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Jin

The Jin dynasty (晋朝; 265–420), founded by the Sima clan, was a Chinese imperial dynasty that succeeded the Three Kingdoms period and achieved a brief reunification of the realm after centuries of division.^[1] Sima Yan, who had effectively controlled the state of Cao Wei as regent, usurped the throne from its last ruler Cao Huan in 265, declaring himself Emperor Wu of Jin and initiating the Western Jin phase with its capital at Luoyang.^[2] By 280, Jin military campaigns had subdued the kingdoms of Shu Han (conquered in 263) and Eastern Wu, restoring nominal centralized authority over China proper for the first time since the Han dynasty's collapse in 220, though this unity relied on fragile alliances with nomadic groups and internal power balances among aristocratic families.^[1] The dynasty's early promise dissolved into instability during the Western Jin era, precipitated by the War of the Eight Princes (291–306), a protracted civil conflict among imperial relatives that devastated the economy, military, and population through factional purges and resource exhaustion.^[1] This internal strife enabled opportunistic incursions by Xiongnu, Xianbei, and other steppe tribes, culminating in the Uprising of the Five Barbarians (304–316) and the sack of Luoyang and Chang'an, which forced the Jin court to flee southward and establish the Eastern Jin at Jiankang (modern Nanjing) in 317.^[2] The north fragmented into the Sixteen Kingdoms under non-Han rulers, while the south maintained a tenuous Jin legitimacy amid constant aristocratic coups, eunuch influence, and peasant revolts, with effective control often limited to the Yangtze River basin and reliant on naval defenses and mercenary forces.^[1] Despite its political failures, the Jin era witnessed notable cultural and intellectual advancements, including the compilation of comprehensive histories like the Book of Jin and philosophical syntheses in Neo-Taoism by figures such as Wang Bi and Guo Xiang, alongside a poetic renaissance exemplified by the anthology Anthology of Literature (Wen xuan).^[1] The dynasty's defining characteristics—initial military consolidation followed by aristocratic entropy and vulnerability to external pressures—highlighted causal factors in Chinese imperial fragility, such as over-reliance on hereditary elites without robust bureaucratic meritocracy or border fortifications, ultimately ending in 420 when General Liu Yu deposed the child emperor Gong and founded the Liu Song dynasty.^[2]

Historical Polities

Jin (Zhou dynasty state)

Jin (晉), originally known as the state of Tang (唐), was established in the early Western Zhou period around the 11th century BCE as a marquessate granted to Tang Shuyu (also called Shu Yu of Tang), a son of King Wu of Zhou and younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou.^[3] Located primarily in the Fen River valley of present-day Shanxi province, the state initially controlled territories around the area of modern Yicheng and Quwo, serving as a Zhou outpost to oversee northern frontiers and nomadic groups.^[4] The name changed to Jin under Shuyu's successor, marking its evolution from a small fief to a major power through strategic marriages, military campaigns, and administrative consolidation, as evidenced by early bronze inscriptions recording land grants and rituals that affirm Zhou feudal hierarchies.^[5] During the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE), Jin expanded aggressively, conquering neighboring states such as Li (in 679 BCE), Yu, and Guo (via a surprise attack in 655 BCE), thereby controlling vast territories stretching from the Yellow River bend to the Taihang Mountains.^[6] This growth peaked under Duke Wen of Jin (r. 636–628 BCE), who, after 19 years of exile amid internal strife, returned to power and asserted hegemony over central China, notably defeating Chu at the Battle of Chengpu in 632 BCE and convening a covenant at Jiantu in 632 BCE where he was acknowledged as hegemon by other states, bolstering Zhou ritual authority while prioritizing Jin interests.^[7] Jin's military prowess, reliant on chariot-based warfare and alliances, positioned it among the era's dominant powers, though chronicled disputes in the Zuo Zhuan highlight how elite infighting and favoritism toward concubines eroded central control, creating power vacuums that diminished Zhou kingship.^[8] By the late 5th century BCE, intensifying rivalries among Jin's great noble families—particularly the Zhi, Zhao, Han, and Wei—led to fragmentation. In 455–453 BCE, following the Battle of Jinyang where Zhao, allied with Han and Wei, flooded Zhi forces and annihilated the Zhi clan, the three surviving families divided Jin's lands de facto, with Zhao taking the northern territories, Wei the west, and Han the south.^[9] This partition, formalized in 403 BCE when the Zhou king recognized Han, Zhao, and Wei as independent marquessates (known collectively as the Three Jins), exemplified the shift from feudal vassalage to bureaucratic states with hereditary ministers supplanting rulers, accelerating the decline of Zhou centrality and paving causal pathways for Qin's eventual unification through precedents of intra-state conquest and administrative reform.^[10] Archaeological bronzes from Jin sites, including vessels inscribed with noble titles and campaigns, corroborate Zuo Zhuan narratives of these elite conflicts, underscoring how unchecked aristocratic ambitions fragmented larger polities.^[11]

