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Wan

Wan is an ambiguous term with several meanings, including in languages, as a surname for people, as a place name, and in other contexts such as computing and the arts.

Languages

Wan language

The Wan language, also known as Nwa or Wàn, is a Mande language belonging to the Southern Mande branch of the Mande family within the Niger-Congo phylum.^[1] It is spoken primarily in the central region of Ivory Coast, particularly in the sub-prefectures of Kounahiri, Beoumi, and Mankono, where communities straddle the borders of the Woroba and Vallée du Bandama districts.^[1] ^[2] Native speakers numbered around 16,500 according to 1970s estimates.^[1] As of 2022, the number of speakers is estimated at approximately 51,000.^[2] The language is considered stable.^[3] The language features two main dialects, Miamu and Kemu, which are mutually intelligible despite minor lexical and phonetic variations.^[1] Miamu is spoken by the larger group in the Mankono area, while Kemu predominates in Beoumi.^[1] Linguistically, Wan exhibits a three-level tonal system—high, mid, and low—with contour tones arising from sequences on geminate vowels, a characteristic shared across Mande languages where tones serve both lexical and grammatical functions.^[1] Unlike many other Niger-Congo languages, Wan lacks a noun class system, instead marking plurality through suffixes such as -mu (e.g., singular le 'woman' versus plural lemu).^[1] Documentation of Wan began in the mid-20th century with early linguistic surveys, including a grammatical sketch and 400-item word list by R. P. A. Prost in 1953 as part of broader studies on South Mande languages.^[1] Further insights emerged from field research conducted by Philip L. Ravenhill between 1972 and 1974, which provided detailed descriptions of phonology, morphology, and syntax.^[1] Wan is distinct from Western Mande languages such as Bambara but shares typological traits like serial verb constructions with the broader Mande family.

Chinese term wan

In Mandarin Chinese, "wàn" is the Pinyin romanization of the character 万 (simplified) or 萬 (traditional), which primarily denotes the numeral 10,000 and serves as a fundamental unit in the Chinese numbering system.^[4] This character functions as a multiplier for expressing large quantities, such as in "yī wàn" (一万), meaning 10,000, and extends to higher scales like "shí wàn" (十万) for 100,000, grouping numbers in sets of four digits rather than the Western base-10 thousands.^[4] The etymology of 萬 traces back to ancient Chinese script, where its pictographic form originally depicted a scorpion, as evidenced by early oracle bone inscriptions and bronze script variants.^[5] Over time, through phonetic borrowing (jiǎjiè), the character was repurposed to represent the abstract concept of 10,000, a numeral without an initial dedicated glyph, evolving from its radical 艸 (grass/plant) combined with phonetic components in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary compiled around 121 CE.^[5] This shift reflects the flexibility of Chinese characters in adopting new meanings via sound similarity, with the scorpion imagery stylized in later forms like seal script.^[5] In modern Mandarin, "wàn" appears in idiomatic expressions that leverage its connotation of vastness, such as "wàn suì" (万岁), literally "ten thousand years," used to wish longevity or acclaim authority, as in imperial salutations or revolutionary cheers.^[6] Historically, "wàn" has signified abundance or infinity, often in poetry to evoke multitudes, such as "myriad" blessings or subjects.^[7] It has been part of the Chinese numbering system since ancient times, including during the Han dynasty for large-scale enumerations.^[8] The simplified form 万, introduced in mainland China during the 1950s as part of script reform, reduces strokes from 13 in the traditional 萬 to three, while retaining the same pronunciation /wan⁵¹/ in standard Mandarin; regional variations include /maan⁶/ in Cantonese and /bān/ in some Min dialects.^[9] This character also occasionally appears in surnames like Wan, derived from historical clans or place names, though its numeric role predominates.^[10]

