ethno-symbolist frameworks like those of Anthony D. Smith, reaffirm Vlastimir's symbolic role in Serbian ethnic persistence, viewing the Vlastimirović lineage as a mythic anchor for pre-modern statehood claims without endorsing unsubstantiated territorial grandeur. Scholars such as Tibor Živković, in critical editions of DAI, integrate prosopographical evidence to validate Vlastimir's dynasty as an early marker of endogamous elite cohesion amid Slavic migrations, resisting dilutions from multicultural paradigms that obscure ethnogenetic processes.^[37] These works highlight systemic biases in earlier Balkan academies—Serbian toward glorification for identity consolidation, Bulgarian toward minimization for irredentist justifications—while privileging empirical scrutiny of DAI's mid-10th-century context to discern genuine causal factors in Serbian consolidation.^[38]

References

[1]
None
Below is a merged summary of information on Vlastimir from *The Early Medieval Balkans* by John V. A. Fine, Jr., consolidating all details from the provided segments into a comprehensive response. To maximize detail and clarity, I will use a table in CSV format for key information (Reign, Family, Wars, Key Events, Dates), followed by additional notes and useful URLs. This approach ensures all data is retained and presented efficiently.
[2]
De Administrando Imperio [On Administering the Empire]
Sep 16, 2020 · This document was written by the emperor in 948-952 for his son and heir, Romanus II, as a guide to foreign and domestic policies.Missing: Vlastimir | Show results with:Vlastimir
[3]
https://doi.org/10.47074/HSCE.2023-1.01
[4]
Early Medieval Serbs in the Balkans: Reconsideration of the Evidence
Jul 31, 2023 · This paper discusses the problem of the appearance of the Serb ethnonym in the Balkans, as evidenced in the ninth-century Frankish Royal Annals.Missing: 7th | Show results with:7th
[5]
Porphyrogenitus C. - De Administrando Imperia - TurkicWorld
In publishing this critical edition and translation of the text of the treatise De Administrando Imperio, compiled exactly one thousand years ago by the emperor ...
[6]
Timeline of Serbian Medieval History - Blago Fund
Bulgarians take Sofia (809). 711. VIII-IXc. First Serbian princes: Viseslav, Radoslav, Prosigoj. Methodios (bef. 820-885) and Constantine-Cyrill (826-869) ...Missing: evidence | Show results with:evidence
[7]
The Serbs in the Balkans in the light of Archaeological Findings
De administrando Imperio, written by Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus VII, is the only written source in which the tradition of the settling of the Serbs is ...
[8]
First Bulgarian Empire | Map and Timeline - HistoryMaps
During the reign of Krum (r. 803–814) Bulgaria doubled in size and expanded to the south, west and north, occupying the vast lands along the middle Danube and ...
[9]
The Rise and Fall of the Mighty Bulgars and the First Bulgarian Empire
Jul 30, 2023 · Bulgarian expansion really went into high gear under Khan Krum who ruled from 803 to 814. Under his leadership the Bulgarian Empire experienced ...
[10]
First Bulgarian Empire | History Forum - Historum
Dec 2, 2009 · After Khan Krum, Khan Omurtag came to power, he signed 30 years peace-treaty with the Byzantine empire, this allowed both countries to rest ...
[11]
The early Slav kingdoms (Chapter 3) - A Short History of the ...
His massive work De administrando imperio, written in the tenth century, refers to Serbs who were subjects of his predecessors and who were converted to ...
[12]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Serbia/History
[13]
The Serbs and Serbia, Vojvodina, and Montenegro -
Byzantine sources report that some Serbs migrated southward in the seventh century A.D. and eventually settled in the lands that now make up southern Serbia ...
[14]
The Nation and Its History – Serbian Americans and Their ...
The Bulgarian danger forced southern Serbs to organize a union in 850 under Prince Vlastimir. The Serbs recognized the superiority of Byzantine emperors and ...Missing: "byzantine | Show results with:"byzantine
[15]
[PDF] Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
... Guduscani, a Slavic tribe on the western bor- der of the Avar qaganate, in ... Vlastimir man- aged to defeat a Bulgar army at some point in the ll4os ...<|separator|>
[16]
I PBE: Blastimeros 1 - Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire
Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire. Sex, M. Floruit, M IX. PmbZ No. 8590. Variant Names, Vlastimir. Locations, Serbia (residence). Titles, Ruler of the Serbs ...