Jurchen Jin dynasty

The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) was founded by Wanyan Aguda (Emperor Taizu), leader of the Wanyan clan among the Jurchen tribes—a Tungusic-speaking people from the forested regions of Manchuria—who unified disparate Jurchen groups through conquest and established the dynasty after rebelling against their Khitan Liao overlords. Aguda proclaimed the empire on January 28, 1115, naming it "Jin" (meaning "gold") in reference to a local river, symbolizing legitimacy and continuity with prior steppe powers. By 1125, Jin forces had systematically dismantled the Liao, capturing its last emperor Tianzuo and annexing Manchuria, the Sixteen Prefectures (key northern territories ceded earlier by the Song to the Liao), and much of Inner Mongolia, leveraging superior organization and heavy cavalry to exploit Liao's internal divisions.^[12] This rapid expansion positioned the Jin as a dominant counterweight to the Northern Song dynasty, initially through an alliance against the Liao that the Jin soon betrayed to pursue further gains.^[13] Under Emperor Taizong (r. 1123–1135) and Emperor Xizong (r. 1135–1149), the Jin achieved its zenith, invading the Song in 1125 and culminating in the Jingkang Incident of 1126–1127, during which Jin armies besieged and captured Kaifeng after a brief siege, abducting over 100 members of the Song imperial family including Emperors Huizong and Qinzong, along with thousands of officials, artisans, and civilians—effectively ending the Northern Song and forcing the survivors south to establish the Southern Song.^[14] ^[15] Jin military prowess stemmed from Jurchen nomadic traditions, including iron-armored cavalry charges and early use of gunpowder projectiles like bombs and fire lances, which overwhelmed Song infantry and conscript armies despite the latter's technological edges in crossbows and fortifications.^[16] Administratively, the Jin innovated a dual capital system starting with Huiningfu (near modern Harbin) as the initial base in 1115, shifting to Zhongdu (modern Beijing) in 1153 under Emperor Hailingwang for its strategic centrality covering 25 square kilometers with advanced urban planning along a north-south axis, and relocating to Kaifeng (Bianjing) in 1214 amid escalating Mongol threats.^[17] ^[18] Governance fused Jurchen tribal hierarchies—retaining princely influence in high posts—with Sinicized elements like a civil service exam system incorporating Jurchen script alongside classical Chinese, enabling control over a Han-majority population exceeding 40 million by standardizing taxation, corvée labor, and military conscription across 24 circuits.^[19] ^[17] Culturally, the Jin synthesized shamanistic Jurchen rituals with Confucian bureaucracy, promoting literary patronage and legal codification; notable achievements include the poetry of Yuan Haowen (1190–1257), whose works preserved Jin historical records amid turmoil, and comprehensive legal codes under Emperor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) that integrated tribal customary law with Tang-Song precedents to adjudicate ethnic disputes and property rights.^[20] ^[17] Yet, persistent ethnic stratification—Jurchens as a privileged military elite over subjugated Han and Khitan subjects—fostered resentments, exacerbated by eunuch dominance in later courts, fiscal overextension from endless Song border wars, and failure to evolve beyond cavalry-centric tactics against Mongol innovations in siege engineering and feigned retreats.^[21] These internal fractures, rooted in the challenges of maintaining steppe confederation cohesion over sedentary territories, accelerated decline as Mongol invasions from 1211 onward captured Zhongdu in 1215 and inflicted repeated defeats.^[22] The dynasty collapsed in February 1234 with the fall of Caizhou to a Mongol-Southern Song alliance, where Emperor Aizong's suicide marked the end, verified through dynastic annals and excavations at Zhongdu revealing fortified palaces and multi-ethnic artifacts.^[22] ^[18]

Other historical polities

The Korean state of Jin (진국), recorded in the Samguk Sagi as a loose confederation of Mahan tribal chiefdoms in the southern Korean peninsula, emerged around the 2nd century BCE following the earlier Jin tribal groupings and persisted until its absorption into Baekje by 313 CE, with residual influences noted until circa 512 CE in some chronicles.^[23] This entity comprised up to 54 semi-autonomous statelets under a nominal central authority, characterized by bronze weaponry, wetland rice agriculture, and interactions with Chinese commanderies like Lelang, rather than a centralized polity; its dissolution stemmed from Baekje's expansionist campaigns exploiting inter-tribal rivalries, as evidenced by archaeological sites yielding proto-Paekche pottery transitions.^[24] The Later Jin (後晋, 936–947 CE) was a short-lived dynasty in northern China founded by Shi Jingtang, a Shatuo Turkic general who proclaimed himself emperor after rebelling against the Later Tang with military aid from the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, ceding the Sixteen Prefectures in exchange for suzerainty.^[25] Lasting only 12 years under two rulers, it controlled core territories around Kaifeng but collapsed due to internal factionalism, heavy tribute demands to Liao (including 100,000 taels of silver annually), and a 944 coup by the ambitious general Liu Zhiyuan, who established the Later Han amid eunuch intrigues and military desertions.^[26] This era exemplified the Five Dynasties' pattern of nomadic alliances enabling Han Chinese overlordship, yet precipitating power vacuums through vassalage dependencies rather than indigenous consolidation. The Western Jin (西晉, 265–316 CE) and Eastern Jin (東晉, 317–420 CE), ruled by the Sima clan after supplanting the Cao Wei state, represented a fragile post-Three Kingdoms regime that achieved nominal unification of China by conquering Wu in 280 CE under Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), incorporating diverse ethnic groups via the jiupin zhongzheng recommendation system.^[1] However, the Western phase disintegrated after 291 CE due to the War of the Eight Princes—a decade of fratricidal strife among Sima royals that killed millions, depleted treasuries, and invited Xiongnu-led invasions, culminating in the 311 sack of Luoyang and 316 fall of Chang'an, exposing the illusion of Han ethnic continuity amid Sima reliance on barbarian auxiliaries.^[27] The Eastern Jin, relocated to Jiankang (modern Nanjing), survived as a southern court through aristocratic dominance and Wu Hu integrations but failed northern reconquests, ending in 420 CE via internal coup, underscoring causal fractures from primogeniture failures and nomadic pressures over administrative reforms.^[1]

