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Wayland

Wayland is a and associated C library that defines interactions between a display server—typically a compositor—and its client applications on operating systems, enabling the rendering of graphical content and handling of user input while emphasizing simplicity and security over the network-transparent model of its predecessor, the (X11). Initiated in 2008 by developer Kristian Høgsberg as a response to X11's accumulated complexity, architectural inefficiencies, and security vulnerabilities—such as remote code execution risks from its client-server design—Wayland's first stable release (version 1.0) occurred in October 2012. Under Wayland, client applications perform their own rendering directly to buffers, which the compositor then assembles and outputs to the display, promoting tear-free by default, reduced latency, and stricter without the need for X11-style extensions or exploits. This architecture yields notable achievements in performance and security, including elimination of X11's inherent remote access flaws and more efficient handling of modern via APIs like EGL, but it has sparked controversies over missing features like native across applications, seamless screen capture without compositor-specific portals, and full compatibility with legacy X11-dependent software, necessitating runtime translation layers such as XWayland. Hardware support, particularly for NVIDIA's proprietary drivers, lagged initially due to protocol underspecification and vendor implementation gaps, though improvements in explicit sync protocols have addressed tearing and issues by 2025. Adoption has surged in recent years, with Wayland becoming the default session in desktop environments like since 2016 and advancing toward deprecation of X11 support, while distributions such as 25.10 have fully transitioned away from X11 as an option, signaling broad ecosystem momentum despite lingering edge cases in gaming, virtual machines, and multi-GPU setups where X11 retains advantages in flexibility. Critics argue that Wayland's modular extension model—relying on separate protocols for advanced functionality—introduces fragmentation and delays compared to X11's monolithic extensibility, yet empirical benchmarks show superior frame rates and input responsiveness in native Wayland applications, underscoring its causal advantages in isolating rendering responsibilities to mitigate historical X11 bloat.

Mythology and folklore

Wayland the Smith

, known as Völundr in , Wieland in , and Weland in , is a legendary artisan and figure in , often depicted as a master forger of enchanted weapons, armor, and jewelry. He is portrayed as possessing otherworldly skill in smithing, enabling the creation of items with magical properties, such as unbreakable swords and rings that multiply or symbolize vengeance. In some accounts, he holds the status of a lord or king among elves or beings, emphasizing his semi-divine craftsmanship rooted in pre-Christian . The core narrative of Wayland's legend survives primarily in the Völundarkviða, a heroic poem in the Poetic Edda, a 13th-century Icelandic compilation of older oral traditions dating to the Viking Age or earlier. In this tale, Völundr and his brothers encounter three swan-maidens who descend to bathe; Völundr marries one named Völundarkona (or Baduhild), but she departs after seven years, leaving him despondent. King Niðhad of the Sami (or Finns in some variants) captures Völundr by deceit, severs his hamstrings to prevent escape, and imprisons him on a remote island to forge treasures. Völundr exacts revenge by killing Niðhad's two young sons—fashioning goblets from their skulls, jewels from their eyes, and a brooch from their teeth—then tricks the king's daughter Böðvildr into drinking from the skull-cups and impregnates her before revealing his deeds. Using swan feathers gathered by his brother Egil, Völundr crafts wings, mocks Niðhad from the air, and flies away to an uncertain fate, symbolizing themes of retribution and transcendence through craft. Anglo-Saxon variants preserve fragments of the legend, integrating Wayland as a symbol of unparalleled smithing excellence. In the Old English epic (composed between the 8th and 11th centuries), Wayland is referenced as the forger of the hero's byrnie (mail shirt), described as "Welandes geweorc" (Wayland's work), highlighting its exceptional quality in battle. Additional allusions appear in the fragmentary poems and , where Wayland's suffering and vengeance parallel the protagonists' woes, and on the 8th-century , which depicts his hamstringing and escape in carved panels alongside invoking his name. These references underscore Wayland's role as a cultural for the skilled artisan-victim, influencing Germanic heroic without resolving into a unified canon. The legend's motifs—captivity, mutilation, familial revenge, and flight—echo across medieval Germanic texts, such as the where Wieland crafts Sigurd's sword, but primary sources like the remain the most detailed account, distinct from later continental elaborations. Archaeological associations, such as the in , (dated to around 3550 BCE), link to where Wayland invisibly shoes horses left overnight with a pin and groat, reflecting enduring folk memory of his craft but not direct evidence of artifacts attributable to him. These elements collectively position Wayland as an etymological and thematic progenitor for the name's later applications in Germanic cultural contexts.