People

Surnames

Wan is primarily known as the romanization of the Chinese surname 万 (Wàn in pinyin), which ranks as the 88th most common surname in China and traces its origins to the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE). The surname derives from Bi Wan (畢萬), a descendant of the legendary emperor Zhuanxu who was granted the fiefdom of Wan (萬), located in present-day Tianshui, Gansu province, after aiding the state of Jin. Additionally, it is associated with the rulers of the small state of Wan in modern-day Anhui province during the same era, whose descendants adopted the name to commemorate their lineage.^[11] An alternative origin for the surname Wan stems from 溫 (Wēn in pinyin), meaning "warm," which is sometimes romanized as Wan in non-Mandarin systems such as Cantonese Jyutping (wan1) or older transliterations. This variant originated from the ancient state of Wen (溫) during the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE), where the ruling clan's name became a hereditary surname for their descendants.^[12]^[13] In terms of prevalence, the surname 万 is borne by approximately 2.7 million people in China as of recent estimates, with significant concentrations in Anhui and Gansu provinces, and it extends to diaspora communities in Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia and Singapore, often among emigrants from Guangdong and Fujian.^[14]^[15] The cultural significance of Wan, like other Chinese surnames, is reinforced through clan associations (zonghui), which maintain genealogical records, organize ancestral worship, and provide mutual aid to members sharing the surname. Traditional practices also include naming taboos, where individuals avoid using characters from the names of ancestors up to seven generations prior to prevent disrespect or confusion within the clan.^[16]^[17]

Notable individuals

James Wan (born February 26, 1977) is an Australian film director, screenwriter, and producer of Malaysian descent, renowned for his contributions to the horror genre and blockbuster franchises. He gained prominence with the 2004 horror film Saw, which he co-wrote and directed, launching a franchise that has grossed over $1 billion worldwide as of 2025 and influencing the "torture porn" subgenre through its psychological traps and low-budget ingenuity. Wan further solidified his horror legacy with Insidious (2010), revitalizing supernatural horror with innovative sound design and atmospheric tension, spawning a series that exceeded $700 million in global earnings. Transitioning to action and superhero films, he directed Furious 7 (2015), which became the first film in the franchise to surpass $1.5 billion at the box office, and Aquaman (2018), the highest-grossing DC Comics film at over $1.1 billion, followed by Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023). Marking him as the first Asian director with multiple billion-dollar hits, his directorial works have collectively earned more than $4.5 billion worldwide as of 2025, with no major directorial releases in 2024 or 2025.^[18]^[19] Wan Laiming (January 18, 1900 – October 7, 1997) was a pioneering Chinese animator and the eldest of the Wan Brothers, who founded the nation's animation industry in the early 20th century. Alongside his brothers Wan Guchan, Wan Chaochen, and Wan Dihuan, he began experimenting with animation in the 1920s at the Shanghai Commercial Press, producing China's first animation, the advertisement Shuzhendong Chinese Typewriter (1922), inspired by Western techniques like those of the Fleischers. In 1926, they produced their first animated short film, Uproar in the Studio. In 1933, they established an animation unit at Mingxing Film Company, creating works such as Uproar in the Studio. The brothers' landmark achievement was Princess Iron Fan (1941), China's first feature-length animated film at 76 minutes, employing 237 artists over 16 months and adapting a classic from Journey to the West, which influenced global animators including the Fleischer Studios for their Superman series. Wan Laiming directed over 200 shorts and features through the 1940s, blending Chinese ink painting styles with Western methods to establish the "Shanghai School" of animation, before leading the Shanghai Animation Film Studio post-1949.^[20]^[21] Wan Wan (born Hu Chia-wei, August 16, 1981) is a Taiwanese actress, illustrator, and comics artist known for her work in media and visual arts. She has appeared in films and television, contributing to the Taiwanese entertainment scene with roles that highlight her multifaceted talents in acting and creative illustration. Her career spans blogging, comic creation, and on-screen performances, making her a notable figure in contemporary Taiwanese pop culture.^[22] Wan Li (August 20, 1916 – July 15, 2015) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformist who served as vice premier under Deng Xiaoping, playing a pivotal role in dismantling Mao-era collectivized agriculture. As Communist Party secretary of Anhui Province from 1977, he endorsed the household responsibility system in impoverished villages like Xiaogang, where farmers secretly divided communal lands to boost productivity, leading to dramatic yield increases and averting famine. This pilot reform, initially risking his career, was scaled nationally in the early 1980s, decollectivizing farms and enabling family-based contracting, which tripled grain output by 1984 and laid the foundation for China's rural economic boom. Wan rose to vice premier in 1980, overseeing agricultural policy that transitioned millions from poverty, before becoming National People's Congress chairman in 1988.^[23]