Geographical Features

Places named Jin

Jinan (济南), the capital of Shandong Province, derives its name from its position south of the ancient Jishui River (济水), with "Ji" referencing the river and "nan" meaning south in Chinese.^[28] Established as a significant settlement by the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), it became a key transportation node due to its proximity to the Yellow River and later integration into the Grand Canal system during the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE), facilitating north-south trade and military logistics. Recurrent Yellow River floods, including major inundations in 1048 and 1938, repeatedly altered the region's topography, depositing silt that raised riverbeds and necessitated extensive dike maintenance, thereby constraining urban expansion and agricultural productivity through hydraulic engineering demands.^[29] Jincheng (晋城), located in southeastern Shanxi Province, traces its nomenclature to the ancient Jin state (晋国) of the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE), whose core territory encompassed much of present-day Shanxi, including areas around modern Jincheng, where archaeological evidence of early Bronze Age settlements underscores its role as a political and cultural heartland. Post-1949, under the People's Republic of China, the city experienced a coal extraction surge driven by central planning to fuel heavy industry, leveraging one-fourth of national anthracite reserves and peaking production at levels supporting national energy needs, yet this state-directed intensification resulted in severe ecological degradation, including land subsidence, water contamination, and air pollution from unchecked emissions and waste disposal.^[30]^[31] Such impacts, documented in regional surveys, have compromised historical sites and arable land, with subsidence affecting over mining-adjacent structures due to rudimentary extraction techniques prevalent until recent regulatory shifts.^[32] Other terrestrial locales bearing the name Jin include Jinchang (金昌) in Gansu Province, a mid-20th-century development centered on nickel and coal resources amid the arid Hexi Corridor, though its etymology stems from "golden prosperity" (金昌) rather than historical polities. Sites associated with Jurchen (女真) migrations during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234 CE), such as fortified positions in modern Inner Mongolia, reflect defensive earthworks like the Jin Boundary Trench rather than named mountains, serving as barriers against Mongol incursions without direct "Jin Mountains" designations in contemporary geographical records.^[33]

Rivers named Jin

The Jinsha River (金沙江), the uppermost segment of the Yangtze River, measures approximately 3,486 kilometers in length, draining a basin of about 485,000 square kilometers across the Tibetan Plateau and the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan.^[34] Its headwaters originate from glacial and snowmelt sources on the plateau, contributing substantially to the Yangtze's total runoff—climatic factors alone have increased annual discharge by around 19 millimeters in recent decades—while channeling high sediment loads that shape downstream morphology.^[35] The river's middle reaches form part of the Three Parallel Rivers Protected Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site designated in 2003 for its geological and hydrological features where it parallels the Mekong and Salween rivers within narrow gorges.^[36] Historical records indicate limited navigation by traders in calmer sections during the imperial era, though rapids restricted commercial use to seasonal rafting for timber and goods until modern engineering interventions. A cascade of over 10 major dams, operational since the early 2000s including the Wudongde (10,200 MW) and Baihetan (16,000 MW) facilities, has transformed the river's hydrology by storing peak flood volumes exceeding 20 billion cubic meters collectively, reducing downstream flood peaks by up to 50% during monsoons as per reservoir operation data.^[37] These structures generate over 60 GW of hydropower capacity, equivalent to mitigating coal-fired emissions of hundreds of millions of tons annually, while hydrological models confirm enhanced dry-season baseflow regulation that stabilizes irrigation in the lower basin.^[38] Sediment retention behind reservoirs exceeds 90% in impounded sections, leading to measurable siltation rates of 1-2% annual capacity loss in upstream sites and downstream channel incision of 10-20 meters in places, though engineering countermeasures like selective flushing have maintained navigability and prevented total basin-wide aggradation.^[39] Biodiversity assessments document fragmentation of fish migration routes for endemic species, with post-dam population declines of 20-40% in altered flow regimes, yet riparian vegetation indices show net increases in green cover due to stabilized water levels, prioritizing quantifiable hydrological benefits over unmitigated ecological projections.^[40]^[41] The Jin River (锦江) in Sichuan Province functions as a primary irrigation channel within the 2,200-year-old Dujiangyan system, diverting roughly one-third of the Min River's flow—annually over 10 billion cubic meters—across a 1,000-square-kilometer network to support rice and crop cultivation on the Chengdu Plain.^[42] Constructed in 256 BCE under Qin engineer Li Bing, the system's weir and channels separate sediment-laden outer flows from clearer inner streams like the Jin, achieving natural desilting through velocity differentials that limit deposition to under 0.5 meters per century in main conduits, as verified by long-term gauging records.^[43] This engineering has irrigated over 5,000 square kilometers continuously, boosting agricultural yields by factors of 10 compared to pre-system flood-prone eras, with the Jin's 150-kilometer course through urbanizing areas now integrating modern gates for equitable distribution amid population growth to 20 million in the basin.^[44] Since the 1950s, auxiliary dams and pumping stations on the Jin and tributaries have added 100 MW of hydropower while refining flood diversion, capturing 1950s-2020s data showing reduced inundation areas by 70% during events like the 1998 floods.^[45] However, impoundments have induced localized siltation, with accumulation rates of 1-3 million cubic meters annually in smaller reservoirs prompting dredging operations every 5-10 years to restore 80-90% of storage volume, based on bathymetric surveys prioritizing sustained irrigation over unaltered sediment regimes.^[46] Hydrological analyses attribute a 20-30% decline in natural Min-Jin peak flows to these interventions, enhancing drought resilience but necessitating ongoing sediment management to counter basin-wide erosion feedbacks.^[44]