People

As a given name

The given name Wayland derives from Wēland, rooted in the Proto-Germanic Wēlandaz, associated with themes of craftsmanship and linked to the legendary Germanic figure symbolizing skilled . Prominent bearers include Wayland Holyfield (March 15, 1942 – May 6, 2024), an Arkansas-born American songwriter who penned over 300 songs, including George Strait's 1986 hit "Nobody in His Right Mind Would've Left Her" and Alan Jackson's 1990 single ""; he was elected to the Nashville in 1998 and received the Academy of Country Music's Poet's Award in 2017. Another is Wayland Flowers (November 26, 1939 – October 11, 1999), an American puppeteer and ventriloquist from who gained fame in the 1970s for his satirical puppet character , performing on and earning two for his 1977–1978 NBC special Madame and Her . Wayland Hilton Young, 2nd Baron Kennet (August 2, 1923 – May 7, 2009), was a , writer, and naval officer who served as a for from 1961 to 1964 and advocated for environmental causes, including founding the UK's first . In the United States, Wayland ranks as the 4,081st most common male , borne by an estimated 3,352 individuals as of recent census-derived data, reflecting its rarity outside niche cultural or regional usage. It remains almost exclusively masculine, with negligible female attributions.

As a surname

The surname Wayland is of English origin, derived from the Norman French Weland, itself from the ancient Germanic Wēland, etymologically linked to a pre-Christian legendary figure, though the surname's adoption reflects medieval personal naming practices rather than direct mythological invocation. It appears in historical records as early as the 13th century, such as Thomas de Weyland in in 1273. The name remains uncommon, ranking around 12,775th in the United States with an estimated incidence of about 2,500 bearers, predominantly among those of European descent, and showing early concentrations in by 1840. Prominent bearers include Francis Wayland (March 11, 1796 – September 30, 1865), an American Baptist minister and educator who presided over from 1826 to 1855, advocating for moral philosophy and in treatises like Elements of Political Economy (1837). Julius Augustus Wayland (April 26, 1854 – November 10, 1912), a Midwestern socialist publisher who founded Appeal to Reason in 1897, growing it to a peak weekly circulation exceeding 600,000 by promoting labor reforms and exposing corporate abuses. Wayland Flowers (November 26, 1939 – October 11, 1988), an American ventriloquist and puppeteer renowned for his satirical puppet character Madame, which debuted on The Tonight Show in the 1960s and featured in specials and series like Madame's Place (1982–1983). Sir William Abraham Edward Wayland (September 1869 – July 15, 1950), a lieutenant-colonel, farmer, and Conservative politician who served as Mayor of Deptford (1914–1919) and represented Canterbury in Parliament from 1927 to 1945. Wayland Holyfield (August 15, 1942 – March 23, 2024), a Nashville-based country songwriter credited with over 3,000 compositions, including hits like "You Never Even Called Me by My Name," and inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1998. Tom Wayland (born July 21, 1973), an American voice actor and director who supervised dubs for Pokémon series episodes and voiced characters in anime like Yu-Gi-Oh! and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