Places

In Asia

In China, Wan County, historically a significant administrative division in Sichuan Province, was merged into the newly established Chongqing Municipality in 1997, becoming Wanzhou District.^[24] This change was part of broader post-1949 administrative reforms that consolidated regions for improved governance and economic integration, particularly in the Yangtze River basin. Wanzhou District now serves as a key port at the western entrance to the Three Gorges region, facilitating shipping and contributing to flood control and hydropower efforts associated with the Three Gorges Dam.^[24] Wan'an County, located in the southwest of Jiangxi Province under the administration of Ji'an City, covers an area of 2,051 square kilometers with a population of 318,500 as of the 2020 census. The local economy relies heavily on agriculture, including rice, tea, and oilseed production, supplemented by emerging sectors like cross-border trade and logistics.^[25] In Hong Kong, Wan Chai District on Hong Kong Island is a prominent commercial and entertainment hub, encompassing areas from Causeway Bay to Admiralty. Known for its vibrant nightlife, business conferences, and cultural landmarks, the district hosts the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, which opened in 1988 and spans over 91,500 square meters of exhibition space.^[26] Nearby, Sai Wan refers to multiple locales, including the historic Sai Wan Swimming Shed in the Western District—a over 100-year-old wooden structure used for changing and accessing the sea for swimming, offering views of Victoria Harbour—and Sai Wan Estate in the Eastern District, a public housing complex developed in the mid-20th century.^[27] Beyond these, places named Wan or variants appear in other Asian contexts. In Myanmar, Wan denotes various villages in Shan State, such as Wan Hsa-la in Mong Hsat District near the Salween River, surrounded by forests and inhabited by local ethnic groups.^[28] These sites reflect regional naming conventions tied to local geography and history, often altered by post-colonial administrative adjustments.

Elsewhere

In Africa, the name Wan is primarily associated with the Wan ethnic group, a Mande people residing in the Béré region of west-central Côte d'Ivoire. Their traditional settlements form a network of rural villages centered around cultural practices such as the Goli mask ceremonies, which emphasize community rituals and social cohesion.^[29]^[30] This region, characterized by subsistence agriculture and forested landscapes, lies near the border with Ghana and was incorporated into French colonial administration as part of French West Africa, where local names like Wan persisted alongside imposed governance structures.^[31] Further afield in Oceania, Wanang serves as a small inland settlement in lowland rainforests near the Ramu River in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Home to approximately 200 residents, it supports a mixed economy of farming, fishing, and emerging ecotourism, with the surrounding Wanang Conservation Area protecting biodiversity through community-led initiatives.^[32]^[33] In the Philippines, Waniban Island is a minor 4-hectare atoll in Pujada Bay, Davao Oriental, featuring powdery white-sand beaches and clear waters ideal for snorkeling. Accessible by short boat from nearby Masao, it remains undeveloped, relying on local fishing communities and attracting visitors for its serene, uncommercialized environment.^[34]^[35] Unlike densely urbanized Asian sites sharing the name, these non-Asian locales highlight rural and ecological contexts shaped by indigenous or colonial histories.