Names and Onomastics

Jin as a surname

The surname Jin (晋), pronounced jìn in Mandarin, originates from the ancient state of Jin (晋国), located primarily in present-day Shanxi province, which was enfeoffed to Tang Shuyu (唐叔虞), a son of King Cheng of Zhou (reigned c. 1042–1021 BC), following the conquest of the Shang dynasty.^[47] Descendants of the state's nobility, officials, and affiliated lineages adopted Jin as a hereditary surname, reflecting the common ancient Chinese practice of deriving surnames from territorial grants or state names after the polity's fragmentation during the [Warring States period](/page/Warring States period) (475–221 BC).^[48] This patrilineal transmission preserved clan identities through male descent, as documented in genealogical records (zupu) tracing branches such as those from Jinan in Shandong province, though many such claims require verification against historical texts like the Shiji rather than unconfirmed oral traditions.^[3] Another prominent form, Jin (金), pronounced jīn and meaning "gold," has distinct origins including the title Jin Tian (金天) held by the legendary ruler Shao Hao (c. 26th century BC) in mythological accounts, with descendants adopting it as a surname.^[47] It was also conferred on individuals like Jin Midi (金日磾, died 86 BC), a Xiongnu prince captured during Han campaigns against northern nomads in 121 BC, who rose through military service under Emperor Wu (reigned 141–87 BC) to become a general and co-regent under Emperor Zhao, earning the surname in recognition of loyalty and the golden Xiongnu statue seized by Huo Qubing.^[49] This exemplifies merit-based elevation in the Han meritocracy, where non-Han captives could integrate via imperial grants, independent of noble birth.^[50] In terms of distribution, the surname Jin (primarily 金) is borne by approximately 6.1 million people in China as of recent genealogical surveys, ranking it among the more frequent surnames, with concentrations in northern provinces like Shanxi for 晋 branches tied to the ancient state, and broader spread for 金 lineages.^[51] The 晋 variant remains more regionally anchored in northern China, reflecting the state's historical core, while 金 shows higher incidence in central and eastern regions per migration patterns. Overseas, 金 variants appear in Korean communities as Kim, stemming from shared Sinosphere naming conventions and historical migrations, though not directly from 晋.^[52] Demographic data from the 2010s indicate steady patrilineal continuity, with no significant shifts from modern policies, underscoring its endurance among Han Chinese populations.^[53]

Jin as a given name

In Chinese, Jin primarily derives from the character 金 (jīn), meaning "gold," "metal," or "money," symbolizing prosperity and one of the five elements in traditional philosophy.^[54] Other variants include 锦 (jǐn), denoting "tapestry" or "brocade," and 晋 (jìn), signifying "to advance," "promote," or "enter," linked to the ancient Jin state during the Zhou dynasty.^[54]^[47] These meanings reflect parental aspirations for wealth, progress, or refinement, influenced by Confucian emphasis on virtuous attributes in naming practices. In Korean, Jin (진) functions as a unisex given name, often using Hanja characters such as 眞 for "truth" or "genuine" and 珍 for "precious" or "rare," evoking sincerity and value.^[55] It appears standalone or in compounds like Jin-ho or Jin-u, with its appeal tied to phonetic simplicity and alignment with cultural ideals of integrity.^[56] In Japanese, Jin (仁) translates to "benevolence," "humanity," or "compassion," drawing from Confucian ethics and commonly used for males to convey moral kindness.^[57] Less frequently, it appears in other contexts with variant kanji emphasizing sympathy or affection.^[57] Jin remains prevalent as a given name in East Asia, particularly among ethnic Chinese and Korean populations, with over 15,000 bearers recorded in Singapore where it skews 62% male.^[58] In South Korea, it features in popular compounds, contributing to its steady use amid broader trends favoring meaningful, one- or two-syllable names post-1980s liberalization of naming conventions.^[56] Global adoption has increased through migration, appearing in U.S. records for 1,729 individuals from 1880 to 2023, often among Asian diaspora communities valuing its concise phonetics and positive connotations.^[59]

Entertainment and Media

Notable real individuals

Kim Seok-jin, known professionally as Jin and born on December 4, 1992, is a South Korean singer who debuted as a member of the boy band BTS in June 2013 under Big Hit Entertainment (now HYBE). His solo career began with the single "The Astronaut," released on October 28, 2022, in collaboration with Coldplay, which debuted at No. 51 on the Billboard Hot 100, driven by 4.9 million U.S. streams and 44,000 downloads in its first week. The track marked his first solo entry on the chart and contributed to the album's million-seller status in South Korea. Jin enlisted for mandatory military service on December 13, 2022, and was discharged on June 12, 2024, adhering to South Korea's requirements amid broader debates over exemptions for high-profile entertainers. While BTS has achieved massive commercial success, including multiple Billboard chart-toppers, the K-pop idol system has drawn criticism for exploiting young artists through extended trainee periods, grueling schedules, and psychological pressures that exacerbate mental health challenges, as evidenced by high-profile cases of burnout and suicides in the industry.^[60]^[60]^[61]^[62] Jin Au-Yeung, professionally MC Jin and born August 2, 1982, is a Chinese-American rapper who rose to prominence through freestyle battles on BET's 106 & Park, securing a major-label deal with Virgin Records as the first Asian American to release a solo rap album. His debut album The Rest Is History came out in October 2004, peaking at No. 54 on the Billboard 200 with 20,000 copies sold in its first week, featuring production from Kanye West and Wyclef Jean. Facing commercial underperformance and industry skepticism toward Asian rappers, Jin transitioned to Hong Kong media before pivoting to Christian hip-hop in 2009, releasing faith-based tracks that emphasized personal redemption over mainstream appeal. His early work bridged cultural gaps in hip-hop, inspiring subsequent Asian-American artists by demonstrating viability in a genre dominated by other demographics, though sales metrics remained modest compared to peers.^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66] Jin Akanishi, born October 4, 1984, is a Japanese singer and actor who joined Johnny & Associates in 1998 and debuted with the boy band KAT-TUN in 2001, achieving domestic success through J-pop releases and tours. In July 2010, he announced his departure from KAT-TUN to focus on solo activities, including English-language pursuits in the U.S., while remaining under the agency initially; he fully exited Johnny & Associates in March 2014 following unresolved tensions over creative autonomy and contract terms that restricted independent projects. This move highlighted broader issues in Japan's idol industry, where agencies like Johnny's exerted tight control over artists' careers, a dynamic later compounded by revelations of systemic abuse by the agency's late founder, leading to advertiser pullouts and rebranding in 2023. Akanishi's solo output, such as the 2010 single "Hello," garnered awards like Most Popular Artist in Asia at the 2016 Starry Nights event, but faced uneven sales and limited international breakthrough amid the agency's scandals.^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70]