Places

United Kingdom

Wayland's Smithy is a chambered located near Ashbury in , approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the along National Trail. Constructed in two phases during the Early Neolithic period, the initial timber mortuary structure dates to around 3590–3555 BCE, followed by a stone-built chambered tomb with sarsen stones and a trapezoidal mound measuring about 185 feet (56 meters) long. Excavations have uncovered remains of at least 14 individuals, including adults and a child aged 9–10, primarily placed in the burial chamber. In , Wayland refers to a historic hundred, an administrative subdivision originating in the Anglo-Saxon period and formalized by the of 1086, encompassing approximately 33,149 acres (13,414 hectares) centered on the of Watton. Originally known as Wanelunt or Waneland due to the marshy, oozy character of its soils, the hundred included parishes such as Ashill, Carbrooke, and Griston, with a of 7,783 recorded in the 1861 census. It later formed the basis for Wayland Rural District until 1974, when it was absorbed into . , a Category C men's prison opened in 1992 on the site of a former RAF airfield near Griston, serves the region. Wayland Wood, a 31.7-hectare (78-acre) and biological southeast of Watton, features , , , , and trees with a history documented back to the . Managed by Norfolk Wildlife Trust, it supports diverse and , including in spring, and offers public trails for access.

United States

Wayland is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, originally settled in 1638 as the first portion of the Sudbury plantation and incorporated as East Sudbury on March 11, 1780, before being renamed Wayland in 1835. The town's population stood at 13,943 according to the 2020 United States Census. It preserves colonial-era heritage through sites like the 1716-established Wayside Inn, which gained fame via Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1863 poem collection Tales of a Wayside Inn, though the inn's operations have faced interruptions, including a 2020 pandemic-related closure. In , Wayland is a in Allegan , platted amid territorial settlement in the and formally established as a village in , later incorporating as a city. The community originated as a lumber and agricultural hub, with growth spurred by mid-19th-century infrastructure like plank roads. Its population was recorded as 4,435 in the 2020 census. The town of Wayland in , was created on February 16, 1848, from segments of the towns of Cohocton and Dansville, encompassing the incorporated village of Wayland. The town's 2020 population was 3,733, while the village proper had about 1,800 residents around that period. It serves a rural area with agricultural and small-scale industrial roots. Smaller locales include Wayland, a home rule-class city in , which emerged as a community in the early and had a population of 389 in the 2020 , reflecting post-mining economic challenges.

Arts and entertainment

Fiction

In urban fantasy literature, the name Wayland is used for original characters that often allude to the legendary smith's reputation for craftsmanship or prowess. , a key in Cassandra Clare's series, debuts in City of Bones (published March 27, 2007), depicted as a highly skilled Shadowhunter who wields specialized weapons in battles against demons and other supernatural entities. The character's surname draws from the mythological figure credited within the series' lore as the inaugural forger of Shadowhunter blades. In fantasy, Wayland North appears as a central male lead in Carolyn Crimson's Brightly Woven (published June 1, 2009), where he is introduced as a self-proclaimed capable of who recruits a weaver girl for a quest involving magical . Fictional settings named Wayland also feature in science fiction, such as the planet Wayland in Timothy Zahn's Heir to the Empire (published May 1, 1991), the first novel of the Star Wars , site of an Imperial storehouse containing advanced cloning and ysalamiri technology central to galactic intrigue. These instances reflect a pattern where "Wayland" evokes associations with , , or hidden strongholds, consistent with the smith legend's cultural resonance in creative works.

Music

Wayland is an band formed in 2010 in , initially performing and before evolving into a duo comprising vocalist and rhythm guitarist Mitchel Arnold and lead guitarist Phillip Vilenski. The group released its self-titled debut album on October 29, 2010, followed by subsequent releases including Rinse & Repeat (2018) and Summer to Me (2023), featuring tracks such as "Bloody Sunrise," "Get a Little," and "." Compositions inspired by the legend of include the Vølund Smed (Wayland the Smith), written in 1896 by Danish Fini Henriques (1867–1940) for a based on the Germanic myth.) A extracted from this work, encompassing movements such as "Livsdrømmen" (Dream of Life), "Alfedans" (Elf Dance), "Vølunds Klage" (Wayland's Lament), and "Forspil" (Prelude), has been performed by orchestras including the Concert Orchestra under Thomas Jensen in the 1930s–1940s and the Symphony Orchestra in modern recordings. The draws on the narrative of the mythical smith's captivity and craftsmanship, blending orchestral elements evocative of .) In , Swedish band FROM NORTH released the song "Volund The Smith" in 2018 on their album From North, directly referencing the legend's themes of forging and vengeance in a style.