Other uses

Computing and technology

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area, such as across cities, countries, or continents, to interconnect multiple local area networks (LANs).^[36] Unlike LANs, which are confined to smaller spaces like buildings, WANs facilitate long-distance data transmission using public or private infrastructure.^[37] Common technologies employed in WANs include leased lines for dedicated connectivity, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) for efficient traffic routing, and satellite links for remote or global reach.^[36] The origins of WANs trace back to the late 1950s, when the U.S. Air Force developed the first known WAN as part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system to link radar defense sites.^[36] This evolved in the 1960s with precursors like ARPANET, funded by the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which introduced packet-switching technology in 1969 to connect research institutions across the United States.^[38] ARPANET's design emphasized resilience and scalability, laying the groundwork for modern WAN architectures that prioritize reliable inter-site communication.^[39] Key variants of WANs include Software-Defined WAN (SD-WAN), which emerged in the 2010s as a programmable approach to WAN management, leveraging software overlays on internet connections to integrate cloud services and reduce costs compared to traditional MPLS setups.^[40] SD-WAN centralizes control through cloud-delivered interfaces, enabling dynamic path selection and policy enforcement for improved application performance.^[41] Another variant is Wireless WAN (WWAN), which utilizes cellular technologies such as 4G LTE and 5G to provide mobile, wide-area connectivity without fixed lines, often serving as a primary or backup link for enterprise networks.^[42] Essential components of WANs include edge routers, which aggregate traffic from LANs and direct it across the network, and routing protocols like Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for exchanging reachability information between autonomous systems to optimize global path selection.^[43] To mitigate challenges like high latency over distances, WANs incorporate optimization techniques such as data compression, which reduces payload sizes to accelerate transmission without losing integrity.^[44] As of 2025, WAN architectures are increasingly integrating 5G networks for ultra-low latency and higher bandwidth, enabling seamless support for bandwidth-intensive applications like real-time video and IoT deployments.^[45] Edge computing further enhances these developments by processing data closer to the source within WAN fabrics, reducing backhaul traffic and improving response times in distributed environments.^[46]

Arts and media

The Wan Brothers, comprising Wan Laiming (1900–1997), his twin Wan Guchan (1900–1995), younger brother Wan Chaochen (1906–1992), and Wan Dihuan, were pioneering animators who founded China's animation industry in the 1920s.^[47]^[48] They produced early works such as Uproar in an Ox (1926), China's first animated short, and The Camel's Dance (1935), which blended Western techniques with Chinese aesthetics to depict social themes.^[20]^[49] Their studio, Mingxing Film Company, later Shanghai Animation Film Studio, created influential films like Princess Iron Fan (1941), the first Chinese feature-length animated film, which drew international acclaim and inspired Japanese animators during World War II.^[47]^[50] In film and literature, "Wan" appears in the wuxia manhua series Fung Wan (Wind and Cloud), created by Ma Wing-shing starting in 1980, which chronicles the martial arts journeys of protagonists Wind and Cloud in a mythical universe.^[51] The series was adapted into live-action films, including The Storm Riders (1998), directed by Andrew Lau and starring Ekin Cheng and Aaron Kwok, which grossed over HK$60 million and popularized wuxia comics on screen.^[52] A sequel, The Storm Warriors (2009), continued the narrative with returning cast members and enhanced visual effects.^[51] In music, "Wan Wan" serves as a stage name for artists in pop genres, such as the Thai singer WANWANWAN (real name unknown), who debuted in 2020 with singles like "CareRai" under WHOOP Music, contributing to T-pop's rise.^[53] Similarly, South Korean singer Kim Wan-sun, active from the 1980s, adopted variations of her name in performances and earned the moniker "Korean Madonna" for her dance-pop hits like "The Dance of Passion."^[54] Other media references include song titles like "Wan Wan O!" by Japanese artist Bumpy Urushi (2009), incorporating playful onomatopoeia in alternative tracks.^[55] The Wan Brothers' contributions significantly promoted Chinese animation internationally, with Princess Iron Fan screened abroad and influencing global studios, while their post-war works like Havoc in Heaven (1961–1964) showcased traditional ink-wash styles, earning accolades at festivals.^[47]^[48] By the 1980s, their legacy supported state-backed production until industry shifts, and into the 2020s, Chinese animation evolved into digital formats, with studios adopting CGI and AI for films like Ne Zha (2019), achieving over ¥5 billion in box office and expanding cultural exports via platforms like Bilibili.^[56]^[57] This transition has amplified "Wan"-inspired narratives in global media, fostering cross-cultural appreciation.^[58]

References

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A wide area network (WAN) is any network that extends over a large geographic area, usually connecting multiple local area networks (LANs).
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The Wan straddle the border of the sub-prefectures of Be…oumi and. Mankono in central Ivory Coast. They are bounded to the east by the Baule. (Baoule…), to the ...Missing: documentation | Show results with:documentation
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萬
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WANWANWAN ; Birth name. Ratchayawee Veerasuthimas (รัชยาวีร์ วีระสุทธิมาศ) ; Birth date. September 3, 1989 (age 36) ; Occupation. Singer ; Genres. R&B, pop ; Solo debut.
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I just discovered Korean music. This woman's voice is fantastic . ❤️
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