Fictional characters

Jin Kazama is the primary protagonist of Bandai Namco's Tekken fighting game series, first introduced in Tekken 3, which was released in arcades in March 1998 following its development announcement in 1997.^[71] Portrayed as a skilled karate practitioner descended from the Mishima bloodline, Kazama possesses the "Devil Gene," a genetic trait enabling demonic transformations that conflict with his pursuit of traditional martial arts discipline.^[72] In the 2017 role-playing game Xenoblade Chronicles 2 developed by Monolith Soft for Nintendo, Jin functions as a key antagonist and leader of the terrorist organization Torna, characterized by his affinity for multiple Blades and a backstory involving personal loss that drives his opposition to the game's central powers.^[73] His narrative arc emphasizes themes of vengeance and partial redemption, particularly expanded in the Torna – The Golden Country prequel storyline released in 2018.^[74] Jin Shirato appears as a supporting antagonist in Atlus's Persona 3, initially launched in Japan on July 13, 2006, for the PlayStation 2, where he serves as the tactical advisor and hacker for the anti-Tartarus group Strega, relying on suppressants to wield his Persona Pandemonium.^[75] In the 2024 remake Persona 3 Reload, Shirato's role remains consistent, involving confrontations during full moon operations and loyalty to Strega's leader Takaya Sakaki.^[76] Jin Sakai is the playable protagonist of Sucker Punch Productions' 2020 action-adventure game Ghost of Tsushima, set during the 1274 Mongol invasion of Japan, depicted as a samurai of Clan Sakai who adopts guerrilla tactics under the alias "the Ghost" to defend Tsushima Island.^[77] Voiced by Daisuke Tsuji, Sakai's character explores the tension between Bushido honor and pragmatic warfare, with his story continuing in the Iki Island expansion released September 25, 2021.^[78]

Works titled Jin

Jin is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Motoka Murakami, serialized in Shueisha's Super Jump magazine from 2000 to November 24, 2010, and compiled into 20 tankōbon volumes. The narrative follows neurosurgeon Minakata Jin, who time-travels from contemporary Japan to the Edo period, where he employs advanced medical knowledge to treat patients amid historical constraints.^[79] ^[80] The series was adapted into two live-action television dramas by TBS: the first season aired from October 11 to December 20, 2009, spanning 11 episodes with an average Kanto region viewership rating of 18.9% and a series finale peak of 25.3%; the second season premiered as a two-hour special on April 17, 2011, outperforming contemporaries with ratings exceeding 15-16% amid a competitive field.^[81] ^[82] ^[83] These metrics reflect strong empirical audience engagement, despite reliance on established tropes of historical fiction, such as protagonists leveraging futuristic expertise to avert era-specific calamities. Jin is also a masculine Japanese voice database developed for the Synthesizer V AI vocal synthesis software by Dreamtonics, released on December 7, 2023. Optimized for music production, it delivers a soulful, gritty timbre with pronounced stability across low to mid vocal registers, enabling realistic singing synthesis suitable for genres emphasizing emotional depth and power.^[84] ^[85] The voicebank supports AI-driven intonation and expression customization, facilitating applications in professional audio workflows where human-like vocal performance is prioritized over manual tuning.

Sports

Notable athletes

Jin Jong-oh, a South Korean pistol shooter, won individual gold medals in the men's 50 m pistol event at four consecutive Summer Olympics: 2008 in Beijing, 2012 in London, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, and 2020 in Tokyo, becoming the only athlete in shooting history to achieve this distinction. His success stemmed from systematic training regimens emphasizing biomechanical precision and mental conditioning, supported by South Korea's national sports infrastructure, which allocates resources to high-potential disciplines like shooting over less structured individual efforts. Ko Jin-young, a professional golfer from South Korea, has secured 15 LPGA Tour victories, including two major championships: the 2019 Evian Championship and the 2021 Women's British Open.^[86] She represented South Korea at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, finishing tied for 14th, with her career trajectory reflecting intensive junior development programs in Korea that prioritize technical fundamentals and competitive volume, contributing to her low scoring averages—such as a tour-leading 69.22 in 2018—over reliance on raw athleticism. Jin Boyang, a Chinese figure skater, earned bronze medals at the World Championships in 2016 and 2017, and claimed the 2018 Four Continents title with pioneering quadruple jumps in competition. Competing at the 2014 Sochi and 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics, his performances highlighted the role of China's state-backed coaching in fostering technical innovation, though injuries limited sustained dominance compared to peers with similar training access.^[87]

Other Uses

Scientific and technical terms

In measurement science, the jin (Chinese: 斤, pinyin: jīn) denotes a unit of mass within the traditional Chinese weighing system, standardized in the People's Republic of China as precisely 500 grams (0.5 kilograms) following the 1959 metric reforms to align with international standards. This definition facilitates compatibility in trade, manufacturing, and analytical chemistry applications involving bulk materials or foodstuffs, where precise mass quantification is required. Prior to standardization, regional variations existed, such as approximately 604.79 grams in Hong Kong and Macau under British-influenced systems, reflecting historical inconsistencies resolved through national unification.^[88]^[89] The jin derives from ancient Chinese metrology, where it served as a base unit subdivided into 10 liang (taels) or 16 liang in some variants, influencing modern equivalents in pharmacology and material testing protocols that retain legacy terminology for compatibility. In technical contexts like density calculations or stoichiometry in chemistry labs handling Asian-sourced reagents, conversions from jin to SI units (e.g., 1 jin = 5 × 10^{-1} kg) ensure accuracy, with error margins minimized post-standardization to below 0.1% in calibrated instruments.^[90]^[91] Acronymically, JIN designates the Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, a peer-reviewed publication by World Scientific since 2002, disseminating empirical studies on neural integration across molecular, cellular, and systems levels in biology and computational neuroscience. It emphasizes data-driven models of brain function, with impact factors reflecting rigorous peer review in interdisciplinary fields.^[92]