Computing

Display server protocol

Wayland is a communications that specifies the communication between a display server (known as a compositor) and its clients on operating systems, serving as a proposed replacement for the X11 protocol. Initiated in by Kristian Høgsberg, a developer involved in X.Org, the project aimed to rectify X11's architectural shortcomings, such as inefficient and obligatory , by delegating rendering and compositing primarily to client applications while centralizing input and output management in the compositor. The first stable release, version 1.0, occurred in October 2012, with subsequent versions introducing refinements like improved protocol stability. The protocol operates through the libwayland library, which handles of requests and events between clients and the compositor over Unix domain sockets, emphasizing efficiency for local sessions over remote access. Core features include buffering to enable tear-free rendering by synchronizing submission with vertical blanking intervals, direct scan-out of client buffers to the for reduced , and of input events so clients process only their own pointer, , and touch data without global access to other clients' content. Compositors like wlroots provide modular implementations for building custom servers, supporting extensions for advanced capabilities such as () output and explicit synchronization to mitigate rendering stalls. In 2025, updates including Plasma Wayland Protocols 1.16 enhanced session management and HDR signaling, while NVIDIA's proprietary drivers added explicit sync support to address longstanding tearing and performance issues on their hardware. Adoption has progressed unevenly, with designating Wayland as the default session starting in 32 (2020) and fully deprecating X11 support in later releases, driven by its integration with Mutter compositor. Plasma maintains Wayland as an optional session alongside X11 defaults in distributions like Tumbleweed, reflecting user preferences for stability. Compatibility with legacy X11 applications persists via XWayland, a that translates X protocol calls but reintroduces some X11 inefficiencies and security exposures, resulting in hybrid sessions where full Wayland benefits remain unrealized for many users. As of 2025, pure Wayland desktop usage hovers below majority levels in surveyed communities, with X11 retention common due to workflow dependencies. Wayland's security model isolates client buffers, preventing direct inter-client snooping or injection prevalent in X11, yet this isolation has invited criticisms of overpromised simplicity, as evidenced by persistent vulnerabilities in wlroots-based compositors that echo X11-era flaws like buffer overflows. Compatibility challenges include absent native support for screen sharing and VNC without compositor-specific portals or pipewire hacks, erratic global hotkey propagation across applications, and inconsistencies in multi-monitor configurations such as fractional scaling or output reordering. Accessibility features lag empirically, with issues in dwell clicking, screen magnification, and screen reader integration like Orca requiring non-standard workarounds, rendering Wayland less viable for users with motor or visual impairments compared to X11's mature tools. Protocol fragmentation exacerbates these, as GNOME and KDE implement divergent extensions, hindering cross-desktop portability. Debates highlight Wayland's corporate origins at and , where development prioritized modern hardware efficiency over preserving X11's universal compatibility, leading to accusations of rushed immaturity that disrupts established workflows. Proponents cite verifiable gains in rendering and on GPUs supporting direct scan-out, alongside 2025 advancements in compatibility reducing session crashes. Critics counter with evidence of stalled feature parity, such as incomplete tablet input and embedded window support, fueling X11 revitalization projects like Wayback, an X11-to-Wayland compatibility runtime released in July 2025 to bridge gaps without full migration. Overall, while Wayland enables tear-free and input on supported hardware, its empirical shortcomings in universality sustain X11 usage, with no consensus on supplanting it entirely by late 2025.

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