[17]
(PDF) De Administrando Imperio (On the Governance of the Empire)
There is an earlier translation by Romilly J.H. Jenkins but while it is a good literal translation it is not easy to read. My translation is easier to read and
[18]
[PDF] The Long Shadow of Byzantium over Serbia's Entry into ...
4 By the 11th century the Serbian polity was strongly tied to the Byzantine Empire through military conflicts, but also through culture, marriage and ...
[19]
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire - The History Files
By the time of De Administrando Imperio, which is completed in this year, the Eastern Roman authorities no longer list Sardinia as an imperial province, ...
[20]
Rulers of Medieval Serbia - Blago Fund
Prince Vlastimir (840s - ca. 860) Mutimir (ca. 860 - 891), initially with ... The long reign of one of the most illustrious and powerful medieval Serbian ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[21]
[PDF] T. Živković. On the Baptism of the Serbs and Croats...
The entry of the Serbs and Croats into Christendom belongs to that set of ques- tions on which the modern historiography did not provide the final answer1.
[22]
De Administrando Imperio — Dumbarton Oaks
This is a reprint of the second revised edition of the text and translation of the De Administrando Imperio, written and compiled by Emperor Constantine VII ...Missing: Vlastimir | Show results with:Vlastimir
[23]
(PDF) Post-antique settlement patterns in the central Balkans: use of ...
Thus we know that from 836 to 852 the Serbian Prince Vlastimir successfuly ... Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik also met with success. Later on, a large ...
[24]
(PDF) Prince Michael of Zahumlje – a Serbian ally of Tsar Simeon ...
... Bulgaria, that the emperor of the Romans was bribing ... Vlastimir established his inluence in Travunia, via dynastic marriage, by giving his daughter ...
[25]
F. Dvornik, The Slavs - 6
... Vlastimir (about 835-860), the country was governed by Vlastimir's three sons, Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik. Mutimir was the prince who had been exhorted ...<|separator|>
[26]
(PDF) The Dynamics of Byzantine-Serbian Political Relations
This book presents a detailed exploration of the interactions and influences between Byzantine and Serbian political relations throughout the medieval ...<|separator|>
[27]
Migration (up to c.1150) (Chapter 1) - A Concise History of Serbia
Croatia extended over a large territory that stretched from Slavonia in the north to Dalmatia in the south, including parts of Bosnia.Footnote The Croat ...
[28]
Prince Vlastimir (840s - ca. 860) - Blago Fund
Prince Vlastimir (840s - ca. 860). The first Serbian dynasts are legendary and known purely by name - Viseslav, succeeded by Radoslav, then ...
[29]
Mountimeros 1 - I PBE
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik, trans. R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, D.C., 1967) (history). Mountimeros 1 (Mutimir) ...
[30]
From Tribes To Kingdom: The Dramatic Founding Of Serbia
By the 9th century, the Serbs had formed recognizable principalities, and the most prominent leader during this period was Vlastimir (r. circa 830–850).
[31]
Vlastimirovi? Dynasty: Building the Foundations of Medieval Serbia ...
Apr 19, 2025 · In his book, the emperor devotes eight chapters to the Serbs, describing their early histories, a migrative period southwards to the Balkans, ...
[32]
Serbia and the Serbs Before the Nineteenth Century
Nov 21, 2024 · Bosnia's ruler Tvrtko, a Hungarian vassal, in 1377 crowned himself 'King of Bosnia and Serbia', but Serbia's real ruler remained Lazar, though ...
[33]
(PDF) Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio and ...
Jul 13, 2025 · The paper is dedicated to certain aspects of the treatise De administrando imperio, composed at the court of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in 948-952.Missing: biases | Show results with:biases
[34]
(PDF) Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans ...
Archaeological evidence confirms the establishment of Bulgarian and Serbian realms by the 9th-10th centuries. The presence of amphora-shaped pottery indicates ...
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A Concise History of Serbia 1107028388, 9781107028388
I have written a national history in an era in which historians have ... Vlastimir (c.831–850).41 Constantine called this polity 'Baptized Serbia ...
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[PDF] THE IDEOLOGY OF SERBIAN NATIONALISM - Unified Court Records
Jan 30, 2017 · They put their belief into one God and the large number of demigods into new, Christian, apparel; they replaced the traditional župan. (zhupan) ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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(PDF) How Old Is the Serbian Nation? Conceptual Analysis of Ethno ...
Sep 8, 2025 · The goal of this study, theoretically grounded in ethno‐symbolism, is to shed light on the relationship and relative importance of confessional ...Missing: statehood Vlastimir
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https://reff.f.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2190