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Feb 2, 2023 · They decided to ally with the Jurchen—who had established the Jin dynasty ... The Northern Song's gamble resulted in the rapid fall of the dynasty ...
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Catastrophe of Jingkang - Chinaculture.org
Then Jin started to invade Northern Song. In 1127, Emperors Huizong and Qinzong were deposed, ending the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). This event was ...
[15]
Difficult Struggles and the Tragic Ending of the Song Dynasty
In the Incident of Jingkang, the nomadic Jurchen Jin Dynasty captured Song's emperor and almost all royals, countless officials, and civilians.
[16]
China in 1000 CE - Song Dynasty China | Asia for Educators
The Jurchens (Jin dynasty, 1115-1234), after defeating the Khitans in the early 12th century, went on to push Song out of North China. The Mongols (Yuan dynasty ...Missing: establishment | Show results with:establishment
[17]
Political System of the Jin Empire (www.chinaknowledge.de)
The Jin dynasty allowed princes to hold important posts in the central government. The highest posts or titles of the Jin central government were inherited ...Missing: Zhongdu Huining<|separator|>
[18]
Findings shed light on capital's impressive past - China Daily HK
Sep 6, 2023 · Zhongdu, which covered 25 sq km, was the capital for 62 years in the Jin Dynasty. The earliest central axis of Beijing was also that of Zhongdu, ...Missing: Huining administrative
[19]
[PDF] Revisiting the Jurchen Language Examination System
This essay contextualizes the unique institution of the Jurchen language examination system in the creation of a new literary culture in the Jin dynasty (1115– ...
[20]
https://brill.com/view/journals/ejea/19/2/article-p237_5.xml
[21]
What were the key factors that led to the Jin Dynasty's downfall ...
Oct 13, 2025 · Internal conflict, corruption and civil war. Jin dynasty suffered from internal conflict and corruption which weakened the national power of Jin ...
[22]
The Mongol Hordes Invade China - Warfare History Network
The Jin held out until 1234 before being overwhelmed by the combined Mongol and Song forces, ending the Jin dynasty forever. ... Mongols as well, causing ...
[23]
Kingdoms of East Asia - Samhan Confederacies (Korea)
The Jin confederacy of the last three or four centuries BC had formed out of several more minor tribal confederations or primitive states. In the second century ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
Korea Information - History - Korean Cultural Center New York
Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) states that Gojumong, who founded Goguryeo in 37 BCE, was originally from Buyeo. Goguryeo prospered greatly ...Missing: BC | Show results with:BC
[25]
Later Jin Dynasty - 后晋; Traditional Chinese: 後晉
It was founded by Shi Jingtang, posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Jin. Founding of the Later Jin. The first of the Shatuo Turk dynasties was founded in ...
[26]
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960)
3. The Later Jin Dynasty (936–946) In 936, Shi Jintang (also known as Gaozu), was helped by Emperor Taizu of Liao from the Liao Empire in a rebellion against ...
[27]
War of the Eight Princes - World History Encyclopedia
Jul 18, 2019 · The War of the Eight Princes (291-306 CE) is the conflict which weakened and finally ended the Western Jin Dynasty (266-316 CE) in ChinaMissing: unification | Show results with:unification
[28]
Jinan, a City of Springs Overview
Feb 25, 2025 · Its name was derived from the Jishui River and it is located to the south ("nan" in Chinese pinyin) of the river, so it was called Jinan.Missing: etymology significance
[29]
Jinan | History, Culture & Attractions - Britannica
The contemporary city. Jinan was taken by Chinese communist forces in 1948. It was then rapidly developed both as a major administrative and industrial hub. ...
[30]
Coal city's green story inspires sustainable development - China Daily
Jul 26, 2012 · The city in the southeastern part of Shanxi province boasts one-fourth of China's reserves of anthracite, or smokeless coal. Jincheng produced ...
[31]
Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi
While promoting rapid regional economic development, coal mining has also caused great damage and incalculable losses to the local ecological environment, the ...
[32]
Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi
... Because of immature coal mining technology, numerous environmental problems, such as careless discarding, water and soil loss, and surface collapse, are ...<|separator|>
[33]
Inner Mongolia: Great Wall from various periods and the Jin ...
Dec 20, 2021 · The Great Wall of the Jurchen-Jin Dynasty is also known as the Jin Boundary Trench. This military defense structure was built by the Jurcen Jin ...
[34]
Location of Jinsha River Basin and its drainage area - ResearchGate
... part of the Yangtze River, the Jinsha River has a length of 3 486 km, accounting for 77% of the length of the upper Yangtze River, ...
[35]
Quantitative Assessment of the Contribution of Climate and ... - MDPI
Aug 7, 2023 · On the year scale, climatic factors increased the runoff of Jinsha River by 19.19 mm, with a contribution rate of 98.62%, and human factors ...
[36]
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
The 1.7 million hectare site features sections of the upper reaches of three of the great rivers of Asia: the Yangtze (Jinsha), Mekong and Salween which run ...Missing: hydrology runoff
[37]
Impacts of cascade hydropower development on aquatic ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The construction of 11 dams in this region has significantly altered the aquatic environment. Although researchers have investigated the effects ...
[38]
[PDF] Jinsha River Basin Integrated Water Resources and Risk ...
From Shigu to Xinshi town (Sichuan Province) it's called Middle Reach of Jinsha River which has approximately 1'220 km length. From Xinshi town to Yibin town ( ...
[39]
Changes in flow and sediment transport caused by cascade ...
The construction of cascade hydropower systems has a significant impact on the flow regimes and sediment transport in rivers, ultimately affecting fish ...
[40]
China's dams threaten the Sichuan taimen - ResearchGate
Mar 6, 2025 · ... hydropower dams release cold bottom water from their reservoirs into the river. For species already threatened by the Three Gorges Dam ...
[41]
Impacts of dams and reservoirs on riparian vegetation in China ...
The results showed a general trend of 'greening' of the riparian vegetation after the construction of the Jinsha River cascade hydropower dam. A synthesis of ...
[42]
Overview of Dujiangyan Irrigation Scheme of ancient China with ...
Aug 7, 2025 · This irrigation system included a diversion dam (Yuzui) which divided the Min river into inner and outer channels, a flood spillway ...Missing: Jin | Show results with:Jin
[43]
[PDF] Qingcheng/Dujiangyan (China) No 1001
Jul 20, 1999 · Construction of the Dujianyang Irrigation system began in the 3rd century BCE, and it continues to control the waters of the Minjiang river and ...<|separator|>
[44]
Analysis of Alterations of the Hydrological Situation and Causes of ...
Mar 30, 2022 · The results show that (1) the runoff of the Min River basin showed a significant decreasing trend from 1960 to 2019 and a sudden alteration around 1993.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[45]
Analysis of Hydrologic Regime Changes Caused by Dams in China
Aug 7, 2025 · In general, river hydrologic regimes in China are moderately altered by reservoir impoundment, with an average overall alteration degree of 52%.Missing: Jin length siltation
[46]
Estimating over thousands of reservoirs sedimentation and effects ...
Dam largely traps sediments, leading to serious channel starvation and coastal erosion. Trapped sediments cause reservoir sedimentation, reducing dam ...
[47]
Jin Name Meaning and Jin Family History at FamilySearch
Chinese: Mandarin form of the surname 晉, meaning 'enter' or 'promote' in ancient Chinese: from Jin (晉), the name of a state (located mainly in ...
[48]
Jin 晋 / 晉 Last Name Origins, Meaning, and Surname Distribution
Most Jins who left China and settled overseas in the past 400 years likely came from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. Guangdong Province. No Guangdong ...
[49]
Jin Midi 金日磾
Sep 22, 2011 · He was of Xiongnu 匈奴origin and was a son of the Prince of Xiutu 休屠王. ... In 121 he fled to the court of the Han dynasty when the Prince of ...Missing: surname | Show results with:surname
[50]
Jin Midi: An Unknown Hun Prince
One of them is Jin Midi, who was originally captured in the Han Dynasty when he was the crown prince of Hun, and then gained the love of the Han emperor Wu ...
[51]
Jin Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This surname is most frequently held in China, where it is borne by 6,115,081 people, or 1 in 224. Beside China it is found in 153 countries. It also occurs in ...
[52]
Jin 金 Last Name Origins, Meaning, and Surname Distribution
Most Jins who left China and settled overseas in the past 400 years likely came from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. Guangdong Province. View 1 ...Missing: northern | Show results with:northern
[53]
Jin Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin, Family History 2024
Meanwhile, the count of individuals with the surname also experienced a sharp rise, moving from 5186 in 2000 to 10432 in 2010, a growth of over 101.16 percent.
[54]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Jin (1)
From Chinese 金 (jīn) meaning "gold, metal, money", 锦 (jǐn) meaning "tapestry, brocade, embroidered" or 津 (jīn) meaning "ferry".
[55]
Meaning of the name Jin
Aug 1, 2025 · In Chinese, Jin (金) commonly means "gold," "metal," or "money," symbolizing wealth and prosperity. It can also refer to a dynasty in Chinese ...Introduction · Family · Hinduism
[56]
Most Common South Korean Names & Meanings - Forebears
Most Popular First Names In South Korea ; 88. 99%. Jin-U ; 89. 97%. Da-In ; 90. 100%. Da-Yeon ; 91. 94%. Chae-yun ...
[57]
Jin - Meaning and Kanji Variations of a Japanese Boy's Name
Jun 9, 2018 · 仁 means "humanity, benevolence, kindness." Compassion - Showing kindness and sympathy towards others. Affection - Showing fondness and love ...
[58]
Jin Name Meaning, Origins & Popularity - Forebears
Jin Forename Distribution ; Singapore. 62%. 15,075 ; Hong Kong, -, 11,811 ; Malaysia. 71%. 10,586 ; Taiwan. 59%. 8,307 ...Missing: prevalence | Show results with:prevalence
[59]
What Does The Name Jin Mean? - Names.org
From 1880 to 2023, the Social Security Administration has recorded 1,729 babies born with the first name Jin in the United States. That's more than enough ...Missing: prevalence demographics<|separator|>
[60]
BTS' JIN Scores First Solo Hot 100 Hit With 'The Astronaut' - Billboard
Nov 8, 2022 · The song debuts at No. 51 with 4.9 million U.S. streams and 44,000 downloads sold in its first tracking week, according to Luminate, following ...
[61]
Exploding the myths behind K-pop - The Guardian
Mar 29, 2020 · Sulli had experienced sexist abuse and cyber-bullying from thousands of faceless male “anti-fans” (online haters) over her conduct and ...
[62]
The K-Pop Cover-Up - Cosmopolitan
Mar 10, 2020 · Last October, K-pop singer Goo Hara took to Instagram and completely broke down. ... “Exploitation is one of the worst abuses.” Text, Pink, Font, ...
[63]
Jin, 'The Chinese Kid Who Raps,' Grows Up - NPR
not in America, but in ...Missing: MTV finalist
[64]
The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of MC Jin - NBC News
Apr 9, 2015 · Two years later, in 2004, Jin released his first studio album “The Rest is History,” featuring producers such as Kanye West and Wyclef Jean. “ ...Missing: MTV | Show results with:MTV
[65]
Jin The MC Becomes Christian Rapper - AllHipHop
Sep 3, 2009 · In 2004, Jin released his debut album, The Rest Is History, which garnered the lead single “Learn Chinese.” He also made his acting debut in ...
[66]
How Jin empowered Asian-American rappers - Rapzilla
Jan 31, 2015 · Every artist on tour felt Jin's influence in some capacity, and most were introduced to him through his rap battles on Freestyle Friday.Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
[67]
J-pop singer Akanishi sets his sights on America - The Japan Times
Dec 17, 2010 · Having joined talent agency Johnny & Associates in 1998, he became a member of boy band Kat-tun in 2001.
[68]
https://jefusion.com/2014/03/akanishi-jin-leaves-johnnys-entertainment.html
[69]
J-pop agency Johnny & Associates to change name amid sexual ...
Oct 2, 2023 · The Japanese talent agency Johnny & Associates, whose late founder has been accused of sexually abusing hundreds of boys and young men, will change its name.
[70]
Jin Akanishi - Biography - IMDb
Jin received The Most popular Artist in Asia award" & "Music of the year award" at Beijing "2016 Starry Nights!" This is a first for any Japanese artist.Missing: Johnny's agency departure<|separator|>
[71]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEkj2kVSFZE
[72]
Jin Kazama - Tekken Wiki - Neoseeker
Jin Kazama (born August 5, 1985) is a Japanese fighter who has appeared on every version of Tekken from Tekken 3 onwards. He is one of the most recognizable ...
[73]
https://xenoserieswiki.org/wiki/Jin_%28XC2%29
[74]
https://www.smashboards.com/threads/tornas-past-and-future-a-jin-xenoblade-chronicles-2-support-thread.455651/
[75]
Jin Shirato (2nd Encounter) Boss Guide: Weakness and Resistances
Sep 30, 2025 · Jin Shirato is a Storyline boss in Persona 3 Reload (P3R) that can be fought at Tartarus. Read on to learn how to beat Jin Shirato, know his location, ...
[76]
Jin Shirato Boss Battle Guide For Persona 3 Reload - TheGamer
Mar 3, 2024 · With a heightened ability to target your teammate's weaknesses and a powerful stat boost he uses as a last-minute Hail Mary, here's how to handle Jin in P3R.
[77]
Jin Sakai's Voice Actor Reacts to Ghost of Tsushima - YouTube
the actor who brought Jin Sakai to life in Ghost of Tsushima.
[78]
Jin Sakai | Ghost Franchise Wiki - Fandom
Jin Sakai (境井仁, Sakai Jin), also known as the Ghost (冥人, Kuroudo), is a former samurai and the protagonist of Ghost of Tsushima and its expansion Ghost of Tsushima: Iki Island. Daisuke Tsuji provided motion-capture and Tsuji and Kazuya Nakai provided the English and Japanese voice respectively.Clan Sakai · Kazumasa Sakai · Ghost of Tsushima · Ghost of Yōtei
[79]
Motoka Murakami Launches Patreon for English Translation of His ...
Jun 22, 2017 · Manga creator Motoka Murakami opened a Patreon account last Friday to fund an English translation of his historical medical manga JIN.Missing: sales | Show results with:sales
[80]
Jin (Manga) - TV Tropes
Jin (仁) is a manga by Motoka Murakami, which was serialized in Super Jump from 2000 to 2010 and compiled into 20 volumes. Minakata Jin is a brilliant brain ...Missing: sales | Show results with:sales
[81]
JIN - DramaWiki
Dec 6, 2024 · Episodes: 11 · Viewership rating: 18.9 (Kanto) · Broadcast period: 2009-Oct-11 to 2009-Dec-20 · Air time: Sunday 21:00 · Theme song: Aitakute Ima by ...
[82]
A Dramatic End to the Year | Japan Zone
Dec 22, 2009 · That was the highest figure for a drama this year. On TBS, “Jin” aired during the autumn season and Sunday's finale grabbed a rating of 25.3% – ...
[83]
JIN-jin- - NamuWiki
Oct 12, 2025 · Season 2 premiered as a 2-hour special on April 17, 2011. While other dramas were struggling with viewer ratings of 15-16%, it had the best ...
[84]
Jin (Synthesizer V Studio) - SynthV Wiki - Fandom
Dec 7, 2023 · Jin is a masculine Japanese voice database. As expected of an AI voice database, this enables him to sing with a more human-like, natural, and realistic voice.Missing: pitch | Show results with:pitch
[85]
SynthV - Ayame and Jin for Synthesizer V | VocaVerse Network
Nov 28, 2023 · A soulful, powerful voice with gritty brightness. Jin holds stability from the lows to mids, never losing distinct characteristics.Missing: voicebank specifications
[86]
Jin Jong-oh - Wikipedia
Jin Jong-oh is a South Korean sports shooter who competed at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. The only individual four-time Olympic champion ...
[87]
Jin Young Ko | Bio | LPGA | Ladies Professional Golf Association
Jin Young is 30 years old and first joined the LPGA Tour in 2018. · LPGA Victories (15 wins, 2 majors) · Awards · Olympics (1) · International Crown (1) · Career ...
[88]
Boyang JIN - Olympics.com
Jin Boyang on track to end four-year drought on Grand Prix podium as top seeds topple · Figure Skating | Grand Prix de France | Angers.
[89]
Convert jin to kg - Conversion of Measurement Units
Do a quick conversion: 1 jin [China] = 0.5 kilograms using the online calculator for metric conversions. Check the chart for more details.
[90]
Convert Chinese Jin (斤) to Kilograms (kg) Online Tool - Zickty
Jin are a traditional unit of weight in China for measuring food and groceries. ... units to metric units standardizing the jin as 500 grams. The Council ...
[91]
Convert jin [China] to kg - Conversion of Measurement Units
Do a quick conversion: 1 jin [China] = 0.5 kilograms using the online calculator for metric conversions. Check the chart for more details.
[92]
Chinese Weights and Measures - Chinasage
Measuring weight in China ; 1 jīn 斤, = 10 liǎng 两, The jin is now defined as exactly 500g. Also known as 'catty ➚' or 'Chinese pound' = 1.1023lb. It used to be ...
[93]
https://www.acronymfinder.com/Journal-of-Integrative-Neuroscience-(World-Scientific-Publishing-Co.